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fkdaodiajdoh f.kfok jevigyka i`oyd fjkalr ;sK'
wdl m%Yak ms<sn`oj fm%alaIlhka kqj;a lsu i`oyd u;a
jevms<sfj<la fyda wNs,dIhla udOHj,g fkdue;s u ms<sn`oj
17

fmdyshkag wdl kqjK

fmdyshkag wdl kqjK

l;=jrhd oHq;a udOH wdh;khl wm;sjrfhl=g jrla meKs,s

lf<a h' zzksiaiq fkdaodiajdohg leu;shs' lshk fohla
wdidfjka wyf.k bkak mqjka hg l;d lrkak ne
w:Ydia;%{hkag weyqlka fokak leue;s fjkafk ljqo@ZZ
Tyqf.a ms<s;=r h' Tyqf.a ms<s;=ka l;=jrhd ms,sir jQ nj
f;areK miq" l;=jrhd iekiSug fuka Tyq miqj fufia o
mejiS h' zzwms wfma iqms ld,h w:Ydia;%{hkag fjka lf<d;a"
ksielju wdodhula ke;sj wms nxfldf,d;a fjkjd'ZZ Tyqf.a
f wjidk jelsh w:Ydia;%{hkg fjf<`ofmdf<a we;s kshu
;;a;ajh fmkakq lf<a h'
by; ms<s;=r is; mSvd lrjk iq jqj;a" th l;=jrhdf.a
weia werug fya;= h' wys i;Hh jkqfha" w:Ydia;%{hka
fldf;la wleue;s jq j ;a " ks i q k a f .a leue;a ; we;a f ;a
w:Ydia;%{hkaf.a foiqj,g fkdj" fkdaodiajdohg u h'
f ksid w:Ydia;%{hkag jvd l,dlrejkag je rislhka
msila isk w;r" Tjqkaf.a wdodhu o w:Ydia;%{hkag jvd
je ugul mj;S' f ksid" w:Ydia;h
% ckm%h
s lsug woyila
we;ak" th l< yelafla w:Ydia;%h o fkdaodiajdoh f.k
fok Ihhla f,i bm;a lsu u.sk's tneka" l,dlrejkaf.a
ckm%h
s Ndjh iy wdodhu ms<n
s `oj fkdmyka is;a we;s lr.kakjd
fjkq j g" ika k s f okh i`oyd ;u u. fmka j ka k d f,i
w:Ydia;%{hka wkq.ukh l< hq;af;a l,dlrejka h' fjk;a
jpkhlska lsjfyd;a" w:Ydia;%{hka ;u mKsjqvh idudkH
ck;djg bm;a lsug leue;af;a k" Tjqka w:Ydia;%h
l;kaorhla f,i bm;a l< hq;= h'
)

b.ekaug;a" kqu ,nd .ekSug;a l;kaor l,dj fhdod

.ekS u ks i q k a ck iudchla fia j;a u weru ;r
18

merKs h' ck iudchl isk W.;a;= iy jhia.; mqoa.,fhda

nd,hska bf.k .ekSu i`oyd le`ojd .ekSug l;kaor l,dj
fhdod .;a y' iEu l;djl u wdoY mdGhla iy bf.kq
m% ; s M ,hla .ej ;s K' uq , a ld,fha mrmrdjls k a
mrmrdjlg l:d jia;= f.k hk ,oafoa jdlj h' tfy;a
miqj" f,aLk Ydia;%h hqKq jQ miq" tajd f,aLk.; lr fmd;a
jYfhka m%isoaO lrk ,' fuu l,dj fnfyka fhdod .kakd
,o bkahdf kqu fnod u i`oyd fhdod .;a fmd;a folla
i`oyka lsu j'
fuhska m<uqjk fmd; jkqfha zmxp;ka;%hZ hs' l%sia;= mQj
;=kajeks Y;jIfha muK IaKqYuka k RIsjrhd iska
rdcH l=udrjrekg foaYmd,kh" w:Ydia;%h iy wdKavql%u
b.ekau i`oyd fuu .%ka:h rpkd lrk ,hs mejfia'
fojk lD;sh jkqfha cd;l l:dj,shhs' cd;l l:dj,sh
nqka jykafiaf.a fmr wd;auj, ;h fmkakq l<;a" tu
l;d iudch ;=< f.dvk`.d we;s neka" ksiqkaf.a iuld,Sk
wdl ; tu.ska fudkjg ksrEmKh lr we;' tu iudch
ms<s.;a oYkh jkqfha" ieu fokd u ;ukaf.a fm!oa.,sl iqN
isoah i`oyd lghq;= lrk w;r;=r" mam;=ka iy wirKNdjhg
m;a jQjka /ln,d .ekSf j.lSu o bgq l< hq;=h hkak h'
mxp;ka;%fha l:d jia;=j f.dvk`.d we;af;a O i;=ka
p; f,i fhdod .kska l,ams; jkdka;rhla ;=< h' lD;sfhys
ye`kafuys l;dlref.a l;d l,dj u.ska lrkq ,nk bf.kqu
^lg mdvka lrkq ,nk bf.kqug wu;rj& m%Yxidjg Ndckh
lr we;' tjeks bf.kqula ,;a ;eke;a;d fof,dj m%Odkshd
;u y;=rd njg m;a jQj;a" lsis ydkshlg Ndckh fkdjk nj
olajd we;' lD;sfhys m%Odk mrud:h md,k l,dj b.ekau
iy O wNsm%dhhka iys; mqoa.,hkaf.ka rcjreka f ish
19

fmdyshkag wdl kqjK

fmdyshkag wdl kqjK

hq;= wdldrh rcl=urejkg lshd u h' tfy;a" tu jk.;

rdcOdksh ;=< mqrjeishka .; lrk wdl ;h tys ukd
f,i olajd we;'
m<uqjk fmdf;ys we;s tla l;djlska ne ne,aug ,dNodhS
f,i fmfkk .kqfokqj, we;s fkdfmfkk W.=,a ms<sn`oj
mdGlhdg wk;=re y`.jd we;' tu l;djg wkqj" tla;rd n%dyauK
ldka;djla ;, fmd`.jd fldgd f,Su i`oyd wf ;enqjd h'
wjdikdjlg fuka" ks,af,a hk iqkLfhla tu ia:dkfhka
hk w;r;=r tu ;, u; uQ;% my lf<a h' .eyeKsh ;, bj;,Sug
we;s f,danlu ksid" tu flgQ ;, wuq ;, i`oyd udrelrk nj
mjika .u mqrd weoaod h' ;j;a .eyeKshla th b;d ,dNodhS
.kqfokqjla f,i i,ld" wuq ;, i`oyd tlS flgQ ;, yqjudre
lr .;a;d h' i;Hh fy<sjqfKa weh ta ms<sn`oj wef.a iajd
mqreIhdg Wo wekSug .sh g h' .kqfokqf we;s wuq;= iajNdjh
ms<sn`oj iel is;+ Tyq kslug ;, u,a, bU nef h' iqkL
uQ;% .`o thska jykh jk g Tjqkg i;Hh jegysK'

uqo,aj, jkdlu o fndfyda l;dj, yqjd olajd we;'

uqo,a ksid Okj;=ka Yla;su;a iy n,.;= wh jk w;r" mam;=ka
uqo,a fkdue;s ksid Nhdkl jHikj,g md;% f' fojeks fmdf;a
tk l;djlg wkqj uqo,a fkdue;s mqoa.,hd o< levQ imfhl=g
fyda fn,ySk jQ yia;sfhl=g iudk lr we;' tjeks mqoa.,hka
yq kdu ud;% muKs' hful= i;= uqo,a ke;s .sh g" Tyqf.a
jHdmdr kdY hkafka WIaK iufha fod<mdr ys` hkakdla
fuks' ys`.kakkag fyd`o .;s.=K ;snqfKa kuq" uqo,a fkdue;s
k Tjqkaj .Kka .efkkafka ke;' f,dalhg ysre t<sh wjYH
jkakdla fuka" ;ukag fyd`o .;s.=K we;s njg wka whg ta;a;=
.ekaug k" uqo,aj, n,h ;sh hq;= h' uqo,a ke;s jQ g"
fyd`og u myr jkafka mam;=kag h' tjeks mqoa.,hka ;u
uqo,a /l .ekSu i`oyd wu;r ls%hd oduhl ksr; h hq;= h'
uqo,a fkdue;s wh yqfola udjf;ys oud f.dia we;s li<j,g
iudk h'

wiS; ;DIaKdj ksid mefKk Wjre ms<sn`oj fndfyda

l;dj, fmkajd we;' tl l;djl ovhlalrefjla j,a
W!frl=g oafoa h' tfy;a W!rd hhEug fmr" W,a o;lska wek
ovhlalrejd ueref h' t;ekska .sh ysjf,l= f ,enqKq uy`.=
wdydrfhka u;aj fika fika ld th ri `ug ;SrKh
lf<a h' ta wkqj ika ;kd ;snQ kafka fhd; m<uqj lSug
Tyq ;SrKh lf<a h' fhd; lE miq kjd ;snQ kak bf .ye"
ysj,df.a Wvqylafla wekS" W! o t;ek u h .sfha h' f ksid"
wiS; ;Kaydfjka fkdnef`ok f,i mdGlhdg l;dfjka
wk;=re y`.jd we;'

fndfyda l;dj, ;fha id:l;ajh ,nd .ekSu i`oyd

uykais jev lsf;a" jHjidhl;ajh m%.=K lsf;a iq.=K
olajd we;' fojeks fmdf;a tk l;djl ysj,a fkqjla ;u
iehdg fufia wjjdo lrhs' zziq foalska iEySulg m;afjk
Tfya nh.=,af,la' Tfya imQKfhkau jerhs' wms yeu glu"
fYaIfhkau msfhla" fyd`og j, mek, jev lrkak ke'ZZ
bkamiq weh lir nj jKkd flfrk iy lue,slu fy<d
olsk .d:djla .dhkd lrhs' zzlir nj iy jHdmdr {dkh
yeuodu kkjd' tfyu lf<d;a Tfyag Tfyaf. jdikdj u.ye
hkak neye' tksid ljqrey ffojh u; /`,d n,df.k bkakj
k tal jerhs' lue,s fkd jevlrkak ke' uykais
fjkafk ke;sj lsisu fohla ,nd.kak neye' yhg ;,
lkafka ke;sj f;,a ,nd.kak nerej jf.a'ZZ

20

21

fmdyshkag wdl kqjK

fmdyshkag wdl kqjK

tu l;df tk ;j;a .d:djlska wkjYH m wjodk

u ms<sn`oj wk;=re y`.jhs' ta wkqj" h wfhl= msg; we;s
fohla m;d wf;a we;s foh w; y k" wf;a we;s foh;a msg;
we;s foh;a hk fol u Tyqg ke;s hhs'
miajeks fmdf;a o;djh y`kajd we;af;a Ydmhla f,isk's
tksid ieu fokdg u h jD;a;shl fh <s`lka .kakd
f,i wjjdo lr we;' tu fmdf;a tk tla l;djl mam;a
n%dyauKfhda y;r fofkla zuqo,a ksid hful=g ishu foa ,nd.;
yels nekaZ uqo,a bmhSug ;SrKh lr;s' f ksid Tjqka cm
lrk uka;h
% jkafka zuqo,a" uqo,a" uqo,aZ hkak h' ih wdldrhlska
hful=g uqo,a bmhsh yels nj Tjqyq kslaIKh lr;s' tajd k"
is`.uka heu" rc ud<s.df O rdcld lsu" f.d;ek"
W.;alka uqo,a bmhSu" uqo,a Khg u iy fjf<`oduhs' f
ish u ud. w;ka fjf<`odu uqo,a Yd, jYfhka bmhsh
yels ud.h nj;a Tjqyq kslaIKh lr;s' fjf<`odf o ,dN
bmhsh yels l%u y;la we;' tajd k" fydrg lsu" llv
fjf<`odu" Wlia .ekSu" is,a,r yd f;d. fjf<`odu" jHdmdr
fldgia lsKSu" iqfLdamfNda.S NdKav lsKSu iy foaY
fjf<`odu wdhhs' f ish u l%u w;ka foaY fjf<`odu
by< u wjodk iys; neka by< u ,dN o f.k ths' f
ksid uqo,a /ila bmhSu i`oyd n%dyauKfhda i;r fokd foaY
fj<`odf ksr; ug ;SrKh lr;s'
)

fndfyda cd;l l;d wdl oHdj l;kaor iajrEmfhka

bm;a lsuls' tla cd;l l;djla" tk pq,a,fi cd;lh"
> f,i .%y lsfuka fuu lreK mila lr.; yels h'
fuu cd;l l;djg wkqj" tla .S ;reKfhla" fmdfydi;a
isgqjrfhl= iska u. winv ;snQ l=Kla ;u ;=rl=g fmkajd
22

zolaI wfhl=g Okj;a ug f l=K;a m%udKj;aZ hhs lshkq

wid isfha h' .S ;reKhd tu Wjfoi wkqj l=K;a f.k
fhka hg .uka lroa" ;u n<,dg wdydr msKsi udxY
fidhka mefKk Okjf;l= uqK .eisK' ;reKhd l=K
;E.s fokq fjkqjg ldis follg tu Okj;dg lsKS h' ka
W.; yels wdl mdvu jkqfha" tu l=K uqo,g l=KQ ksid
tu ;reKhdg miqj is flfrk wdfhdack i`oyd wjYH uQ,
Okh ,nd.; yels jQ njhs'
;reKhd ;uka Wmhd .;a ldis fol md lr rile,s
, .;af;a h' tu rile,s iy meka" le,fha isg u,a
fk<df.k mefKk u,alrejkg w;ru. isg ms<s.eka h'
tu u,alrefjda o ;u fjfyi ixis`ojd f.k" l<.=K ie,lSula
jYfhka u,a g ne.ska ;reKhdg ms y' ;reKhd o ;uka ,o
u,a k.rhg f.k f.dia je ,lg lsKS h' bkamiq ;j
;j;a ri le,s , .;a ;reKhd u,a l rejka f .a o
wdYs jdofhka rile,s y,la jD; lf<a h' Tyq ka
fjf<`ofmd< .kqfokqjlg wj;SKj isk ksid fmr
fkdf,a ka ri le,s iy meka bh i`oyd lrk ,o
wdfhdackhla f,i ie,lsh yels h'
bkamiq Tyq ;ukaf.a jdishg ,efnk f;dr;=re Nd;d
l<d muKla fkdj" we;e gl f;dr;=re ms<sn`oj taldldrh
o f.dvk`.d ,dN bmhSu i`oyd Nd;d lf<a h' ta iu. u Tyq
jHdmdl wjia:djla lsis lf,l;a u. yefha ke;' pKav
l=Kdgqjla ksid rcqf.a u`.=,a Whfka wU w;= lvd je Whk
iqkanqkaj,ska msf.dia Whkam,a,d wkaoukaoj isk g Tyq
Whkam,a,dg Wojg fuka meKsfha h' zzux f Whk iqoao
lr,d fokak' ug fokak orlZZ hhs Tyq Whka m,a,dg
fhdackd lf<a h' tk u rc f.or wrlalehdg or ms<sn`o
23

fmdyshkag wdl kqjK

m%Yk
a hla we;s ;sK' Tyqf.a jHdmdl ie,iqu jQfha Whkam,a,d
iy wrlalehd w;r we;s f;dr;=re wiuNdjh ;u jdishg
fhdod .kska ,dN bmehSu h' Tyq wrlalehd iu. or iemhSf
fldka;%d;a;=jla w;aika lf<a h' ka m%Yakh jkqfha Whfka isg
uq;ekaf.hg or m%jdykh lrkafka flfia o hkak h' th o
,dNodhSj lsf u.la Tyq fidhd .;af;a h' fha fi,a,
lrka is ore le,lg rile,sj,ska ix.%y fldg Tjqkaf.a
fiajh Tyq fkd,fha u ta i`oyd ,nd .;af;a h'
fjf<`ofmdf<a ;udg muKla iqfYaI jQ f;dr;=re Nd;d
lr" j;aufka jHdmdlhka is lrk zw; ke;s NdKav
lsKSfZ ^Short Selling& ldhhla o Tyq lf<a h' fuu l%uh
wkqj" bfha h NdKavhlg b,aula we;sf hehs ksYa;
f;dr;=re we;s gl" jHdmdlfhl= lrkqfha tu NdKavh iemhSu
i`oyd .siqula .ekqlrejka iu. wiaika lsu h' ta i`oyd
;uka w; kg tu NdKav ;su wjYH ke;'
wkd.;fha h kl wYaj fjf<`ka k.rhg mefKk
njg Tyqg f;dr;=re ,enqKs' fuu f;dr;=re lsisfjl=g;a is;d
.; fkdyels jHdmdl wjia:djla njg Tyq mj;kh lr
.;af;a h' k.rfha ;Kfld< lmkakkag w;a;sldr " tu
;Kfld< zb fjf<`o .siqulaZ u.ska Tyq l,a ;nd ,hg
.;af;a h' wYaj fjf<`ka k.rhg wd miqj Tjqkg wjYHfhka
u Tyqf.ka kshu fldg we;s ,g ;Kfld< ,g .ekSug
isK' Tyq l,a ;nd wYajhkag w;a;sldr Wka iemhSug o
, .kakka iu. .siq we;s lr .;af;a h' f wkqj wYajhka
, .ekSug wfmalI
a dfjka isk whg o Tyqf.ka yer" wYajhka
, .; fkdyels h' fufia f;dr;=re b;d m%{djka; f,i
Nd; lrka Tyq Yd, ,dNhla Wmhd .;af;a h'
24

fmdyshkag wdl kqjK

fuu cd;l l;dj fmkakq lrkqfha ksidf.a m%{dj"
fkdmiqng nj iy fjfyi jevlsf wdkjhs' tfy;a" th
fYaIfhka u f;dr;=re tlaldiq lsu iy tu f;dr;=re
jHdmdl wjia:d i`oyd fhdod .ekSf jeo.;alu ms<sUq lrhs'
ta iu. u" .kqfokqlrejkaf.a Yajdih kd .ekSf jeo.;alu
iy we;e by< , iys; NdKav wrNhd taldld ;;a;aj
f.dvk`.d .ekSf jdish o bka ksrEmKh lrhs'
f iu. u hyfjf<`odf hy.=K o cd;l l;dj,ska
biau;= fldg we;' WodyrKhla f,i fiajdKsc cd;lfha
lm fjf<kafola lreKq yye fkdokakd uy ldka;djla
uq,d lsug wr whs' Tyq tfia lsug ;e;a lrkafka wE i;=
rka ;ehla" nd, ;ehla hhs .yd fldg wvq ,g ,
.ekSug l=uka;%Kh lsfuks' tfy;a" fjk;a hy fjf<kaf`ol=
Tyqf.a l=uka;K
% h mrojkafka" kshu ,g tu rka ;eh ,hg
.ekSfuks' f ksid f;dr;=re wiunrNdjh iEu wjia:djl u
;u jdish i`oyd fhdod .ekSu cd;l l;dj,ska wkqu; fl
ke;'
iEu cd;l l;djl u fjf<`ka ia;r lr we;af;a
fkdmiq n g ffOhhls k a hq ; a " fjfyi jev lrk
jHjidhlhka jYfhks' Tjqyq wka wh iska wkq.ukh lrkq
,eug iqiafida h' fufia fjf<`kg mqo i;aldr lsu Tjqka
mdfNda.slhka iy ksIamdolhka hk fofldgi u iQrd lkakka
jYfhka yxjvq .eiSug fm< we;s kQ;k iudcfha weia werug
fya;= jkjd we;'
)

ngysr idys;Hh ;=< wdl oHdj m%nkaO Tiafia bm;a

l< m%Odk;u f,aldj jkqfha 1930 .Kkaj, tlai;a
25

fmdyshkag wdl kqjK

fmdyshkag wdl kqjK

ckmohg meKs reishdkq ixl%uKslfhl= jk whska ?ka h'

ish uq,a ld,h taldm;s iy is;a lmd lrjk iq fidah
md,kh ;=< j;a jQ wehg" tlai;a ckmofha ksoyia wdl
l%ufhys hy .=Kdx. ish w;alSfuka u w.h l< yels h'
1930 .Kkaj, is jQ uyd wdl mydkshg miq tlai;a ckmoh
kej;;a rcfha md,kh iys; wdl l%uhlg wj;SK ug
lei ljka isk g" fjf<`ofmd< l%uh fjkqfjka igka
l< m%Odk;u igkalrejd jQfha whska ?ka h'

igka l< wdldrhhs' l;df m%Odk p; ;=k" Tjqka fjkqfjka

fidah rch iska ;SrKh lrk ,o ;h fkdj" ;ukaf.a
;h ;ukag wjYH m j;a ug;a" ;ukaf.a i;=g fjkqfjka
lghq;= lsug;a we;s whs;sh fjkqfjka igka l< wh jQ y'
kuq;a fidah fldhqksia mlaIfha n,h wiS; jQ w;r" th
wkq . ukh l< l% u w;s Y hs k a u l= re h' f ks i d"
kjl;df rhska fyda rjhka fkdue;s w;r" wjidkfha
ish fok u mrd;fhda jYfhka ;h wjika l< y'

weh m%ldYhg m;a l< fndfyda kjl;d w;=ka 1936 iy

1957 w;r;=r weh iska ,shk ,o m%Odk kjl;d ;=kla
mdGlhkaf.a wjOdkhg md;%h hq;= h' tajd k" We the
Living (1936), The Fountainhead (1943) iy Atlas Shrugged
(1957) f'

The Fountainhead kjl;dj" ksiqka iy .eyeKqka iska

udkj YsIagdpdrhg odhdo lrkq ,nk wmQj;u ksudK w.h
lrkq jia ,shk ,oaols' fuu kjl;df m%Odk p;h jkafka
b;sydifha wiuiu isysjgk f,i ie,l=Kq f.dvke.s,s
ksudKh l< .DyksudK Ys,amsfhls' kuq;a" Tyqf.a ksudK
iudch iska w.h lrkq fkd,ef' ta fjkqjg" tlS uy`.=
ksudK iajNdj Ouhdg tfrysj .sh yq fldkal%s jkdka;r
jYfhka fy<d olskq ,ef' tfyka bka ms<sUq jkafka" ksiqka
tlsfkld flfrys olajk BIHdj iy Tjqka .; lrk l=yl
;h;a h' whska ?kag wkqj" iajNdj Ouh yqjd olska
ukqIHhd iska ksudKh lrk ,o foa fy<d olskakka zksidg
ffjr lrkakkaZ h' kuq;a tlS fldkal%S jkdka;rj, iqjmyiq
f,i ;h f.k hk w;r;=r" tajd fy<d lSfuka Tjqka
lrkqfha fkdkqj;aj u ;uka .; lrk ;h o fy<d lSuhs'
kQ;k kd.l iem myiql Tjqkaf.ka bj;a l< fyd;a" uq,ska
u kdY hkafka o Tjqka u h' whska ?kag wkqj" Tjqka
u`ola k;r ;ukaf.a ;a; iajNdjh fyd`ka mlaId lr
nejfyd;a" Tjqkg fmkS hk lreKla jkq we;af;a Tjqka
fufyhjk n,f.h yqfola ;ukaf.a wi,ajeishka .; lrk
iqj myiq ;h ms<sn`oj we;s fmd BIHdj njhs'

We the Living k kjl;dj uq,a fidah md,k iuh

miq lrf.k ,shk ,oaols' tu hq.fha ksOk mdka;sl
ma,jfha kdufhka fidah wdKavqj iska ck;djf.a ish
u wdl iy iudc ;h md,kh lrk ,' wpdr iuhla jQ
tu ld,fha " md,lhka iska ksiqka fm<UjQfha tlsfkld
.ek T;a;= n,d jd;d lsug;a" tlsfkld fy<d lSug;a" mdjd
ug;a h' f ksid" iEu fokd u ish ;h wjidk lf<a
mrd;hka jYfhks' tk T;a;= ne mqoa.,hd;a" thg Ndckh
jQ mqoa.,hd;a hk fofokd u mrd;hka njg m;au h' whska
?ka miqj ia;r lf<a" fuu kjl;dj wef.a ; l;dj
,shd ;enQ wjia:djlg iudk jk nj h' kjl;df ixisoah
l;=jhf.a uki ;=< ksudKh jQjla jk kuq;a" thg miq
jQ uq,ald,Sk fidah iudch i;H ;;a;ajh ksrEmKh l<
wjia:djla h' kjl;df f;audj jQfha rcfha taldm;s
md,khg tfrysj ish iajdk;dj /l .ekSu i`oyd ck;dj
26

27

fmdyshkag wdl kqjK

fuu kjl;dfjka whska ?ka iska msyg
s j
q k ,o odYksl
.=rel=,h jk zIh uQ,sljdohZ ^Objectivism& biau;= lr
fmkajhs' weh mjik m Ih uQ,sljdoh m%Odk wx. y;rlska
iuka ; f' ta j d k" m<uq j " ks i d jkdys frda o dr
l%shdjkaf.ka msmqka mqoa.,fhla jk w;r" fndfyda wd.j,ska
ksrEms; m la `ug lemlrjQ mldrfhla fkdf' fojkqj"
ksidf.a j;af iodpdrdkq.; wNs,dIh jkqfha Tyqf.a u
iem; i`oyd ls%hd lsu;a tfia l%shdlsu u.ska wka whf.a
iem;g odhl u;a h' f;jkqj" ksfil=g ;u iudchg h
yels W;= u odhdoh jkqfha" Tyq iudc jOkhg fya;= jk
m ,nd.kakd ch.%yK f' isjkqj" ksidf.a wd.u jkqfha
;dlsl {dkh wkqj j;a u h' tk wdf.d;aul udkisl
n,f.j,ska uqukska u uki ksoyia lr .ekSu h' f ksid
lD;sfha ismiajk ixialrKfha whska ?ka i`oyka lrkqfha"
lD;sh u.ska kdgHdkqidrfhka bm;a lr we;s oYkh jkqfha
rfhl= jYfhka ksidg je` ms l< hq;= njhs'
b;d lemfuka is l< hq;= ;Hd.YS,S;ajh ish u fmd
ck;d jHdmdrj, iodpdrdkq . ; u.fmka j ka k d jYfhka
ia : dmkh lr ;s f ' tfy;a " tu.s k a fmda I Kh flfrk
ziduQysljdohZ ^Collectivism& ksid mmQK wfhl= njg m;a
f .uka ud.h wjqrd,hs' tlS ck;d jHdmdr"
fldhqksiajdoh" kisjdoh iy meisiajdoh jeks foaYmd,k
jHdmdr h yels h' ke;ak" uQ,Oujd wd.l wx. m%p,s;
lrjk wd.l jHdmdr h yels h' we;e tajd mgq f.da;%jdoh
yqjd olajk ckjd.sl tajd h yels h' kuq;a f yeu
jHdmdrhl u wjidk m%;sM,h jkqfha" ;udf.a u wi,ajeishd
;udg reoaO l`ojqrl iskafka k Tyqj fy<d lSuhs' Tyqg
BIHd lsuhs' whska ?ka f ksid ;l lrkqfha udkj ksoyi
28

fmdyshkag wdl kqjK

r`od mj;afka ksid ;ukaj hg;alrf.k isk wdf.d;aul
n,f. mrdch lsu u; nj h' wdf.d;aul ye`.S wjqiaik
kEu jHdmdrhla ksid zwdf. ;=< isrl<Z isrlrefjla njg
m;a lrhs'
Atlas Shrugged whska ?kaa iska ,shk ,o YsIag;u
lD;shhs' th kQ;k iudch pxp, lsug fya;= jQ iudc
mriamrhka y`kd .ekSu i`oyd lrk ,o .fIKhls' ish
oYkjdoh jk Ih uQ,sljdofhka ,o w;alS fhdod .kska
fuu kjl;dj u.ska weh fmkak
q lrkqfha fmdck kdhlhka
jYfhka fmkS isk mqoa.,hkaf.a y`vg lka f Nhdkl
njhs' kjl;djg wkqj" iudch r`od mj;skafka is;ku;k iy
w;a foa ksudKh lrk ksiqka u;h' ?kaf.a k lsug
wkqj Tjqka zuQ,sl fufyhjkakkaZ ^Prime Movers& hkqfjka
ye`kaf' wksl;
= a ish fokd u uQ,l
s fufyhjkakkaf.a mykska
t<sh n,k zfldms leZ ^Second Handers& ,d fj;s' th yhg
we,ia fhdaOhd ;u Wrysi u; uq uy;a f,dal f.da,h u ord
iskakdla jekak' wjdikdjlg fuka" uQ,sl fufyhjkakka
iska is lrkq ,nk uy`.= fiajh fldmsle,d iska w.h
lrkq fkd,ef' ta fjkqjg Tjqka is lrkqfha lKavdhula
jYfhka ixOdkh uQ,sl fufyhjkakkaf.a lghq;= md,kh
lsug ;e;a lsu hs' m%;sM,h jkqfha ish u j.j, taldld
frda" uyck hym; fjkqfjka iy fmd NdKav fjkqfjka
lemjqK njg Wmamd olajkq ,enQ O wK mk;a iu;
ls uhs ' tfy;a " tu is h u wK mk;a ks i d uQ , s l
fufyhjkakkaf.a ksudKd;aulNdjh fudg f' ;;a;ajh l%u
l%ufhka whym;a jk w;r" th ;jrg bjish fkdyels
ugulg my; jef' ta wjia:df fmr<d myr ug uQ,sl
fufyhjkafkda ;SrKh lr;s' uQ,sl fufyhjkakka iy fldms
29

fmdyshkag wdl kqjK

le,d w;r isjk fkdkj;sk igk wjidk jkqfha we,ia
ish leue;af;ka u l=vd ug ;SrK lsfuks' tu wjia:df
kQ;k iudch `o jef'
kjl;df mejfik m" kjH foa ksudKh lrk
jHdmdlfhl= jk yEkala hvka fldms le,d fjkqfjka
iy fldms le,df.a hym; i`oyd rch iska Widh bhg
f.k tkq ,ef' Tyqg reoaOj we;s fpdaokdj jkqfha Tyq iska
fidhd.;a f,day j.hla lsKSu ;yk lrka rch iska
mkjd ;snQ ksfhda.hla W,a,x>kh lsu h' rch ^tksid u"
fldmsle,d o& Yajdi lrkqfha Tyqf.a ka;kfhka ys jQ
ksudKfhys M,h uyck;djg ys h hq;= nj h' f ksid"
fmd hym; i,ld" fm!oa . ,s l hym; fjkq f jka th
fjf<`ofmdf<a lsKSu fkdlghq;= h' fuu widOdrK ;SrKhg
tfrysj hvka igka lsug ;SrKh lrhs' fuu m%Yk
a h wrNhd
;u u;h fy<sor lsug" Woa.; jk kvqj hvkag uy;a
bv m%ia:djla ,nd fohs'
zzuyckhd hkq ljfrla o@ tys hym; hhs i,lkafka
l=ula o@ZZ Tyq kvqldrhdf.ka m%Yak lrhs' Tyq Wmhk ,dN
iSud lsug Tjqkg whs;shla we;ehs kvqldrhd mjik g"
hvka fmr<d ;l lrkqfha tfia we;s whs;sh l%shd;aul l<
hq;af;a Tyqf.a ksmehq , .ekSfuka je<lS isfuka njhs'
,dN iSud lsug wkq.ukh lrk fjk;a kE u l%uhla rcfha
iy md,sfka;= uka;S%jrekaf.a wdYsjdoh ueo islrk
uxfld,a,hla nj Tyq mjihs'
mqj;am;aj, m< jQ wys;lr jd;d ms<sn`oj lkiai jk
Tyq jD; wlrKfha fufia mjihs' zzud jev lrkqfha uf.a
u ,dN i`oyd i fjk lsisjla i`oyd fkdf' ud tfia lrkqfha
30

fmdyshkag wdl kqjK

NdKavhla , .ekSug yelshdj ;sfnk tfiau leue;af;ka
isk mqoa.,hkaf.a wjYH;dj imqrd,k NdKavhla lsKSu
u.skqhs' uf.a hym; lem lrka uu Tjqkaf.a hym; ;ld tlS
NdKavh fkdksmoj' tfiau Tjqyq o" ;u hym; lem lr f
NdKavh uf.a hym; fjkqfjka , fkd.ks;s' uu uf.a
hym; Tjqka fjkqfjka lem fkdlrk w;r" Tjqyq o Tjqkaf.a
hym; ud fjkqfjka lem fkdlr;s' wm tlsfkld iu. .kqfokq
lrkqfha tlsfkldf.a jdish ;ld tlsfkldf.a leue;af;ka
iudk mqoa.,hka jYfhks' f l%uhg ud yyn lr .;a iEu
i;hla .ek uu wdvnr fj' ux ka i,a,sldrfhla' ud <`.
we;s iEu i;hla .eku uu wdvnr fj'ZZ
Tyq <`.g kvqldrjrekg n,j;a myrla t,a, lrhs'
zzjD;j uf.ka wyka k ' Tn;= u ka , d nfha bka k is h u
m%Yakj,g ux ka W;a;r fokak' uf.a fiajlhkag ug
Tjqkf
a .ka ,efnk jdishg jvd ux f.jkak leu;so@ i;a;lsku
a
ke;' uf.a .kqfokqlrejka ug f.ug ie meye isk ,g
jvd wvqfjka ux uf.a ksIamdokh lsKSug leue;af;ka
iskafka o@ i;a;lska u ke;' ta NdKavh w,dNhg fyda fkdf,a
ug ud leue;af;ka is o@ ke;' f foa Nhdkl foa k"
Tng leu;s fohla ug lrkak' iEu wjxl ksfila iskau
l< hq;a;d fia uu wkqkag nrla fkd uf.a jfkdamdh Wmhd
.ks'ZZ
Okh ,efnkafka fN!;sl fohska muKla hhs mj;sk
ckm%sh Yajdih o fuu kjl;dfjka `o f' kjl;df
mejfik m Okh nqo
a h u; r`od mj;akd w;r" tjeks nqo
a u;a
odhl ula fkdue;s k' fN!;sl im;a yqfola wl%Shj mj;skq
we;' kuq;a iudch is lrkqfha" O ndOd meKu ;=<ska
mqoa.,hkaf.a nqoah fudg lr u h' tys m%;sM,h jkqfha
31

