Chapter 6

Exploring Quadratic Functions and Inequalities

By Jennifer Huss

6-1A Graphing Technology: Quadratic Functions

Functions with the form y=ax2+bx+c are called quadratic functions and their graphs have a parabolic shape When we solve ax2+bx+c=0 we look for values of x that are x-intercepts (because we have y=0) The x-intercepts are called the solutions or roots of a quadratic equation A quadratic equation can have two real solutions, one real solution, or no real solutions

6-1A Graphing Technology: Quadratic Functions (cont.)

On the calculator find roots using the ROOT menu
Choose a point to the left of the x-intercept and a point to the right of the x-intercept to give a range in which the calculator will find the x-intercept Do this for each root you see on the graph

6-1A Example
Graph y= -x2 - 2x + 8 and find its roots.
Vertex: (-1, 9) Roots: (-4, 0) (2, 0) Viewing window: Xmin= -10 Xmax=10 Ymin= -10 Ymax= 10

6-1A Problems
1. Find what size viewing window is needed to view y= x2 + 4x -15. Find the roots.

Window: Xmin= -10 Xmax= 10 Ymin= -20 Ymax= 10

Roots: -6.3589 and 2.3589

6-1 Solving Quadratic Equations by Graphing

In a quadratic equation y=ax2+bx+c, ax2 is the quadratic term, bx is the linear term, and c is the constant term The axis of symmetry is a line that divides a parabola into two equal parts that would match exactly if folded over on each other The vertex is where the axis of symmetry meets the parabola The roots or zeros (or solutions) are found by solving the quadratic equation for y=0 or looking at the graph

6-1 Solving Quadratic Equations by Graphing (cont.)

Graph with definitions shown: Three outcomes for number of roots:
Axi s of Symmetry

Two roots
10 8 6 4

One root:
10 8 6 4 2
6 8 10

Root

Root

2 -10 -8 -6 -4 -2 -2 -4 -6 -8 -10 2 4

-10

-8

-6

-4

-2 -2 -4 -6 -8 -10

10

Vertex (2., -5 .)

No roots:
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 -1 0 -9 -8 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

6-1 Example
For y= -x2 -2x + 8 identify each term, graph the equation, find the vertex, and find the solutions of the equation.

10

-x2:

quadratic term -2x: linear term 8: constant term Vertex: x=(-b/2a) x= -(-2/2(-1)) x= 2/(-2) x= -1 Solve for y: y= -x2 -2x + 8 y= -(-1)2 -(2)(-1) + 8
-10

V ertex (-1., 9.)

8 6 4 Root (-4. , 0.) -8 -6 -4 -2 -2 -4 -6 -8 -10 2 Root (2., 0.) 2 4 6 8 10

y= -(1) + 2 + 8 y= 9 Vertex is (-1, 9)

6-1 Example (cont.)

Find the roots for the Problem: -x2 -2x + 8 = 0 (-x + 2)(x + 4) = 0 -x + 2 = 0 -x = -2 x=2 x+4=0 x = -4

(2, 0) and (-4, 0) are the roots.

6-1 Problems
1. Name the quadratic term, the linear term, and the constant term of y= -x2 + 4x. 2. Graph y= 4x2 2x + 1 and find its vertex and axis of symmetry. 3. Find the roots of y= x2 8x + 12.

1) x2: quadratic term 4x: linear term no constant term

2) (, ) x=

3) (2,0) and (6,0)

6-2 Solving Quadratic Equations by Factoring

Factor with the zero product property: if a*b=0 then either a=0 or b=0 or both are equal to 0 Factoring by guess and check is useful, but you may have to try several combinations before you find the correct one While doing word problems examine your solutions carefully to make sure it is a reasonable answer

6-2 Example
Solve the equation (2t + 1)2 4(2t + 1) + 3 = 0. (2t + 1)(2t + 1) 4(2t + 1) + 3 = 0 4t2 + 2t + 2t + 1 8t 4 + 3 = 0 4t2 4t = 0 4t (4t 1) = 0 4t = 0 t1=0 t=0 t=1 The solutions are 0 and 1.

6-2 Problems
1. Solve (5x 25)(7x + 3) = 0. 2. Solve by factoring: 4x2 13x = 12.

1) 5 and -3/7

2) -3/4 and 4

6-3 Completing the Square

The way to complete a square for x2 + bx + ? is to take x b and then square it So for x2 + 6x + ? :
(6) = 3 32 = 9 Therefore, the blank should be 9.

