CE 516

Design of Water Distribution Systems

In this section, we have learned how to size pipelines and pumps for pipe networks. We will now examine some of the practicalities which need to be considered when designing such closed conduit systems. This is a review of section 2.5 in your text (which you should read). The primary function of water distribution systems are to 1. meet the water demands of users while maintaining acceptable pressures in the system 2. supply water for re protection at specic locations within the system, while maintaining acceptable pressures for normal service. 3. provide sucient level of redundancy to support minimum level of service during emergency conditions (i.e. power loss or water main failure.) Components The components of a water distribution system include: pipelines - carry water from the treatment facility to the users. transmission mains - the largest pipes which carry ow from the water treatment facility to the network. These pipes are often greater than (D > 600 mm). feeder mains - (pipelines which feed ow from the transmission main to the individual pipe networks of every service area (D 400 - 500 mm) distribution mains - the grid of pipelines which provides service to all users (D 150 - 300 mm) service lines - pipelines which go from the distribution mains to the individual house/facility.

The individual lines are sized as per momentum equation (Darcy-Weisbach) and energy equation (head loss equation.)

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Components (continued) pumps - maintain required pipeline service pressure. Because of variable demand requirements multiple pumps or pumps with variable motors are often required. booster pumps - maintain required service pressure along long pipelines re-service pumps - provide additional capacity for emergency situations Pumps operate at the intersection of pump performance and network system curves and must adjust to highly variable demand. As such, multiple pumps may be required for steady, cyclical, and emergency demands storage facilities - accommodates demand uctuation by storing excess water until its necessary ground storage - ground level storage which discharge water to the system with a pump elevated storage - storage tank at the elevation required to deliver water at required pressure (or head).

Valves - required for removing components and rerouting ows Meters - required for monitoring ows

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Component Design Life The preferred design life for the various components of water supply systems is given with the following table (Chin, Table 3.11) Component Sources of supply River Welleld Reservoir Pumps Low-lift High Lift Water Treatment Service Reservoir Distribution system Pipe or Conduit Distribution Grid Design Period (years) indenite 10-25 25-50 10 10 10-15 20-25 Design Capacity

Max daily Max daily Average annual Max daily Max hourly Max daily Working storage + re + emergency Max daily + re OR max hourly demand

25-50

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Operating Pressure of System The required system pressure demands on several considerations listed below: excellent ow to a 3 story building requires 290 kPa adequate ow for residential areas requires 240 kPa adequate ow to a 20 story building requires 830 kPa* *Please note this isnt desirable because of waste and leak, instead most tall buildings have their own on site pumps. Generally, pressures of greater than 650 kPa should be avoided. adequate ow to most systems recommends 410-520 kPa ordinary consumption for 10 story buildings adequate service for sprinklers in buildings of 4-5 stories adequate re hydrant service adequate margin for uctuations due to clogging and other losses

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Water Demand Demands of the entire population must be considered before designing a water distribution system. Possible demand sources include: residential commercial industrial public The average city requires 660 liters/day/person. The distribution of demand between all the possible sources is given in the table below.

Typical distribution of water use for an average city (Shin, 2000, Table 3.4) Category Average use Percent of total (liters/day)/person Residential 260 Commercial 90 Industrial 190 Public 70 Loss 50 Total 660

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Water Demand (continued) The distribution of average per capita rates among 292 water supply systems in the U. S. that serve 95 million people is given in the table below. Average distribution of per capita water demand (Shin, 2000, Table 3.5) Range Number of Percent of total (liters/day)/person systems 190-370 30 8 380-560 132 34 570-750 133 34 760-940 51 13 950-1130 19 5 >1140 27 7 Please note: these gures are based on 392 US water supply systems serving 95 million people (1984 Water Utility Operating Data, 1986 AWWA)

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Water Demand Projections When planning for a water supply system, the water demand at the end of the network design life is generally used as the basis for the project design. Because the demand of the system 20 years in the future is not known, it is necessary to make some kind of prediction or forecasting about the municipality growth. A variety of Forecasting models exist, including: aggregate models - treat the population as a whole disaggregate models - break up the population into groups and predict the growths of each group. An example of this is cohort analysis (Sykes 1995) which segregates age and gender. These models require large quantities of data. empirical models - are based solely on data.

Please note that after 10 years, empirical models are as reliable as disaggregate models. Population growth is not generally steady and tends to grow at varying rates.

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Geometric growth phase - occurs when there are wide open spaces and is modelled with

Arithmetic growth phase - occurs after the initial growth has leveled o and is modelled with

Declining growth phase - occurs when growth becomes limited by available resources

Each of the above phases is generally limited to 10 years in duration. For situations when a longer projection is required a long term projection can be approximated with an S-curve (most common used is a logistic curve)

Please note, use existing data to determine a & b. Please note, that for projections of less than 10 years a 10% error can be expected, but for projections greater than 20 years a 50% error can be expected.

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Demand Variations The demand in a water distribution system varies, daily, weekly, seasonally, and in the case of emergencies such as res. Typical daily variations are given in the below gure (Chin, Figure 3.23)

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The range of demand conditions are specied with peaking or demand factors. An example of the demand factors is found in the below table (Chin, Table 3.6). Condition Daily average in maximum month Daily average in maximum week Maximum daily demand Maximum hourly demand Minimum hourly demand Range of demand factors 1.1-1.5 1.2-1.6 1.5-3.0 2.0-4.0 0.2-0.6 Typical value

In emergency situations as a result of res the demand may increase signicantly. The most common method for estimating peak demands due to res is a method proposed by the Insurance Services Oce (ISO, 1980). Their method estimates the Needed Fire Flow, NFF, with N F Fi = Ci Oi (X + P )i where C is the construction factor O is the occupancy factor X is the exposure factor P is the proximity factor i is the location where the ow is needed The maximum needed re ow is less than 45,000 L/min

Please see Chin for a more complete discussion of needed re ows and the required coecients

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Required re ow durations to satisfy insurance requirements (Chin, Table 3.10) Required re ow (L/min) <9,000 11,000-13,000 15,000-17,000 19,000-21,000 23,000-26,000 26,000-30,000 30,000-34,000 34,000-38,000 38,000-45,000 Durations (hours) 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

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Example A water-supply system is being designed to serve a population of 200,000 people, with an average per capita demand of 600 L/day/person and a needed re ow of 28,000 L/min. If the water supply is to be drawn from a river, then what should be the design capacity of the supply pumps and water treatment plant? For what must be kept in the service reservoir to accommodate a re? What should the design capacity of the distribution pipes be? Solution a) nd design capacity assume: given:

b) determine required ow duration and volume

c) determine design capacity for pipes

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