fmdyshkag wdl kqjK

fmdyshkag wdl kqjK

uQ,sl fufyhjkakka fmr<d myr ug l%shd lsu;a" ta ksid u

we,ia l%ufhka l=vd hdu;a h'
)

frdn t' mis.a iska r; Zen and the Art of Motor

Cycle Maintenance k kjl;dj 1974 m< jQ w;r th b;d
blaukska u uq f,dj mqrd u lsKS wjika h' th m%nkaOhla
,iska oHd;aul oYkfha b;sydihg t ne,aula h' fmd;ska
fy<slrk oHdf moku kE u oHd Ihhlg wod< jk
kuq;a" th fYaIfhka u wdl oHdjg wod< f' mis.a ;u
Yaf,aIKh bm;a lrkqfha weuldkq Yaj oHd,hl
uydpdhjrhl= f,i fiajh lrk ish m%Odk p;h yryd h'
oHdj iy oHd;aul l%uh ms<sn`oj we;s fndfyda u; mis.a
;u m%Odk p;h wksl=;a p; iu. is lrk ixjdo wdY%fhka
bm;a lrhs'
hful= wj;dr Yajdi fkdlrkafka k" Tyqg oHd;aul
kHdh flfrys o Yajdihla ;sh fkdyels hhs mis.a m%ldY
lrhs' thg fya;=j wj;dr iy oHd;aul kHdh hk fol u
tlu wpqf ;ekqKq folla uhs' ksiqkag wj;dr Yajdi
l< fkdyelafla tajdg ;ukag u wdfKsl jQ n,Yla;shla
fkdue;s uhs' tajd Tf fijKe,a, fuka is; ;=< mek k`.sk
is;jla muKs' mis.a mjikqfha oHd;aul kHdh o wj;dr
fuka is; ;=< is;jla muKla jk w;r" tajdg u fmd jQ
n,Yla;s Odrdjlska iuka; fkdjk njhs' f ksid" wj;dr;a"
oHd;aul kHdhkq;a tl u j,;djfhka fmf<a' mis.a fl,ska
u mjid fkdue;s jqj;a" wj;dr ms<sn`o ;lh zfohkaZ flfrys
o wod< l< yels h' fohka o is; ;=< we;sjk is;jla jk
w;r Tjqkag u wdfKsl n,Yla;s Odrdjlska hqla; fkdf'
32

kjl;dj wdl oHdjg wod< jkqfha wdl o;a; .%y

lsf oHd;aul l%uh fhdod .ekSf h' mis.a mjik
wdldrhg oHd;aul l%uh wkq.ukh lrk kE u mqoa.,fhl=
oHd{fhla f' ta wkqj" u. whsfka fudag ihsl,a w;ajehd
lrk lekslj
a rfhl= mjd oHd;aul l%uh wkq.ukh lrkafka
k" oHd{fhla njg m;af' kjl;df p; m%Odkshd jrla
;u levqKq fudag ihsl,h .rdchlg f.k .sfha h' ta
wjia:df tys is ish u lekslajre .=jka ,sfha jdokh
jQ ckms%h ix.S;hlg ijka foka ish y' Tyqf.a fudag
ihsl,h w;ajehd lsf ksr; jQ lekslajrhd ix.S;hg
ijka kakd i" lrk ldhhg wjOdkh fhduq fkdlf<a h'
m%;sM,h jQfha Tyq fidhd.;a fudag ihsl,fha fodaIh jer
u;a" Tyqf.a ms<shu Nhdkl u;a h' we;a; jYfhka u" fodaIh
jQfha ldnfgrfha ` ;snqK weKhls' th i; is myla jeks
iq uq o ,ls k a m% ; s i mdokh l< yels j ;s n q K s ' tfy;a
lekslajrhd hlska myr wexu jD; lsug hdf th
` .sh w;r" .rdcfha .dia;=j jYfhka fvd, ish .Kkl
,la f.ug l;dkdhlhdg is h' ka fy<s j kq f ha
mqoa.,fhl= l=uk jD;a;shl ksr; jqj;a" Ndjkdkqfhda.hlg
wj;SK jQjd fia ;ud lrk lghq;a;g wjOdkh fhduq l<
hq ; = nj h' oHd{hka fuu uy`.= ms < s f j; wkq . ukh
fkdl<fyd;a Tjqkg oHd;aul mlaIK h:d m l< fkdyels
jk w;r" Tjqka t<fUk ;SrK o fodaI iy.; f'
)

by; .%yhg n`ka lr we;af;a wdl oHdj m%nkaOhla

f,i bm;a lr ;snQ wjia:d lsysmhla muKs' wdl oHdj
b.ekau i`oyd l;kaor l,dj fhdod.;a ;j;a fndfyda wjia:d
;sh yels h' tu ish u fmd;am;a" ;u kqu jelr .ekSug
uy`.= wjia:djla nj mdGlhdg jegfykq we;'
33

fmdyshkag wdl kqjK

fmdyshkag wdl kqjK

wdl oHdj hkq b;d Wiia wdl mfhaIK m;s%ld

oyia .Kkla jirla mdid jD;a;Sh w:Ydia;%{hka iska fy<s
olajkq ,nk Ihhls' fuu mfhaIK m;%sld ms<sfh, lrkq
,nkafka iu; l%u iy wkq.ukh lsfuks' ixlSK
wdl ud,s fhdod .kska wdlhla l%shd;aul jk wdldrh
tu mfha I Khka g m% i a ; = ; we;' wdl oHd Ih
f.dvke`.Su i`oyd tu Wiia mfhaIK iska lrkq ,nk
odhl;ajh wjdofhka ms<s.; hq;= h'
tfy;a tla w:Ydia;{
% fhl= iska ;j;a w:Ydia;{
% fhl=
wu;d ms<sfh, lrkq ,nk tlS mfhaIK m;%sld idudkH
uyck;djg fyda w:Ydia;%fhka msg; isk jD;a;slhkag
f;are .ekSu myiq fkdf' f ksid u" idudkH uyck;dj
i;= wdl kqu my;a ugul mj;S' fuhg tl fya;=jla h
yelafla Wiia wdl oHd ,sms f,aLkj,ska bm;a flfrk
w.%.Kfha wdl ks.uk iy wkq.ukh lr we;s ixlSK
l%u idudkH ck;djg f;are .ekSug wmyiq u h yels h'
tneka idudkH mdGlhka wdl ,sms f,aLkj,ska neyer f
m%jK;djhla we;sj ;sf' ish fokd iska u wdl oHdj
f;are .ekSu ie,eiau i`oyd wdl ,sms flfrys Tjqka ;=<
we;s f fkdleue;a; ;=rka l< hq;= h'
ta inkaOfhka wdl oHdj ieug ,nd f fhda.H;u
l%uh jkqfha wdl oHdj l;kaor ;=<ska lshd uhs'

34

35

fmdyshkag wdl kqjK

fmdyshkag wdl kqjK

01

n,y;aldrfhka mskuk jdis

nod.ekSf wkqjKlu

;d fcHIa G rdcH fia j lfhl= jQ ud ;= f rla

rl:kfhka ud weu;S h' Tyqf.a l;dfjka ug
kqfKa Tyq i;=ka bmsf<ka isk njls' zzug f ,shqu
;emEf,ka yn jqfKa'ZZ md,kh lr .; fkdfyk i;=g
m%oYkh lrka Tyq fudr fokakg h' zzug bkagkeIk,a
f,d;/hs h la we,' fvd, ,s h k 2 la !!ZZ wyfnka "
wkfmalaIs;j ,enqKq uyd jdikdj w;alr .ekSu i`oyd ka
l=ula l< hq;= o hkak k .ekSug Tyqg jqjukd h'
u`o f,djla hk;=re uu Tyqg ms<s;=rla fkdkafk'
tfy;a" ud uf.a l;dj mgka .;a g th Tyqf.a ysi Wv fndan
fy<Sulg iudk h' zzuu k lrkafk wvq .dfk wer,
n,kafkj;a ke;=j Th ,shqu l=Kq nlalshg is lrk tlhs'ZZ
uu lSfj' ufj;ska tn` m%;spdrhla wfmalaId fkdl< fyhska
foda ;;amr lsysmhla hk;=re lsisjla l;d lr .; fkdyS Tyq
f.d jQ fiah' u`o f,djlg miq udkisl jHdl+, nj myj
f.dia ikaiqka jQ miq" ud tfia lSf wehs hs k .ekSug Tyqg
jqjukd h'
36

37

fmdyshkag wdl kqjK

fmdyshkag wdl kqjK

zzf n,kak'ZZ uu lSfj' zztal f;are .kak f,aishs'

;ukag jdikdj nod .kak yelshdj ;sfhoa ljqrey Th id
Yd, jdikdjla Thdf. wefau .ykak yokafka wehs lsh,d
wy, n,kak' wvq .dfK Th ukqiaih Thdj okafkj;a ke;s
fldg Thd .ek Th ;r mrd:ld ye`.Sula we;sfjkak ;r
Thdf. ;sfhk jeo.;alu fudloao@ZZ

udre fjk ksid w`r .kak wmg wudrehs' wks;a tl ;uhs wmsg
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fokd ldgj;a fkdlshd lg jyf.k bkakjd'ZZ uu lSfj'

u`o f,djla hk;=re Tyqf.a fl`,s y`v ke`.sK' tfy;a"

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zzfldfyduo Th ksiaiq Th jef lrkafk @ZZ Tyq

wikakg jQfha h'

zzTh ksiaiq we,a, f,aisfhka /jfgk wysxilfhd

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tfyu ke;ak" okak y fkdokak y wm%sl dfj
taldm;sfhlaf. kEoEfhla fok wdfhdack wjia:djla fjkak
mqjka' ta;a" tlu cd;sfh foaj,a' ta yeu tllau wfma uq ;
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zztalg fya;=jla ;sfhkjd' ta ksiaiq md lrkafk wo

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zztaf.d,a, ,iaikg ,shqula y.iai, ta ,shqu tjkj'

idudkHfhka Th ,shqj, ;sfhkafk" f. lsug Wmfoia
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taf.d,a, lshkj wh m;%fh jev lghq;=j,g lsish houla
hkjd" tal ksid fvd, foiShla y ta jf.a .dKla tjkak
lsh,d' tfyu ke;ak fl% ld tflka wh lr .kak mqjka
lshkjd' ,shqu tjk fyka" ;ukag ,efnkak nexl=jl i,a,s
;sfhk nj;a" tlu m%Yafk talg wjYH foaj,a lrkak fk
lrk .dia;=j f.j, ke;s tl nj;a flfkla we;a;gu Yajdi
lrkak fm<fUkjd' b;ska" thd ys;ska ;l lrkjd" fvd,
,shk folla ,nd .kak fvd, foiShla f.jkafk ke;af;

38

39

zzta ; a " Th ls h k tjq k a Th ;ru jxpdldrhd k

fmd,sih
s gj;a wyq fkd fupr l,a Th jef lrf.k hkafk
fldfyduo@ZZ

fmdyshkag wdl kqjK

wehs lsh,' tfyu ys;, ys; yodf.k f.j, odkjd' f.j,
n,ka bkakj" bkakj" ta;a wr fmdfrdka fjp i,a,s ljodj;a
,efnkafk k keye'ZZ
zzThd y mqu ksfylafk' fldfyduo j Tlafldu
Th ;r okafk@ZZ ish uq.aO Ndjh Tyqg u f;are lr ka
ksidfoda Tyqf.a lgy`v ;=< .e jQfha kqreiakd wm%idohls'
tneka" Tyq ;=< ;ryla fyda wukdmhla we;s fkdjk m
miaika hq;=j lreKq meye,s lsug uu fm<UqfK'
zzuu;a Th fudaavlu tlmdrla lr, ;sfhkjd'ZZ uu
ms<s.;s' zzta ksid uf.a kqu w;alSfuka ,ep" uuu f;are
.;a; fohla' ta;a" udj talg wyqjqKdu uu wkka; ,cd jqKd'
uu uf.a f.dkalu .ek wdmyq ys;, nejd' uu f;are .;a;d
wdl oHd kqu .ek ys;=fjd;a uu uy ;l;Sre fudavfhla"
tfyu ke;ak f;d;a; nfnla lsh,d' ta f;are .ekSu ksid
ug fudf<a mEKd'ZZ uu lSfj'
zz;j lshkak" ;j lshkak'ZZ ka Tyq imQKfhka u ug
tl`. " lSlre is' bka meye,s jQfha Tyq ;=< jQ ,cd
iy.; ye`.S flfuka myj f.dia we;s njls'
zzwdl oHd{fhd tal y`kajkafk znqo
a ySkluZ tfyu
ke;ak zw;dlsl kQ.;aluZ lsh,hs' nqoaySk y w;dlsl
y fjkafk kqu inkaOfhkqhs' ta lshkafk" fyd`o y krl
y lshk foflka tlla ;rla Yajdi lrkak wfma uki
yev .efyk tlhs' wms kqu md lrkj k" ;SrKhla
.kak fldg fyd`o krl lshk folu ikaikaokh lr, n,kj'
f m%Yafk" uq<d fjkak wmsg u fk fjk ksid wms n,kafk
ljqre y lshk jdis .ek ;rhs' ta;a tafl houj;a wjodkuj;a
.ek ys;kafk keye' wms nqoaySk" w;dlsl wh fjkafk
;ldkql+, ukil ;sfhkak fk uOHia:j fome;a;u i,ld
40

fmdyshkag wdl kqjK

n,, ;SrK .kakjd fjkqjg" wdf.d;aul ye`.S y" mQj
ksYa; u;j,ska y" tfyu;a ke;ak w.;s.d lka wfma
ys; jeiS hk ksidhs' f m%Yafk wmsj kdY lrk ye`.Su
fjkafk" ;Kaydj' ta ;Kaydj ksid wmg lsisfohla meye,sj
fmakafk keye' wms wks;a whg /jfgk fudavfhd fjkjd'
fya;=j ;uhs z;dlsl kquZ fjkqjg wms wfma ukfi jmqr
.kafk zw;dlsl kQ.;alu'Z wms talg leu;s ;dla lm
iQ;a;rldrhkag wfmka m%fhdack .kak mqjks'ZZ wdl oHd
{dkh iy ;ldkql+, Ndjh ms<sn`o uu Tyqg > foaYkdjla
ks'
idjOdkj weyqlka ka Tyq u`o f,djla hk;=re
ksYaYoj isfha h' bkamiq" ka l< hq;af;a l=ulahs wikakg
h'
zztal Thdgu f;are .kak mqjka' Thd talg leu;shs
lsh,d' ta .ek je ia;r fk nj ta whg lshkak' Bg miafi
wr whm;a .dia;=j f.jkak lsh, Thdg ,shqula ta'ZZ uu
lSfj'
zzBg miafi'ZZ Tyq uiS h'
zzThdg whs;s ;E.s uqo,ska wr whm;a .dia;=j wvq lr,
b;s l Thdg f.jkak lshkak!ZZ

41

fmdyshkag wdl kqjK

fmdyshkag wdl kqjK

02

nqoa .,kh o
nqoa m%;s,dN o@

jdy ux., W;aijh i`oyd ug wdrdOkd l< uf.a

ys;j;d ud w: Ydia;%{fhl= f,i wka whg
y`kajd fooa fih jgd ys`of.k yqka Tjqkaf.a weiaj, t;r
Wkkajla fkd,aK' bka fmkakq lf<a" f,dj isk tmd u
lrmq i;a;aj fYaIhla iu. ys`of.k bkakg Tjqkg isjQ
wdldrhls' tfy;a" ish fokd u mdfya" tk" jHdmdlfhl=
iy Tyqf.a `o" fcHIaG rdcH fiajlfhl= yd Tyqf.a `o"
ffjoH fYaI{fhl= yd .Kldldjrfhl= f,i ye`kajQ
;reKhl= we;= ish fokd" fkdie,ls,af,ka fuka ish ysia
jkd ud ms<s.;a njla wejQ y'
zzwrhd <u wfma rg w; wer, tljqkagka flfkla
yg fyd`o riaidjlg hkj ueo fmr.'ZZ uf.a ;=rd ;reKhd
fmkajka lSf h' ;reKhd wmrdOhla fldg th fy<s jQ
lf,l fuka ish wiqk u; wmyiqfjka weUfrkakg jQfha h'
jHdmdlhd th wkqu; fkdlrk wkaof kqreiakd
ne,aula ;reKhd foi fy<d bkamiq ufoi nef h' zzwmg
bkak fyd`ou fud<ldrfhd l rg w; wer, hk tl ,ecdjg
42

ldrKhla' f yg wfma wh msgrgj,g .d,a fjoa wms

fldfyduo f rg hqKq lrkafk@ZZ Tyq fpkd;aul f,i
lSf h'
th wkqu; lrk kshdfhka rdcH fiajlhd o ysi jkkakg
h' zzTh yeu ksyu bf.k .;af; rf i,a,sj,ska' tal ksid
ta wh rgg jevla lrkak fk'ZZ tjr Tyq lSf h'
zzhkak wjir fokak l,ska thd,g ormq imQK hou
wdmyq f.jkak lsh, kshu lrkak k'ZZ rdcH fiajlhdf.a
kaoE o Tyqf.a Wojg wdjd h'
ffjoHjrhd ksYaYoj ish;a Tyqf.a uqyqKska m< jQfha
o wfkla whf.a woyia wkqu; lrk bhjls'
uy;a wmyiq;djg m;a jQ ;reKhd wdhdpkd;aul f,iska
ufoi n,kakg jQfha h'
zzfyd`ohs'ZZ uu o idlPdjg uey;a ' zzwms <`. ;sfhk
wenE;=j,g .e<fmk olaI;d ;sfhk wh ys`.hs k tal
we;a;gu m%Yakhla ;uhs' tfyu jqfKd;a wfma rf ludka;
lrorhla ke;sj f.kshkak ,efnkafk keye'ZZ
Tjqyq ;j rg;a ufoi kqreiakd ne,aula fyE y' bka
u;a jQ uu Tjqka yuqf > ia;rhla l< hq;= hehs is;S'
zzwms ka lrkafka wfma ksIamdok lghq;=j,g fhdod .kak ne
;r ffjoHjre" .Kldldjre" l<ukdldrfhd jf.a tl
tl jD;a;sj, wh mqjka ;r mqyqKq lrk tlhs' ta ksid" yeu
;sif
a iu jf.a ;reK wh w;r W.% /lS rlaId m%Yk
a hla ;sfhkjd'
u;l ;shd .kak' rf i,a,s ho jqKdg wu;rj thd,;a ta
yelshdj w;alr .kak iEfyk ld,hla jf.a u i,a,shla jeh
lr,d ;sfhkjd' thd,g ;ukaf. n,dfmdfrd;a;= bgqlr .kak
nejqfKd;a tal iudc wiykhlg y" ljody iudcfha mqmqrd
43

fmdyshkag wdl kqjK

hEulg;a fya;= fjkjd' tal ksid foaY /lshdjla lshkafk
yhg wfma l%uh ;=< ;sfhk wl mSvkh uqod ykak ;sfhk
wdrlaIl lmdghla jf.hs'ZZ tfia lshka uu ;reKhd foi
fyd/yska ne,S' Tyqf.a uqyf
q Kys isyk
s a iskyjla msfmka ;sK'
zzta;a Th hkafk Th lshk ;reK Woh fkfjhs' kgu;a
riaidj,a ;shk" fyd|g ho lr,d wdh;kj, mqyqKq lrmq
ksiaiq'ZZ jHdmdlhd ueoaog mekafka h'
zzwe;a;'ZZ uu lSfj' zzta;a" ta wh .shdu ta wvqj mqrjkak
yeu ;siafiu ;reK flfklaj n`oj .kakjd' b;ska" rg
me;af;ka ys;=fjd;a mdvqjla keye' ta ;rla fkfjhs" ;r.
lrka k bka k m% u dKh wvq jq K du" b;= r e whf. jegq m a
jefjkj'ZZ
zzw;a ksfylaj wdfh;a mqyqKq lrkak hk hou@ tal
ydmq;a;=kag mdvqjlafk'ZZ rdcH fiajlhd o uf.a woyig
reoaOj lreKq lshkakg h'
zzwo ldf, fiajdfhdaclhkag" wdh;kj,g ;ukaf.
fiajlfhd yeu;siafiu mqyqKq lrkak fjkjd' fya;=j ;uhs"
ojiska oji kqu w;a fjk ksid' ta ksid" tal m%Yk
a hla fkfuhs'
;ukaf. <`. jev lrkafk ue jhfi flfkla WK;a ta hou
u orkak fjkjd' f f,dafla" ksia kqu ;r blaukg mrK
fjk fjk lsisu fohla keye'ZZ
zzrgg" iudchg ;sfhk mdvqj .ek lshkafk fudllao@ZZ
rdcH fiajlhdf.a kaoE ke`.=f b;d u jkd m%Yakhls'
zzY%uh" ta lshkafk ksiaiqkaf. fiajh by< wdodhula
n,dfmdfrd;a;=fjka tl ;ekl b`o, ;j;a ;eklg .uka
lrkj' kk f,dafl yeu wdlhlau tl wdlhla yg
taldnoaO fj,d ;sfhkjd' tal ksid" foaY iSud n,mdkafk keye'
44

fmdyshkag wdl kqjK

Thdg mqjka f rf b`of.k fjk fldfy y jev lrkak'
fjk rgl jev lrkak tfy hkak fku keye' Thd fldfya
ysh;a Thd Wmhk fohska fldgila Thdf. rgg ,efnkj' ta
ksid wr lshmq hou wdmiq f.jkak fk lshk m%Yafk
we;sfjkafk keye' tal bfu isoao fjkjd'ZZ
zzta lshkafk msgrg jev lrkak wms ;j;j;a ksiaiq
hjkak fk lshk tlo@ZZ ffjoHjrhd ydmqrd lshd lg
wefha h'
zzyhg y'ZZ uu lSfj' zzmsgrgj, jev lrk wfma
ksiaiq wjqreoaolg idudkHfhka wfma rgg fvd, ,shk
;=kla ;r tjkj' tal wfma wjqreoaol Lksc f;,a , f.jkak
jqK;a iEfykjd' ta lshkafka" wms wfma jdyk t<jkafk wms
wleue;s" kskaod lrk nqoa .,khg mska isoaO fjkakhs'ZZ
zzTh i,a,s tjkafk mam;a .Dy fialdfjd fkfjhso@ZZ
h<s;a idlPdjg uey;a u uekjhs rdcH fiajlhdf.a kaoE
is;+ fihls'
zztaf.d,a,;a h m%udKhla tjkjd' ta;a" ta whf. jegqm
idudkHfhka wvq ksid ta wh tjk foa ta;r Yd, keye'
wmg ,efnk uqo,aj,ska je m%udKhla tjkafk ngysr rgj,
jev lrk wh' fYaIfhka jD;a;slfhd lshk lKavdhuhs'ZZ
tf;la f.drg kshu jQ idfjl= fuka .,a .eiS is
;reKhd tlajr u m%fndaOhg m;a m<uq jrg l;d lrkakg
jQfha h'
zzTh ixl,amh kHdhla yg bm;a lf<a fn,d n,iaid
fkao@ZZ
zzT' talg n,iaid m%;smdlh ^Balassa Effect& lsh,hs
lsfj' taflka lshfjkafk ixjOkh fjk rgj, bkak ;reK
45

fmdyshkag wdl kqjK

fmdyshkag wdl kqjK

03

fldgiaj,g ixj; rgj, by< jegqma mj;sk ksid tajg

.sys,a, jev lrkak fm<Uula we;s fjkj lsh,hs' thd,
wdmiq tkafk Yd, uqo,a lkaordjla b;s lr f.k" we;a
miafi fyd`o ; .; lrkjd' ta jf.au" ixj; rgj,
bkak Y%dlhkag;a ;ukaf. Y%du ld,h ixjOkh fjk
rgj, .; lrkak fm<Uula we;sfjkjd' fya;=j" ta rgj,
fiajd ,dN ksihs" hou wvq ksihs' tal ksid" tal nqoa .,khla
fkfjhs" yefudagu nqoa m%;s,dNhla'ZZ

cd;sl wdodhu i`oyd .DysKSkaf.a

^fuka u .Dym;Skaf.a& odhl;ajh
i,ld ne,Su ms<sn`o jdoh

rd

;%s wdydr fih jgd tl;=j yqka .eyeKq ms

w;r reoaO ,sx.slhkaf.a igk wer nj fmksK'
igka fkdlrkafkl= f,i ug uf.a wdrlaIdj fjkqfjka fmkS
is ug is h' is h ,a , werUq f Ka zzldka ; d whs ; s j dis l
iqrlskafkdaZZ kue;s ixOdkhla iska uE;l mqj;am;aj,
m< lrk ,o kaula gqf hs tla;rd wysxil tlshl uid
isu;a iu.sks'
zzT ux lald'ZZ ;j;a ldka;djla ms<s;=re kakd h' zztal
kshuhs' .EKq wms m;afj,d bkak wirKl .ek yefudagu
fyd|g lsh, fokjd' f.or jev lr," wud flfkla yg
jf.au mjqf, iqNidOl ks,Odhd yg f rf cd;sl
wdodhug wms fldhs;r odhl fjkjo@ ta;a wfma odhl;ajh
.Kka ys,j,ska fmkakkafk keye'ZZ
f lshqka wE <`.ska u ys`of.k yqka ;eke;a;d lsmqKq
nj fmksK' Tyq o .iska u igkg neiafia h' zztafl ;sfhk
wrefu fudloao@ f.d,a, yeuodu Th l;dj lshkj' ta;a yeu
fokdu okakj tal Thd,f. rdcldh lsh,' ta ;rla fkfjhs"
46

47

fmdyshkag wdl kqjK

Thf.d,a, lrk fiajh fjkqfjka l< hq;= ie,ls,s ,efnkj'
ta fjkqfjka wu;r .re knqjla n,dfmdfrd;a;= fjk tl;a"
b,a,k tl;a jerhs'ZZ
Tyqf.a uey;a u ;=<ska ;;a;ajh krl w;g yereKq
w;r igk ;j ;j;a we<sK' ish u ms tl me;a;lg;a"
.eyeKqka ;j;a me;a;lg;a ikaOdk.; jQ y' wfkla mdYajh
weo jefgk f;la myr ug Tjqka iQodk nj fmksK'
wdrjq, md,khlska f;drj .a .efyoa wmg wdrdOkd
l< ys;j;d wirKj Wvu n,kakg jQfha h' Tyq ufoi
wdhdpkd;aul ne,aula fy<kakg h' bka" uey;a jkq yer
fjk;a l,amhla ke;ehs uu l,amkd lf<'
zzy" y'ZZ uu fudr ks' zzTh fof.d,a,u y' ta;a
Thd, b,a,k" lshk foa msmiafi Bg jvd f.dvla foaj,a
;sfhkj'ZZ
uf.a uey;a u ms<sn`o Tjqka ;=< ;ryla Wmka nj
Tjqkaf.a uqyqKqj,ska fmksK' tfy;a" uu fkdkj;ajd l;d
lf<'
zzo< foaYSh ksIamd;h" tfyu ke;ak cd;sl wdodhu
lshk ckm%sh ixLHdj,ska ukskafk rgla we;=f< ksIamdokh
lrk yeu NdKavhlu" fiajdjlu jkdluhs' ta ixLHd ilia
lrka f k f,da f l mq r du wkq . ukh lrk iu; m% ;S k a
wkq.ukh lr,hs' ta ksid ta o;a; rg rgj,a w;r" wjqre w;r
ii|kak mqjka' tl tl whf. leue;s" wleue;s nj ksid ta
l%u fjkia lsu yu wk;=reodhlhs'ZZ uu lSfj'
zztalu ;uhs wms;a lshkafk'ZZ jdoh mgka .;a ldka;dj
ueoaog mekakd h' zzwmsg Wjukd;a f l%uh fjkia lrkakhs'
t;fldg rf Okhg odhl fjk jeo.;a lKavdhula yg
wmsj;a i,lhs'ZZ
48

fmdyshkag wdl kqjK

zzThd lshk tfla we;a;la ;sfhkj'ZZ uu lSfj' zzta;a
.DysKshf. fiajh" ta lshkafk fkdakf. fiajh ta ygu
ys;, .Dym;Skaf. fiajh;a ta lshkafk uy;a;hf. fiajh;a
cd;sl wdodhug we;=<;a lf<d;a cd;sl wdodhug uql=;a tl;=
fjkafk keye' ;sfhk tl;a wvqfj,d hkak mqjka' b;ska
wdodhu je fjkjd fjkqjg wka;sf wvq fjkjd fjkak;a
mqjka'ZZ
f wkfmalaIs; fy<sorj ksid .eyeKq" ms ish fokd
Tjqkaf.a ysia ufoig yerjQ y'
zzfudloao tafl f;areu@ZZ ;j;a ldka;djla uiqjd h'
zzwms we;a;gu lrk fohla ksid wka;sf wvqula fjkjd
lshkafk fudk wm%Nxihla o@ZZ
zztal fjkafk fufyuhs'ZZ uu > foaYkdjla wer'
zzcd;sl wdodh weia;fka;= yooa" tlu foa kej; kej;;a
.Kkh fkdlrkak wms m%fi fjkak fk' ke;ak wms
ksIamdokh lrk foa lsysm .=Khlska je lr, fmkakkj" ta
tlalu jkdlu w;lafiare fjkj' talg fya;j
= ;uhs wjidk
NdKavhla .;af;d;a tal w;rue wjia:d .Kkdjla myq lr,
;shk tl' WodyrKhla yg mdka yok tl .;af;d;a" ;s`.=
ksIamdokh" weUu" ;s`.= ms m%jdykh jf.a wjia:d .Kkdjla
;sfhkjd' ta ksid ksIamdokfha imQK jkdlu .kakjd
fjkqjg wms lrkafk ta ta wjia:dfj w;ska tl;= fjp
jkdlu ;rla .ka k tlhs ' wdl oHd{fhd ta l
y`kajkafk zw.h tl;= lsuZ ^Value Addition& lsh,hs' b;ska"
cd;sl wdodhu lsh, lshkafka ta ta ksIamdok wjia:dj, tl;=
jqKq jkdlj, imQK tl;=jhs'ZZ
zzy b;ska" t;fldg fldfyduo wfma odhl;ajh RK
fjkafk' mjq,lau N=la;s `k ksIamdokhla lrkak wms;a odhl
fjkjfk@ZZ ;j;a ldka;djla uiqjd h'
49

fmdyshkag wdl kqjK

fmdyshkag wdl kqjK

tf;la Yajdi l< foag mgyeks fohla wikakg ,efuka

Tjqka ish fokd laIsma; njg;a" meg<s,s iy.; njg;a m;aj
ish y'

fjkjd' tal lrkafk .DysKsh lshk flkd ;rla fkfjhs'

yefudau' wfma m%Yafk" cd;sl wdodh weia;fka;= yooa f
yefudaf.u fiajh .Kkh lrk tlhs'ZZ

zzThd, Th lshk mjq, tfyu ke;a;x wdl oHdfj

l=g
q Nh lsh, lshk tallh ksIm
a dok tallhla yg i,lkak
k' l=gqNhla we;=f< bkak yeu fokdu" fjk tlla ;shd
mQfid" n,af,d mjd mjqf, idudlhkaf. iqNidOkhg jeo.;a
fjk fudkj y fohla ksIamdokh lrkak odhl fjkj'ZZ

zztaflka .DysKshf. jev wj;lafiare fjkafk wehs@ZZ

tlshla h<s;a igkg mekakd h'

zztal kshu l;djla'ZZ tla msfhla lE .ikakg h'

zzmjqf, iqNidOkhg n,af,d" mQfid odhl fjkj' iqNidOl
n,af,d bkakjd!ZZ
zzuu ys lrkj fkfuhs'ZZ uu lSfj' zzmQfid f.hs
bkak fhd w,a,kj fjkak mqjka' n,af,d f.afodr uqr lrkj
fjkak mqjka' f fiajd fjf<`ofmdf<ka , .;af;d;a tajg
f.jkak isoaO fjkjd' ir,j lsfjd;a iqr;ka yg wfma
mSvkh wvq lrkak jf.au" fodia;r flfkla <`.g hEu
je<elaug;a Wka Wo lrkjd'ZZ
yeu fokd u jvd;a idjOdkj ijka fokakg jQ y' zzux
kslug lshmq n,af,d mQfid wu;l lruqfld' l=gqNhla we;=f<
bkak yeu fokdu tafl iqNidOkhg odhl fjkjd' wo ldf,
f.orl iajdhd .ek ys;kak' thd lsisu f.ula fkd,nd
jev rdcld f;d.hla lrkjd' wdrlaIl ks,Odfhla" mjqf,a
hefrla" jevldr fldfjla" ,a f.jk fldfjla" uqo,a
imhkafkla f jf.a rdcld .Kkdjla lrkjd' .DysKshla
jf.au thdf. rdcldj,g;a ksula keye! ta jf.au orefjd
mjd lfg hkak" f.or fodr msis lrkak" iqr;,a i;a;=
kdj, iqoao lrkak Wo lrkjd' b;ska mjq,la we;=f< bkak
yeu flfklau fudlla y ylg mjqf, iqNidOkhg odhl
50

zz.DysKsfhd ;rla fkfjhs' tal .eyeKq" ksiaiq" <uhs

we;= wms yefudagu fmdhs'ZZ uu lSfj'
zzwud flfkla yd,a uqhla ,sfma ;sn lsh, ys;uq'
Thd lshk yg uq uqfhu jkdlu whs;s thdghs' ta;a"
tal tfyu fkfjhs' n;a Whkak f.dvla foaj,a thd .kafk
mska' yd,a" .Eia" j;=r" Whk msyk foa" l=iaish" f yeu foau
fjk flfkla iemhqjd fjkak mqjka' wms ys;uq tajd iemhqf
iajdhd lsh,d' ta ksid lEu Whk flkdg whs;s thd tl;= l<
w.h ;rhs" yeu foau fkfjhs! thdf.a odhl;ajhg wms w.hla
fokak k' ta;a tfyu lroa fjf<`ofmdf<a ;SrKh fjp
, .Kka ke;s ksid wms ne?re m%Yafklg uqyqK fokjd' ta
ksid wfma ;lafiarej f.dvla fj,djg wfma re wrel Wv
mok fjp" wms ys ; k tlla fjkjd'ZZ ls i s f jl= ndOd
fkdlf<ka uu .ska .g u l;d lf<'
zzWhmq lEu tfyu ke;ak n;a mdi,hl fjf<`ofmd<
, Wojg wrf.k taflka wks;a fhojq wvq lr, .DysKshf.
odhl;ajh fydhd .kak mqjka' ta;a fjf<`ofmd<g uyd
mudkfhka ;uhs ksIm
a dokh flfrkafk' ta ksid wfma l=ii
a f
s h
fhojqj, hof uq tl;=jg jvd ta , .Kka wvqhs' ta
ksid thdf.a odhl;ajh RK fjkj jf.au taflka cd;sl
wdodhu wvqfjkjd' ta ksid" iuyr wjia:dj, cd;sl wdodhu
i`oyd .DysKshf. odhl;ajh .Kkh lrk tl ta ;r kqjKg
yqre keye'ZZ
51

fmdyshkag wdl kqjK

fmdyshkag wdl kqjK

04

mska ish fokd ufoi ch.%dyS ,S,dfjka n,kakg

jQ y'
uu Tjqkag o wjjdohla ks' zzfl uy;a;=rekaf.
fiajhg;a wod<hs' ta ksid ms Thd,g;a tafl i;=gq fjkak
fohla keye'ZZ

by< WoaOuk - by< jOk

WNf;dafldalh

, ia:dhs;dj ^Price Stability& ;=<k

s a .=ld,Sk wdl
jOkhla mj;ajd .ekSug jvd ixjOkh fjka
mj;sk rglg iqiq jkafka by< WoaOuk - by< jOk Wmdh
ud.hla h hk u;h wyq<d .;a Wmd wfmalaIl lsysm fofkla
ug yuq jQ y'
zzwyj,d Yaj oHd,fha wdrd; foaYkhla l<d'ZZ Tjqyq
m%isoaO oajf;l=f.a ku i`oyka l< y' zzyhdldr m%d.aOk
fjf<`ofmd<la ke;s" ta jf.au m%d:l ugf fm!oa.,sl
wxYhla ;sfhk" ixjOkh fjka mj;sk rgj,g , ia:dhs;dj
lshkafk iqfYaIS" iqfLdamfNda.S ;;a;ajhla lsh, thd lsj' ta
ksid wdl ixjOkhg rchg lrkak mqjka foa iEfykak
;sfhkjd' WoaOukh lshkafk Bg Wofjk tl WmlrKhla'ZZ
zzTh ;lh ixj; rgj,aj, mjd fojeks f,dal
hqoaOfhka miafi ckm%sh jqKq tlla'ZZ uu lSfj' zzka yefudau
f;are wrka ;sfhkj tal yyuka ;lhla fkdf lsh,d'
ka talg lsisu j,x.= njla keye'ZZ
52

