The Variety of Resources on Earth

Water, air, soil, fossil fuels and living things are natural resources. Human beings and other living things need these resources to stay alive.

Earths Resources
Water

Minerals

Air

Earths resources
Fossil fuels Soil

Living things

Air
1. The layer of air surrounding the Earth is called atmosphere 2. The atmosphere protects us from the harmful rays of the sun. 3. Air is a mixture of gases. 4. Air consist of nitrogen, oxygen, carbon dioxide, rare gases, water vapour, micro-organism and dust particles. 5. All living things need air to survive.

Water
1. Water covers nearly 70% of Earths surface 2. Man, animals and plants need water to live and grow.

3. Water makes up a large percentage of the mass of living organisms

4. Sources of water are oceans, seas, rivers, lakes, spring and rain water.

Soil
1. The external surface covering the land on the Earth is called soil. 2. Soil is a mixture of gravels, sand, clay, humus, air, water, minerals and micro-organisms.

Mineral
1. Minerals are solid, inorganic substances, found naturally in the Earth.

2. The Earth contains many types of minerals

3. Examples of some minerals are gold, silver, sand, quartz, feldspar and metallic ores.

Fossil Fuels
1. Fossil fuels were formed million of years ago from plant materials buried in the ground under high pressure. 2. Example of fossil fuels are petroleum, natural gas and coal. 3. Petroleum can be refined to form petroleum gas, petrol, diesel, kerosene and paraffin.

Living Things
1. The living things around us consist of plants ( flora) and animals ( fauna) 2. Living things are important resources for human beings 3. Plants and animals provide us with food, clothes, fuels, building materials and medicine.

Importance of Water
Human beings and animals
a b Almost 90% of protoplasm made up of water. Person will die of dehydration if loses 20% of water. a b

Plants
Plant will wilt and die without water. Transports mineral salts during photosynthesis

c
d e f g h i j k

Dissolve and transport digested food and oxygen in our body

Dilutes blood and enables to flow easily in our body. Important in excretion. Dissolve and get rids of body waste. Control body temperature Keep lung moist Support and maintain body shape Manufacture of drinks, food stuff and liquid detergents. Source of common salts Carry out activities: cooking, washing, drinks, transportations etc.

c
d

Transport synthesized food to various parts of plants

Natural Resources
Natural resources can be classified as elements, compound and mixtures defending on the types of particles that make them up.

Natural Resources

Elements An elements is a pure substance which cannot be broken down into two or more simpler substances by any chemical or physical method. Therefore it is the simplest kind of matter.

Compound A compound is a substance made up of different elements, which produce a chemical reaction when combined together.

Mixtures A mixture is made up of two or more elements or compound which are not chemically combined.

Element
1. An element is a substance that is made up of only one type of particle or atom. An element cannot be broken down into any simpler substance by any physical or chemical reaction. 2. An atom is the smallest particle in matter. atoms Sulphur molecule (8 sulphur atoms) Hydrogen molecule (2 hydrogen atom)

Iron Sulphur Examples of some elements Hydrogen

Elements

Metals
Examples of metals Aluminium Zinc Iron Tin State at room temperature solid solid solid solid

Non-metals
Examples of Non-metals
Hydrogen Oxygen Nitrogen Chlorine Bromine

State at room temperature

gas gas gas gas liquid

Copper
Silver Gold Mercury

solid
solid solid liquid

Sulphur
Phosphorous Carbon

solid
solid solid

Comparison of the properties of metals and non-metals

Metal
Shiny surface, can be polished Solid state except for mercury Malleable Can be beaten into different shape without breaking Ductile Can be bent or pulled into thin wires

Difference
Appearance Physical state at room temperature Malleability

Non-metal
Dull surface. Cannot be polished. Solid, liquid or gases state.

Brittle Can break or snap easily.

Non-ductile. Cannot be bent.

Ductility

High melting point.

Good conductor of heat Good conductor of electricity.

Melting point
Conductivity of heat Conductivity of electricity

Low melting point.

Poor conductor of heat. Poor conductor of electricity.