If the coefficient of x2 is not 1, you must divide the equation by that coefficient before completing the square Some roots will be irrational or imaginary numbers

6-3 Example
Find the exact solution of 2x2 6x 5 = 0. 2x2 6x 5 = 0 x2 3x 5/2 = 0 x2 3x + o = 5/2 + o x2 3x + 9/4 = 5/2 + 9/4 (x 3/2)2 = 19/4 (x 3/2)2 = 19/4 x 3/2 = + 19/2 or x 3/2 = - 19/2 Solution: x = 3/2 + 19/2 and x = 3/2 19/2

6-3 Problems
1. Find the value c that makes x2 + 12x + c a perfect square. 2. Solve x2 2x 15 = 0 by completing the square.

1) c = 36

2) -3 and 5

6-4 The Quadratic Formula and the Discriminant

The quadratic formula gives the solutions of ax2 + bx + c = 0 when it is not easy to factor the quadratic or complete the square Quadratic formula: x = -b +/- b2 4ac
2a

To remember the formula try singing it to the tune of the Notre Dame fight song or Pop Goes the Weasel

6-4 The Quadratic Formula and the Discriminant (cont.)

The b2 4ac term is called the discriminant and it helps to determine how many and what kind of roots you see in the solution
Value of b2 4ac Is it a perfect square? Nature of the Roots

b2 4ac > 0

yes

2 real roots, rational

b2 4ac > 0

no

2 real roots, irrational

b2 4ac < 0

not possible

2 imaginary roots

b2 4ac = 0

not possible

1 real root

6-4 Example
Find the discriminant of 3x2 + x 2 = 0 and tell the nature of its roots. Then solve the equation.
a = 3 b = 1 c = -2

Discriminant = b2 4ac = 12 4(3)(-2) = 1 (-24) = 1 + 24 = 25 So, there are two real roots and the solutions will be rational.

x= x= x=

-1 +/- 12 4(3)(-2) 2(3) -1 +/- 25 6 -1 +/- 5 6

x = -1 + 5 6
x = 2/3

x = -1 - 5 6
x = -1

The solutions are 2/3 and -1.

6-4 Problems
1. Use the discriminant to tell the nature of the roots of -7x2 8x 10 = 0. 2. Use the quadratic formula to solve the equation -15x2 8x 1 = 0.

1) Discriminant = -216

2 imaginary roots

2) -1/3 and -1/5

6-5 Sum and Product of Roots

You can find the quadratic equation from the roots of the equation If the roots are called S1 and S2, then S1 + S2 = -b/a and S1 x S2 = c/a This gives us the coefficients of ax2 + bx + c = 0 You can also use this method with imaginary roots or to check your solution to a quadratic equation

6-5 Example
Write a quadratic equation from the given roots -4 and -2/3. -4 + -2/3 = -14/3 -4 x -2/3 = 8/3 a=3 b=14 c=8 3x2 + 14x + 8 = 0

6-5 Problems
1. Given the roots -1/3 and -1/5, write the quadratic equation. 2. Solve the equation x2 + 3x 18 = 0 and check your answers using the sum and product of the roots.

1) 15x2 + 8x + 1 = 0

2) -6 and 3

6-6A Graphing Technology: Families of Parabolas

A parabola has the equation y = a (x h)2 + k The coefficients a, h, and k can be changed to create similar parabolas Changing k moves the parabola up (k > 0) or down (k < 0) A change in h moves the parabola to the right (h > 0) or left (h < 0) Changing a makes a parabola open upwards (a > 0) or downwards (a < 0), and also tells if the parabola is wider ( IaI < 1) or narrower ( IaI > 1)

6-6A Example
Predict the shape of the parabola y = 2 (x+3)2 + 1 and graph it on a graphing calculator to check your answer. k = 1 the graph moves up one h = -3 the graph moves three to the left a = 2 the graph is narrower and opens upward

6-6A Problem
1. Predict the shape of y = (x + 2)2 + 1 and graph the equation on a graphing calculator.

1) Moved up one and two to the left

6-6 Analyzing Graphs of Quadratic Functions

For more information on figuring out the shape of graphs see the notes on 6-6A The equation y = a (x h)2 + k gives the vertex (h, k) and the axis of symmetry is x = h You can write the equation of a parabola if you know its vertex or if you know three points the parabola passes through

6-6 Examples
1. Write y = x2 + 6x 3 in standard form and then name the vertex, axis of symmetry ,and direction of opening.

y = x2 + 6x 3 y + 3 + o = (x2 + 6x + o) y + 3 + 9 = (x2 + 6x + 9) y + 12 = (x + 3)2 y = (x + 3)2 12

Vertex: (-3, -12)

Axis of Symmetry: x = -3 The graph should open upwards.

6-6 Examples (cont.)