53

fmdyshkag wdl kqjK

fmdyshkag wdl kqjK

zzta;a thd lshk tfla we;a;la ;sfhkj'ZZ tla YsIHfhla

;l lf<a h' zzixjOkh fjka mj;sk rgj,a fkdlvjd
ixjOkh lrkak uQ,sl h;, myiql fk' fm!oa.,sl
wxYhg tajd imhkak neye' ta ksid tajdg wjYH wruqo,a ,d
rch ta wvqj mqrjkjd' ta ksid WoaOukh lshk j<lajkak ne
msjeh we;sfjkjd' ta;a taflka f.j;a by< wdl jOkh
lshk m%;s,dNh yn fjkjd'ZZ
i;H ;;a;ajh jgyd .kq fjkqjg ish u;h ;yjqre lr
.ekSu i`oyd isiqka fnfyka W;aidy lrk nj ug fmksK' ta
ksid" fjk;a m%fYhlska ixjdohg t<eug uu l,amkd lf<'
zzm%d.aOk hoj,g rchla wruqo,a fydhd .kafka
fldfyduo lsh, ta uy;auhd Thd,g lsjo@ZZ uu weiqfj'
zzwhjeh ys`.hla we;s lr," ta ys`.h mshjkak Kh
wrf.k'ZZ
zzwkak tal ;uhs .egj'ZZ uu lSfj' zzrch ck;djf.ka
Kh .kakjd' tafl m%;sM,hla yg fm!oa.,sl wxYhg ;sfhk
im;a Wrd .kakjd' ta ksid jOkh wek yskjd' rch
msgrgj,ska y" uy nexl=fjka y Khg .;af;d;a w;ska
uqo,a wpq .ykak isoaO fjkjd' ta w;a uqo,a ksid ck;djf.a
wdodhu je fjkjd' thd,g ;j ;j;a mfNdackh lrkak
jqjukdj we;sfjkjd' ta;r blaukska NdKav ksIamdokh
lrkak ne ksid NdKav ys`.hla we;sfjkjd' ta ksid , .Kka
jf.au WoaOukh;a by< hkjd' b,au imQK lrkak NdKav
wdkhkh lf<d;a foaY ksuh ys`.hla we;sfj,d ksuh
wkqmd;h wjm%udKh fjkjd' b;ska" by< hk , .Kka jf.au
my< hk ksuh wkqmd; tlal ;djld,sl wdl jOkhla
we;sfjkjd' ka m%Yafk" f ;djld,sl jOkh .ska .gu ta
lshkafka ;sridr ugul mj;aj .kak mqjkao lshk tl'ZZ
54

zzta;a by< jOkh ksid by< jk ugulg hkak

mqjka' b;ska tal yeufokdgu fyd`ohsfk'ZZ YsIHfhla fmkajd
kafka h'
zzby< wdl jOkh fkdlvjd mj;ajd .;af; ke;ak
Th by< jk ugu yeuodu ;shd .kak neye' WoaOukh
ksid tal lrkak neye'ZZ
zzwehs ne@ZZ Tjqyq uiQ y'
uu .ska .g u l;d lf<' zzWoaOukh fldhs;r wvq
ugul ;snqK;a" WoaOukhg jvd f.fhka wdodhu jejk
whg yer wks;a yeu fokdgu WoaOukh krlhs' ;ukaf. wf;a
Yd, uqo,a wdodhula ;sfnk nj ;djld,slj thd,g fmfka'
ta;a thd,g , .kak mqjka NdKav" fiajd m%udKh wkqj
nefjd;a ojis k a oji thd, ma m ;a fjk nj fkhs '
WoaOukfhka myr lk fldg ksiaiq n,kafk flld,h
yd ;rhs' .=ld,fha thd,g m%;s,dN ,nkak mqjka foaj,a
lrk tflka j<lskjd' f udkisl ;;a;ajh ksid fm!oa.,sl
wxYh myq nyskjd' ta ksid .=ld,Sk wdl jOkhg fk
lrk wdfhdack wffOh fjkjd'ZZ
zzta;a fm!oa.,sl wxYfha ksIm
a dokh wvqfjka jOkh fjk
tl rdcH wxYfha by< wdfhdack ksid ys, fjkjd'ZZ Tjqyq
w;a ;lhla f.k yer mE y'
zzfjk fku wdh;khlg jf.a u rchlg;a blaukska
f;afrkjd ;ukag ;j rg;a Kh ,nd.kak ne nj' talg
fya;=j Wmuh olajd Kh wrf.k ;su ksihs' ta jf.a
;;a;ajhl rchg fjk;a l,amj,g hkak fjkjd' tlafld
msgrka Khg .kak fjkjd' tfyu ke;ak rcfha ho
mshjkak uy nexl=j ,jd uqo,a wpq .ykak fjkjd' taflka
WoaOuk ;;a;ajh ;j;a krl w;g yefrkjd' ;j ;j;a uqo,a
55

fmdyshkag wdl kqjK

wpq .eySu ksid rg wvq WoaOukfha b|, by< WoaOukhg
hkjd' Bg miafi" ksiaiq by< WoaOuk wfmalaId we;s lr
.kak fldg WoaOukh ;j ;j;a by< hkjd' by< WoaOukh
ksid foaYh
S uqof,a foaY jkdlu" ta lshkafk ksuh wkqmd;h
my< hkak mSvkhla we;s fjkjd' WoaOukld ;;a;ajh w
Odjkld tfyu ke;ak cjk WoaOukhla jqKdu b;du
uqo,a m%;sm;a;s ls%hdud. wkq.ukh lrkak uy nexl=jg isoaO
fjkjd' t;fldg Kh lmd ykak isoaO fjkjd' fmd,S
wkqmd;sl by< hkjd' ta m%;sM, folskau wdl jOkhg
ndOd we;s fjkjd' uq,ska ;sn by< wdl jOkh b;sydi.;
mqrdKhla ;rla fjkjd'ZZ
zzrchlg wdl jOkh je lrkak ne njo i
lshkafk@ZZtla isiqfjla uikakg h'

fmdyshkag wdl kqjK

m%%ldY l<d uqo,aj,ska iuDoah <`.d lr .kak ne nj' ta ksid
uqo,a wpq .y, m%d.aOk ho jevigyka mj;ajd .kak thd,
rchg bv kafk keye' wjqre ismyla ;syla we;=<; mam;a
;;a;ajfha b|, ixj; rgla fjkakg isx.mamQrejg mqjka
jqKd' wks;a WodyrK ;uhs wkQ .Kkaj, kjiS,ka;h' we;a;gu
ka hqfrdamd ix.uh;a" iaf%,shdj;a f f.dvg tl;= fjp
rgj,a'ZZ
zztfyk" by< wdl jOkfha ryi fudloao@ZZ
zzwvq WoaOukh jf.au ksiaiq fjfyi fj,d jev lsu'ZZ
uu ms<s;=re ks' zzby< WoaOuk - by< jOk Wmdh ud.h
md lr,d flld,Skj" ;djld,slj wdlhla hqKq
lrkak mqjka' ta;a tal l,a mj;skafk keye' ta fol tlg
ks|d.kak mqjka iylrefjd fokafkla fkfjhs'ZZ

zzuu tfyu woyia lf<a keye'ZZ uu ms<s;=re ks'

zzrchlg wdl ixjOkhg odhl fjkak mqjka' ta;a
WoaOukh we;s lr, fkfjhs' by< wdl jOkh fkdlvjd
mj;ajd .kak iqiq mirhla ksudKh lrk tl ;uhs jeo.;a'
tal lrkak mqjka WoaOukh b;du wvq ugulg f.k,a,d'
t;fldg Woa O ukh ;uka f .a yeis ug whym;a yg
n,mdkafk keye lsh,d ck;dj ys;kjd' bka miafi" thd,
.= l,lska jdis ,nd.kak mqjka ;Ska wrf.k" wdlh
.ek ue ld,fha b|, .= ld,h olajd laulska lghq;= lr,
iafjPdfjkau wdfhdack je lrkjd' tal ;sridr wdl
jOkhg fya;= fjkjd'ZZ
zzwvq WoaOukh ksid by< wdl jOkhla w;alr .;a;=
rjg,a ;sfhkjo@ZZ
zzT' rgj,a .Kkdjla ;sfnkjd'ZZ uu ms<s;=re ks'
zzfyd`ou WodyrKh ;uhs isx.mamQrej' we;a;gu thd, m%isoafha
56

57

fmdyshkag wdl kqjK

fmdyshkag wdl kqjK

05
wdrlaIKjdoh (
zzf,dafl ye tfyuhs"
ta;a f YS% ,xldjhs'ZZ

reK wdl oHd{jh ;ka u ish ia:djrfha

is hd h' f,dj f jk g wdrla I Kjd
m%;sm;a;sj,ska iEfyk rg wE;a we;ehs iNdf yqka wfhl=
iska meye,s lsug W;aidy l< g zzf,dafl ye tfyuhs"
ta;a f YS% ,xldjhs'ZZ hkqfjka uy y`ka" fldamfhka wE ms<s;=re
kakd h' fjf<`o m%;sm;a;sh" inkaOfhka wef.a oYkh iu.
iNdf ish fokd tl`.j yqka neka wef.a wdf.YS,S ms<;
s
= ka
uq iNdj u l=,au;a h' m%Yakh weiQ ;eke;a;d yqfol,d jQ
nj;a iNdf lsisfjl=f.a iydh Tyqg m< fkdjQ nj;a fmksK'
;reK wdl oHd{jh ;j rg;a ish foaYkh
meje;ajQjd h' zzf,dal fjf<`odf taldldrh ixj; rgj,g
ys fj,d ;sfhkj' tal ixjOkh fjk rgj,aj,g wys;lrhs'
ixj; rgj,a ys;du;du ;ukaf.a ldl ksIamdokj, ,
.Kka je lrkjd' ta;a ixjOkh fjk rgj,a ksIamdokh
lrk m%d:l NdKav flaj,a lr, wvq ,g .kakj' ta ksid
ldl NdKavhla , .kak m%d:l NdKav tall lsysmhla
wf, lrka k thd,g is o a o fjkjd' WodyrKhla yg
58

m.Klhla , .kak f;a lsf,da lsysmhla l=Kkak ,xldjg

isoaO fjkjd' wdl oHd{fhd tal y`kajkafka ixjOkh
fjk rgj,g wys;lr foaY fjf<`o wkqmd;hla ;sfhkj
lsh,hs' ir,j lsfjd;a" taflka ixjOkh fjk rgj,
ksiqkaf. iqNidOkh wvq fjkjd' wms n,uq tal fjkafka
fldfyduo lsh,@ ta rgj, ksiaiq fjfyi uykais fj,d jev
lr, m%d:l NdKav ksmojkjd' ta;a thd,g , .kak mqjka
fjkafk ldl NdKav lssysmhla ;rhs' f iqNidOk wjdish
ke;s lrkak ;sfhk iu ;uhs ixjOkh fjka mj;sk
rgj, ludka;Yd,d we;s lrk tl' taflka widOdrK f,dal
fjf<`odfuka thd,j wdrlaId lrkak mqjka'ZZ
miqj f isu ufj; jd;d l< yqfol,d igkalrejd
mejiQfha wef.a foaYkh ;=<ska ka uQ,sl mKsjqvh iNdf yqka
ish fokdf.a u ijkg ` fuka jQ njhs' i;Hh k y`kd
.kakg Tyqg o jqjukd h'
zzf :Hd kHdh yu m%isoaO tlla" fYaIfhka wfma
l,dmfha rgj,a w;r' ta;a taflka uQ,sl m%Yak .Kkdjla wu;l
lrkjd'ZZ uu lSfj'
Tyq ufoi wjq,a iy.; ne,aula fy<S h' tneka" uu ;j
rg;a meye,s lf<'
zzm<uq f jks tl" foa Y fjf<`odf jHQ y h' f,da l
fj<`odfuka ishhg ye;a;Emyla ;r isoaO fjkafk ixj;
rgj,a w;r' thd, ;ukaf. ldl ksIamdokj,ska ishhg
iaila ;rhs ixjOkh fjk rgj,aj,g wf, lrkafk'
ldl NdKavj, , ys;du;du by< kxjkjd lshk u;h
we;a;la k ixj; rgj,a ;uka ;ukaju yQrx lEula lrkjd'
tal ta;r ms<s.kak mqjka ;lhla fkfjhs'ZZ
59

fmdyshkag wdl kqjK

fmdyshkag wdl kqjK

zzfudkjo wks;a m%Yak@ZZ Tyq uiS h'

zz wks;a tl ;uhs ;;a;ajfha tfyu ke;ak .=Kd;aul
hqKqj' Y;jI .Kkla ;siafia m%d:l NdKavj, ;;a;ajfh
lsisu fjkila fj,d keye' lla ys;, nefjd;a" f;a" fldams
jf.a NdKav wjqre ish .Kklg l,ska fjf<`ofmd<g wdmq
yguhs wo;a tkafk' lsisu hqKqjla fj,d keye' j;=r WKq
lrkjd' fldams y f;a y tlal fmdahlg jla lrkjd'
fndkjd! ta ; a ldl NdKa v j, ;;a ; a j h kfjda ; a m dok
^Innorations& jf.au mfhaIK yd ixjOkj,g ^Research and
Development& lrk by< ho ksid ojiska oji hqKq fjkjd'
ta ksid" wo ;sfhk ldl NdKavhla wjqre mylg l,ska
;sn NdKavhg iudk keye' cx.u rl:khla tfyu ke;ak
m.Klhla yd n,kak' tajhska fyd`o ;;a;ajfha iEfyk
fiajdjla iemfhkjd' ksiaiq by< ;;a;ajh fjkqfjka je
,la f.jkak;a iQodk' ta ksid ldl NdKavj, , by<
hkafk ys;du;du tfyu lrk ksid fkfjhs' hqKq lrmq
;;a;ajhg" .=Kd;aul njg jemqr ,la f.jkak tajd md
lrk wh ;=< ;sfhk leue;a; ksihs' m%d:l NdKavj,g tfyu
wdlIKhla we;s lr .kak wudrehs'ZZ
zzmyq.sh wjqre .Kkdj ;siafiu ldl NdKavj, ,"
je fjkjdg jvd uQ; yg .;af;d;a my< hkak fya;=j;a
talu fkfjhso@ZZ Tyq o th jgyd.;a nj fmksK'
zzyhg y'ZZ uu lSfj' zzkfjda;amdokhhs" M,odhs;d
jOkhhs ksid msjeh my; je, ;sfhkj' ta ksid ta NdKav
wvq ,g imhkak ksIm
a dolhkag mqjka fj,d ;sfhkjd' fyd`ou
WodyrKh ;uhs cx.u rl:kh' wksl m.Klh' tajdfh
, .Kka miq.sh wjqre lsysmh we;=<; iEfykak my; je,
;sfhkjd'ZZ
60

zzta ksid Th kHdhg lsisu mokula keye@ZZ

zzT" fjklla ;shd kfjda;amdok ksid iuyr m%d:l
NdKav h,a mek, .syska' ta ksid f,dal wdodhu by< .sh ;rug
ta NdKavj,g ;sfhk b,au by< hkafk keye' talg fyd`ou
WodyrKhla ;uhs mkia .Kka" yeg .Kkaj, oHq;a ix{d
ika k dhlhla yg fhdod .;a ; = ;U' ta ; a pka s l d
ikaksfokhhs" Tmal,a *hsnrehs fidhd .;a;g miafia
ikaksfokhghs" ifm%aIKhghs ;U fhdod .kak tl flka
l k;r jqKd' ;j;a WodyrKhla ;uhs lmq' lD;%su kQ,a je
jYfhka fhdod .kakj;a tlal lmq Nd;h wvq jqKd' ta jf.au
iajdNdl rn fjkqjg lD;s%u rn iy cQ fjkqjg fmd,s;Ska
Wr fhdod .kak;a fndfyda fokd fm<UqKd' ta ksid ta jf.a
NdKav u; mok fj,d by< jk ugula N=la;s `omq rgj,a
ye;a;E" wiQ .Kkaj, NdKav , my; jegqKdu iEfyk
wudrelj,g uqyqK mEjd' lmq jf.au ;U ksIamdokfha m%uqLhd
fjp tlai;a ckmoh ;uhs taflka neg ldmq m%Odku rg' ta;a
weuldj fjk;a ks I a m dok lrka k fhduq j q K q ks i d ta
lmkfhka fokak mqjka jqKd'ZZ
zzta ksid b laula jf.au blauka yev.eiSula ke;s
ixjOkh fjk rgj,aj,g fodia lshkak fk fkao@ZZ
zzThd y' hqKq rgj,aj,g fodia lsh lsh lsis jeo.eulg
ke;s iajhx fmdaIK kHdh .ek fodvj fodvj bkakjg jvd
taf.d,a, lrkak fk" tl w;lska m%d:l NdKav ksIamdokh
lroa M,odhs;dj je lrk tlhs' ta tlalu" msjeh my;
fy<k tl' wks;a w;ska f,dal fjf<`ofmdf<a je b,aula
;shk NdKav ksIamdokhg fhduq fjk tlhs'ZZ
zzf.dvla fokd lshkj jf.a wms wfma foaYSh ludka;
wdrlaId lrkak fko@ZZ Tyq ish wjika m%Yakh ke`.S h'
61

fmdyshkag wdl kqjK

fmdyshkag wdl kqjK

zzwdrlaIKh lshkafk fome;a; lefmk wdhqOhla jf.a'

fldhs me;a; f;dar .;a;;a ;ukag ;=jd, fjkak mqjka' cmdkh
;ukaf. lDIsluh oYl .Kkdjla ;siafi wdrlaId l<d'
m%;sM,h ;uhs uQ,sl wdydr jH , .kak cmka cd;slhkag
f,dal fjf<`ofmdf<a ,g jvd mia" yh .=Khla f.jkak isoaO
fjp tl' taksid" cmka cd;slhkaf. by< jk hou
wdjrKh lr.kak ludka;Yd,d whs;slrejkag je jegqma
f.jkak isoaO jqKd' ta by< jegqm" by< M,odhs;dj Wv ;SrKh
fjp tlla fkfjhs' m%;sM,h jqfKa fudloao@ cmka ludka;
biafi,a,du ol=Kq fldhdjg;a" Bg miafi ;dhsjdkhg"
isx.mamQrejg" u,hdishdjg" wo fjkfldg khg wrf.k hk
tl' ta ksid" fmd,S wkqmd;sl kaf ;sfhoa mjd" wog;a
cmdkfha > ld,Sk wdl wjmd;hla ;sfhkjd' ta ksid
fldhs yls k a y jka f.jka k fjkjd' ta l yu
fokdldhs!ZZ

06

;%mg iy fg,skdgH w;r

wkjr; wr.,h

;%mg ludka;fhys jeka;fhl= jQ uf.a ;%fhla

;ryska mqmr
q ka ufj; wdf h' zzf crd fg,skdgH
wfma ;%m ludka;h ldndiskshd lr, od, ;sfhkafk'ZZ
mqmqrk ;ryska hq;=j Tyq lSf h' zztlafld wdKavqj fj ;yk
lrkak k' ke;a;x mqjka ;r n odkak k' t;fldg
wl=,f.k hhs hkak'ZZ
zzwehs tfyu lshkafk@ZZ uu Tyqf.ka uiqfj'
zz tkak l,ska wfma rf fyd`o" ks;ru ;%mg n,k
fm%alaIl lKavdhula yshd' ka wfma ;%m Yd,d l ysia'
ueiafid weysfrkjd' wvq .dfK ;%mhla i;shla m%oYkh
lrkak neye' ta ksid yefudau ;%m ludkaf; w;yer, ta
fjkqjg fg,skdgH nodf.k'ZZ
Tyq ikaiqka jk f;la uu n,d yqks' rEmjdysksfha
wd.ukfhka miq foaYh
S ;%mg ludka;h m;ajQ wiSre;dj ms<n
s `o
Tyq ;=< wjxlj u ye`.Sula we;ehs ug is;sK' fmr l, ;%mg
Yd,d fj; weKq fm%alaIlfhda wo ksfjia ;=<g fldgq is;s'
Tjqkaf.a ksfjia wo jk g rikaok flaka njg m;a ;sf'

62

63

fmdyshkag wdl kqjK

zzTh m%Yafk we;s fj,d ;sfhkaafk fg,skdgH ludka;h
fhdod .kak iqfYaI iakia fudv,a tl ksihs' mrK l%fu
we,s, bkakjg jvd Thd,;a Thd,f.a wdlD;sh fjkia lrkak
fk'ZZ uu lSfj'
Tyq uiq uqyqKska hq;=j ufoi ne,S h' uu ;jrg;a
meye,s lf<' zzThd, ksIamdokh fl,skau l=Kkjd' yhg
fmd,a ksIamdolfhla fl,skau mdfNda.slhkag fmd,a l=Kkj
jf.a' l wf, lr, ;%mgh fldgiaj,g lvkjd' l
tlla .kak yeu flfkl=gu Yd,dj we;=f< ;%mh kerug
wdikhla ,efnkj' ;%m Yd,df iS .dK olajd tfyu
lrka k mq jka ' tprhs ' ta ks i d" Thd,f. ks I a m dok
fjf<`ofmd< Yd,df ilr, ;sfhk wdik .Kkg iSud
fjkjd' tal rf uq ck.ykfhka b;du iq fldgila ;rhs'
ta ksid ;%mh je fofkl=g fmkaug Thd,g jqjukd WK;a
tfyu lrkak ne fjkjd'ZZ
zzfg,s k dgH ludka f ; lh thd,f. ks I a m dok
l=Kkafk fldfyduo@ZZ Tyq m%Yak lf<a h'
zzthd, Rcq wf,lrefjd fkdfjhs'ZZ uu ms<s;=re ks'
zzwe;a;gu" thd, mdfNda.slhkag l=Kkafk ke;s ;r' ta
ksid ta fjf<`ofmd< fjkia' wks;a w;ska" uy mqu .kqfokq
l%uhla ;sfhkafk' fg,skdgH fm%alaIlfhd ksIamdokhla ,
.kafk keye' ta fjkqjg" rEmjdysks kd,sld mj;ajdf.k hk
wh u.ska Tjqkaj fg,skdgH wkq.%dylhkag wf, flfrkjd'ZZ
fuu wuq;= ;df,a fjf<`ofmd< ms<sn|j f;are .ekSug
fkdyels jQ njla m< lrka Tyq ufoi nef h'
zzfg,skdgH iakia fudv,a tl we;=f< m%Odk lKavdh
y;rla bkakjd' fg,skdgH ksIamdolhd" rEmjdysks kd,sldj
64

fmdyshkag wdl kqjK

mj;ajd f.k wh" wkq.d% ylhd tfyu ke;ak fjf<`o m%pdrlhd
jf.au rEmjdysks fm%l
a I
a lhd' rEmjdysks fm%l
a I
a lhd ;uhs wjika
jYfhka fg,skdgH ri `kafk' ta ksid" fm%alaIlhd ;uhs
wjidk mdfNda.slhd fjkafk' ta;a thd fg,skdgHhg ,la
f.jk flkd fkfjhs' fg,skdgHfha , f.jkafk wkq.d% ylhd
tfyu ke;ak fjf<`o m%pdrlhd' tal isoaO fjkafk rEmjdysks
kd,sldj rEmjdysks fm%alaIlhkaj lKavdhula yg fjf<`o
m%pdrlhdg lsKf
S ukqh's fm%l
a I
a l lKavdhu Yd, k fjf<`o
m%pdrlhd Yd, ,la f.jkjd' fjk ylg lsfjd;a"
kd,sldj krU, ;ukaj rEmjdysks kd,sldj yryd wkq.d% ylhdg
l=Kkak fm%alaIlfhd iafjPdfjkau tl`. fjkjd' ta ksid
fm% a l a I lhdg ms jehla keye' ta ; a " ;% m hla .;a f ;d;a
fm%alaIlhdg Rcq msjehla ;sfhkjd' ta msjeh ;ukag Tfrd;a;=
fkdfok ;rug by< tlla k" fm%alaIlhd ;%mgh n,kafk
keye'ZZ
zzmquhs'ZZ Tyq lSf h' zzuu ta me;a; .ek ys;=fju keye'ZZ
zzT' tal lla mquhs ;uhs'ZZ uu o tl`. ' zz,iaiku
jef ;uhs" wkq.%dylhdg tfyu ke;ak , .kak flkdg
Yd, , .ekSf n,hla ;su' fg,skdgH wf, lrkafk
ksIamdolhd fkfjhs" kd,sldjhs wkq.%dylhhs fokak tl;=
fj,d' ta ksid" ;ek ;ek ys, bkak fm%alaIlfhd jf.au"
taf.d,a,kag <x fjkak je msjehla orkak fjk ;%mgj,
jf.a fkfjhs" fg,skdgH ksIamdolhdg wf,lrK houla
orkak fjkafk keye' ta ksid thd,f. hou yu wvqhs'ZZ
zzta ; a " ;uka j wkq . % d ylhdg l= K k fm% a l Ilhdg
wkq.%dylhkaf.a fl<jrla ke;s fjf<`o kauq;a n,kak
fjkjd' ta ksid thd,f. ri kaokh wvq fjkjd fkao@ZZ Tyq
ux ndOd lrka lSf h'
65

fmdyshkag wdl kqjK

zzta l we;a ; 'ZZ uu lS f j' zzwkq . % d ylfhd lrka f k
fudloao@ taf.d,a, lrkafk fl fg,skdgH jf.a fjf<`o
ka yok tlhs' ta ksid fm%alaIlfhd . fg,skdgH ;rla
fkfjhs" fl fg,skdgH f;d.hla krUkj' ta ksid ;ukaf.
ri kaokh wvqjk njla thd,g fkkafk keye'ZZ
zzy ug ka f;afrkjd' wfma iakia fudv,a tl ta
lshkafk jHdmdr wdlD;sh ta;r M,odhs keye' ta jf.au ho
wlhs' ta ksid wmsg fg,skdgH tlal ;r. lrkak neye'ZZ Tyq
mrdch Ndr .kska isfha h'
zzta ;rla fkfuhs' ;%m n,k fm%alaIlfhd me;af;ka
nefjd;a thd,g wu;r msjehl=;a orkak fjkjd' ld,h"
.uka ho jf.a foaj,a' ta jf.a houla fg,skdgH n,oa
keye' ta" ksIamdokh krUkakdf. f.orgu ,efnk ksid' ta
ksid" wu;r wmyiql jf.au .kqfokq lsf msjeh yg
y`kajk msjeh;a yu wvqhs'ZZ
zzta ndOl ch.kak k ;%m ludka;h lrkak fk
fudloao@ZZ Tyqg k .ekSug wjYH jQfha b;d u jeo.;a lreKls'
zzf.dvla foaj,a ;sfhkjdZZ' uu lSfj' zzm<fjks tl"
;%m Yd,dj Wvu ;kslr /`, bkakjg jvd '''" iS'
;dlaIKh jf.a w;a ;dlaIK md lr,d fm%alaIlhdg
;%mh <x lrk tlhs" wvq houlska je fofkl=g fmkajk
tlhs' ksiaiq ;%mh krUk w;r lEuu jqK;a .kak mqjka
fy t<suyka ;%m Yd,d we;s lrkak;a mqjka' ta jf.au"
f,dal fjf<`ofmd< b,lal lr, ;%m ksmojkak;a fk'
t;fldg mgq foaYSh fjf<`ofmd< iSudfjka tydg hkak mqjka'
fyd,sjq jf.au fnd,sjq iskudj;a lr, ;sfhkafk talhs'
f,dal fjf<`ofmd<g ;%m ksIamdokh lr, ta wh fvd,
,shk .Kka Wmhkjd'ZZ
66

fmdyshkag wdl kqjK

zzwms fmd rgla' b;ska wmsg f,dal fjf<`ofmd<la .ek
ys;kak neye'ZZ wm uqyK
q mdka isk fjkia wdldrfha .egjla
flfrys Tyq uf.a wjOdkh fhduq lr h'
zzta;"a ol=Kq fldhdj ta yg ys;f
= j keye' kh" cmdkh
jf.a w.akos .
s wdishdjg ;%m ksIm
a dok lrkak thd, ;ukaf.
ksIamdolhkaj Wkka l<d' wo thd,f. ;%m ludka;hg
rEmjdysksfhka ;r.hla keye' Thd,;a lrkak fk talhs'
mgka .oa Thd,g mqjka fnd,sjq ksIamdolhka tlal yjq,a
ksIamdok lrkak' taflkaa ol=Kq wdishdfj jf.au ueofmr.
Yd, fjf<`ofmd<la wdl%uKh lrkak mqjka' ta ksid" bkah
k ks<shka foaYSh ;%mj, r`.mdk tl .ekj;a" bkah
ldl Ys,amSka f rf ludka;fh jev lrk tl .ekj;a
Thd, reoaO fjkak fk keye' thd, wfma Ys,amSka mqyqKq
lrd' t;fldg wmsg f,dal fjf<`om<g ksIamdokh lrkak
mqjka fjk yg wfma yelshd hqKq f' wfma mdr jD;
f'ZZ uu Tyqg lSfj'
zzflfhka ls fjd;a ' '''ZZ Tyq ls h ka k g jQ f ha h'
zz'''' fjf<`ofmd< ch .kak k iakia fudv,a fjkia fjkak
fk' ta tlalu w;a fjf<`o Wml%u wkq.ukh lrkak k'ZZ
zzT'ZZ uu lSfj' zzmrK tajf.u t,anf.k isfhd;a
vhsfkdaisria, w;=reoyka jqKd jf." ;%m ludka;h;a
w;=reoyka f'ZZ