Compound
1. A compound is a substance made up of two or more elements combined together chemically. 2. A compound cannot be separated by physical methods and can only be separated by chemical methods such as electrolysis.

Element X Element X Element Y

Element Y

Compound

Formation of a compound

Compound
Water Carbon dioxide Carbon atom Ammonia

Oxygen atom

hydrogen atom

Hydrogen atoms

Oxygen atom Made up of two types of elements: Carbon and Oxygen

Nitrogen atom Made up of two types of elements: Nitrogen and Hydrogen

Made up of two types of elements:

Oxygen and Hydrogen

Comparison between elements and compounds

Element Made up of only one type of particle Cannot be broken down into simpler substances by any chemical means.

Compound Made up of more than one type of particles

Can be broken into simpler substances by chemical methods.

Mixture
A mixture is made up of two or more elements or compounds that are physically combined. The elements or compound can be separated physically.
Compound Y Compound Compound X

Element Y Element Y

Element X

Element X

Mixture of elements

Mixture of elements and compound

Mixture of compounds

Examples of mixtures and their components

Air Nitrogen Oxygen Carbon dioxide Soil Gravel Sand Clay Humus Mineral salts Air Water Blood Red blood cells White blood cells Plasma Petroleum Petroleum gas Petrol Kerosene

Inert gases
Water vapour Microorganism Dust

Oxygen
Carbon dioxide Water

Diesel
Paraffin Bitumen

Comparison of compounds and mixtures

Compound Formed using chemical methods New substance formed Heat is absorbed or released during formation. Ratio of components is fixed New properties are formed. Components can only be separated using chemical methods. Difference
Method of formation Formation of new substances Energy changes Composition of components Properties of components. Separation of components.

Mixture Formed using physical methods. No new substance formed No heat is absorbed or released. Ratio of components is not fixed. Properties of components remain the same Components can be easily separated using physical methods.

Separation of Mixture
Method Chromatography Crystallistion Distillation Evaporation Filtration Magnetic extraction Extraction by using separating funnel Sieving Winnowing Mixture Dye Copper sulphate solution Alcohol and water Salt water Water and sand Iron filing and sand Liquid with different densities Pebbles and sand Rice and husks

Methods of separating the components in a mixture

Using magnet

Magnet The iron filings are attracted to the magnet Sulphur powder

To separate the iron filings from a mixture of sulphur powder and iron fillings

Methods of separating the components in a mixture

Distillation Thermometer

Liebig condenser Sea water

Distilled water

To separate pure water from sea water

Methods of separating the components in a mixture

Filtration

Glass rod Mixture of sand + water

Filter paper Residue ( sand )

Filter funnel

Retort stand
Water ( filtrate )

To separate sand from a mixture of sand and water

Methods of separating the components in a mixture

Separating funnel

Separating funnel Oil Oil

Water
Tap is turned

Water flows
a. The mixture is left for a while in the separating funnel b. Turn the tap on to release water from the separating funnel

To separate oil form the mixture of oil and water

Methods of separating the components in a mixture

Evaporation
Salt crystal are left behind after water evaporated

Salt solution

Evaporating dish

Wire gauge
Bunsen burner

Concentrated salt solution

a. Heat the salt solution in the evaporating dish until concentrated

b. Cool the concentrated solution and allow it to evaporate until it is dry.

c. Water is evaporated leaving behind the white crystal.

To separate salt from salt solution.

The Importance of the Variety of Earths resources to Man

Air Minerals Resources of Earth Soil Living things Fossil fuels Water

The Importance of the Variety of Earths resources to Man

Air

it provides us with oxygen needed for cell respiration it provides green plants with carbon dioxide that is needed for photosynthesis Water the system in the body cannot function without water water needed for drinking, cleaning and bathing Soil Habitat to various types of living thing such as earthworms, ants and microorganisms Use for economic activities such as farming, mining and building construction

The Importance of the Variety of Earths resources to Man

Living things

Animals- provide us with food, clothing, companion and labour Plants- provide us with oxygen, food, clothing, building material, pigment, spices, colourings and medicines
required by body for its systems to function well useful as raw material for various industries Provide heat and light energy Power motor vehicles and various machine