2. Given the points (0, 1) (2, -1) and (1, 3) write the equation of the parabola.
Plug in c = 1 for the other two equations:

Substitute the points into the equation y = ax2 + bx + c:

(0, 1): 1 = a(0)2 + b (0) + c

1=c (2, -1): -1 = a (2)2 + b (2) + c

-1 = 4a + 2b + 1
-2 = 4a + 2b

-1 = 4a + 2b + c
(1, 3): 3 = a(1)2 + b (1) + c 3=a+b+c

3=a+b+1 2=a+b

6-6 Examples (cont.)

2.
Now solve the system of equations:

-2 = 4a + 2b
2=a+b a=2b -2 = 4 (2 b) + 2b -2 = 8 4b + 2b -2 = 8 2b -10 = -2b b=5 The equation is y = -3x2 + 5x + 1. a = -3 b = 5 c = 1 a=2b a=25 a = -3

6-6 Problems
1. Write y = x2 6x + 11 in the form y = a (x h)2 + k and find the vertex, axis of symmetry, and direction of opening. 2. Find the equation of the parabola that passes through (0, 0), (2, 6) and (-1, 3). Then graph the function.

2) y = 2x2 - x 1) y = (x 3)2 + 2 opens upward vertex: (3, 2) axis of symmetry: x = 3

Graph of #2

6-7 Graphing and Solving Quadratic Equations

The graph of the parabola serves as a boundary between the area inside the parabola and the area outside the parabola Graph quadratic inequalities the same way you graph linear inequalities:
Graph the parabola and decide if the boundary line should be solid ( or ) or dashed ( < or >) Test one point inside the parabola and one outside the parabola Shade the region where the inequality was true for the tested points

To solve a quadratic inequality you could graph it or find it through factoring the inequality and testing points

6-7 Examples
1. Graph the quadratic inequality y > 3x2 + 12x. Then decide if (2,4) is a solution to the inequality.
Test: (-2, 2) 2 > 3 (-2)2 + 12 (-2) 2 > 3 (4) 24 2 > -12 True

Decide where to shade: Test: (0,0) 0 > 3 (0)2 + 12 (0) 0>0+0 0>0 False

Is (2, 4) a solution?
4 > 3 (2)2 + 12(2) 4 > 12 + 24 4 > 36 You could also look at the graph and see that (2,4) is not in the shaded region. (2, 4) is not a solution.

6-7 Examples (cont.)

2. Solve x2 16 < 0.

(x 4)(x + 4) = 0 x = 4 and x = -4

-4

Test in each region so lets choose x = -5, x = 0, and x = 5. Test: x = -5 Test: x = 0 Test: x = 5 (-5)2 16 < 0 (0)2 16 < 0 (5)2 16 < 0 25 16 < 0 0 16 < 0 25 16 < 0 9<0 -16 < 0 9<0 False True False
The solution is -4 < x < 4.

6-7 Problems
1. Graph the quadratic inequality y > x2 x + 10 and decide if (0, 12) is a solution of the inequality. 2. Solve x2 10x 16 < 0.

1)

(0, 12) is a solution.

2) 2 < x < 8

6-8 Integration: Statistics- Standard Deviation

Standard deviation tells how spread out the values are in a set of data (given symbol ) The mean is the average of your data ( symbol x ) Usually a graphing calculator is used to calculate the standard deviation Standard = Deviation (x1 x)2 + (x2 x)2 + + (xn x)2 n

6-8 Example
Calculate the mean and standard deviation of {3, 5, 6, 7, 9, 11, 22}.
3 + 5 + 6 + 7 + 9 + 11 + 22 = 9 Mean = 7

Standard = Deviation

(3 9)2 + (5 9)2 + + (22 - 9)2 7

= 5.8

6-8 Problem
1. Calculate the mean and standard deviation of {3, 5, 2, 6, 5, 9}.

1) Mean = 5

Standard Deviation = 6 or 2.45

6-9 Integration: Statistics Normal Distribution

A normal distribution curve shows the frequency (how many times something occurs) in a symmetric graph
It is often called a bell-curve because it resembles a bell

Normal Distributions have the following properties: 1. The graph is the highest at the mean

2. The mean, median, and mode are equal

3. Data is symmetrical about the mean

6-9 Integration: Statistics Normal Distribution

For a Normal Distribution curve: 68% of the values fall within one standard deviation 95% of the values fall within two standard deviations

99% of the values fall within three standard deviations

2 3

6-9 Example
A battery has an average life span of 50 hours, with a standard deviation of 3 hours. The life span of the batteries is normally distributed. a) What percent of batteries last at least 44 hours?

97.5% of batteries last at least 44 hours.

41 44 47 50 53 95% 56 59 2.5%

2.5%

b) If we have 1500 batteries, how many batteries are within one standard deviation of the mean? 68% of batteries are within one standard deviation. (1500)(0.68) = 1020 1020 batteries are within one standard deviation.