67

fmdyshkag wdl kqjK

fmdyshkag wdl kqjK

07

oHd;aulj ys;kak n,kak fk' Thd, fokak ;l lr

.ekSf lsisu f;areula keye'ZZ
zzljqre fudkj lrkak fko lsh, ;SrKh lrkak
wdl oHdj fudlgo@ZZ Tjqka fofokd u tljr uiQ y'

jdyh (
jev fnf
wdl uQ,Ou

zzwdl oHdfjka lrka f k wdlhl im;a

ldhlaIuj fnodykafk fldfyduo lsh, i,l, n,k tl'
ta uQ,Ouhu mjq,lg;a wod<hs'ZZ uu lSfj'
fofokd ;uka w;r jQ wfrdaj u`olg mfil ,d ug ijka
fokakg jQ y'

; jdm;a jQ wi,ajeis ;reK hqj<la neye lSug

Tjqkaf.a ksfji fj; .sh ud yg Tjqka fofokd
w;r jQ jdohla wikakg ,eK' zzThd wo Whkak k'ZZ `o
iajdhdg lSjd h' zzkeye' Whk tl Thdf. rdcldh' Thhs
tal lrkak k'ZZ iehd wehg tfrysj ;l lf<a h' ud
gqjfyd;a Tjqka wmyiq;djg m;a jkq we;ehs ug is;sK' tneka"
uf.a uqyqK fmkajkjdo keoao hkak ms<sn`o is;ska ;l lrka
u`o f,djla uu Tjqkaf.a fodrlv miq' tfy;a" ;SrKhla
.kakg fmr ud fodrlv isgf.k isk whqre `o gqjd h'
B<`. ksfIfha uu Tjqkaf.a id,h ;=<g le`ojdf.k hkq
,enqfj' ys`o .kakg;a fmr Tjqka fofokd u tlsfkldg
fpdaokd lrka ufj; wd y' Tjqkag wjYH jQfha ud Tyqf.a
fyda wehf.a me;a; f.k wfkldg tfrysj uf.a u;h fyda
;SrKh bm;a lsu nj fmksK'
zzf n,kak <uhsfka'ZZ uu uey;a ' zzljqre fudkj
lrka k fko ls h , ;S r Kh lrka k k Thd, wdl
68

zzwdl oHdkql+,j n,oa'''''ZZ uu uf.a meye,s lsu

wer' zz''' jdyh lshkafk f.or we;=f<u NdKav fiajd
ksIamdokh lrk ksIamdok tallhla' ta jf.au ta tallfha
iqNidOkh fjkqfjka fjf<|fmd<ska NdKav yd fiajd ,
.kakjd' ta ksid tafl wruqK ;uhs by<u iqNidOkhla ,nk
tl' wdl oHd{fhd tal y`kajkafka iqNidOkh Wmu
lsu lsh,hs'ZZ Tjqka ndOd fkdlf<ka uu ;j rg;a l;d
lf<'
zzfjk;a kEu tallhla jf.au jdyh lshk ksIamdok
tallh;a ksIamdokh lrkak ksIamdok idOl fhdod .kakjd'
f idOl ldhla I u oyg Wmfhda c kh fkdlf<d;a
iqNidOkh ,nkak fjkafk fyd`ou ugug jvd wvqfjka'
wdl oHd{fhd talg lshkafk Wm m%Yia; ugu lsh,'ZZ
zzfudkjo Th idOl@ZZ iehd uikakg jQfha h'
zztl idOlhla ;uhs Y%uh'ZZ uu ms<s;=re ks' zzwksl
md lrk uqo,a' ta lshkafk m%d.aOkh" ksfji;a" wks;a
WmlrK;a" N+h iy ish foa ixOdkh lrk y" ta lshkafk
69

fmdyshkag wdl kqjK

jHjidh' Thd,f. iqNidOkhg jqjukd flfrk NdKav fiajd
ksIamdokh lrkak k f idOl Tlafldu ixfhda. lrkak
k' ixfhda. lroa fudlla y jrola lf<d;a iqNidOkh wvq
fjkak mqjka'ZZ
zz.eyeKqkag reoaOj ;SrK .kak wdl oHdjg neye@ZZ
`o wmf.a Yaf,aIKh u; fldkafoais mekjQjd h'
zzmskag tfrysj WK;a tfyu ;uhs'ZZ iehd o ish
fldkafoais bm;a lf<a h'
zzy" yZZ uu lSfj' zzwdfh;a rKavq lrkak fk keye'
wdl oHdjg .eyeKq ms fjkila keye' uOHia:hs' me;a;la
.kafk keye' ir,j lrkafk uQ,Ou lsh, fok tl ;rhs'
by<u i;=g ,nd .kak fk k ta uQ,Ou wkq.ukh lrk
tlhs lrkak fk'ZZ
Tjqyq bkamiq ikaik
q j
a " idjOdkj ug ijka fokakg mgka
.;a y' tneka uu uf.a ldhh ;j rg;a bgq lf<'
zzwdl oHdf lshk yg ludka; Yd,djla jf.au
mjq,la we;=f< wms lrkak k foa mok fjkak fk wmg
;shk idfmalaI Yla;sh" yelshdj Wvhs' wdl oHd{fhd tal
y`kajkafk idfmalI
a jdish lsh,hs' ljqre y mqo.
a ,fhla hula
lrkak ;j;a flfkl=g jvd olaI k ta ldhh lrkak fk
thhs' wms kslx ys;=fjd;a" udl tlg .syska nvq l f.akak
`o olaI k ta ldhh `o lrkak fk' talg wolaI iajdhd
nvq f.akak .sfhd;a uq mjq,gu w,dNhla fjkak mqjka' ta
ksid yefudaf.u i;=g wvq fjkak mqjka'ZZ
zz tal fyd`o l;djla' nvq f.akak lf hkak ux fyd`ohs'
olaIhs' ta ksid ug tal lrkak fokak'ZZ iehd i;=ka bmsf<ka
lSf h'
70

fmdyshkag wdl kqjK

zzkdhla bkak' tal tpr u f,ais jevla fkfjhs'ZZ
uu lSfj' zzwdl oHd{fhd lshkafk zfyd`og lrkak mqjka
ksid lrkak lsh, fkfjhs' tal mok fjkak fk jvd
fyd`|Z lshk tl Wvhs' ta ksid" jevla lrkak jvdu fyd`o
flkd ;uhs tal lrkak k' t;fldg ;uhs mjqf,a hym;g
im;a md lrkak mqjka fjkafk'ZZ
zzug f;afrkjd'ZZ `o lSjd h' zzlido n`kak l,ska ta ta
jefg olaI flkd lo lsh, fydh, n,,d" l;d fj,d bkak
k' Bg miafi" fokakg fokak ;l lr, uQK nqu.kak
fk keye'ZZ
zztal ;uhs yu foa'ZZ uu meye,s lf<' zziajdhdg
fyd`og Whkak mqjka k" thdg tal lrkak mqjka' lf
hk jefg `o olaI k tal `o lrkak fk' tal fjkak
fk l,ska ;SrKh lr .;a;= yg jev fnfukaj;a" iudch
ms<s.;a;= l%uhla ygj;a fkfjhs' tla tlaflkdf.a idfmalaI
Yla;sh i,l,d jev fno, fjkalf<d;a ksIamdokh f.j;a
fjkjd' fyd`o ;;a ; a j fhka is o a O fjkjd' uq ks I a m dok
ls%hdj,shu ldhlaIu jqKdu wmg fl .kak ksoyia ld,h
jemqr ,efnkjd' wmg i;=gla fokafk jev lrk tl fkfjhs'
flhhs'ZZ
zzta lshkafk wms yeufoau w;ska ys;, mgka .kak fk
fkao@ZZ `o ueis,s lSjd h'
zzT' ta;a tla fohla yer'ZZ uu wef.a u;h ikd: lf<'
zzta fudloao@ZZ iehd Wkka h'
zz.NdIhla we;=f< orefjla yok tl .eyeKshf.
j.lSula yg j oHdkql+,j ;SrKh fj,d ;sfhkjd' ta
i`oyd olaIu" iqiqu flkd .eyeKshhs' ta ksid" tal l,skau
;SrKh lr,hs ;sfhkafk' Thdg ta .ek lsiu
s l,amhla keye!ZZ
71

fmdyshkag wdl kqjK

fmdyshkag wdl kqjK

08

WK;a" tfyu ke;ak fku msjehla or, mirh /lsh

hq;=hs lsh, Thf.d,a, lshk tl jerhs'ZZ
uf.a m%;spdrfhka Tjqka wjqf,ka wjq,g m;ajQ nj fmksK'
Bg fya;=j > meye,s lsula Tjqka wfmalaId l< neks'

mirh (
zzj;a ug wjYH k
mirh Nd;d lsug isf!ZZ

reK ;reKsfhda ish ish u Yla;Ska iy wdf.

lelr f.k Wkay' zzfudk foa ke;s WK;a wms
wfma mirh wdrlaId lr .kak fk' tfyu ke;ak wms
Tlafldu bjrhs'ZZ mirh iq/lSf l%shdld lKavdhulg
inkaO fuka miq Tjqyq y`v ke`.+ y'
ish l%shdud.h ms<sn`o udf.a wkque;sh wfmalaIdfjka
Tjqyq miq jQ y' Tjqkaf.a woyi jQfha ud o Tjqkf.a u;h yd
tl`.j" Tjqka yd tlaj igka l< hq;= fihls' we;e g" urKh
f;la u jqj;a igk f.k hd hq;= h!
uu u`o f,djla isg fufia lSfj' zz<uhsfka" Thf.d,a,
yhs" ta jf.au jerhs'ZZ weia Wmamd ufoi n,d isfuka m<jQfha
uf.a lshqka Tjqka wjq,a iy.; ;;a;ajhlg m;a jQ njls'
zzwmsg i lshk foa f;afrkafk keye'ZZ Tjqka kej;;a
y`v ke`.+ y'
zzmirh kdY jqfKd;a wms Tlafldu bjrhs lsh,
Thf.d,a, lshk tl y'ZZ uu lSfj' zzta;a" fudk foa ke;s
72

zzf n,kak'ZZ uu y~ jr lf<' zzj;a fjkak k

wmsg isoaO fjkjd yeu fyu NdKav" fiajd N=la;s `kak' ta
ksid" ta NdKav" fiajd wms fjkqfjka ksIamdokh fjkak fk'
tajd wfma i;=g je lrk ksid wmsg we;a;gu mqjka tajdg
fyd`o foa fyj;a NdKav ^Goods& lsh, lshkak' NdKav lshkafk
wms wfmalaId lrk" wms leu;s foaj,a' ta;a ta fyd`o foa ksIamdokh
lrkj;a tlalu wms wfmalaId fkdlrk" wms wlue;s foa;a isoaO
fjkjd' fyd`o foaj,aj," j<lajkak ne w;=reM,h ;uhs l=Kq
li< lshkafk' l=Kq m%Yf
a k wms wlue;s" wms wfmalI
a d fkdlrk"
wfma i;=gg ydks lrk ksid wdl oHd{fhd tajd y`kajkafk
krl foa fyj;a wNdKav ^Bads& lsh,' ta;a yeu fj,dfju
fyd`o foa tkafk krl foa;a tlal w;aje,a ne`of.k' b;ska
wmsg krl foa neyer lr," m%;slafIam lr, fyd`o foa ;rla
ms<.
s kak neye' wms tfyu lf<d;a" fyd`o foa;a m%;l
s f
a Iam lrkak
wmsg isoaO fjkjd'ZZ
zzb;ska fudloao if. ;lh@ZZ wfhla uikakg h'
uu .ska .g u l;d lf<' zzfyd`o foa" krl foa tlg
tkafk fldfyduo lsh, Thd, ys;hs' ir,u WodyrKhla .ksu'q
Tlaic
s ka wdYajdi lsu .ek ys;kak' j;a fjkak wmg Tlaic
s ka
fk' ta;a" taflka wms wfmalaId lrkafk ke;s wms wlue;s
w;=re ksIamdokhla we;s lrkj' ldnka vfhdlaihs' tal krl
fohla' ljqrey f krl foa ksmojk tl ;yk lf<d;a
wmsg Tlaiscka ,nd .kak;a ne fjkjd' ta ksid tal j<lajkak
mqjka krlla fkfjhs'ZZ
73

fmdyshkag wdl kqjK

zzi ;ju;a wjYH ldrfKag wdfj keye'ZZ ;j;a wfhla
uey;a h'
zzuu meye,s lrklx bji, bkak'ZZ uu kej;;a lS'
zzwms wleu;s krl foa wms <`. ;shd .kak neye' tal fldfy
y w; ykak fk' tfyu w;dkak wmg ;eka fydhd .kak
fjkj' t;ek mirh ;uhs neyer,k ;ekla fjkafk'
ksIm
a dokh" fnodyeu tfyu ke;ak mfNdackh lshk fku
wdl lsh
% dldrlula isoO
a lroa wksjdhfhkau we;sfjk l=Kq
li< neyer lrkak mirh fhdod .kak yeu fokdgu isoaO
fjkjd' ta ksid wms Tlafldu jdhq j. jf.au WIaK;ajh;a
jdhq f.da,hg uqod ykj' j j. c,hg uqodykj' >k jH
mig tl;= lrkjd' ta ksid ;fha fyd`o foaj,a yeufoau
N=la;s kak k wmsg mirh wksjdhfhkau md lrkak
isoaO fjkjd' ta fya;=j ksid" mirh miafjks ksIamdok idOlh
yg ie,flkj' mirh ke;sj lsisu wdl lghq;a;la
lrkak neye'ZZ

fmdyshkag wdl kqjK

^Marginal Benefits& iudk fjk wjia:dj yghs' ta ksid
miaika" hou .ek ys;,u;, idOl fhdod .kak bfu
fm<Uula we;sfjkjd'ZZ
zztfyk mirfh ;sfhk fjki fudloao@ZZ tla;rd
;reKshla uiqjd h'
zzmirfh ;sfhk fjki ;uhs talg whs;sldrfhla ke;s
tl'ZZ uu h<s;a uf.a meye,s lsu mgka .;s' zzta ksid l=Kl
q i<
bj; odk ;ekla yg mirh fhdod .kak tl fjkqfjka
,la wh lrkak ldgj;a neye' md lrk flkdg houla
ke;s ksid miaika mirh md lrkak ldgj;a jqjukdjla
we;s fjkafk;a keye' ta ksid lsisu M, m%fhdackhla ke;s
;;a;ajhg m;a fjkl" ta lshkafk Wmu ugugu mirh
md lrkj' wdl oHd{hkag wkqj wdka;sl m%;s,dN
kaj fjkl' ta ksid mirh l=Kq f.dvla yg md
lrkak bfu fm<ula we;sfjkjd'ZZ

zzmiafjks ksIamdok idOlh!ZZ Tjqyq mquh m< l< y'

zzwks;a idOl y;r jf.au@ZZ

zzwd! ta ksid ;uhs mir IKh we;sfj,d ;sfhkafk'ZZ

tjr Tjqka i;=gg m;a we;s wdldrhla ia h'

zzT" wks;a idOl y;r jf.au' ta;a f idOlfh fjkila

;sfhkj'ZZ uu meye,s lf<' zzwks;a idOl .ek ys;,
nefjd;a ta yeu tllgu fjf<`ofmdf<a fudlla y ,lg
wf, lrkak mqjka fjk yg foafmd< whs;shla ;sfhk
whs;sldrfhla bkakj' ta yskaou" tal md lrk flkdg
,la f.jkak isoaO fjkj' ta ksid ta idOlh jemqr md
lrkak ljqre;a fm<fUkafk keye' tafl m%;sM,hla yg
f.j, .kak idOlh ;ukag jk ;rug jvd je jqKdu
idOlh md lrk tl kj;ajkj' wdl oHd{fhd tal
y`kajkafk wdka;sl msjeh ^Marginal Cost& wdka;sl m%;s,dN
74

zzkeye' tfyu fkfjhs'ZZ uu h<s;a tfrys ' zzmirh

kEjg md l<du wksjdhfhka IKh fjkafk keye'
talg fya;=j ;uhs wfma wmjH hym;a foa njg m;a lrkak;a"
wms fjkqfjka m%;splS%hlrKh lrkak;a wjYH lrk Wrd
.ekSf ie,iq mirhg ;shk ksihs' WodyrKhla yg wms
m%Yajdi lrk ldnkavfhdlaihs jdhqj .yfld< wjfYdaIKh
lrf.k tajfh wmjHhla yg Tlaic
s ka msg lrkj' ta ygu
Ic" jhsria" nelahd" ysre t<sh" jeiai" O i;=ka jf.a
yeu foau wmjH hym;a foa njg fmr<kj' mirhg ord
.kak mqjka m%udKhg jvd wmjH neyer l<du ;uhs mir
75

fmdyshkag wdl kqjK

fmdyshkag wdl kqjK

IKh we;s fjkafk' tfyu jqKdu l=Kq li< f.dv .efykj'

j;a fjk yeu fokdgu tal ;ckhla fjkj'ZZ
zztfykx fudkfoa ke;s WK;a" fku msjehla or, y
lshk tl jer wehs@ZZ Tjqka w;ka flfkla weiS h'
zztalg fya;j
= la ;shkj'''''ZZ uu h<s;a ms<;
s r
= e ks' zztaflka
lshfjkafk wmsg j;a fjkak ne njhs' mirh md
lrkak ne ksid j;a fjkak ne njhs' yhg ldnka
vfhdlaihs msg lrkak tmd ;uka we;=f<u ;shd.kak lsh,
Thd,g lshkj jf.a' ta ksid j;a fjkak fk k mirh
wmjH m;s; lsf ula yg md lrkak isoaO fjkj'
fjk l,amhla keye'ZZ
zzi lshkafk mirh wdrlaId lrkak lsisu fohla
lrkak neye lsh,o@ZZ
zzkeye' wfma b,lalh fjkak fk mirfh Wrd .ekSf"
m%;spl%ShlrKh lsf" h<s ksmof yelshdj u; wkjYH
nrla we;s lrkafk ke;=j mirh fhdod .kafk fldfyduo
lshk tlhs' t;fldg wms yefudau f,d'ZZ uu wjika jYfhka
lSfj'

T!Ih kdu iy fjf<`o kdu

w;r >gkh

m%

K oajf;l= fukau .re lghq;= ffjoHjrfhl=

jQ ffjoH oHd mSGfha fiajd; uydpdh ;ek
miq jQfha wi;=glsks' w;ayk f,i fl;r b,a,d isho"
frda.Skag wl msjehla ug isjk m fjf<`okdu hgf;a
T!IO kshu lsug Tyqf.a ys;j;a ffjoHjre .ska .g u
lghq;= lrka is;s'
zzT!IOfha kug fidp ,lg T!IO fjf<`ofmdf<a
;sfhoa nyq cd;sl iud. fjf<`o ku hgf;a T!IO i`oyd
widOdrK yg uqo,a wh lrkj' wfma fodia;r,;a frda.Skag
ta f;au kshu lr, thd,g Wo mo lrkjd' T!IO iud.
fodia;r,dg fkdfhla wdldrhg ie,l= ix.%y lrkjd' tal
yu iodpdr frdahs'ZZ Tyq fpdaokd lf<a h'
zztal j<lajkak neye'ZZ uu lSfj' zzTh lshk fy
widOdrK" ljqre;a n,dfmdfrd;a;= fkdfjk ;;afjg j.
lshkak fk wdKavqf kS;s;shs" idudkH wdl oHd
uQ,Ouj,g fjkiaj lghq;= lrk ngysr T!IO
fjf<`ofmd<hs'ZZ

76

77

fmdyshkag wdl kqjK

fmdyshkag wdl kqjK

Tyq o f,fyisfhka myiqfjka miqng jkafkla fkdf'

imQK meye,s lsula lrkakehs Tyq n, lr isfha h' uu
mgka .;s'
zzuq f,dafl mqrd yeu wdKavqjlau ngysr T!IO yeu
tllau ksIamdokh lrk tl jf.au kshu lrk tl;a
yg md,kh lr, ;sfhkjd' tfyu lrkafk frda.Ska wdrlaId
lsu .ek ys;,hs' ta ksid" ;ukaf. ksIamdok fjf<`ofmd<g
ksl=;a lrkak l,ska b;du ;o" wmyiq jevms<sfj<la wkq.ukh
lr, ta fnfy;aj,g wkque;sh ,nd.kak isoaOfj,d ;sfhkjd'
ta ;rla fkfjhs" f T!IO frda.Skag kshu lrkak k
iqiql iys; ffjoHjre ;rhs lsh,;a" l=Kkak k
T!IOfka ;rhs lsh,;a wdKavqj kS;s mkj, ;sfhkjd'
m<fjks kS;sh ksid T!IO ksIamdokfha hou je fjkjd'
fojeks fya;=j ksid uq T!IO fjf<`o fmd<u lD;s fjkjd'ZZ
uf.a wm%Nxi ;lh f;are .; fkdyels fuka foda
Tyq foneu k<,; r`ojd ufoi n,kakg jQfha h' uu .ska
.g u l;d lf<' zzT!IO ksIm
a dolfhd ;ukaf.a ksIm
a dokj,g
wkque;sh ,nd.kak l,ska wjqre .Kkla ;siafia i;a;=
fhdodf.k mfhaIK lrkjd' Bg miafia ksiaiq fhdod f.k
mfhaIK lrkjd' T!IO wkqu; lrk wdh;k iEySug m;a
lrkak k mlaIK jd;d fyd`o ;;afjka yeuodu ;shd.kak
fk' l;a yu Ialr jevla' ta jf.au ho jehs' ta ksid
T!IO ixjOk lghq;= yg tajd mlaId lrkak;a" T!IO
ksIamdokh lrkak;a iud.j,g Yd, uqo,a lkaordjla jeh
lrkak isoaO fjkjd' Th fya;= ksid" fjf<`o kug l=Kk
T!IOj, , wlhs'ZZ

zzfnfyf;a ridhksl kkau ksIamdokh lrk wh w;a

fnfy;a j. ksudKh lsug lrkak fk mfhaIKj,g
;=gqjla j;a ho lrkafk keye' thd,d lsis uykaishla
ke;=j uq,a ksIamdok iQ;%h fldms lr,d ksIamdokh lrkjd' ta
ksid" fjf<`o kka ksIamdokh lrk whg mdfNda.slhkaf.ka
whlr.kak isoO
a fjkjd jf.a T!IOfha kka ksIm
a dokh lrk
whg ixjOkh lrkak j;a" wkque;sh .kakj;a ho lrkak
isoaO fjkafk keye' ta;a tlalu weuldj jf.a rgj,
ksIamdolhkag fmagka whs;sh ;sfhkafka wjqre oyhla ;rhs'
Bg miafi n,m;%h ;sfhk flkdg tal wys fjkjd' ku
flfkl=g T!IOh ksIamdokh lrkak mqjka' ta fya;=j ksid
ta flldf,a we;=<; mfhaIK lrkak" ixjOkh lrkak"
wkque;sh .kak ;uka ormq Yd, ho mqjka ;r blaukska
mshj.kakg ksIamdolfhd W;aidy lrkjd' ta ksid m<fjks
wjqre y;r my we;=f<a imQK hou mshjd .kak mqjka
yg T!IOj, , kshu lrkjd' Bg miafia b;s wjqre my
we;=<; iEfyk ,dNhla ,nd .kak W;aiy lrkjd' ta ksid
T!IOfha kka ksIamdokh lrk wh wks;a whf. la uykaish
wiafi jdis ,nk" wdl oHdjg wkqj wkqkaf.a msf ksoyfia
hk wh ^Free Riders& fjkjd'ZZ
zzb;sx wysxil f,vqkag wvq ,g fnfy;a ,enqKdu
fudlo fjkafk@ZZ Tyq wikakg jQfha h'

zztfyk" T!IOfha kkau l=Kk tajd fldfyduo ;=gq

folg l=Kkafka@ZZ Tyq uid isfha h' uu h<s;a ms<s;=re
ks'

zzm%Yafk flhs" fjf<`o ku wkqj ksIamdokh lrkak

ksIamdolhd mfhaIK" ixjOkh lf<a ke;ak T!IO kka
ksIamdokh lrk whg fldms lrkak lsis fohla b;=re fjkafk
keye' T!IO ludka;h ;uhs ;uka Wmojk wdodhfuka je
m%udKhla" idudkHfhka ishhg oyhlaj;a" fkdlvjd mfhaIK"
ixjOk jevj,g fhdojkafk' iuyr T!IO kdu hgf;a
ksmojk T!IOj, .=Kd;aul m%;sh .ek;a m%Yak ;shkjd'

78

79

fmdyshkag wdl kqjK

fmdyshkag wdl kqjK

frda.Ska ta jf.a T!IOj,g wvq uqo,la ;uhs yeu ;siafiu

f.jkafka' ta;a tlalu .=Kd;aul ;;ajfhka wvq T!IO .;a;u
fjk fjk" ;j ;j m%Yak we;sfjkjd'ZZ uu ms<s;=re ks'

zzmquhlafk!ZZ Tyq lSf h' zzta;a wehs ffjoHjre ;ukaf.

yDo idlaIshg tl`.fj,d iudc j.lSu .ek ys;,j;a jev
lrkafk ke;af;@ZZ

zzTfyda tal ksid ;uhs tfyk fjf<`o kka l=Kk

T!IO kshu lrkak lsh,d iud. wfma ksiaiqkag w,a,ia
fokafk'ZZ

zzfya;=j meye,shs' ta kS;sfhkau ffjoHjrekag wms

taldld n,hla , ;shk ksid' T!IO ksIm
a dolfhd;a ;ukaf.
wf,lrK" m%pdrK lghq;= isoaO lrkafk thd, .ek ys;,
ila tajg ho lrk" taj md lrk frda.Ska .ek ys;,
fkfjhs' ta ksid ffjoHjre i;=gq lrkak" /l n,d .kak
T!IO iud. mqu ;r Wkkahs' wer;a" ffjoHjrekag;a T!IO
kka ;sfhk T!IOj, m%;sh .ek iel ;sfhkjd' ta ksid"
T!IO kka ;sfhk foag jvd fjf<`o kka ;sfhk T!IOj,
wjYH ugug .=Kd;aul nj ;shkjd lsh,d ffjoHjre ys;k
ksid" thd, fjf<`o kka ;shk T!IO kshu lrkak Wkka
fjkjd'ZZ

zzT! ta;a tfyu lrkak mdr lm,d ;sfhkafk wdKavqjhs'

lg fya;=j ;uhs fjk lsisu ;ekl ke;s yg T!IO
fjf<`ofmd< we;=f< rch T!IO jfgdare wksjdh lr,d
;s h kjd' ta ks i d T!IO fjf<`ofmd< we;= f < widudkH
;;a;ajhla we;sfjkjd' ku idudkH fjf<`ofmd<l NdKavh
wekjq lrk ukq i a i hu ;uhs NdKa v hg f.jka f k;a '
WodyrKhla yg ug fmd,af.hla fk k" lfvka
fmd,af.hla b,a,kafk;a uuhs' f.jkafk;a uuhs' ta ksid
wvqu ,g fyd`ou fmd,af.h b,a,kak ux Wkka fjkjd'
ta;a tal tfyu fjkafk keye" fjk flfkla b,a lr,d
;j;a flfkla f.joa' tfyu jqKdu wvqu , ;sfhk foa
b,a lrkak ;r Wkkajla b,a lrk flkdg we;s
fjkafk keye'ZZ
zzT!IO fjf<`ofmd< ta ;r lD;s fj,d lsh, o
lshkafk@ZZ Tyq weiqf h'

zztfyk m%Yafk we;s fj,d ;sfhkafk ngysr T!IOj,g

od, ;sfhk kS;s ksid fkao@ZZ m%Yakhla wikakdla fuka Tyq
ish woyia olajkakg jQfha h'
zzT'ZZ uu lSfj' zzwkfmalaIs; m%;smdl .ek kshuhg
^Law of Unintended Consequences&" fyd`ou WodyrKh ;uhs
tal' lrkak yokafk tl fohla' ta;a wka;sf ,efnkafk
n,dfmdfrd;a;= fkdfjp krl m%;sM,'ZZ

zzT'ZZ uu lSfj' zztal fjkafk wksjdh jfgdare ksid'

T!IO wekjq lrkafk jfgdarej ,shk ffjoHjrhhs' ta;a"
hou orkafk lo@ ta inkaOfhka lsisu y`vla k`.kak
ne frda.shd' ta ksid wvqu ,g b,a lrkak Wkkajla
ffjoHjrekag keye'ZZ
80

81

fmdyshkag wdl kqjK

fmdyshkag wdl kqjK

10

10

m%pKav;ajh (

;a;r fkd`o
T, iEh fkdyelshs!