Mineral

Fossil fuel

The Importance of the Varity of Earths resources to Man

Living things depend on resources of the Earth to survive Nowadays, human beings use these resources for many purposes. The need for these resources increases as the world population increases The importance of resources on Earth to mankind are:

The Importance of the Variety of Earths resources to Man

a)

b)
c) d) e) f) g)

To fulfill the basic needs of man To ensure that the air is always clean for breathing. To ensure that the supply of fresh water is always adequate. To ensure that the soil is always fertile for agriculture. To preserve the health of humans To ensure that the forest always has an adequate supply of timber To ensure that fuel is always sufficient for vehicles and machines

The Importance of the Variety of Earths resources to Man

Water 1. For drinking, cooking, washing and bathing. 2. About 70% of body weight is made up of water. 3. Dissolve and transport food and oxygen to all parts of our body. 4. For generating electricity 5. For recreational activities.

The Importance of the Variety of Earths resources to Man

Fossil fuels 1. A very important source of energy 2. For generating electricity 3. Fuels for motor vehicles, machines and cooking.

The Importance of the Variety of Earths resources to Man

Air 1. Oxygen is needed for respiration and combustion. 2. Carbon dioxide is needed for photosynthesis

The Importance of the Variety of Earths resources to Man

Living things Provide us with: a. Food b. Clothing

c. Building materials
d. Medicine e. Fuels.

The Importance of the Variety of Earths resources to Man

Soil 1. Agriculture 2. Mining 3. Construction of buildings 4. Making ceramics, glass, cement and bricks. 5. Habitat for many living things.

The Importance of the Variety of Earths resources to Man

Minerals 1. Needed by man, animals and plants for healthy growth. 2. Metal are used in the construction of buildings and bridges.

Preservation and Conservation of Natural Resources.

1. Preservations of resources is the effort to maintain natural resources in their natural state. 2. Conservation of resources is the careful use and management of natural resources so as to minimize loss, wastage and damage.

Conservation of our Earths resources involve the careful use of energy, water and other resources so they are not wasted or lost

Conservation of energy Conservation of clean water

Preservation and Conservation of natural resources are very important to prevent:

1. Destruction to natural environment.
2. The extinction to animals and plants. 3. The loss of economic resources.

4. Pollution of air, water and soil.

5. Health problems 6. Natural disasters.

Preservation and Conservation of natural resources are very important to ensure that:
1) The air and water do not become too polluted until they are not suitable to be used by living thing 2) Flora and fauna do not become extinct 3) The soil is always fertile to support life 4) Mineral and fossil fuels are not depleted by overuse

Effects of pollution on Earths resources.

1. Air pollution can cause green house effect and acid rain. 2. Water pollution reduces sources of clean water and threatens the habitats of aquatic life. 3. Soil pollution result in the infertility of the soil and the natural habits of living things being damaged.

Appreciating the Importance of the Earths Resources to Man

Reusing

Recycling

Using discarded or unwanted materials to save Earths resources

Processing of waste materials to become useful things

Preservation and Conservation of resources on Earth

Controlling air pollution Recycling resources Ways of preserving and conserving Earths resources Recycling substances

Conserving water

Use of substance

Using resources efficiently and intelligently

Keeping forest reserves

Ways to reduce pollution on Earth resources

1. Recycles waste materials 2. Use recycle paper. 3. Practice reforestation. 4. Practice selective logging

5. Use unleaded petrol.

6. Use biodegradable substances. 7. Fix filters to factory chimneys in order to filter poisonous gases.

Revision Summary
Work through these questions and try to answer them. 1. What are the resources needed to sustain life?
2. Define element. Name three examples of elements. 3. List four examples of metals and non-metals. 4. State the differences between the properties of metals and non-metals. 5. Define compound. Explain how compound are formed. 6. Name four examples of compounds. 7. Define mixture.

8. Name five examples of mixtures.

9. State the differences between the properties of compounds and mixtures. 10. Name five methods used to separate mixtures. 11. Explain the importance between the Earths resources and the basic needs of life. 12. Explain the importance of preservation and conservation of Earths surface.