is

iq k a frd;a ; la iu. wdmk Yd,djg je f;a

fldamamhla f mqreoaola ug ;sK' O wdl"
foaYmd,k ud;Dld iy m%Yk
a idlPd lsug isiy
q q fuu wjia:dj
m%fhdackhg .;a y' uf.a N+ldj jQfha idlPdj mS,s mek
fjkia u.l hkafka k jqjukd fgl uey;a h<s;a mS,a,g"
ksis u.g .ekSu iy we;s h yels WKqiq ;;a;aj md,kh
lsu h'
zzwo ldf, rf m%pKav l%shd mqu f.fhka by< hkjd'
lsisu flfkl=g wdrlaIdjla ke;s ;;ajhl=hs wo ;sfhkak' ug
flaka;s" ug ta .ek lsisu fohla lrkak ne tl .ekhs'ZZ tla
YsIHfhla lSh'
zztal we;a;'ZZ ;j;a YsIHfhla Bg inkaO h' zztaflka
wfma ;;a ldndiskshd fj,d hkjd'ZZ

bm;a lsug ;e;a fkdl< y' tjeks ixjdohlska lsis w:hla

fkdue;s j. jegyS .sh ksid foda" Tjqyq lsish ms<s;=rla
wfmalaIdfjka ufoi ne y'
zzwdl oHd{hd m%pKav;ajh yd n,kafk fjkia
ylg'ZZ uu lSfj' zzwdl l%shdldrlj, ;rla fkfjhs"
kEu l%shdldrlul kshef<oa fhdod .kak fjk wksjdh"
j<lajkak ne" fhojqula yg ;uhs wdl oHd{fhd
m%pKav;ajh i,lkafk' iudch" Thd, jf.a wh talg leu;s
keye' ta;a lsiu
s l,amhla we;af;;a keye' yeu l%h
s dldrlulau
biairyg hkafk m%pKav;ajh Wv ;uhs' N+h" Y%uh" m%d.aOkh"
jHjidh jf.au w;au ksIamdok idOlh jk mirh wereKu
iuyre yhfjks ks I a m dok idOlh yg y`ka j ka f ka
m%pKav;ajhhs'ZZ
uf.a ;lh f;are .ekSug Tjqkag fkdyels jQ nj
fmksK' tneka foda Tjqyq ufoi ms<sir ne,aula fyE y'
zzm%pKav;ajh lshkafk flfkla ;uka u;" tfyu
ke;ak wksla wh u; we;s lrk" uqod yk ldhsl" udkisl
fokdj yg ir,j y`kajkak mqjka'ZZ uu uf.a meye,s
lsu wer' zzldhsl" udkisl fokdjla ke;sj wmg ir,
l%shdldrlula j;a lrkak neye' WodyrKhla yg fmd;la
lshjk tl .kak' tal lrkak uki;a" Yrh;a fjfyijkak
k' ta fjfyi ksid fokdj;a" taksidu `ojkak;a is fjkjd'
tal ;uhs ;uka u; we;s lrk m%pKav;ajh lshkafk'Z

zztfyu ke;s rgla ljodl we;s fjhso ukao'ZZ YsIHdjla

iqiq ,Ejd h'

zzta;a" wms l;dlrk m%pKav;ajh lshkafk fjkia tlla'

tal flfkla fjk flfklag we;s lrk fokdj' tal iudc
Wmjhla'ZZ YsIHfhla ueoaog mekafka h'

uu u`o f,djla Tjqkag ijka ks' yeu fokd u

m%pKav;ajfha f.drr nj .ek woyia olajkq kd i`ula

zztal isoaO fjkafk wks;a whf.ka jev .kak .shdu'

ys;kak" Thd,f.ka ljqre y ux hgf;a jev lrkak l=,shg

82

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fmdyshkag wdl kqjK

.;a; lsh,d' t;k" ux Thd inkaOfhka m%pKav;ajh md
lrkjd' ux n,dfmdfrd;a;= fjk yg jef flfrkafk
ke;ak ux Thdg ;ckh lrkak bv ;shkjd' wia lr,
odkak;a mqjka' taflka Thd nh fjkjd' ta nh ksid udkisl
fokdjla we;s fjkjd' ta tlalu" Thd, ux hgf;a we;a;gu
jev lrkjd lsh,d ys;uq' t;fldg Yrh fjfyijkak fjkjd'
tal Yrhg fokdjla f.k fokjd' ta ksid ux uf.a mSvkh"
m%pKav;ajh Thd, u; uqod yehdu lsis leue;a;la ke;=ju
Thd,f. Yrhg la fokak fjkjd' ta;a ux m%pKav;ajh md
fkdlf<d;a fudlo fjkafk@ yhg jev lrkafk keye' tfyu
neju Thd, fjfyi jkafk" yhg Thd,f.ka jevla .kafk"
m%pKav;ajh md lrk ksihs'ZZ
zzta;a ksiaiqkag ;ck .ck lrkjg jvd ta ksiaiqkag
fyd`og i,l,d" fyd`o mhla" ukdjla ,d jev .kak neo@ZZ
tla;rd" isiqhla uf.a ;lhg m%;s;l f.dkq l<d h'
zztfyu lrkak mqjka' ta;a taflka ke;s fjkafk nh
ksid we;sfjk udkisl mSvdj ;rhs' wjYH fiajh fokak"
ksIamdokh lrkak" fldfydu;a Yrh fjfyijkak fjkjd'
fldfydu;a jef wudre k" lrf.k hkak nek ysf;a
mSvkhl=;a fokdjl=;a we;s fjkjd' t;fldg fudlo fjkafk@
ux m%pKav yg Thd,g ie,l=f ke;;a Thd, ;uka ;ukagu
m%pKav fjkjd' wkqka we;s l<;a" ;uka we;s l<;a tlu
m%;M
s ,hhs' m%pKav;ajh lshkafk m%pKav;ajhu ;uhs'ZZ uu wehg
meye,s lf<'
zzy" m%pKav;ajh j<lajkak;a nek" tal wjYH tlla
k fudllao tafl ;shk jro@ZZ ;j;a isiqfjla m%Yak lf<a h'
zzm%pKav;ajh ;uka we;s l<;a ke;;a" tal ksid fokdjla
we;sfjkjd' ta fokdj ksid mSvkhla" wd;;shla we;sfjkjd'
84

fmdyshkag wdl kqjK

ta mSvkh y yg md,kh lr.;af; ke;ak" wka;sf
oreKq udkisl `o je we;sfjkak mqjka' iuyr fj,djg
ldxidj jf.a udkisl ;;a;aj we;s fjkak mqjka' iuyr
fj,djg Bg;a jvd oreKq mSvfkdakaudoh y" Nskafkdakaudoh
jf.a udkisl `o je we;s fjkak mqjka' idudkHfhka
rgl Y%u n,ldh Th yg f,v jqfKd;a" ta ksid M,odhs;dj
wvqfjkak mqjka' tal rf wdl iqNidOkhg krl yg
n,mdkjd'ZZ uu lSfj'
zzi lshkafk wmg m%pKav;ajh u. ykak ne fohla
lsh, o@ZZ wka YsIHfhla wka wdldrhl m%Yakhla ke`.=f h'
zzkeye'ZZ uu lSfj' zzm%pKav;ajh lshkafk krl fohla'
jdikdjlg jf.a iudcfh m%Odk `oje we;s fkdlrk yg"
m%pKav;ajh ksid we;sjk udkisl wmyiq;d wfydais lrkak
mqjka fjk fy" iudch ysku
a yod.;a;= wdrlaIl Odk
;sfhkjd' m%Yak we;sfjkafk ta wdrlaIl l%uj,g y yg
jev lrkak bvla fkd,efnk fj,djghs'ZZ
zzudrhsfk! wfka i ;j ia;r lrkakfld'ZZ tu isiqjd
u uid isfha h'
zztaj j. y;rla ;shkjd' tlla ;uhs iudcfha ;sfhkjd
wdrlaIl jE,a' lmdg' tajdfhka iudcfh f.dvkef`.k mSvkh
ksoyia flfrkjd' fyd`ou WodyrK ;uhs' u;ameka " iq
fl<S jf.a foaj,a' ldgy lshkak mqjka ,sx.sl lghq;=;a
tfyu tlla lsh,d' wjdikdjlg jf.a f yeu wdrlaIl
lmdghlau iudchg wys;lr foaj,a yg ;uhs wo i,lkafk'
ta ksid tajd md,kh lrkak W;aiy lrkjd' kS;s odkjd' wks;a
wdrlaIl h ;uhs iudcfh ;sfhk lmk wjfYdaIl"
fIdlefidania' ;uka wdorh lrk wh" mjq, jf.a foaj,a
;uhs fyd`ou WodyrK' ta wjfYdaIK l%u u.ska flfklaf.
85

fmdyshkag wdl kqjK

fmdyshkag wdl kqjK

mSvkh Wrd .kakjd' ord .kakjd' ;j;a tlla ;uhs iudc

,dhl" *shqia' fjk fku *shqia tlla jf.a taflka lrkafk
Yd, ydkshla j<lajk tl' wka;su tl ;uhs iudcfh ;shk
isis,k moaO;s" l+,ska isiag' tajd ;shk ksid iudch .sksh
fjkafk keye' mqmqr,d hkafk keye' tajd yhg jdykhl
wekaf ;shk wdrlaIl moaO;s jf.a' tl moaO;shla y jev
lrkafk ke;ak" wekau yhg jev lrkafk keye' iudchg
whym;a lsh, y" rdpdr jev yg i,l, y f.dvla tajd
md,kh lrkak" ;yk lrkak wms W;aidy l<du iudcfh
wdrla I l moa O ;s yhg jev lrka f k keye' t;fldg
m%pKav;ajh Wmu ugfuka we;s fjkjd' iudchla .ska .gu
.sksh fj,d tal m%pKav yg t<shg toa isoaO fjkak mqjka
Nhdkl foaj,a folla ;shkjd' tlla" ;ukaf.u ;h kid
.kak tl' wks;a tl" wks;a whf. ; ke;s lrk tl' .Dyia:
m%pKav;ajh y" jev lrk ;ek m%pKav;ajh y" cd;s-wd.l=, m%pKav;ajh y lshk fku ylg ta wdrlaIl moaO;s
md,kh lsu ksid krl m%;sM, ,efnkak mqjka'ZZ
zzi woyia lrkafk wdl ixjOkh jefjk fldg
m%pKav;ajh;a je fjkak mqjka lsh,o@ZZ tla;rd isiqfjla
ud ;s.eiaiSug ,la lf<a h'
zztal y' by< wdl ixjOkh lshkafk uykais fj,d
jev lsu lshk tl' ta ksid Yd, fjfyila fokdjla we;s
fjkjd' iudc wdrlaIl moaO;sj,g y yg l%shdld fjkak
bv kqkafkd;a" iudcfh m%pKav;ajh W.% fjkak mqjka'ZZ
uu wjika lf<'

11

r:jdyk md,kh (
wdl oHd;aul oDIahlska

zzw

o fmd,sia rd<yd ykafha keye' ta ksid g%e*sla

keye uy;a;hd'ZZ uxikah yryd h mojka
uf.a here ;ek lSf h' ljqfjka msg;g fk;a fyE uu
o uxikafha i;r w;g iqugj" fy fyka r:jdyk .uka
lrkq gqfj' wka wjia:dj, fmd,sia ks,Odfhl= iska r:
jdyk yiqrjkq o uxikah ;rKh lsu msKsi jdyk .=
fmda,s .eiS iskq o uu l we;af;' f jQ l,s uf.a isiqka
yd idlPd lsug ksi"s lu ud;Dldjla fkdf hs uu l,amkd
lf<'
uu foaYk Yd,df isik
q g
a ta .ek i`oyka fldg Tjqkf
a .a
woyia uiS'
zzfmd,sish uey;a fj,d r:jdyk md,kh lrkjd
lshkafk rch uey;a fjkjd lshk tlhs' yeu rdcH uey;a
ulau wldhlaIu ksid ta uey;a u;a wldhlaIuhs'ZZ tla
YsIHfhla fya;= bm;a lf<a h'
zzyeu rdcH uey;a ulau wldhlaIuhs lshk tl
jerhs'ZZ uu lSfj' zzfjf<`ofmd< uQ,Ou wkq.ukh lrkafk

86

87

fmdyshkag wdl kqjK

ke;s uey;a ;rhs wldhlaIu' rchla fjf<`ofmd< ys;ld
m%;sm;a;s wkq.ukh lrkj k y" ta fjf<`ofmd< hqKq
lrkak lsh
% d lrkjd k y fjf<`ofmd< jf.au rch;a fyd`ohs'
ldhlaIuhs'ZZ
zzta fldfyduo tfyu fjka f k@ZZ ;j;a is i q f jla
weiqf h' zztal lsh,d fokakfld i'ZZ
zzy'ZZ uu Tjqkag meye,s lrkakg W;aidy lf<' zzwehs
r:jdyk ;ono we;s fjkafk@ tal fjkafk yeu flkdu tlu
fj,dfj hkak W;aidy lrk ksihs' fN!;sl jYfhka mdf
;s h k bvlv m% u dKj;a ke;s ks i d yeu fokdgu bvla
,efnkafk keye' wdl oHd{fhda tal y`kajkafk ta
wjia:df ;shk zzud. whs;shZZ tfyu ke;ak ud.h
inkaOfhka ;shk zzfoafmd< whs;shZZ lsh,d' WodyrKhla
yg" yishl jdykj,g myiqfjka hkak mqjka fjkafk
tl tlaflkd hkj k ;rhs' tfyu fkdjqfKd;a biairyg;a
miaig;a hkak ne yg yeu fokdu ykah ueoafo ysrfjkjd'
fl ysrf .egjla (Gridlock Problem) yg wdl
oHdfj y`kajkjd'ZZ
zzka wmsg f;afrkjd'ZZ isiqhla lSjd h' zzrch ys;kjd
f ysrf .egj i`okak ;ukag fyd`og mqjka lsh,d' ta
ksid jdyk md,kh lrkak rch fmd,sish fhdojkjd'ZZ
zzyhg y'ZZ uu lSfj' zzfmd,sia rd<yd W;aidy
lrkafk jdyk mojk whg ud. whs;sh , m%Yafk i`okak'
t;fldg tlaflfkl=g ;rla tlfj,djlg hkak mqjka'
ta;a" ysrf .egjg thdg id:l i`ula fokak mqjkao
lsh,d ;SrKh fjkafk ud. whs;sh fok moku Wvhs'ZZ
ixjdoh fnfyka rij;a jQ fyhska foda isiqyq lgj,a
werf.k ufoi n,d iskakg jQ y'
88

fmdyshkag wdl kqjK

zzfjf<`ofmd<l b,au wkqj ud. whs;sh meju u.ska
ysrf .egjg W;a;r ,efnkjd' tl w;=re mdrlska jdyk
je m%udKhla tkjd lsh,d ys;uq' t;fldg mdfr ta me;a;g
uq,a;ek ,efnkjd' thd, ff.ka ykah myq lrk fldg ta
b,au imQK fjkjd' wks;a whg;a wjia:djla ,efnkjd'
t;fldg w;=re mdrj,aj, ud. ;onoh kslu myiqfjka
,sys,a fjkjd' jdykj,g ff.ka ykah myq lr,d hkak
fjf<`ofmd< bv fokjd' ta jf.au ud. whs;shg ;shk w
b,au imQK fjkjd'ZZ
zzi lshkafk b,af ;ru wkqj fmd,sish m%uqL;ajh
fokjd k tal fjf<`ofmd< jf.au ldhlaIuhs lsh,do@ZZ
miqmi fma<sfha jQ YsIHfhla weiqf h'
zzThd y'ZZ uu lSfj'
zztfyk wehs fmd,sish l ms<smkafk ke;af;@ZZ h<s;a
tu isiqjd u uiS h'
zzfya;= f.dvla ;shkjd'ZZ uu lSfj' zzm<fjks tl ;uhs"
yeu mdfru ta fj,djg ;shk jdyk ;onoh .ek imQK
wjfndaOhla ke;s tl' ta lshkafk wjYH f;dr;=re thdg ke;s
fjkak mqjka' ta;a l ojilg miafi tal tpr m%Yakhla
fjkafk keye' rd<ydg mqjka l,ska w;alSfuka bf.k
.kak' ta;a f,dl=u fya;=j l fkfjhs' ndf. g rd<yd
ys ; kjd fjka k mq jka " thdf. j.lS u fjka f k w;= r e
mdrj,aj,ska tk wh" wvq jrm%ido ;sfhk wh" ta ksid thd,g
;ek fokak k lsh,d' tal lla iudcjd ys;jla! t;fldg
thd, w;=remdfr tk jdykj,g bvfokjd' fudlo fjkafk@
m%Odk mdf jdyk ;onohla we;s fjkjd' jdyk fmda,s .
jefjk fldg jdykj, ff. wvq fjkjd' ykah myq lrkak
89

fmdyshkag wdl kqjK

fmdyshkag wdl kqjK

je fj,djla .; fjkjd' t;fldg fjkafk fudllao@

ys;du;du yomq jdyk ;onohlska mdr weysfrkjd'ZZ

zzta;a mdr udre fjk <uhs .ek fudlo lrkafk@ ljqre

y fk fjkafk keoao@ZZ tu isiqh u h<s weiqjd h'

zztal k ldrhla' Wojg tk rd<ydu m%Yafk ;j

;j .a.iaikjd' wjq,a lrkjd'ZZ b fma<sfha jQ YsIHdjla
lSjd h'

zzt;ek <uhskag ud. whs;sh fokak fjkafk md,

y Wux ud. y yo,d mdr udre fjkak bv yo, ;uhs'
t;fldg jdykj,g ud. whs;sh wjysr fjkafk keye' ka
fjkafk tafl wks;a me;a;' <uhskag mdr udrefjkak lsh,
jdyk imQKfhkau wjysr lr, bv fok tl y fohla
fkfjhs'ZZ

zzta;a rd<yd tal okafk keye' thd ;kau ys;kafk

jdyk md,kh lsu ksid thd lrkafk fiajhla lsh,d' thdg
we;a;gu i;=gq fjkak" wdvnr fjkak mqjka thd uey;a
jqKdu idudkH fj,djg jvd je ff.ka jdyk ykah
myqlrkjd k ;rhs'ZZ
zzb;sx i lshkafk fmd,sih
s imQKfhkau whska fjkak
k lsh, o@ZZ miqmi fma<sfha isiqjd h<s;a uiS h'
zzkeye' uey;aula jqjukdhs' ta;a tal fjf<`ofmd<g
ys;lr .e<fmk tlla fjkak k' fjk ylg lsfjd;a
fjf<`ofmd<g ;ukaf. rdcldh yhg lrkak taflka Wojla
,efnkak k' tal lrkak mqjka ix{d t<s ;sfhk fldg'
je ;onohla ;shk mdf jdyk lg biafi,a, hkak fokak
k'ZZ

zzf yeu tlu yokak i,a,s fokafk lo@ n f.jk

who@ZZ ;j;a isiqfjl=g k .ekSug jqjukd jQfha iqfYaI
bijls'
zztal tpr m%Yk
a hla fkfjhs'ZZ uu lSfj' zzjdyk t,jk
whgu mqjka talg uqo,a imhkak' fya;=j t;fldg thd,f.
ld,h ho fjk tl wvq fjk ksihs'ZZ
zzfflka wmsg f;are .kak ;sfhkafk tl fohhs'
fjf<`ofmd< isoaOdka;j,g reoaOj rchla uey;a fjk tl
rgl wdlhlg iEfykak ydkshla lrk njhs'ZZ tu isiqjd
iar y`ka lSf h'

zzta jqK;a jdyk ;onoh je jqKdu fjf<`ofmd<g jqK;a

ysrf .egjg i`ula fokak nefjkafk ta ksidu fkao@ZZ
;j;a isiqhla weiqjd h'
zzt;fldg W;a;f ;uhs je jdyk m%udKhlg hkak
mqjka yg mdf bvlv je lrk tl' ;j;a fyd`ou
l,amhla ;uhs yeu me;af;kau tk jdykj,g tl fj,dfj
ykah myq lrkak mqjka yg .=jka md, yok tl' t;fldg
fmd,sia mqglaj;a fku keye'ZZ
90

91

fmdyshkag wdl kqjK

fmdyshkag wdl kqjK

12

tfy;a Kh uqo,a jdikdj ;Uhl= udhs fkdl<d fia

wldfha m% O dks h d jokl= m% l dY fkdlf<a h' Tyq f .a
ukafoda;aidyS w,i .;sh flfrys wdh;k m%Odkshdf.a isf;ys
Wmkafka ;on, flaka;shls' zzfl l,d;=rlska tk wjia:djla'
wms tal ke;s lr.kafk fudlgo@ZZ Tyq h<s;a wldfha
m%Odkshdg l;d lf<a h'

Kh u.

zzfldfyduo fl wmg wdfj@ m%fmdai,a tlla fokak

lsh, thd,f.ka b,ajo@ZZ wka;sf wldfha m%Odkshd l;d
lf<a h'

fmd,S rys;

u rdcH wdh;kfha m%Odkshd miqjf

Q ha ord.; fkdyels
;r Wmu i;=glska yd m%fndaOhlsk's msgrglska
wd wuq;a;l= iska Tyqf.a ish uqo,a Ialr;d i`od,Sug
ksh; h' wuq;a;d iska Tyqg weuldkq fvd, ,shk foll
Kh uqo,la m%odkh fldg we;' th fmd,S rys; Khls' wdmiq
f.h hq;= jkafka wjqre .Kkdjlg miq h' fhdackdj uiqrka
j' tfyhska lsisfia;a th u. yeh hq;= ke;' f ksf,daNS
fhdackdj inkaOfhka wkque;sh ,nd .ekSug Tyqg wjYH
h'
zzthd,g k tlu fohhs' f uqo,a wfma rgg jqjukdhs
lsh, ,shqula ;rhs' t;fldg thd, wjYH uqo,a tl;= lr,
wmg tjkj'ZZ wdhdpkd;aul ne,aulska hq;=j Tyq wld n,h
iys; wdh;kfha m%Odkshd foi nef h' is;d .ekSugj;a
fkdyels ;r f id Yd, uqo,la rgg ,nd .ekSug l< hq;=
jQfha wod< wldh iska ,smshla ksl=;a lsu muKla nj
meye,s h' tfia k wjia:dj u. ykafka l=ug o@
92

zzkeye' wyfnka wms j f;da r f.k ;s f hka f k' f

fj,dfj wmsg wksjdhfhka uqo,a k fj,d ;sfhk nj thd,
f;are wrka ;sfhkjd' Tn;=ud okakjfk wms nexl=j,g mqu
;r Kh nj' wksl" wjqre .Kkla b`oka wmg mdvqhs' lemsg,a
tl;a imQKfhkau bjrhs' talhs fl wmg f.dvla jkafk'ZZ
wdh;k m%Odkshd lSf h'
zztfyk fl b,a,kafk;a ke;=ju n,y;aldrfhka fok
Khla' ta wh ta ;r fjiaika;r fhdackdjla lrkafka wehs
lsh, kslugj;a ys;, nefj keoao@ZZ wldfha m%Odkshd uid
isfha h'
wdh;k m%Odkshd u`ola ;s.eiaiS isfha h' wldfha
m%Odkshd fj;ska tn` Rcq m%Yakhla Tyq lsis fgl;a wfmalaId
fkdl< nj fmksK' zzuu okafk keye'ZZ Tyqg .<md .; yels
jQfha tmuKls'
zzf n,kak'''''ZZ wldfha m%Odkshd l;d lrkakg
jQfha h' zzmsgrgj,ska uqo,a .kak tl ta ;r f,aismdiq jevla
fkfuhs' m%d.aOk fjf<`ofmd<ska Th jf.a Kh uqo,la tl;=
lroa ;o kS;s ;s wkq.ukh lrkak isoaO fjkjd' wer;a Th
93

fmdyshkag wdl kqjK

fmdyshkag wdl kqjK

jf.a Kh myiqlj,g by< b,aula ;sfhkjd' b;ska lsis

m%Yakhla ke;=j fmd,shla wh lr f.k Khg fokak mqjkalu
;sfhoa" Th yg fmd,S ke;s Khla fokj lsju tal mquhg
ldrKhla fkfjhso@ZZ

zzta;a thd, ug nexl=jlska .;a; ,shqula mjd fmkakqjfk'

Th lshk fy iQ;a;rldrfhd k fldfyduo lsis m%Yakhla
ke;= j yeuodu Th jef lrka f k@ZZ wdh;k m% O dks h d
weiqf h'

wdh;k m%Odkshd ksy`vj isfha h' ms<;

s r
= la imhd .ekSug
Tyq wfmdfydi;a jQfha h' wldfha m%Odkshd h<s;a l;d
lrkakg jQfha h'zz Th ksiaiq we,a," wka;cd;sl fydre"
lmfhd' Th lrkafk uqo,a Y=oalrKh ^Money Laundering& lshk jef' ta lshkafk krl yg Wmhmq i,a,s" Wmhmq
y t<s lrkak ne i,a,s thd,g fk idudkH" mss<s.;a"
kS;Hkql+, l%uh we;=<g f.akak' rchla kakq ,shqula thd,g
fk lrkafk talg' ta ,shqu we;a;gu nefjd;a wemlrhla
jf.a' Th ,shqu kakg miafi Th ksiaiq l o iq o lsh,j;a
n,d .kak yn fjkafk keye'ZZ

zznexl=fjka kak ,shqu fyd`og nejo@ZZ wldfha

m%Odkshd ydr ydrd weiqf h' zzTh ,shq fydrg yomqjd' l+G
f,aLk' tfyu fydr ,shq fkfjhs lsh,d ys;uq' tfyu k
taj wrka ;sfhkafk uqo,a Y=oalrKh lshk jefg mdrdi
fjp rgj,aj, ;sfhk nexl=j,ska' lek mf;a y" ngysr
bkah m;aj, y ;sfhk nexl=j,ska Th jf.a ,shq f,aisfhka
.kak mqjka' t;fldg nexl=j, we;a; ke;a; fydhd .kak
yu wudrehs'ZZ wldfha m%Odkshd meye,s lf<a h'

zzthd, l;d lf<a iEfyk Yajdihla we;sfjk ygfk'

Th jf.a u.hla lrkj lsh, ug kslugj;a ys;=fK keye
l;d lrmq yg'ZZ wdh;k m%Odkshd tjr m%;spdr la h'
zzT' tfyu lrka k thd,j fyd`og mq y q K q lr,
;sfhkafk' kshu" fyd`o ksiaiq o lsh, iel lrkakj;a neye'
uu l, ;sfhkj thd, fyd`o m<mqre" f;mrd fjp
foaYmd,k{fhd mjd fyd`og rjgkjd' yefudau thd,f.
iqrx.kd l;dj,g kslu /jfgkjd' Th jf.a Kh uqo,aj,g
leue;a; , foaYmd,k{hkaf. ,shq k ;r wmsg ,efnkj'
wms uql=;a lshkak l,ska fyd`og fydh, n,kjd' fvd, m%flda
.Kka fokak ,Eia;s jqK;a Th ksii
a k
q f
a . wev%ia tlla ;rj;a
wmsg fydhd.kak neye' Bg miafi wms ryiskau Wmfoia fokj
foaYmd,lhkag Th jf.a Kh myiql .kak hkak tmd lsh,d'ZZ
wldfha m%Odkshd meye,s lf<a h'
94

fkdoka k d foa Y hls k a x.d .;a yd fflrdl

iQ;;
a rldrfhl=f.ka kQf,ka f .;a fmkqula wdh;k m%Odkshd
fj;ska ia h'
wldfha m%Odkshd h<s;a l;d lrkakg jQfha h' zzl
ldf,lg l,ska fyd`o l;djla ;sn lilia:dkaldrfhd
fokafkla .ek' tlaflfkla ms flfkla' wks;a tlaflkd
thdf. `o yg r`.mdmq ta tlalu thdf. NdId mj;lhd
yehg jev lrmq y ,iaik fkdakd flfkla' taf.d,a, f.kdj
fhdackdjla wfma f;,a ixia:djg fjf<`ofmd< ,g jvd
wvqfjka fndrf;,a fokak' ljqre;a ys;mq ke;s yg ixia:dj
lg wyqjK
q d' wms weyqj wr ir, m%Yf
a ku' f,dal fjf<`ofmdf<a
Th ;r by< b,aula ;sfhk fldg" tfy l=Kkafk ke;=j
wmsg fjf<`ofmd< ,g;a jvd wvqjg fokafk wehs lsh,@
ms<s.kak mqjka W;a;rhla ,enqfK keye' ta ksid m%Yafk r
. .sfha keye' tfyu ke;akx ljodj;a iudj fokak ys;kakj;a
95

fmdyshkag wdl kqjK

fmdyshkag wdl kqjK

13

ne ;r fudavlula ksid uq rgu f,dl= wnqohlg hkak

bv ;snqKd'ZZ
zzlla ys;, n,mq ke;s tl .ek ug ka ugu ,echs'
kQf,ka frefKa'ZZ .= iqiqula fy<d wdh;k m%Odkshd wka;sf
ish jro ms<s.;af;a h'
zz,ec fjkak jqjukd keye' f,dafl mqrd isoaO fjk
uqo,a .kqfokq .ek kqula ke;s fku flfkla Th jf.a
fydrekag wyqfjkak mqjka' fufy ks,Odfhla mjd tl mdrla
Th jefg /jgqKd' wmsg wykak ;sfhkafk tl ir, m%Yk
a hhs'
f,dal fjf<`ofmdf<a Khg , fmd,S wdodhula .kak mqjkalu
;sfhoa fudk flfy,au,lg wmsg wdofg kslx i,a,s fokj
o lsh,@ZZ wldfha m%Odkshd u`ola ;ka lSf h'
zzf ;e/ldrhkaf.ka wms miaix fjkak fk fkao@ZZ
wdh;k m%Odkshd uid isfha h'
zzyhg y'ZZ wldfha m%Odkshd lSf h' zzlla miaix
jqfKa ke;a;x Th jf.a u.j,g wms okafku ke;=j wyq fjkak
mqjka' thd, b,lal lrkafk fcHIaG rdcH fiajlfhd" ixia:d
m%Odksfhd" foaYmd,lfhd" weu;sjre jf.a wh' b;ska W.=,g
wyqfjkafk ke;=j bkak thd, miai fjkak fk' wmsg
msgrg i,a,s fk k" y yg fjf<`ofmd<g hkak k'
talg houla ork tfla jklula" M,la" m%fhdackhla
;sfhkjd'ZZ wldfha m%Odkshd tfia lshka ,sms f.dkqj jid
uqf h'

i,a,s wpq .eiSu

ms<sn`o jdoh

ud

foaYk Yd,djg toa tys tl u .d,f.dahls'

zzuy nexl=j f;d. mska i,a,s wpq .y, lsh,
tlaflfkla kshug Tmamq lr, ;sfhkjd'ZZ
lsis;a jgyd .; fkdyels fia uu Tjqka foi ne,S' tg
tla YsIHfhla uE; m<jQ mqj;am;lska lmd .;a ,smshla by<g
Tijd fmkajkakg jQfha h'
zzuy nexl=j i,a,s wpq .y, ;sfhkjd lsh, Th f,aLlhd
fldfyduo Tmamq lrkafk@ZZ uu Tjqkf
a .ka fmr<d m%Yk
a lf<'
zzuy nexl=j wdKavqjg kakq Kh lkaordj .ek ia;r
thd , ;sfhkjd' ta ksid wdKavqjg Kh , i,a,s wpq .ymq
nj thd Tma m q lr, ;s f hkj'ZZ fmr Ys I Hhd u ms < s ; = r e
kafka h'
zzuq b;sydfi mqrdu uy nexl=j i,a,s wpq .y, ;sfhkj"
fudlo ksiaiqkag ;ukaf. .kqfokq lrkak i,a,s fk ksid'
tafl uql;
= a mqu fjkak" ;l lrkak fohla keye'ZZ uu lSfj'

96

97

fmdyshkag wdl kqjK

fmdyshkag wdl kqjK

zzta;a fudloao Th f,aLlhd k`.k ;fl@ lshuq n,kak'ZZ uu

Tjqkaf.ka weiS'

ksid nia tfla hoa l .kak i,a,s ke;sfjkj lsh,' Thd,

fudk ;r wmyiq;djlg m;afjkjo@ZZ

zzthd lshkafk i,a,s wpq .ymq ksid WoaOukh we;sfj,d

;sfhkj lsh,d' i" we;a;gu nefjd;a myq.sh wjqre fofla
wdKavqjg mq Khhs WoaOukhhs tlu yg fjkiafj,d
;sfhkafk' wdKavqjg kakq Kh jefjk fldg WoaOukh;a
jefj,d' wvqfjk fldg wvqfj,d' ta lshkafk ka ;sfhk
WoaOukhg j.lshkak fk uy nexl=j ;uhs'ZZ Tyq meye,s
lf<a h'

zzta jq K ;a f f,a L lhd jer jf.a u y fjka f k

fldfyduo@ZZ Tjqyq uf.a wjOdkh m%Odk m%Yakh fj; fhduq
l< y'

zz<uhsfka'''''ZZ uu Tjqka weu;S' zzTh f,aLlhd lshk

tl y' ta jf.au jerhs'ZZ
Tjqkaf.a uqyqKq weomeo .sfha h' lsish flfkl= tlajr
ksjer yd jer jkafka flfia hs Tjqkag m%fya<sldjla
we;=jdg iel ke;' Tjqkag lsish m%udKhlska f;are l<
hq;=j we;ehs uu is;=fj' uu m<uqfjka f f,aLlhd jer
jk wdldrh ia;r lsu wdrN lf<'
zzjOkh fjk wdlhlg uqo,a jqjukdhs' ta ksid uy
nexl=jl j.lSu ;uhs wdlhg wjYH m%udKhg uqo,a imhk
tl'ZZ uu uf.a foaYkdj wer' YsIH YsIHdfjda whd.;a weiska"
uqka idjOdkj ys`;s' zzWodyrKhla yg Thd, fmd,af.hla
ksIamdokh lrkj" ta f.fh , remsh,a oyhhs lsh, ys;uq'
t;fldg fmd,af.h l=Kkak k remsh,a oyhla jqjukd
fjkj' f. folla ksIamdokh lf<d;a ta f. fol l=Kkak
remsh,a iaila fk fjkj' ta m%udKhg uqo,a ksIamdokh lf<a
ke;ak fudlo fjkafk@ fjf<`odu isoaO fjkak kE ;rla
fkfjhs wm%udK lrorhlg uqyqK fokak isoaO fjkj' ys;kak
Thd, .ek' uy nexl=j jqjukd ;r i,a,s wpq .y, ke;s
98

uu ms<s;=re ks' zzuy nexl=j wdKavqjg Kh kaku

w;ska uqo,a we;sfjkj" ta woyiska w;ska i,a,s wpq .ykj
lshk tl y' fya;=j" uy nexl=j wdKavqjg remsh,la Khg
kafkd;a" wdKavqj tal ho lf<d;a" w;ska remsh,la
wdlhg tl;= fjkj' tal l,ska ;sfn ke;s tlla'ZZ
zztfyk fldfyduo thd jer fjkafk@ZZ uq,ska m%Yak
l< YsIHhd u kej; weiqf h' we;e g ud Tjqka rjgkafka
hehs Tjqka is;kjd h yels h'
zzthd jer fjkafk fldfyduo okakjo@ WoaOukh
we;sfjkafk uy nexl=j wdKavqjg fok Kh ksid ;rla
fkfjhs' WoaOukh we;sfjkafk uq uQ,H l%uh mqrdu ;shk
ishu uqo,aj,ska' ta lshkafk uy nexl=jhs" jdKsc nexl=hs
lshk fof.d,a,kaf.u lghq;= ksid uqo,a uefjkj' ta uq uqo,a
f;d.h md lr, ;sfhk NdKav" fiajd f;d.h yUd f.k
hkfldg , .Kka by< hkj'ZZ
zzta lshkafk jdKsc nexl=;a i,a,s ujkj o@ZZ Tjqyq
mqufhka fuka weiQ y'
zzT'ZZ uu lSfj' zzta;a uQ,sl c imhkafk uy nexl=jhs'
tal yhg f.dfhla nqi,la by< wka;sug nqi,a f.dvl
wiajekak .kakj jf.a' wiajekak bymq weg .Kk wkqj
;SrKh fjkj jf.au" nexl= ujmq imQK uqo,a m%udKh ;SrKh
fjkafk uy nexl=j odmq c uqo,a m%udKh wkqjhs'ZZ
99

fmdyshkag wdl kqjK

zzuy nexl=j c uqo,a ksIamdokh lrkj! ug kx Yajdi
lrkak;a nE'ZZ b fmf<ys jQ YsIHdjla ish wYajdih m<
l<d h'
zziy;sl jYfhkau'''''ZZ uu ms<s;=re ks' zz''''c uqo,aj,g
lshkafk ix; uqo,a ^Reserve Money&" tfyu ke;ak" mok
uqo,a ^Base Money& lsh,' ix; uqo,a ksIamdokh fjkafk
wdKavqjg Khg kaku ;rla fkfjhs' uy nexl=j fjk
nexl=jlska fvd, , .kak fldg;a tal isoaO fjkj' fya;=j
;uhs" fvd, .kak fldg tafl jkdlug iudk remsh,a
fokak fjk ksid' talu isoaO fjkj uy nexl=j jdKsc
nexl=j,g Kh kakdu;a' uy nexl=j ;ukaf. fiajlhkag
mk f.joa;a uqo,a ksIamdokh fjkj' ta ksid i,a,s wpq
.ykak n,mdk fya;= .Kkdjla ;sfhkj' wmsg meye,s
lr.kak k jeo.;au ldrfKa flhs' ix; uqo,a f;d.h
ks I a m dokh lrk tl md,kh lrka k fk' t;fldg
WoaOukhla we;sfjk yg jdKsc nexl=j,g;a jqjukdjg jvd
uqo,a ujkak nefjkjd'ZZ

fmdyshkag wdl kqjK

ksihs' wka;sug lshkak ;sfhkafk fuprhs' uy nexl=j i,a,s
wpq .y, ;shkj k" ta wdlhg i,a,s wjYH ksihs'ZZ
zzwdKavqj Kh .kak tl .ek i fudlo lshkafk@ tal
m%Yakhla fkfjhso@ZZ Tjqyq uiQ y'
zzwe;a;' tal m%Yakhla ;uhs' ta;a wdKavqfj whjeh ys`.h
;sfhk ;dla tal j<lajkak neye' ta ksid ;uhs wdKavqfj
ueld,Sk whjeh m%;sm;a;sfhka whjeh ys`.h l%udkql+,j wvq
lrkak W;aidy lrkafk' u;l ;shd .kak" 1954 - 55 lshk
wjqre fol wereKu" ksoyi ,nmq ojfi b`okau ys`. whjeh
.ek wfma rg l=m%lghs' wms mqre fjkak fk yeufoau
wdKavqfjka n,dfmdfrd;a;= fkdfjkak' yeufoau wdKavqfjka
b,a,kafk ke;=j bkak' fyd`o" ta lshkafk" wdodhug wkqj
ho lrk whjeh m%;sm;a;shla l%shd;aul lrkak wms;a
wdKavqjg bv fokak k' wvq WoaOukhla <`.d lr.kak rglg
mqjka fjkafka tfyu lf<d;a ;rhs'ZZ uu lSfj'

zzi w`.jkafk" ix; uqo,a ksIamdokh lrkak uy

nexl=jg ie,eiaula ;shkj lsh,o@ZZ wr isiqh kej;;a m%Yak
l<d h'
zzuy nexl=f uqo,a m%;m
s ;a;h
s u mok fjkafk ta ie,eiau
Wv ;uhs' uy nexl=j wjqreoao uq, ix; uqo,aj,g b,lal
ksfokh lrkj' Bg miafi ta b,lal <`.d lr.kak yeu
W;aidyhlau orkj' jqjukdjg jvd ix; uqo,a ksIamdokh
lrkak uy nexl=j bv fokafk keye' ta ksid Th lshk i,a,s
wpq .eys,a, lrkafk ie,eiaula wkqjhs' ta ;rla fkfjhs'
uy nexl=fj ho yg md,kh lrkak;a isoaO fjkj'
fya;=j" uy nexl=fj ho ksid ix; uqo,a ksIamdokh fjk
100

101

fmdyshkag wdl kqjK

fmdyshkag wdl kqjK

14
ksoyia wOHdmkh (

we;a; jYfhka u ksoyia o@

tu.ska .=Kd;aul wOHdmkhla
iy;sl h yels o@

zzYS%

,xldj lrkj jf.a f,dafl yeu rglau yeu

fokdgu wOHdmkh fkdf,a fokak fk'ZZ
r m%isoaO bkah Yaj oHd,hlska wd m%K uydpdhjrhd
m%ldY fldg isfha h' fuu fhdackdj weiQ f,dj kka foiska
wd fiiq Yaj oHd, uydpdhjrekaf.a uqyqKq o wdf,dalj;a
h' tfy;a f u;h Yajdi fkdl< tla uydpdhjrfhla
m%isoafha u ish frdaOh m%ldY lf<a h' zzta;a" wjYH lrk
.=Kd;aul ;;a;ajh ;shd .kak nefj,d ;sfhk ksid wo
fjkfldg ksoyia wOHdmkh lshk ixl,amh ;on, yg
fpkh flfrkj' Nd.j, wiu;a fjk m%;sY;h oji
.dfk by< hk tflka fl fyd`ogu meye,s fjkj' ta ksid
foumshkag isoO
a fj,d ;sfhkafk fyd`o W.;a" nqo
a u;a orefjla
.ek n,dfmdfrd;a ; = ;s h d .ka k fkfjhs ' jevlg ke;s
frdvqfndvqj,ska iEySug m;afjkak'ZZ
iEu fokdg u wOHdmk wjia:d i,ikafka flfia o
hkak ms<sn`o iuka;%Kh flfrk bkahdf mej;s cd;Hka;r
iuqjlg wms tla isfhuq' iudcfha wjia:d ke;s" mS;
102

lKavdhj,g iudc ysKsfmf;a by< hdug fok wk>;u

Wmdhud.h f,i tys wOHdmkh i,lk ,'
wm fofofkl= YS% ,xldj fjkqfjka iyNd.S is w;r
iNdf is fndfyda fofkla wfma woyia wfmalaIdfjka miq jQ
y' uf.a ;%hd ke`.S isfha h' zzYS% ,xldf jqK;a wOHdmkh
ksoyfia fuka ;rla .=Kd;aul nj .ek iy;slhla fokak
neye' WodyrKhla yg" ,xldf ;sfhk idudkH fm<
Ndf. ishhg iaila ;ukaf. u NdIdj" ta lshkafk isxy,
y fou< y NdIdj wiu;a fjkj' ishhg yegla" yeg myla
;r bx.S%is" .Ks;h" oHdj wiu;a fjkj' lsis u ,l=Kla
.kafk ke;s iEfyk ixLHdjla bkakj' ishhg oyhla ;r
yeu Ihu wiu;a fjkj' ta ksid" ho lrk uqo,a .ek
ys;, nefjd;a n,dfmdfrd;a;= fjk ;r m%;sM, ,efnkafk
keye'ZZ
tjr t<eUqfKa ud uey;a h hq;= wjia:djhs' zzksoyia
wOHdmkh .ek m%isoaO fj,d ;sfhk woyia tpr y keye'ZZ
uu lSfj' zzf f,dafl lsisu fohla fkdf, ,efnkafk
keye' ljqrey flfkla uq,ska y fjk;a ylska y uql=;a
lem lrkafk ke;=j fudkjy ,efnkj fjkak mqjka' tfy;a
tfyu lem lsula ke;=j thdg ,efnkak mqjka fjkafk
;j;a flfkla lem lsula lrk ksihs' wOHdmkh .ek ys;,
nefjd;a" YsIHfhdkag .dia;=jla f.jkak fjkafk ke;s tl
we;a;' ta;a" n f.jk wh yg rcfha whjeh yryd uq
houu orkak rf ck;djg isoaO fjkj' u;l ;shd .kak"
wOHdmkhg wms remsh,la ho lroa" wfma fjk fudkjy
wjYH;djla bIag lr .kak ;shk wjia:dj wmg ke;s fjkj'
iuyr g" ta wfma .ug mdrla fjkak mqjka' ta ksid fudk
fykaj;a wOHdmkh ksoyfiaj;a fkdf,j;a ,efnkafk
103

fmdyshkag wdl kqjK

fmdyshkag wdl kqjK

keye' tal yhg ldgj;a wvqmdvqjla lrkafk ke;=j ck;djg

fkdf,a ;E.s jjqp fokj jf.a jevla'ZZ

zztal fldfyduo wOHdmkhg wod< fjkafk@ZZ ;j;a

uydpdhjrfhla uid isfha h'

we;e fok ud yd tl`. jk kshdfhka ish ysia jkkakg

jQ y' Tjqkaf.a tl`.;d bhj,ska uu ;j ;j;a u;a ' uu
h<s;a l;d lf<' zzyeufoau fkdf, ,efnkak mqjka tlu
;ekl ;rhs' ta Yl% fohshkaf. jH f,dafl ;rhs' tfy
;sfhkj .yla l,am jDlaIh lsh,' tal w,a,, m%d:kdjla
l<du ;ukag fk kEu fohla ,efnkj' ta;a tfy jqK;a
lem lsula lrkaku fjkj' l,am jDlaIh w,a,kak ;ukaf.
Yla;sh jeh lrkak fjkj' wer;a jH f,daflg hkak k
iEfykak mska /ia lrkak fjkj' mska /ia lrkak fldpr
lem ls lrkak fko@ZZ uq iNdj u isky .kajka uu
we`.gm;g fkdkS lSfj'

uu fkdkj;ajd u ms<s;=re ks' zzksoyia wOHdmkh

.;af;d;a fjk;a ksIamdok wdlD;sj, ;sfhk Rcq fjf<`ofmd<
inka O ;dj lD;s fjp njla ;uhs fma k a f k' ks o yia
wOHdmkh ksIm
a dokh lrkak lKavdh lsym
s hla tl;= fjkj'
ta;a ta ljqrej;a md lrk whg j. lshkafk keye' ta ksid
.=Kd;aul m%;sh ;sfhk ksIamdokhla lrkak" ta wdlD;sh
we;=f< lsisu Wkkajla we;s fjkafk keye'ZZ

zzrcfha mdi,aj, .=Kd;aul nj .ek Tn fudkjo

ys;kafk@ZZwfhla uf.ka weiqfjda h'
ms<s;=rla ilia lr .ekSug uu fudfyd;la jeh lf<'
zzwvq .=Kd;aul nj lshk tl ksoyia wOHdmk wdlD;shg
wdfKsl ,laIKhla' inka ksIm
a dolfhlaf. .=Kd;aul m%;sh
.ek Tng m%Yak ;sfnkjo@ keye' fya;=j ;uhs fm!oa.,sl
ks I a m dok wdlD;s h we;= f < ks I a m dolhdu ;uhs uq o ,a
fhdojkafk;a' wks;a me;af;ka uqo,a f.jk flkd;a" inka
md lrk flkd;a tlaflfkla' ta ksid lKavdh fofla
wdYdj,a" n,dfmdfrd;a;= w;r .egqula keye' uqo,a f.jk
flkdg" tfyu ke;ak md lrk flkdg mqjka b,a
fkdlr ta inka ksIamdolhdg o`vqj fokak' ta ksid .=Kd;aul
m%;shg inka ksIamdokh lrkak ksIamdolhd Wkka fjkj'
ke;ak thdg isoO
a fjkafka thdf. jHdmdrh ke;s lr .kakhs'ZZ
104

zztal ;j lla meye,s lrkak mqjkao@Zz

uu uf.a .%yh wer' zzfu;k uqo,a imhkafk n
f.jk flkdhs' ta jqK;a ksIamdokh lrk ks,Od ;ka;%h" ta
ls h ka f ka mdi,a moa O ;s h md,kh lrka k ta whg neye'
wOHdmkh b,a lrkafk foumsfhd' ta;a mfNdackh
lrkafk thd, fkfjhs' ta ksid .=Kd;aul nj .ek ks.ukhlg
foumshkag tkak neye' wOHdmkh ,nkafk YsIHfhd' ta;a
.=Kd;aul nj .ek thd,g uql=;a lshkak neye' tl fya;=jla
;uhs" wjYH fudloao lshk tl thd,g f;afrkafka" thd,
okafk keye' wksl ;uhs wOHdmkh m%fhdackhg .kafk thd,
fkfjhs' YsIHfhd kslu ksl w;rue fhojqula ;rhs' ta
lshkafk thd, wOHdmk hdka;%Kh ;=<ska yhg .uka lrk
fhojqula fkfjhs' thd, tl fl<jrlska we;= fjkj' wks;a
fl<jka t<shg tkafk;a ta yguhs' hka;h
% lg we;= l<du
msgfjk w;a NdKavhla yg fkfuhs t<shg tkafk! lla
Tmug lr, wks;a whf. mdhg ff.d,a,j t<shg
odkj' f w;rue fhojqu wka;sug md lrkafk" l=,shg
.kafk" fiajdfhdaclfhd' ;uka l=,shg .;a;= fiajlhkag
l=Kkak mqjka ksIm
a dokhla lrkak ne nj thd, blauksku
a
105

fmdyshkag wdl kqjK

fmdyshkag wdl kqjK

15

f;are .kakj' ta;A" fl,skau mdi,aj,g f.j, f fhojq

,nd .ka f k ke;s ks i d ta j d md lrk wh yg
fiajdfhdaclhkag uql=;a lshkak neye' ta ksid" taf.d,a,
lrkafk wvq .=Kd;aul nj .ek m%isoafha lE.y" lE.y
;ukaju my<g odk tl' ta;a wdKavqjg mqjka ta wf`odakdj
.ek wnu,a fKqjlaj;a ys;kafk ke;=j ;uka lrf.k wdmq
ygu ;ukag fk foa ksIamdokh lrkak' ta ksid .=Kd;aul
m%;shla ;shdf.k hkak f wdlD;shg fldfy;au we;a;
jqjukdjla we;s fjkafk keye'ZZ

wmf.a YajoHd, moaO;sh

wvmKj we;af;a wehs@

zzb;ska fudloao i`u@ZZ ljqfoda weiqf h'

zzir,hs' myiqhs'ZZ uu lSfj' zzm%;sM, Wv mok fj,d
mdi,aj,g uqo,a fokak fk' tal lrkak k .=rejreka wdmyq
mqyqKq lrkak fk' tfyu mqyqKq lrkak ne k t<shg
hkak bv fokak k' ta tlalu" fm!oa.,sl mdi,a tlal ;r.hla
we;s lrjkak k'ZZ

h YajoHd,h ;=< meje;ajqKq W;aijhla jQ w;r

tla j is is h u fokd mdfya Ya j oHd,
wdpdhjre jQ y' fYaI wdrdOkhla u; Bg iyNd.s jQ tl u
msgia;rhd uu '
ixjdoh bf u mdfya YajoHd, moaO;sfha j;udk
;;a;ajh idlPd lsu i`oyd fhduq h' j;udk YajoHd,
moaO;sfha mj;akd wnqohg fya;= fukau i` o ;uka olsk
wdldrfhka bm;a lrka fih jgd jQ yeu fokd u mdfya
ixjdohg odhl jQ y' zzwmg ;sfhk f,dl=u m%Yafk ;uhs"
m%udKj;a ;r im;a ke;s tl' wjqreoafoka wjqreoao wdKavqj
wfma uqo,a lm,d od,d ;sfhkafk'ZZ tla;rd uydpdhjrfhla
lshd isfha h'
zztal we;a;' m%;sm;a;s yok ksiaiq Wiia wOHdmkhg
l=vuf.a ie,ls,s ;uhs lrkafk'ZZ ;j;a uydpdhjrfhla
Tyqf.a woyi wkqu; lf<a h'
zzyeu fokdgu YajoHd, wOHdmkh fok tl wdKavqf
j.lSu' ta ksid m%;smdok je lrkak lsh,d b,a,,d wms igka

106

107

fmdyshkag wdl kqjK

fmdyshkag wdl kqjK

lrkak k'ZZ ud <`.ska u is uydpdhjrhd ish i`u fuka

u th idOdrKSlrKh lsu i`oyd fya;= o bm;a lf<a h'

zzta ksid ;uhs wms YajoHd, fm!oa.,sllrKh lrkjg

reoaO'ZZ Tjqkaf.ka wfhla ndOd lf<a h'

iEu wdpdhjrhd u mdfya iudk woyiaj, t,an f.k

is nj fmksK' YajoHd,j,g wjYH m%;smdok by< fkdu
fya;=fjka ish,af,da u mdfya uyd NdKavd.drhg fodaIdfrdamKh
l< y' Tjqkf
a .a ;lh jQfha YajoHd, wOHdmkh ;=<k
s a udkj
m%d.aOkh by< kxjk nj;a" rgla tu wjia:dj wys lr.kafka
k tu.ska wkd.; ixjOkh ukao.d jkq we;s nj;a h'

zztal fm!oa.,sllrKh fkfjhs' ir,j" tal fjkia yl

iakia fudv,a tlla' Thd,d ka lrkafk;a Thd,f. fiajd
wf, lr, wdodh Wmhk tlhs' fiajh wf, lrkak mqjka
fkdfhla lKavdhj,g' tl .dia;=jla wh lr,d fl,skau
isiqkag wf, lrkak mqjka' tfyu ke;ak f;d. jYfhka
wdKa v q j g' tfyu;a ke;a k is i q k a g mq jka wdh;k"
fia j dfhda c lfhda yryd wruq o ,a imhd .ka k ' ta yg
wdh;kj,g y" fiajdfhdaclhkag y wf, lrkak mqjka'
Th yg .;a;u fkdfhla yg YajoHd, moaO;shg wdodh
Wmhkak mqjka' ;ukaf. wdodh ;ukau Wmhk fldg tal
;ukaf. md,khg hg;a fjkjd' lrkak fk" ke;af;a
fudkjo lsh,d ;ukagu ;SrKh lrkak;a mqjka'ZZ

YajoHd, m%cdf ish fokdg u n,mdk W.% .egjla

ms<sn`o fmd lau ksis yd kshu m idrdxY fldg bm;a
flreKq fyhska Tjqkag ijka ug uu fnfyka m%sh lf<'
Tjqka ufoi o n,kakg jQ l, ;j rg;a wl%Sh" ksy`v ijka
fokafkl= f,i tys isug ug fkdyels h' tneka ixjdohg
odhl ug ug o is h'
zzta;a" ux leu;shs f m%Yafk yd fjkia ylg n,kak'
t;fldg mqjka fjkia fy i`ula fydhd.kak'ZZ uu
lSfj' zzuf. ;lh ;uhs" YajoHd, wOHdmkhg rch
m%;smdok fokak fk lshk woyi kaj;a wms w; ykak
fk lshk tl' tfyu ys;=fjd;a wmsg mqjka m%Yafk fjkia
yg y`k .kak' ta;a tlalu fjkia fy i`ula fokak'ZZ
Tjqka is;ku;k l%uhg tfrys" idudkH is;Sfuka neyer"
uf.a lshqu fya;=fjka Tjqka mquhg m;a jQ njla fmksK' Tjqkag
lsish meye,s lsula l< hq;= hehs uu l,amkd lf<'
zzys;kak wdKavj
q Yaj oHd,j,g m%;m
s dok kafk keye
lsh,d' fldfyduo f.d,a, jev lghq;= lrf.k hkak uqo,a
fydhd .kafk@ tfyu lrkak fjkafk Thd,gu lsh, im;a
mokula yod .;af;d;a ;rhs'ZZ
108

meye,sj u Tjqyq uf.a lshq m%sh fkdl< nj uu oks'

tfy;a Tjqka reoaO;ajhla mEf o ke;' tneka uu .ska
.g u l;d lf<' zzwo ldf, YajoHd, ;uhs" fmdfydi;au
wdh;k' ta;a taj Tfya b`of.k bkakjd Yd, im;a lkaordjla
Wv' thd,d <`. Yd, udkj m%d.aOk f;d.hla ;shkjd' wf,
lrkak mqjka fy ksIamdok lrkak" ta udkj m%d.aOkhg
mqjka' ta ksIamdok YajoHd, l=Kqfjd;a fjk fku
fm!oa.,sl iud.ulg jvd wdodh Wmhkak mqjka' wjdikdjg
jf.a" ta udkj m%d.aOkh md fkdlr Tfya ;sfhkjd'
Thf.d,a, uqyqK fok wnqohg f,dl=u fya;=j ;uhs tal'ZZ
zzTh lshkafk Wmd l=Kkak lsh,o@ t;fldg tal
lvhla fjkjd' Wiia wOHdmk wdh;khla fjkafk keye'ZZ
tla uydpdhjrfhla ish reoaO;ajh t<smsg u mEf h'
109

fmdyshkag wdl kqjK

zzta;a ka ;shk wdlD;sh .ek ys;, n,kak'ZZ uu lSfj'
zztal;a Th lshk jeo.eula ke;s lv wdlD;shg fjkia keye'
Thd,d lrkafk Thd,f. Wmd f;d. mska wdKavqjg l=Kk
tl' wdKavqj lrkafk tal fkdf, isiqkag fno, fok tl'
ta;a ta ksid" Thd,f. md,k jHqyh lD;s fjkjd' wdKavqj
, .;a;g mfNdackh lrkafk wdKavqj fkfjhs' ta ksid
.=Kd;aul m%;sh ;yjqre lrkak wdKavqjg neye' YsIHfhda
lshkafk kslu kslx w;rue fhojq ^Throughput& ;rhs'
ta ksid .=Kd;aul ;;ajh .ek n,mE lrkak thd,g;a neye'
ksIamdok l%shdj,sh we;=f< fhojqula fjk fldg thd,d
fldfyduo wjidk ksIamdokfh .=Kd;aul m%;sh .ek n,mE
lrkafk@ tal ta ;r ir,hs' fu;k wjidk mdfNda.slhd
fjkafk fiajdfhdaclfhd' thd, f;are .;a;u" taf.d,af,d
md lrk fhojq fyd`ou tajd fkfjhs lsh," f.dvla
fj,djg thd,d lrkafk .=Kd;aul nfjka by< ksIamdok ta
lshkafk idudkHfhka msgrg Wmd fydhk tl' ta ksid
Thd,f. Wmd ojiska oji jevla ke;s" ljqre;a .Kka .kafk
ke;s tajd fj,d hkjd'ZZ
zzta;a tal fldfyduo uqo,a m%;smdokj,g n,mdkafk@ZZ
wfhla uid isfha h'
zzfya;j
= ;uhs" wdKavj
q taldldfhla fjk tl' Thd,f.
fiajh , .kak , ;SrKh lrkak wdKavqjg mqjka' ta
ksid ;uhs" Thd,f. m%;smdok je lr,d fokak lsh,d ta
, .kak flkd bfha lkak, lrkak fj,d ;sfhkafk'
NdKav fkdf,a fnod yefrk fldg" tajg , kshu fjkafk
hou wkqjhs' ta ksid Thd,f. fiajdj,g wvqu ,la kshu
lr,d" Thd,g mqjka ;r wvqfjka m%;smdok fokak wdKavq
Wkka fjkjd' ta ksid" f l%fhald ta lshkafka" ;ks
110

fmdyshkag wdl kqjK

.ekqldrfhla bkak l%uh" we;=f<a Thd,g isoaO fjkafk
wjdishla i jdishla k fkfjhs'ZZ
zzb;sx fudllao flg ;sfhk i`u@ZZ
zzlvldrhg Ydm lrk udkisl;ajfhka wms whska fjkak
k' wms wfma ksIamdok fjf<`ofmdf<a wf, lrkak fk'
wf, lrkak mqjka fyd`ou ksIamdokh ;uhs" Thd,f.
mfhaIK' talg fyd`o fjf<`ofmd<la ;shkjd' 1960 .Kkaj,
rcfha m%;smdok lmd yehg miafi weuldfj YajoHd,
uq o ,a y o,a j ,s k a ia j dk;a j hla we;s lr .;a f ; tfyuhs '
mfhaIK m%;sM, *hs,aj, ysr lr, ;shkjg jvd" thd,d lf<a
fm!oa.,sl wxYhg l=Kk tl' fyd`ou WodyrKh ;uhs
f;dr;=re ;dlaIKhg wod< mfhaIK' thd,d lf<a ta mfhaIK
fm!oa.,sl wxYhg l=K,d le,sf*dakshdf is,slka kskhla
we;s lrkak Wo l< tl'ZZ
zzta;a ol=Kq wdishdfj rgj, Th jf.a wdlD;s we;sfj,d
;shkjo@ tfyu fj,d keye fkao@ZZ tla;rd uydpdhjrfhla
uiS h'
zzkeye ta woyia jerhs'ZZ uu lSfj'
zzbkahdj" mdlsi:
a dkh" nx.,dfoaYh" fkamd,h lshk yeu
rglau fm!oa.,sl Yaj oHd, we;s lr,d ;shkjd' fhdodf.k
;shk wdlD;sj, tl tl fjkial ;shkjd' tlla ;uhs
m%;smdok fok tlhs" ksIamdokhhs lshk folu rcfhka lsu'
tal ;uhs iNdjH ksoyia wOHdmk wdlD;sh' rch m%;smdok
fok tlhs" fm!oa.,sl wxYh ksIamdokh lrk tlhs whs;s
fjkafk;a ksoyia wOHdmkhg' ta w;r ;=kafjks wdlD;shl=;a
;shkjd' m%;smdok imhk tlhs" ksIamdokhhs folu fm!oa.,sl
wxYh u.ska lrk fm!oa.,sl .dia;= f.jk wdlD;sh' ;j;a
wjia:dj, rcfha Yaj oHd,;a YsIHhkaf.ka .dia;= wh
111

fmdyshkag wdl kqjK

fmdyshkag wdl kqjK

16

lrkjd' ta wdlD;sh we;=f<a m%;m

s dok fm!oa.,sl wxYh imhkjd'
ksIamdokh rch lrkjd' wfma rgj,aj, bvlv m%Yafk ksid
wjia:d weys,d hk YsIHfhd Th ol=Kq wdishdfj Yaj
oHd,j,g we, hkjd' wfma weia f. wer, kau wms fjkia
jqfKa ke;ak wfma Yaj oHd, l blaukgu f,s,d" lkdgq
fj,d" kdY fj,d hkjd' tal iaarhs'ZZ

Wiia wOHdmkh i`oyd

foaY ksuh jeh lsu

idmrd jrola o@

f m%lg oajf;l= jQ Tyq Yaj oHd, YsIHhka

wu;ka fufia lSf h' zzwfma YsIHfhda f.dvla
fokd msgrg bf.k .kak hkjd' taflka jkd foaY ksuh
rgg wys fjkjd' fmdai;a mjq,aj, <uhskag W.kajkak fk
ksid wfma jk j;al l ho lrk tl mam;a rgla yg
wms fldfydu ord .kako@ZZ
idudkHfhka Yaj oHd,h ;=< we;af;a foaY Wmd
frda wdl,am ksid Tyqf.a m%ldYh isiq isiqhka iska ;ka
Yajdi fldg is;g .;a njla fmksK' tneka oaj;d lS foa
Tjqkaf.a lKg ` fuka ys jQjdg iel ke;'
foaYk Yd,dj ;=< ud yd ta inkaOj jdo lsug
YsIHhkag jqjukd h' we;a; jYfhka u Tjqkag wjYH jQfha
uiska tu woyi wkqu; lsu muKs'
Tjqka ish fokd ta woyi yd tl`. jkafka hs ud
Tjqkaf.ka weiQ l, Tjqkaf.a taldhk ms<s;=r jQfha zTZ hkqhs'
112

113

fmdyshkag wdl kqjK

zzwehs Thd,d tfyu lshkafk@ZZ uu weiS'
.egj ms<sn`o Tjqka ork fmd woyi tla YsIHfhla
idrdxY lf<a h' zzwfma rf wkd.;h ;SrKh fjkafk wmg
foa Y ks u h im;a ;s f hk m% u dKh wkq j hs ' wms ta j d
Wmhd.kafk f.dvla wudrefjka' wfma wmkhklrefjda talg
f.dvla uykais fjkjd' msgrg jev lrk wfma ksiaiq talg
f.dvla uykais fjkjd' ta ksid" wms wudrefjka Wmh .;a;= foa
wdrlaId lr .kak k' ;ukag jqjukd yg im;a kdia;s
lrkak bv fokak fyd`o keye'ZZ
zzy'ZZ uu lSfj' zzfufyg foaY ksuh ,efnkafk
fldfyduo lsh, Thd, ys;, nejo@ZZ
zzwehs@ tal ism,afk'ZZ ;j;a YsIHfhla lSf h' zzwmkhk
lrk wh foaY ksuh Wmh, nexl=j,g l=Kkj' t;fldg
nexl=j,g foaY ksuh ,efnkj'ZZ
zzyhg y'ZZ uu lSfj' zzta;a u;l ;shd.kak' nexl=j,g
ljqre foaY uqo,a l=Kj
q ;a" talg yhk m%udKhg remsh,aj,ska
f.j, ;sfhkafk' wmkhkldrhd o .Dy fialdjo fodia;r o
uydpdh o tfyu ke;ak udOHfhdo lo lshk tl jeo.;a
keye' thd, l= K mq foa Y ks u h jkdlug wod<j
remsh,aj,ska f.jkjd' ta ksid" ta foaY ksuh thd,g whs;s
keye' tfyk ldgo whs;s@ZZ
zztal fyd`ogu meye,sh's ZZ isi
q hla ms<;
s r
= e kakd h' zzwhs;s
talg f.jmq flkdg' nexl=j k lg f.jkafk" whs;sh
nexl=jgfk'ZZ
zztfyk tal fm!oa.,sl j;alula' fm!oa.,sl j;alula
;shdf.k nexl= fudlo lrkafk@ ioygu tal <`. ;shdf.k
bkakjo@ZZ uu kej;;a weiS'
114

fmdyshkag wdl kqjK

zznexl= tajd wrf.k ;sfhkafk wdodhula .kak' ta ksid
ta uqo,a md lr,d nexl= i,a,s yn lrk tl idudkH
fohla'ZZ tu isiqh u ms<s;=re kakd h' wka isiqyq o th wkqu;
lrk fihla we`.jQ y'
zzThd y' ta;a nexl=jla fldfyduo foaY ksuh md
lr,d i,a,s fydhkafk@ZZ uu Tjqkaf.ka weiQ uq;a ta i`oyd
Tjqka i;=j ms<s;=rla fkd h' tneka Tjqkag ta ms<sn`o .%y
l< hq;= h' zznexl=jg mqjka tal rg we;=f<a ldg y Khg
fokak' t;fldg Khg .kak flkdg mqjka ;ukag fku
foalg ta uqo,a fhdojkak' tfyu ke;ak nexl=jg mqjka
rka msg ldg y Khg fokak' t;fldg ta i,a,s rka msgg
hkjd' foaYslhkag whs;sh ;shkjd ;uka leu;s fohlg tal
md lrkak' tfyu ke;ak nexl=jg mqjka wdkhk lrk
flfkl=g y" bkahdjg" ulalug jkaokdfj hk flfkl=g
y je ,lg l=Kkak' ta .ekqldrhd uqo,a .kafk f.j,d'
ta ksid" thdg tal md lrkak whs;shla ;shkjd' t;fldg
tal fm!oa.,sl j;alula fjkj k Thd, fldfyduo lshkafk
foaY ksuh cd;sl j;alula lsh,@ZZ
th o Tjqkag ms<s;=re ke;s .egjla h' tneka uu
.ska .g u Tjqkag meye,s lf<' zzcd;sl j;al .ek l;dj
tkafk nexl=j,ska ta foaY uqo,a uy nexl=j , wrf.k rf
foaY ksuh ix;hg tl;= l<duhs' ta;a uy nexl=j taj ,
.kafk remsh,aj,ska f.j,d' f remsh,a wka;sf ksiaiqkaf.a
w;g hkjd' yhg lsfjd;a ;ukag whs;s fjk;a j;alula
lem lr,d thd, remsh,a ,nd .kakjd' iuyr g ksiaiq Kh
yg .kakjd fjkak mqjka' tfyu ke;ak thd,g jegqma
yg ,efnkjd fjkak mqjka' fudk fyka y uy nexl=j
<`. foaY uqo,a ;shkjd' ck;dj wf;a remsh,aj,ska Okh
;sfhkjd' ta remsh,a Okh ;ukag leu;s yg ksiaiqkag
md lrkak mqjka'ZZ
115

fmdyshkag wdl kqjK

zzb;ska fudllao taflka lshkafk@ZZ isiqkaf.a bjiSf
iSud blaujk njla fmkakq flK'
zzfmdvla bkak ux lshkak'ZZ uu lSfj' zzfoaY ksuh
;sng jevla fjkjo@ ys;kak weulka fvd, ;shkjd
lsh,d@ZZ uu m%Yakh;a ms<s;=r;a hk fol u bm;a lf<' zzta
lshkafka ta fvd, m%udKhg weulkaldrfhd wmsg Khhs
lshk tl' fjk ylg lsfjd;a" fvd, .Kkg wod< NdKav
yd fiajd f;d.hla wmg fokak weuldj wmg tl`. fj,d
;shkjd lshk tl' tfyu neju" wms;a weulka wdlfh
whs;l
s drfhd! ta;a weulkaldrhd lghs' ksyd fvd, .Kkl
NdKav" fiajd f;d.hla kgu;a wfma wdlfhka mfNdackh
lrkjd' ta lshkafk wo f;a N=l;
a s `kak wms weulkaldrhg
bv ,d ;shkjd' wkd.f;a ojil wmg tfyu N=la;s `kak
bv fokak weulkaldrhd fmdfrdka fj,d ;shkjd' flhs
m%Odku foa' fvd, f;d.h cd;sl j;alula yg md
lrkak k wms tal yeu fokdf.u iqNidOkh fjkqfjka
md lrkak k'ZZ
zzta ; a fldfyduo ta l lrka f k@ZZ Tjq y q ud fj;s k a
uiQ y'
zztal lrkafk fufyuhs' wfmka fvd, wrf.k ta fvd,
m%udKhg wod< NdKav fiajd ,nd fokak leu;s weulka y
fjk fku wdlhlska y mqjka ;r blaukg jdish wr
.kak fk' t;fldg wr wkd.; fmdfrdkaju weuldj
fokj' ta ksid f;areula ke;=j" md lrkafk ke;=j"
iodld,slj fvd, f.dv .yf.k bkak tl tpr kqjKg
yqre jevla fkfjhs'ZZ
zzta ls h ka f k weulka l drfhd ls h ka f k ks h u
iQ;a;rldrfhda fkao@ZZ tla YsIHfhla weiqf h'
116

fmdyshkag wdl kqjK

zzT' ta;a thd,d ;uhs uq f,daflu uy nexl=j' ta ksid
thd,g mqjka yeuodu f fi,a,u lrkak' ta jf.au thd,
je jefhka fvd, wpq .eyqfjd;a fvd, jkdlu wvqfj,d
foaY ksuh f.dv .yf.k bkak whg mdvq fjkjd' weuldj
we;=f<a WoaOukhla ;shkfldg fvd, jkdlu ;j ;j;a
my< hkjd' WodyrKhla yg tla o dia kjis h wkQ f j
fvd,rhl wo jkdlu fvd, Y; ismyla ;rhs' ta fvd,
wms wfma rf j;al yg ;shd .;af;d;a wmsg f,dl= mdvqjla
isoaO fjkak mqjka'ZZ
zzy' tfyk fvd, md lr,d bf.k .;a;u fudlo
isoaO fjkafk@ZZ
zzbf.kSu lshkafk udkj m%d.aOkh hqKq lrk tl' ta
m%fhdackh fjkqfjka fvd, md lrk tfla lsiu
s m%Yk
a hla
keye' wer;a wfma <uhs msgrg Yaj oHd,j,ska bf.k .;a;;a
tal tl;= fjkafk wfma kq mokugu ;uhs'ZZ
zzug ;shkjd m%Yakhla'ZZ isiqhla lSjd h' zzkh" cmdkh"
bkahdj jf.a Yd, foaY j;al f;d.hla ;shfk rgj,aj,g
we;a;gu wjdishs fkao@ thd, kgu;a bv ,d ;shkj msgrg
whg ;ukaf. wdlfh im;a N=la;s kak' ta;a thd, ;du;a
ys;df.k bkafk wr u;= fmdfrdkaj .eku ;uhs' tfyu
fkao@ZZ
zziy;sl we;a;'ZZ uu lSfj' zzta j;al rf ksiaiqkaf.
iqNidOkh fjkqfjka blaukgu md lrkak fk' ke;ak
ld,hla hoa wjdis fjkjd' kEjg jvd fohla ;sfhk tl;a
wkjYH lrorhla!ZZ

117

fmdyshkag wdl kqjK

fmdyshkag wdl kqjK

17

iodpdr Wjrg idm fkdlrkak'

rdpdr Wjr kue;s uQ,hg
myr fokak'

i,ajdiS rgl wud;Hjrfhl= iska f.dKh lmd

yeu ms<sn`o fhdackdj,shla bm;a lr we;' ta
i`oyd n f.jkakkaf.a uqo,a ,shk .Kkla jehf' rchla
iska tjeks iyk u ;=<ska iodpdr Wjr ^Moral Hazard&
kue;s .egj we;s jk nj isiqka bf.k ;sf' tneka" tu
fhdackdj fya;=fjka isiq is;a ;=< lsish wjq,a iy.; njla
we;s ;snQ w;r" foaYk Yd,dj ;=< ta inkaOfhka idlPd
lsug Tjqkag jqjukd h'
uu Tjqkaf.a idlPdj kslaIKh lrka wjYH Wmfoia
ks'
zziodpdr Wjr lshk tflka fudllao Thd yhgu woyia
lrkafka@ZZ tla YsIHfhla m%Yak lf<a h'
zztal yeu flkdu okakjd'ZZ ;fjflla lSf h' bkamiq
Tyq ish ifydaor isiq isiqhkag ta ms<sn`o meye,s lrkakg
jQfha h' zzys;kak ug fj,djla ke;s ksid Thd uf.a hq tlg
W;a;r ,shkjd lsh,d' Thd tal lrkafk fyd`o ys;ska' Thd
118

ys;kjd tal ug lrk Wojla lsh,d' wksl tal l<du B<`.

mdr Thdg lrorhla fjkafk ke;=j ;kshu hq tl lr.kak
ug mqjka fjhs lsh,;a Thd ys;kjd' ta jqK;a" uu fudlo
lrkafk@ uykaishla ke;=j ug Thdf.ka Wo .kak mqjka
lsh,d f;are .;a;u" ux lrkafk kslu f,ais y f;dar.kak
tl' uf.a hq tl lrka k mq jka ;rka j ;a " fmd
uykaishlaj;a fjkak ux fm<fUkafk keye' ta ksid" tal
;kshu lrkak mqjka fjk fy kqula ug ,efnkafk
keye' m%;sM,h fudllao okakjo@ Thdg isoaO fjkj yeuodu
uf.a hq tl ,shkak' t;fldg ux Thdg wkjYH lrorhla"
nrla fjkjd' tal ;uhs ux Thdg lrorhla fjk iodpdr Wjr
lsh,d lshkafk'ZZ
zzThdf. WodyrfK k fyd`ohs' ta;a tal fldfyduo Th
Kh lmd yef m%Yafkg wod< fjkafk@ZZ fjk;a isiqfjla
weiqf h'
zzW;a;f ism,a'ZZ Tyq lSf h' zzf.dfhda okakfldg
ljody thd,f.a Kh lmd ykjd lsh,d" thd,g lsisu
Wkkajla we;s fjkafk keye Kh wdmyq f.jkak' t;fldg
Kh meyer yk tl je fjoa nexl=j,g isoaO fjkjd
f.jkafk ke;s whg reoaOj kvq u.g nyskak' ta fj,djg
je jefhka Kh lmd ykak wdKavj
q g n,mEula we;sfjkjd'
tafl m%;sM,hla yg f.dhkag tl Wojla lrkak yomq
wdKa v q j g .gu ta Woj lrka k fjkjd' t;fldg
wksjdfhkau wdKavqf ho je fjkjd' idudkHfhka
wdKavqj n f.jk whf. i,a,s talg fhdod.kak ksid n
f.jk whf. n nr je fjkjd' tal ;uhs iodpdr Wjr
lshkafkZZ
119

fmdyshkag wdl kqjK

zzta lshkafk wdlhl iodpdr Wjr me;s,d ;sfhk
fldg ksiaiqkag uykais fj,d jev lrkak ;sfhk Wkkaj
wvq fjkjd' t;fldg tal wdl jOkhg;a n,mdkjd'ZZ tla
isiqhla ish woyia lajQjd h'
zzyhg y'ZZ ;j;a YsIHfhla lSf h' zz;ukagu nr mgj
.kakfldg wdlhl bkak ksiaiqkag fmdai;a fjkak nE'ZZ
zzta jqKdg iodpdr Wjr lshk tl uE;l fydhd.;a;
tllahe@ZZ tla YsIHfhl= uiQ w;r Tjqka i;=j Bg ms<s;=rla
fkd h' tneka ish fokd ufoi n,kakg jQ y'
zznq yduqrejkaf. ldf,;a" ta lshkafka l%sia;=ia jykafia
Wmkak wjqre mkaiShlg;a l,ska b`oka Th m%Yafk ;sn'ZZ
uu lSfj'
zznq yduqrefjd foaYkd l< iQ;%hla ;shkjd wx.=;a;r
ksldfh plalj;a iSykdo iQ;%h lsh,d' ta iQ;%fhka lshkafk
fufyu l;djla' iEfyk ldf,lg biair rcqrefjd l,d
;shkjd fydrl wmrdO jf.a foaj,a bkahdj mqrd ff.ka
me;s,d hkjd' rcqrefjd weu;sjrekaf.ka weyqju talg fya;=
yg thd, lsfj ksiaiqkag fjf<|d y ludka; y
lrkak j;alula ke;s ksid fydrl" wmrdO lrkjd lsh,'
t;fldg rcq r efjda lf<a NdKa v d.dfr fodrj,a wer,d
;ukaf.u jHdmdr wdrN lrkak lsh,d uqo,a kak ta;a l
ldf,lg miafi ksii
a q ys;j
= ;j ;j fydrl" wmrdO lf<d;a"
je jefhka uqo,a ,efnhs lsh,d' jqfKa fudllao@ wmrdO wvq
fjkjg jvd we;a;gu jqfKa je fjk tl' tfyu jqfKa iodpdr
Wjr ksidhs'ZZ uu meye,s lf<'
zzy" tfyk wms tal kj;ajkak k'ZZ tla isiqhla
lSjd h'
120

fmdyshkag wdl kqjK

zztal fkfjhs y foa'ZZ uu lSfj' zziodpdr Wjr
fkfjhs" m%Yafk' rdpdr Wjrhs" m%Yafk (Immoral Hazard)'ZZ
isiq isiqfhda wkaoukao jQ y' zziodpdr Wjr .ek k
wms okakjd' ta;a fudllao rdpdr Wjr lshkafk@ZZ Tjqyq
uiQ y'
zzrdpdr Wjr ;uhs m%Yf
a kg uq,' iodpdr Wjr lshkafk
tafl frda. ,laIKhla ;rhs'ZZ uu lSfj' zztal isoaO fjkafk
foaYmd,lfhda y" m%;sm;a;s imdolfhd y" ks,Odka y
ks i a i q k a g iyk foka k ;S r Kh l<duhs ' ta f lka thd,
n,dfmdfrd;a;= fjk foa fjkjd' ta;a ta ;SrKj, nr thd,
orkafk keye' wka;sug n f.jk ksiaiqhs ta nr orkafk'
thd, n f.jk whf. uqo,a md lr,d ;uka ckm%h
s fjkjd'
ta ;rla fkfjhs B<`. Pkafo kkak;a yokjd'ZZ
zzta lshkafk ;ukag ys;+ yg n uqo,a md lrkak
n,h ;sfhk md,lfhda ;uhs rdpdr Wjr we;s lrkafk'ZZ
zzT'ZZ uu lSfj' zzta ksid ;uhs talg rdpdr Wjr
lshkafk' thd,d uyckhf. n uqo,a kdia;s lrkjd" m%isoaO
fjkakhs" ckao kkakhs' talg thd, ;ukaf. i,a,s md
lrkjd k m%Yakhla keye' ta;a lrkafk fudllao@ ;ukaf.
fm!oa.,sl ,dN m%fhdackhg wks;a whf. uqo,a kdia;s lrkjd'
.gu ckao kkak fk k ;j ;j;a foaj,a fkdf,a fokak
fjk ksid" tafl fl<jrla fjkafk keye' meg .ykjd'
wka;sug lgla wkak yhshla bvla ke;s n f.jk whg tkak
tkaku nr jefjkj'ZZ
zztal kx yu lk.dgqodhl ;;ajhla' wvq .dfK wmsg
fudkjo lrkak mqjka@ZZ isiqfjla uid isfha h'
121

fmdyshkag wdl kqjK

fmdyshkag wdl kqjK

18

zz.ka k fld is x .ma m Q r ej WodyrfKg'ZZ uu lS f j'

zztaf.d,a, ys;du;du m%;sm;a;s yej tal j<lajkak' isx.mamQrej
uq, b|kau lsfj" ckao .kak n,df.k ho lrkak k
foaYmd,lfhd ;ukaf. f.j,aj,ska i,a,s f.akak k lsh,d'ZZ

mam;=kag Wo msKsi l< hq;af;a

zzwka;sug ys;, nefjd;a foaYmd,lfhd rdpdr Wjr

we;s l<du wks;a wh iodpdr Wjr fnda lrkj fkao@ZZ tla
isiqfjla iar y`ka lSf h'

wdrlaIl ,a t<Su fkdf'

Tjqkag wdrlaIl /yeka iemhSuhs'

zzT' tal we;a;ZZ uu ms<s;=re ks'

ke

f.kysr wdishdkq rgl meje;ajQ .S nj /,Su

ms<sn`o cd;Hka;r iuqjlg wms tla isfhuq'
iuqj i`oyd f,dj kka foiska fYaI{fhda iy O oaj;a;=
tla ish y' iuq idlPd uqukska u mdfya fhduq ;snqfKa
> ld,Sk mokula u; mam;alka u i`oyd mam;=kag
Wmldr lrkafka flfia o hkak inkaOfhks'
zz;ukaf. wju wjYH;d j;a bIag lr .kak m%udKj;a
;r wdodhula ,nkak mqjka fjk fy l=vd jHdmdr mgka
.kak mam;a whg Wo lrkak fk' t;fldg thd, mam;alf
lvbu myq lrd' ta;a thd,g fok iyfhda.h whska l<du"
l,ska ugugu wdodhu jefgkjd k t;k ;sridr njla
keye' ta ksid" > ld,Sk mokula Wv" tfyu ke;ak ;sridr
mokula Wv" mam;alu ke;s lrkj lshkafk ldf.j;a Wojla
ke;=j mam;a whg ;ukaf. uykaisfhka yeuodu ke.sg, bkak
mqjka lshk tl' ta jf.au" ;ukaf. uQ,sl wjYH;d bIag
lr.kak m%udKj;a wdodhula ,nk tl" wksl wdodhu .ska
.gu je fjk tl' ku mam;alu r,Sf jHdmD;shl
b,lalh fjkak fk talhs'ZZ m%Odk llhd lSf h' thska
122

123

fmdyshkag wdl kqjK

miq t<efha w;sYh i yd Woafhda.su;a m%Yak yd ms<s;=re
jghls'
zzmam;a whg mam;alfuka fokak mqjka fl ud.hla
;shkjo@ZZ rdcH fkdjk ixOdkhl ksfhda;fhla uiS h'
zz;sridr nj k b,lal lrkafk" lsisu ylska fl
mdrla ;sfhkak neye' fl ud.j,ska thd,f.a wdodhu
;djld,slj jef' wdodhu .ska .gu je fjkak k"
thd,j fjf<`ofmd< phdjg yqre lrkak k' wfma woyi
;uhs mam;a flfkla fjf<`ofmd< wjYH;djg .e<fmk foa
ksIamdokh lrkjk" wjqre my yhla we;=<; mam;alfuka
fokak mqjka lshk tl'ZZ llhd lSf h'
zzta;a yeu fokdgu tlu yg fjf<`ofmdf<a yeisfrkak
neye' iuyre fyd`og l%shd;aul fjkj' ;j;a iuyre wid:l
fjkjd' wid:l fjk whg fudlo fjkafk lsh,d n,kak
fk' thd, ;uhs" kshu fjf<`ofmd< mirhlg yev.efykak
nej miq niskafk'ZZ ol=Kq wdishdkq rgl ksfhda;fhla
lSf h'
zzwe;a;' >ld,Sk yg mam;alu ke;s lrkak k mam;a
ck;dj fjf<`ofmd<g inkaO lrkak k' fjf<`ofmd<g
inkaO fjkak ne whf. ;;a;j
a h krlg yefrkjd' ta ksid
thd,j wdrlaId lrkak wdrlaIl ,la ^Safety Net& wmg k
fjkjd'ZZ ;j;a ksfhda;fhla uey;a lSf h'
zzfudllao Thd woyia lrkafk wdrlaIl ,la lshk
tflka@ZZ YsIHfhl= hehs is;sh yels wfhla weiqf h'
zzwdrlaIl ,la lshkafk wvqu .dfk ;sfhk mfNdack
uguj;a mj;aj .kak mqjka fjk yg mam;a ck;djg
Wo lrkak mqjka wdrlaIl hdka;%Khla' t;fldg thd,f.
124

fmdyshkag wdl kqjK

;;a;ajh krlg yefrkafk keye' tal tl tl osfyka lrkak
mqjka' thd,g wdydr y" uqo,a y yg wdOdr fokak mqjka'
wdl l%uh we;=f<a m;=,gu jefgkafk ke;=j bkak taflka
thd,g wdodh wdOdrhla ,efnkjd'ZZ wdrlaIl ,la ms<sn`o
l;d l< ;eke;a;d lSf h'
zzwdrlaIl oe, lshk l%ufh f,dl= wvqmdvq" ysveia
;shkjd'ZZ m%Odk llhd uey;a jQfha h' zzfkdf, mam;a
ksiaiqkag Th wdOdr kaku fjkafk ;ukaf. uykaisfhka
fudkj y M,odhs fohla lr, mam;alfuka fokak W;aidy
lrkjd fjkqjg" yeuodu wdOdr n,dfmdfrd;a;= fjk tl'
taflka fjkafk ;ukaf. leue;af;kau ioygu mam;a fj,d
bkak isoaO fjk iudc mka;shla yefok tlhs' tal yhg
ys`.kakf. ;=jdf, jf.a' je jefhka fkdf, fokak fokak
je jefhka tal jjdf.k lkjd' b;ska" ;ukaf. ;=jdf,
fyd`o lr.kak ys`.kakg jqjukd keye' talg wms lshkafk
iodpdr Wjr lsh,hs' taflka we;sfjk wksla m%Yafk ;uhs'
rdpdr Wjr' foaYmd,lfhd y" m%;sm;a;s imdolfhd y
mam;a ksiaiq lalu lrkafk mqjka ;r iyk ,d taflka
jdis .ka k yok tl' fya ; = j ;uhs " ta iykj, hou
foaYmd,lfhda orkafk ke;s tl' tal orkak fjkafk" lrlshd
.kak fohla ke;s wysxil n f.jkakkag' t;fldg mam;alu
yeuodu ;sfhkjd' me<mh fjkjd'ZZ
bkamiq ke=Kq .egj jQfha mam;alka iar jYfhka
u i`oyd mam;a ck;djg flfia Wmldr l< hq;= o hkakhs'
m%Odk llhd i;=j ta i`oyd o ms<s;=rla h'
zzmam;a whg m%fhdackj;a fjkafk wdrlaIl ,a fkfjhs'
wdrlaIl /yeka ^Safety Ropes& ;uhs thd,g fk' wdrlaIl
/yekla is l<du mam;a flfkl=g mqjka tlafld Wv mek,
uykais fj,d tal w,a,f.k mam;alfuka fokak' tfyu
125

fmdyshkag wdl kqjK

ke;ak thdg mqjka yeuodu mam;a fj,d bkakj o lsh,d
;SrKh lrkak' /yek w,a,f.k biairyg hkak mqjka fy
.eka jf.au o`vqj mjd ;sfhkak k'ZZ Tyq lSf h'
iNdf is whg ta ms<sn`o ;j rg;a meye,s lsula
wjYH h' ta ksid Tyq h<s;a fufia lSf h'

fmdyshkag wdl kqjK

udfjla b,a,, ys`.ufka wdmq mam;a flfkl=g t;=ud kak
W;a;f yu m%isoaOhs' fldka*shqishia mam;a ukqiaihg lsfj"
zux Tng fkdf,a udfjla fokafk keye' ta;a ux udfjla
w,a,d .kak y Tng W.kajkakZ lsh,' ta ksid ,aj,g
jvd ,Kq fyd`ohs!ZZ iNdf jQ wfhla y`v k`.d lSf h'

zzwo ldf, mam;a ukqiaifhla lshkafk ;ukaf. uQ,sl

wjYH;d bIag lr.kak ne flkd ;rla fkfjhs' mam;a
ukqiaih lshkafk ;uka uqyqK fok wjodk yhg y`k
.kakj;a" ;lafiare lrkakj;a ne wksl taj u. yk y
okafkj;a ke;s flkdghs' ta ksid mam;a whg biafi,a,u
W.kajkak fk wjodk y`k.kak yhs" taj u. yk
l%uhhs' tal lrkak Wo fjk tl uQ,sl wx.hla ;uhs" b;s
lsf mqre yqre lrjk tl' b;=re l<du thd,g uQ,sl im;a
mokula yefokjd' tal wikSm" iajdNdl wdmod jf.a Ialr
wjia:dj, rlaIKhla yg md lrkak mqjka' ta ;rla
fkfjhs" wdodhula Wmhkak fldpr wudre o lsh,d taflka
thd, bf.k .kakjd'ZZ
zztal fyd`o woyila' ;j fudkjo wdrlaIl /yeka yg
lrkak mqjka@ZZ iNdfjka h<s;a m%Yakhla ke`.sK' m%Odk
llhd fkdkj;ajd u l;d lrkakg h'
zzjHdmdrhla lrkak wjYH kqu" l=i,;d thdg fokak
k' nexl= mqre yqre l<du thd k .kakj nexl=jlska Khla
.kak y' Wojla iykhla kafkd;a fokafk flldf,lg
;rhs lsh, thd,g wjfndaO lr,d fokak k' Bg miafi
;ukaf. iajYla;f
s hka ke`.S bkak k' mam;a whf. yelshdjka
hqKq lr,d iajYla;sfhka ke`.skak mqre l<du /yefk Wvg
ke`., mam;alfuka fokak thd,g mqjka fjkjd'ZZ
zztal fyd`o l;djla' ta lshkafk iEfyk ldf,lg l,ska
fldka*shqishia wdrlaIl /yeka .ek kf.k ysh njhs'
126

127

fmdyshkag wdl kqjK

fmdyshkag wdl kqjK

19

w;ruehd
bj;a l< hq;= o@

iNdj weu;Sf wjia:dj ug o ,enqKq w;r idudkH"

idm% o dhs l foa Y khla mj;a j kq fjkq j g ixjdo iNdjla
fufyhug uu l,amkd lf<'
zzThd, yeu fokdu jdKscH Ih yodrk whfka' jdKscH
Ih wod< fjkafk fudkjf.a /lshdjlg o@ZZ uu Tjqkaf.ka
weiS'
zztla mqoa.,fhlaf.ka ,g wrf.k ;j;a flfkl=g
l=Kk tl'ZZ tla YsIHfhla meye,sj ms<s;=re kafka h'
zztfyu , wrf.k wf, lrk flkdg wms ljqre
lsh, o lshkafk@ZZ

u fld<U m%Odk fmf<a mdie,l jdKsc k

ieureug tlaj isfh' wka iEu wjia:djl
fuka u YsIHfhda ish ksudKd;aul yd kdhl;aj l=i,;d
oyd,ka W;aijh w;sruKSh yd W;alIj;a f,i ixOdkh
fldg ;sK' W;aijfha tla rij;a wx.hla jQfha" O wdl
lreKq inkaOj kqj;a lsu i`oyd isiqka iska fl kdgH
r`. la u h' tn` tla fl kdgHhla mok jQ f ha "
w;ruehdf.a ldh Ndrh inkaOfhks' kdgHfhka biau;=
flrefKa w;ruehd yq f ola mrmq g q f jl= jk nj;a " Tyq
mfNda.slhd;a" ksIamdolhd;a hk fomdYajh u iQrd lk nj;a
h' tksid kdgHfha m%Odk mKsjqvh jQfha wdl l%shdj,sh ;=<ska
w;ruehd bj;a l< hq;= h hkq h' tg ksIamdokh" fnodyeu
yd mfNdackh hk ish wdl l%shdldrl nQj,af,l= jeks
Tyqf.a ye w`vqj, .%yKfhka ksoyia jkq we;' isiqka"
.=rejreka fuka u wfkla wdrd; wuq;a;kaf.ka o iuka; jQ
iNdf iEu fok u kdgHfhka ji`.j is nj;a" ish fokdg
wm%sh w;ruehd kdY flfrk wjika cjksldj ;=<ska yeu
fok u Woaoduhg m;ajQ nj;a uu '
128

iNdf fudfyd;la hk ;=re ksy`v;djla mej;sK' u|

f,djlg miq tla isiqfjla ms<s;=rla kafka h'
zzw;ruehd'ZZ
zztal yu iroula fkao@ZZ uu Tjqkaf.ka weiS' zzThd,
mqyqKqfjkafk w;ruefhd yg' ta;a Thd, Thd,ju yxjvq
.yf.k yQrd lkafkd lsh,d' ta ksid kdY lrkak k lsh,d
fnyka fokjd' tal uy ldr l;djla fkfjhso@ZZ
uf.a m%Yakfhka Tjqka .,a .eiS .sh njla fmksK' Yd,dj
mqrd isyska liql=iqjla me;s .sh w;r miqj tla isiqfjla
,ecdfjka fuka ms<s;=re th ms<s.;af;a h' zzwms jerhg
ys;df.k ysfh' wms wfma fCIa;%hgu wmydi l<d' ta;a i
iudcfh yefudau w;ruehg reoaO wehs lsh,d wmg lsh,d
fokjo@ZZ
wod< lreK Tjqkag meye,s lsug uu bka wjia:djla
,' zzksIamdokh" fnodyeu" mfNdackh lshk uq l%shdj,sh
.;af;d;a tal we;=f< w;ruehd lshkafk b;du jeo.;a
129

fmdyshkag wdl kqjK

flfkla' ta;a wms yeu ;siafiu w;ruehf. fiajh fkdi,ld
ykjd' talg fya;=j ;uhs thd Wmhk ,dN .ek;a thdg ;shk
n,h .ek;a wms BIHd lrk tl' t;fldg wms ;=< jer
woyila we;s fjkjd" w;ruehd fkdyskak ta ,dNh wmg
.kak mqjkafk lsh,d' ta;a w;ruehd fkdyskak wmsg ta
lsiu
s fohla lrkak ,efnkafk keye' w;ruehd whska lf<d;a
ksIamdolfhd;a" mdfNda.slfhd;a wirK fj,d w,s wudrejl
jefgkjd'ZZ
zzi y' ta;a tal wfma <uhskag jeh fyd`og f;are
.kak mqjka fjk yg m%dfhda.sl WodyrKhlska meye,s
lrkjo@ZZ .=rejrfhla uf.ka b,a,d isfha h'
zzT mqjka'ZZ uu lSfj' zzwms WodyrKhla yg yd,a
fjf<`ofmd< .ksuq' yd,a ksIamdokh lrkafk f.dfhd jqKdg
ksIamdokfh b|, mdfNda.slfhd mfNdackh lrk ;ekg
tklx w;ruefhd frd;a;la l%shd;aul fjkjd' fldgk
fuda,a ysfhd" jf.au yd,a m%jdykh lrk f,d hefrda"
yd,a .nvd lrf.k is,,
a r fjf<kaokag fok f;d. fjf<kafoda"
mdfNda.slhkag yd,a l=Kk is,a,r fjf<kafoda lshk yeu
fokdu t;k bkakjd' wms ys;uq wmsg f ksiaiq lrorhla' ta
ksid wjYH keye" ta ksid whska lr,d u lsh,d' t;fldg
fldfyduo f.dfhd l=K .kafk@ZZ
ixjdoh flfuka isiqkag rij;a jQ nj fmksK' tneka
foda ms<s;=re ug Tjqyq ;r.hg fuka bm;a jQ y'
zzfyd`ogu meye,shs'ZZ tla YsIHfhla W;a;r kafka h'
zzt;fldg f.dhkag isoaO fjkjd ta yeufoau ;ukagu
lr.kak' thd,gu fldgkak fjkjd' m%jdykh lrkak
fjkjd' mdfNda.slfhd fydhkak fjkjd' yd,a l=Kk whg
mdfNda.slhkaf.ka uqo,a tl;= lrkak;a isoaO fjkjd' tlmdr
130

fmdyshkag wdl kqjK

uqo,a f.j,d yd,a .kak mdfNda.slhkag ne k" Khg yd,a
l=K, miafi Kh tl;= lrkak;a fjkjd' mqu ;r lror
f.dvla lr.ykak fjkjd'ZZ
zzwms ys;uq w;ruefhd keye lsh,d' t;fldg fldfyduo
mdfNda.slfhd yd,a .kafk@ZZ uu .egf wfkla mi flfrys
Tjqkaf.a wjOdkh fhduq lf<'
tjr fjk;a YsIHfhla ms<;
s r
= e kafka h' zzf.dhg jf.au
mdfNda.slhkag isoaO fjkjd fldfyo yd,a ;sfhkafk" fudk
,go ;s f hka f k ls h ,d fydhka k ' ta ;rla fkfjhs "
f.dfmdf<a b`o, ;ukaf. f.org yd,a m%jdykh lrkak" uqo,a
f.jkak" .=Kd;aul m%;sh .ek lror fjkak" ;ukaf.
mfNdackhg jvd jemqr .;af;d;a tajd .nvd lrkak;a isoaO
fjkjd'ZZ
zzuq l%h
s dj,shu Thd, yhg wjfndaO lrf.k ;sfhkj'ZZ
uu lSfj' zzw;ruehdj whska lr, fud;a mdfNda.slhkag"
ksIamdolhkag wu;r houla orkak;a" wkjYH lrorj,g
uqyqK fokak;a isoaO fjk tl nj meye,shs' wdl oHdf
ta ho" lror y`kajkafk .kqfokq lsf msjeh ^Transaction Cost& lsh,d' wms yd,a WodyrfKu .;af;d;a .kqfokq lsf
msjeh yk.kak mqjka' yd,a y" yd,a mdfNda.slfhd y
fydhd.kak fijq msjehla ;shkjd (Search Cost). ta lshkafk
kshu , fydhd .kak ^, fidhd .ekSf& msjehla ;shkjd'
" yd,a m%jdykh lrkak m%jdyk msjehla ;shkjd' Bg wu;rj
.nvd lsf msjeh" fmd,S msjeh" m%;s iy;sl lsf msjeh
Th wd jYfhka ho f.dvla ;s h kjd' f.dhg j;a
mdfNda.l
s hg j;a f tlla j;a lrkak fj,djla keye' thd,g
l=Kkj" , .kakjd yefrkak j.d lrkak j;a wdodhula
fydhd.kak riaidjla lrkak j;a fjkafk keye' t;fldg
131

fmdyshkag wdl kqjK

fmdyshkag wdl kqjK

20

w;ruehf. Woj ;sfhk wjia:dj,g jvd thd,f. wdodh

wvq fjkak mqjka' ta ksid w;ruehd whska lf<d;a `ojkak"
la kak fjkafk ;ukaguhs'ZZ
zzta lshkafk yd,a , je fjkak fya;=j w;ruehhs
lshk tl widOdrK" f;areula ke;s l;djla lshk tl fkao@ZZ
YsIHfhla uiS h'

nexl= wdodhug

zziy;sl jYfhkau'ZZ uu lSfj' zzw;ruehd whska lf<d;a

f.dfhd yg thd,g ,efnka f k wvq wdodhula '
mdfNda.slfhd yg yd,aj,g je ,la f.jkak fjkjd'
iuyr fj,djg yd,a ,efnkafku ke;s fjkak;a mqjka!ZZ

l=ula is f o@

jd

Ksc uKav,fha idudlfhda tldjkaj y`v ke`.+ y'

jHdmD;s iy ludka; u; n,mEula we;s lrka
nexl= ,dN Wmhhs' fjf<`ofmd< ;=< fkdje" fkdkeiS bkakg
;uka fjfyila .ksoa nexl= ,shk .Kkska fkdj" ,shk
.Kkska ,dN Wmhhs' .kqfokqlrejka iQrd lEu i`oyd nexl=
ys;la" mmqjla ke;=j lghq;= lrkafka hehs lshkjdg jvd flfia
tu ;;a;ajh meye,s lrkak o@ uKav,fha jdIsl iuqf
tn wdf.YS,s u;jdo b;d ;o iajrhlska u;=jkq olakg ,eK'
m%Odk iuqf idlPd uKavmfhys uu o idudlfhla
' tys jQ fiiq ish idudlfhda jHdmdr flfrys wkqlmd
iy.; wh jQ nj uu f;are .;s'
zzyeu wjqreoafou ;uka wpr ,dN .;a;d lsh,d nexl=
Wcdrefjka lshkjd' ta;a wmsg fmakjd" nexl=j,
.kqfokqldrhkaf. ,dN wvq fjk nj" tfyu ke;sk thd,
mdvq `kj' talg fya;=j ;uhs nexl= ;ukaf.
.kqfokqldrhkaf.ka je fmd,shla .kak tl' ta jf.au mqu
132

133

fmdyshkag wdl kqjK

fmdyshkag wdl kqjK

;r .dia ; = " fldia .ka k tl'ZZ idlPd uKa v mfhys

idudlfhla lSf h'

zzwms lshkafk jHdmdlfhla fudlla y ,dNhla .kak

fldg nexl=;a Bg jvd ,dNhla .kak fyd| keye'ZZ

;j;a idudlfhla Tyqg tl;= jQfha h' zznexl=j, ,dN"

.dia;=" fldia jf.a foaj,a j.lsj hq;= wh md,kh lrkak
k' nexl=j, fmd,S" .Kkay,
s ;SrKh lrkak thd,gu ksoyi
fokak fyd`o keye'ZZ

zzug lshkak jHdmdrhs ludka;hs ;ukaf. j;alj,g

,nk m%;s,dNh ^Return on Assets& fldpr o lsh,'ZZ uu
weiqfj' zzishhg xjo@ myo@ tfyu ke;ak oyh o@ZZ

;=kajeks idudlhd we;e rgj,a ksoYk jYfhka

f.kyer mdka lSf tu rgj, j.lsj hq;= wldka iska
.dia;= yd fldia wdh md,kh lr we;s njhs' f rf j.lsj
hq;a;kag tjeks jeo.;a hula lsug is;d ne,Sug j;a fkdyels
wehs hs Tyq uid isfha h'
uf.a jdrh t<eUqKq l,ays uu b;d u ir, m%Yakhla
Tjqka fj; ;e' zzThd, ys;kafk nexl= ;ukaf. fiajd
fjkqfjka fmd,Sj;a" .dia;=j;a wh lrkak fk keye lsh,o@ZZ
zzkeye' wms tfyu lshkafk keye'ZZ tla idudlfhla
lSf h' zzwms lshkafk nexl= Thsg jvd idOdrK fjkak k
lsh,d' fmd,sh y .dia;= y wh lrk fldg .kqfokqldrhkaj
yQrx lkak fyd`o keye'ZZ
zznexl= .kqfokqldrhkaj yQrx lkjd lsh,d lshkafk
fldfyduo@ZZ uu h<s;a uiS' tjr fjk;a idudcslfhla
bm;aj ms<s;=rla kafka h'
zztalg fya;=j ;uhs thd,f. .dia;= yu je ksid' wehs
thd,g ne" .dia;= wvq lr, idOdrK ,dNhla Wmhkak@ZZ
zzfudlla o Thd, fhda c kd lrk idOdrK ,dN
wkqmd;slh@ZZ uu h<s;a weiS'
134

zzidudkHfhka ishhg oyh;a myf<dj;a w;r'ZZ iNdj

ueo jQ wfhla ms<s;=re kafka h'
zzy'ZZ uu lSfj' zzta;a f.d,a, okakjo nexl=jla
;ukaf. j;alj,g .kak m%;s,dNh lSho lsh,d@ ishhg tlla
;rhs' m%;sY;hla yg .;af;d;a thd, ;ukaf. tl j;al
tallhlg ,nk ,dNh yu wvqhs' remsh,aj,ska .;a;u ,shk
.dKla nj we;a;' ta;a ta ,shk .Kk yn lrkafk rf
cd;sl ksIm
a dokfhka iEfyk m%;Y
s ;hla fjk uy id, j;al
f;d.hla Wvhs' ta ksid" m%;sY;hla yg .;af;d;a jHdmdr
yn lrkjg jvd iq m% ; s Y ;hla ;uhs nexl= ;uka f .
j;alj,ska yn lrkafk'ZZ
idlPd uKavmfha idudlhkag fuka u iNdjg o th
w;a l;djla h' msgilaj< NdIdjlska fodvjk lf,l fuka
Tjqyq ms<sir uqyqKlska ufoi ne y'
zznexl= O yg uqo,a Wmhkjd' m%Odk l%uh ;uhs
fmd,S wdodhu' ,xldfj ta m%udKh uq wdodhka ishhg wiQmyla"
wkQjla ;r fjkjd'ZZ uu meye,s lf<' zzta;a fmd,shla
Wmhkak k thd,g isoO
a fjkjd fmd,shla f.jkak;a' tlafld
;ekam;alrejkag tfyu ke;ak" Khlrj, wdfhdackh lrmq
wdfhdaclhkag' nexl=j, o< wdodhfuka fmd,S hou ishhg 55
la ;r fjkjd' t;fldg wmg kslka lshkak mqjka nexl=j,
wdodhfuka ishhg 55 la u .kafk ;ekam;alrefjd lsh,d'ZZ
135

fmdyshkag wdl kqjK

zzy' b;=re ishhg 45 g fudlo fjkafk@ZZ ljqfoda
weiqf h' zztal hkafk nexl= whs;sldrfhdkag fkfjhso@ZZ
zzb;=re ishhg 45 ka nexl= fiajlfhd .kakj ishhg
10 la'ZZ uu lSfj' zzb;=re 35 ka 20la ;r f.dvke.s,sj,g
l=,S yg" ,s ,a" j;=r ,a yg" fld< lvodisj,g" kS;s
.dia;= yg tl tl iemhqldrhkag f.jkjd'ZZ

fmdyshkag wdl kqjK

ke;akx thd,g mqjka Widhg hkafk;a ke;=j wfma j;al
whs;s lr.kak' ta ksid wms idudkHfhka nexl=j,g nhhs' ta;a
wka;sf wfma jHdmdr f.dv .kak;a" wms lrof jegqKu
Wo lrkak;a bkafk nexl= ;rhs'ZZ uu meye,s lf<'

zzy' ta;a ;j;a ishhg 15la b;=rehsfk' tal@ZZ l,ska m%Yak

l< idudlfhla h<s;a uid isfha h'
zzwdKavqj nexl=j,ska fkdfhla yg n .kakjd' Y=oaO
,dNh wkqj ishhg 35 l ,dN noaola f.jkak fjkjd' Bg
wu;rj nexl= ;uka tl;= lrk w.h Wv ishhg 20 la je
f.jkj' tal thd,f. jegqma" ,dN folgu f.jkak fjkjd'
Th yg nexl= ;ukaf. wdodhfuka ishhg 10 la ;r wdKavj
q g
f.jkjd' we;a;gu nefjd;a ishhg 5 hs fldgia yshkag
,efnkafk' Th lshk yQrx lEf l;dj we;a; k" tfyu
lrkafk ;ekam;alrefjda" fiajlfhd" wks;a fiajd imhkafkd
jf.au wdKavqj' ta;a tal we;a; fkfjhs' tfyu fkao@ZZ
zzta jqKdg nexl=j, .dia;=" fldia jf.a wks;a taj yu
jehs' ,dN fydhkafk tajf.ka@ZZ idlPd iNdfjka h<s
m%Yakhla ke`.sKs'
zznexl=jl wdodh m%ldYh .;af;d;a fldia wdodhu yu
iq tlla' f.dvla fj,djg tal ishhg follg je keye'ZZ
uu lSfj'
zztfyk wehs ksiaiq Th ;r nexl=j,g nkskafk@ZZ
iNdf is lsisfjla weiQ y'
zzm%Odk fya;=j ;uhs f,dl= nexl=j,g mqjka ;ukaf.
leue;a; wkqj wmg Kh fokak;a fkd bkak;a' wms f.fj
136

137

fmdyshkag wdl kqjK

fmdyshkag wdl kqjK

21

iy,a fjf<`ofmd< wnqoh (

rcfha m%;spdrh kEjg
jvd je o@

k foaYk Yd,dj ;=< ixjdohg m%Odk ud;Dldj

jQfha iy,a yd wdishd;slhkaf.a uQ,l
s wdydr jHj,
, .Kka by< hEu yuqf f,dj mqrd wdKavq iska olajd we;s
m%;spdr ms<sn`oj h' O iy,a j.j, , md,kh" O wh:d
l%shdud. ;=<ska md,k , W,a,x>kh lrk iy,a fjf<kaoka
yd fuda,a yshkag n,mE lsu" md,k , wl=rg l%shd;aul
lsu i`oyd rdcH ks, ;ka;%h fhdod .ekSu wd O l%shdud.
ms<n
s `oj isiy
q q kqj;aj ish y' tfy;a" f,dj fiiq rgj, wdKavq
ljrdldr l%shdud. f.k ;sf hs Tjqka ;=< ksis wjfndaOhla
fkd h' tneka il%Sh ixjdohl fhfokakg Tjqkag Wo
jkakg uu l,amkd lf<'
zzf,dal fjf<`ofmdf<a yd,a , .Kka fooyia wf ud;=
wfm%a,a jf.a ldf, iEfykak je jqKd' idudkHfhka yd,a
fjf<`ofmdf<a mok ,la yg i,lk ;dhs uOHu fY%aKsfha
fmd weg yd,a , fu%la fgdka tllg fvd, 360 b`o,
fvd, 980 fjkl je jqKd' talg O fya;= n,mEjd' j
bkaOk ksIamdokh lrkak je jYfhka b`.= fhdod .;a;=
ksid ;s`.= mfNdackh je jqKd' ta jf.au Tiaf%,h
s dfj ksh`.h
138

ksid ;s`.= iemhqu wvqjqKd' ta ksid ;s`.= , .Kka by< .shd'

m%;sM,h jqfKa ksiaiq yd,a mfNdackhg udre fjp tl' ta
w;f bkahdj" kh jf.a rgj, wdodh by< .sh ksid
taflkq;a yd,a mfNdackh je jqKd' wka;u
s g jqfKa yd,a ys`.hla
we;sfj,d , wyi Wig jefjp tl' foaYSh , .Kka je
jqKdu wdKavq uq,ska lf<a md,k ,la mkj, mdfNda.slhkag
we;sfjk n,mEu wvq lrkak W;aidy lrmq tl' miafia" yd,a
wmkhkh lrk rgj,a wmkhkh ;yk l<d' bkahdj yd,a
wmkhkh lrk tl iSud l<d" wju ,la mkj,' Bg miafia"
Lksc f;,a wmkhkh lrk rgj,a jf.au yd,a wmkhkh lrk
rgj,a ldg,hla yod .kak idlPd l<d' tal ;uhs f m%Yafk
miqu'ZZ uu lSfj'
zzyd,a , md,kh lsu fyd`o m%;sm;a;shla lsh, Thd,
ys;kj o@ZZ uu Tjqkaf.ka weiqfj'
isiqyq iudkj fomig fnK y' tla fldgila lSf tu
m%;sm;a;s l%shdud.h iqiq tlla njhs' wfkla lKavdhu Bg
tfrys jQ y'
zztal fyd`o l%shdud.hla lsh, Thd, lshkafk wehs@ZZ
m%;sm;a;shla f,i w.h l< whf.ka uu weiqfj'
zzfya;j
= yd,a lshkafka uQ,l
s wdydrhla' ta ksid tal orkak
mqjka ,lg mdfNda.slhkag imhkak k'ZZ Tjqyq tljr
lS y'
th wkq; m%;sm;a;shla hehs lshkafka ukahs uu tjr
wfkla lKavdhu fj;ska uiS' Tjqkaf.a ;lh jQfha ,
md,kh ldhlaIu yd M,odhs f,i l%h
s d;aul lsu l< fkdyels
fyhska thska M,la fkdjk nj h' lKavdh folska tllska
j;a uu ukd wdl ;lhla fkdweiS' tneka" uu ;j
;j;a lreKq uiS'
139

fmdyshkag wdl kqjK

iy,a ksIamdokh lrkq ,nk m%Odk m<d;lska tk iy,a
ke<shlska wd isiqhla ukd meye,s lsula bm;a l<d h'
zzuu f.d mjq,l flfkla' wfma .f yefudau j.d
lrk wh'ZZ wE ish l;dj werUqjd h' zzmyq.sh ldf,u ;sn
m%Yafk ;uhs j.dj ,dN keye lshk tl' fya;=j" ksIamdok
hou je jqK;a ,efnk fjf<`ofmd< , ta ;r by< ke;s
tl' wfma m<df; fylaghdrhla j.d lrkak remsh,a 110"000 la
;r hkj' M,odj fylaghdrhlg lsf,da.%E 4"000 la ;r' ta
lshkafk lsf,da tlla yokak remsh,a 27 la ;r ho fjkj'
ta jqKdg fjf<`ofmdf<a , remsh,a 20g;a wvqhs' ta ksid j.d
lrk wh j.dj k;r lr,d .ia,nq" flfi,a jf.a jefhka
wdodh .kak mqjka fNda. j.d lrkak udre jqKd' ta jqKdg"
lsf,da tllg remsh,a 32 jqKdu" Bg miafi 45 jqKdu yefudau
wdmyq we, wdj j.d lrkak'ZZ
zzb;ska'ZZ isiqfjla yQ ;nkakg bm;a jQfha h'
zztal ;uhs m%Yafkg uq,'ZZ wE Tyq fj; ye lSjd h'
zz, md,kh l<dg miafi lsisu flfkla wdfj keye
wfma .kak' ta ksid wmsg houg jvd wvq ,lg j;a
l=K.kak nejqKd' taflka jqfKa yd,a jemqr ksIamdokh
lrkak uq,ska ;sn Wkkaj ke;sfj,d .sh tl' ksiaiq ;uka
<`. ;sn f;d. lafl keye' wksl wks;a fNda. j.d lrmq
bv j.d lrkak md lrk tl keje;a;=jd'ZZ
zzfl fyd`o isoahla'ZZ uu lSfj' zzfudloao wmg taflka
bf.k .kak mqjka@ZZ uu Tjqkaf.ka uiS'
zzmdvu yu meye,shs'ZZ tla isiqfjla lshkakg jQfha h'
zz;ukaf. hou mshj .kak m%udKj;a ,la f.dfhl=g
,enqfK ke;ak thd ksIamdokh lrkafk keye' t;fldg
wmsg wo yd,a keye ;rla fkfjhs fyg;a yd,a keye' ta
lshkafk yd,a m%Yafk ljodj;a if`okafk keye'ZZ
140

fmdyshkag wdl kqjK

zzy' wdKavqj yd,a , md,kh lf<a ke;ak fudlo
fjkafka@ZZ tjr ;j;a isiqfjla m%Yak lf<a h'
uq,ska > .%yhla l< isiqh h<s ms<s;=re kakd h'
zzyd,a , ;djld,slj jefjhs' ta;a wf;ka ksIamdokh
fjf<`ofmd<g wdju , my< jefghs' tlu foa" udi lsysmhla
hklka by< , .Kka tlal j;a fjkak isoao fjk tl'
ys`.hg fjf<`ofmd<skau W;a;rhla ,efnkj' ka" wms wdkhkh
lf<d;a wer fjf<`ofmdf<a ;shk ys`.h mqrjkak neye'ZZ
zzta jqK;a" f,dal fjf<`ofmdf<a ;sfhk , jqK;a yu
jehs' b;ska wms wdkhkh lf<d;a wmsg yd,a .kak fjkafk;a
by< ,lgu ;uhs'ZZ ;j;a isiqfjla ish woyia m< lf<a h'
zztal ;uhs m%Yafk'ZZ uu uey;a ' zzwmkhkh ;yk
lrk tflka rgj,a f m%Yafk W.% lr, ;sfhkafk' taflka
isoaO fjkafk f.dfhd ksIamdokh lrk tl f,dafl mqrdu
wek ysk tl' t;fldg iemhqu wvd, fjkj' Bg wu;rj"
;ukaf. ksIamdok msjeh wdjrKh fjkafk ke;s ksid foaYSh
ksIm
a dokh;a wvq fjkj' yd,a ksIm
a dokh je jYfhka fkdlrk
m<d;aj, f.dfhd ;uhs jeu wudrefj jefgkafk' fya;=j
thd,f. ksIamdokh f.dvla wvqhs' ta jf.au hou j.dj tmd
lrjk ;r by<hs'ZZ
zzb;ska fudllao wmsg lrkak mqjka@ZZ we;e isiqka
n,dfmdfrd;a;= iqka jQjka fia h'
tla YsIHfhl= i;=j ms<s;=rla h' zzwms uq ksIamdokh
jf.au fylaghdrhlg lrk ksIamdokh;a je lrkak k' ta
lshkafk kk cdk ;dlaIKh ksoyfia md lrkak mqjka
fy fojeks y; ma,jhla ^Green Revolution& ka wmsg
wjYHhs'ZZ
141

fmdyshkag wdl kqjK

fmdyshkag wdl kqjK

22

oHd{hd;a" lDIs oHd{hd;a th wkqu; lrk bh mE

w;r ;dkdm;s ks,Odhdf.a uqyqfKys jQfha wksYa; fmkquls'
zzta;a f.dhkag j;a fjkak ;rj;a wdodhula ynfjkafk
ke;ak" cd;sl wjYH;djla jqK;a thd, fldfyduo yeuodu
j.d lrkafk@ZZ Tyq m%Yak lf<a h'

ksIamdokh kexug
bjy,a f o@

zzta ksid ;uhs j.d lrkak iykdOdr fokak k'ZZ

foaYmd,k{hd i;=j l,ska iQodk lr.;a ms<;
s r
= la h' zzf,dafl
yeu rglau f.dhkag iykdOdr fokj' iykdOdr fokak
tmd lsh, wmg lshk weulkaldrfhd yeuodu thd,f. ;s`.=
ksIamdolhkag iykdOdr fokj' hqfrdamd ix.uh;a" cmdkh;a
talu lrkj' wmsg wdydr fk k ta hou orkak fjkj'ZZ

mf.a .=jka jdrh ksfokh lrk ;=re wms .=jka

f;dgqfmd< fld.drhg /` isfhuq' wm w;r
foaYmd,lfhla" oHd{fhla" ;dkdm;s ks,Odfhla yd lDIs
oHd{fhla o jQ y' wmf.a ixjdoh bf u fuka ksIamdokh
yd rg iy,ska iajhxfmdaIKh lsu i`oyd ksIamdoh by<
kxjkafka flfia o hkak flfrys fhduq h'

;dkdm;s ks,Odhd o f,fyisfhka miqndk wfhla

fkd h' Tyq fmr<d ;l lf<a h' zzta rgj,a fmdfydi;a ksid
iykdOdr fokak mqjka' ta;a wms mam;a rgla' wvqu ;rf
m%Odku jqjukd lj;a bIag lr.kak ;r im;a wmsg keye'
b;ska wms fldfyduo j.d lrkak iykdOdr fokak uqo,a
fydhd .kafka@ZZ

fmdfydr iykdOdrh

zzwo fjkfldg wdydr iqrCIs;;dj ^Food Security& yu

jeo.;a fj,d ;sfhkj'ZZ foaYmd,k{hd lSf h' zzjqjukd ;r
wdydrmdk ke;=j lsisu rgla ia:djr fjkafk keye' myq.sh
ldf, mqrdu wms f.dhkag foaYkd lf<a j.d lrkak tmdh"
ta fjkqjg je wdodhula fok fjk;a fNda. j.d lrkakh
lsh,' tafl wruqK jqfKa wvq ,g wmsg jqjukd yd,a msgrka
f.kajk w;ru je ,la .kak mqjka wks;a fNda. j.d
lr, f.dhkag je wdodhula ,nd .kak bvla yok tl' ta;a"
<`. f,dal fjf<`ofmdf<a uQ,sl wdydrj, we;sfjp ys`.h
ksid ta kqjKlaldr WmfoaYh kslx iup,hg ,lafj,d
;sfhkafk'ZZ
142

j.d lsu i`oyd iykdOdr iemhSug wjYH im;a

imhd .ekSu ms<sn`o .egj iykdOdr iemhSug tl`. wh mjd
fkdis;+ lreKla h' tfyhska" u`o f,djla hk;=re wm w;r
ksye`hdjla mej;s w;r lDIs oHd{hd fudfyd;lg miq
i`ula bm;a lrka ksy`v;dj `kakg l,amkd lf<a h'
zziykdOdr fok tl kdia;sldr houla yg ys;kak
fyd`o keye' taflka fmdfydr hou jf.a foaj,a wdjrKh
fjkj k tal wdfhdackhla yg i,lkak mqjka' t;fldg
iykdOdr" tfyu ke;ak yhgu fmdfydr iykdOdrh jf.a
foaj,a whjeh we;=f< m%d.aOk houla yg fmkajkak mqjka'
143

fmdyshkag wdl kqjK

fmdyshkag wdl kqjK

tal whjeh bm;a lrk y fjkia lsu .ek m%Yakhla

;rhs'ZZ Tyq lSf h'

zzt;fldg hou wvq lr,d jefhka ksIamdokh lrkak

f.dhkag mqjka fjkjd'ZZ

Tyqf.a fhdackdj ms<sn`o l,am woyia wfmalaIdfjka ta

fudfydf;a is h fokd ufoi ne y' zzks I a m dolfhla
ksIamdokhg fhdod .kak yeu fhojqula we;=f<u ldrl
m%d.aOkhla ^Working Capital& ;sfhkj' ta ksid f.dhdf. Y%uh"
Tyq l=,shg .kak g%elag" c" fmdfydr" lDkdYl mdh"
f yeu foau ldrl m%d.aOkh' ta lshkafka ksIamdokh mj;ajd
f.k hkak jqjukd lrk m%d.aOk hou yg y`kajkak
mqjka' ta;a whjeh ie,iq lroa fmdfydr iykdOdrh rcfha
wdfhdackhla yg ys;, m%d.aOk .sKqu we;=f< bm;a lrk
tl lsis f;areula ke;s jevla' ta yg ys;=fjd;a rdcH
fiajlhkag jegqma f.jk tl;a wdfhdackhla yg i,lkak
mqjka' tfyu .sfhd;a uq whjehu uy Yd, m%d.aOk houla
;rla ;sfhk ,sh,a,la fjhs'ZZ uu uf.a u;h Tjqka yuqf
;e'

zzf.dhf. hou .;af;d;a fmdfydr lshkafk iq

m%udKhla fkfjhs o@ZZ ;dkdm;s ks,Odhd uiQ w;r lDIs
oHd{hd ms<s;=re kafka h'

zzfmdfydr iykdOdr fokak uqo,a fydhd .kak tl .ek

fudlo lshkafk@ZZ ;dkdm;s ks,Odhd Tyqf.a m%sh;u .egj
h<s;a bm;a lf<a h'
zzwfma rf jf.a whjehg ;sfhkafk iS; im;a mokula
k''ZZ uu mgka .;s' zz''''' fmdfydr iykdOdr fokak fjk
fudkj y houla lmd ykak fjkjd' ta ksid ljqre y
flfkla fmdfydr iykdOdr hou orkj' wks;a m%Yafk ;uhs
m%uqL;dj fok tl' wms m%uqL;dj fokak k fmdfydrj,g o
uymdrj,aj,g o@ wms fmdfydr fokak ;SrKh lf<d;a mdrj,a
lem lrkak fjkj'ZZ
zzwksjdhfhkau fmdfydr iykdOdrh fok tlg ;uhs
uq,a ;ek fokak k'ZZ foaYmd,k{hd ueoaog mek lSf h'
144

zzT' fmdfydr lshkafk f.dhdf. hof iq fldgila

;uhs' jeu hou hkafk Y%uhg" g%elagj,g" wiajekak
fk<kak" fldgkak' Th jf.a foaj,aj,g' uq hofuka
fmdfydr hou ishhg mylg;a wvqhs'ZZ Tyq lSf h'
zzb;sk"a ta lshkafk f.dhf. hou wvq lrkak fmdfydr
iykdOdrhg lrkak mqjka foa yu wvqh's fmdfydr , ishhg
mkylska wvq l<;a taflka f.dhf. hoka wvqfjkafk
ishhg folyudrla ;rhsfk' f.dhg Wo lrkak k"
iykdOdr fokak k g%elagj,g" Y%uh jf.a foaj,aj,g'ZZ
;dkdm;s ks,Odhd meye,s lf<a h'
bka oHd{hdf.a weia wereKs' zzfupr l,a wms ys;ka
ysfh fmdfydr ;uhs f.dhf. f,dl=u hou lsh,' ta ksid"
fmdfydr Nd;h .ek w;ska mfhaIK lrkak jHdmD;shla
mjd mgka .;a;' ka k ug fmakafka tal tpr jeo.;a jevla
fkfjhs lsh,'ZZ Tyq lSf h'
zzfmdfydr iykdOdfr ;sfhk m%Yafk ;uhs"
fjf<`ofmdf<a fmdfydr , je jqKdu iykdOdr hou
msfnk tl'''ZZ uey;a u uekjhs uu l,amkd lf<' zz'''ta
fj,djg tal ord .kak ne ;r fjkj' ka wmsg yhgu
fj,d ;sfhkafk talhs' wms mgka .;af;a remsh,a ,shk
y;rlska' l ldf,lg miafi tal ,shk fod<yg jejqKd'
wo fjkfldg tal fo.=Khg;a jvd jefj,d ,shk ismyla
145

fmdyshkag wdl kqjK

fmdyshkag wdl kqjK

23

;r fj,d ;sfhkj' ta ksid fyd`ou i`u ;uhs f.dhkag

fyd`o ,la ,nd , thd,gu hou ord.kak fok tl'
t;fldg" fmdfydr l jq K ;a ms uy, md lrka k
f.dfhd;a bf.k .kakj'ZZ uu lSfj'

Y=oaO iy,a wmkhklrefjl=

njg m;a h hq;= o keoao@

<`. jir lsym

s h we;=<; Y=oO
a iy,a wmkhklrefjl=
njg m;a ug YS% ,xldj W;aidy l< hq;= nj oyj,a
n;am; N=l;
a s `k w;f wfhla lSf h' ;lh mok jQfha
cd;Hka;r fjf<`ofmdf<ys iy,a i`oyd by< ,la kshu ;su;a"
uyje,s jHdmD;sh i`oyd .;a Kh wdmiq f.u i`oyd foaY ksuh
bmehSf wjYH;djla mej;Su;a hk lreKq u; h' zztal
yu widOdrKhs'ZZ Tyq
lSf h' zzuyje,s jHdmD;sh wjika
lrkak wdKavqj lkaola ;r Kh .;a;' f.dhkaghs tafl
jdish yn jqfKa' thd,f. ksIamdokh je lrkak mqjka
jqKd' ta;a Kh wdmyq f.jkak wks;a ksiaiq yn lrmq msgrg
i,a,s l ;uhs md lrkafk'ZZ
fih jgd tla is uf.a i.hkag th rij;a ud;Dldjla
h' Bg fya;=j" rgg wysjQ lS;sh yd wdvnrh h<s w;a lr
.ekSf jqjukdj Tjqkaf.a uqka jka jr msg ;snQ fyhsks'
we;a; jYfhka u" iEu mqrjeisfhl=f.a u uki ;=< tlS jqjukdj
iycfhka me,mhj ;sK' tneka iy,a wmkhkh lsu
ms<sn`o ljr u jqj fhdackdjla Tjqyq j je<`o .;a y'
146

147

fmdyshkag wdl kqjK

zzuu;a tl`.hsZZ ;j;a i.fhla ish u;h bm;a lf<a h'
zzbiair wms f,daflgu yd,a hejd' wmsg tfyu mqjkalula
;sn' wms wdfh;a tal lrkak k'ZZ
ish fokdf.a iuq;sh jQfha wjYH YlH;dj mj;sk
neka Y=oaO iy,a wmkhklrefjl= njg wm m;a h hq;= njhs'
ish,a, idjOdkj wid isho ;jrg;a tfia ksy`vj wid
iskakg muKla uu wiu;a ' ufj;ska h woyila bm;a
jkq lSu Tjqkaf.a o wfmalaIdj h'
zzf,dal fjf<`ofmdf<a , .Kka iEfyk fyd`o ugul
;sfhk ksid Th jef lrk tl tpr wudre tll=;a fkfjhs'ZZ
,sfyk oEiska hq;=j uu lSfj' zzta;a tfyu lrkak k f,dal
fjf<`ofmd<g wjYH m%udKh ksIamdokh lrkak;a" wmkhkh
lrkak ;r w;sla;hl=;a wmsg jqjukd fjkj'ZZ

fmdyshkag wdl kqjK

fjkia lrkak' u;l ;shd .kak" taf.d,a, f;a m%pdrh lf<a
zfud<h jvjk mdkhlaZ yg' ta tlalu zf;a ixialD;shlaZ
we;s l<d' tfyu ;uhs f,dafl je fofkla fndk mdkhla
njg f;a m;ajqfKa' wmsg;a isoaO fjkj" wfma r;=yd,aj,g ta
fy m%pdrhla , .=Kodhl ksIamdokhla yg bm;a
lrkak'ZZ
zzwhsfhda talg iEfyk ld,hl=hs houl=hs hkjfk@ZZ
Tjqyq ish wm%idoh m< l< y'
zzwmkhkh lrkak mqjka w;sla;hla we;s lrkj
lshkafk fudllao@ZZ Tjqka w;=ka wfhla tjr uiS h'

uu meye,s lf<' zzfudkj y l=Kkak k tal

mdfNda.slhf. leue;a;g .e<fmkak k' mdfNda.slhkaf.
leue;a; ;sfhkafk ;dhs . weg yd,a jf.a j.j,g' ta ksid
wmsg isoaO fjkj kg wms ksIamdokh lrk fmd weg ydf,
b`o, . weg yd,aj,g udre fjkak' fmd weg yd,a jqK;a
l=Kkak nelula keye' ta;a fyd`o ,la ,nd .kak wmsg
wudrehs'ZZ

zzkg wms OdkHj,ska iajhxfmdaIs; keye' wfma yd,a

ksIamdokh m%udKj;a fjkafk uq yd,a wjYH;dfjka ishhg
85 la imQK lrkak ;rhs' ta wer wms ;s`.= ms f;d.hla
.s,skj' ta lshkafk tla mqoa.,fhla wjqreoaolg lsf,da.%E 35
la ;r ;s`.= ms mfNdackh lrkjd' ;s`.= ms;a mfNdackh
fkdl< k wfma OdkH wjYH;dfjka yd,aj,g imQK
lrkak mqjka fjkafk ishhg 45la 50la ;rhs' ta ksid m<fjks
l,amh ;uhs foaYSh mfNdackh iSud lr, wmkhkh lrkak
;r w;sla;hla we;s lrk tl' ta;a" wmsg yd,a mfNdackh
lsf whs;sh Wrd .kak ne ksid tal lrkak fjkafk ,
je lr,hs' ta;a tfyu lf<d;a fjk m%Yak u;= fjkj'ZZ uu
meye,s lf<'

zzta;a wehs wmsg ne .=Kh je" wfma r;=yd,a l=Kkak@ZZ

;j;a wfhl=g k .ekSug wjYH h'

fnfyka idjOdk jQ Tjqyq fjk;a .eg ljf o hkak

k .ekSug jv jvd;a Wkka jQ y'

zzwmsg mqjka'ZZ uu lSfj' zzta;"a wmsg isoO

a fjkjd oykj
fjks ishjfia ueoafo bx.%Sisldrfhda f;a ckm%sh l<d jf.a
m%pdrKh" wf,lrKh md lr, mdfNda.slhkaf. f;au
148

zzbiair b`okau wms jemqru yd,a ldmq cd;shla' wms

iu;=,;
s wdydrhla" ta lshkafk msIG
a h ishhg 40la" foh ishhg
30la" ;j;a ishhg 30la fm%daka yg .kafk keye' fm%dakaj,

zzfudllao f,dal fjf<`ofmdf<a wjYH;dj@ZZ ljqfoda

weiqf h'

149

fmdyshkag wdl kqjK

, f.dvla je ksid;a" OdkH , idfmalaIj wvq ksid;a wms
ishhg 80la u msIaGh tl;= lr .kakj' foh .kafk ishhg
15 hs' b;=re ishhg 5 fm%daka' ta ksid ;uhs wfma tal mqoa.,
iy,a mfNdackh wjqreoaolg lsf,da.%E 105la 110la ;r
fjkafk' wms wks;a rgj,a .ek nefjd;a cmdfk 60 hs"
;dhs,kaf; 65 hs" bkahdfj 81 hs" ;dhsjdfk 50 hs" fk;a 96
hs' iudk m%udKhl ;s`.= ms mfNdackh lrkj lsh, ys;,
wmkhk w;sla;hla we;s lrkak k wmsg isoaO fjkj tal
mqoa., iy,a mfNdackh lsf,da .%E 60 lg j;a wvq lr,
fm%dakqhs fohs jemqr .kak' ta lshkafk" wmg isoaO fjkj
OdkH mfNdackh wvq lrmq m%udfKg yhkak ;s`.= ms y
fjk ms j.hla y jemqr tl;= lr .kak' ta;a wmsg jemqr
;s`.= ms f.kakkak isoaO fjk ksid foaY ksuh yn lrk
tfla f;areula ke;s fjkj'ZZ

fmdyshkag wdl kqjK

zzkeye' wmsg mqjka'ZZ uu Tjqkag iy;sl ' zzY=oaO
wmkhklrefjla fjk tl wudre jevla' ta;a wmsg mqjka Th
iuyr f,dl= iud. lrkj jf.a fYaI j. msgrg hjkak'
ta tlalu msgrg yd,a f.kakkak;a wmsg isoaO fjkjd' ta ksid
iuyre lshkj jf.a fudk ylska j;a yd,a msgrg hjk tl
;yk lrkak fyd`o keye' we;a;gu" uu lshk foa kk
fjf<`o kHdh tlal;a .e<fmkj'ZZ
zzfudllao kk fjf<`o kHdh@ZZ Tjqkaf.ka wfhla
uiS h'
zzta lshkafk iu - ludka; w;r fjf<`odu ^Intra industry Trade&" tfyu ke;ak tlu ludka;h we;=f<a
fjf<`od lsu' tlu NdKavh tljr wdkhkh lrkak;a
mqjka" wmkhkh lrkak;a mqjka'ZZ uu lSfj'

zzksIamdokh je lr, w;sla;hla we;s lrkak fjk

l%uhla keoao@ZZ wfhla uiQ y'
zzmqjka'ZZ uu lSfj' zzf f,dafl fkdlrkak ne fohla
keye' ta jqKdg" wms ka wfma Wmu ksIm
a dok ugu" ta lshkafk
fylaghdrhlg lsf,da.%E 4"500g <x fj,d bkafk' cmdfk"
ol=Kq fldhdj" weuldj jf.a rgj,a lsf,da.E% 9"000 la 10"000
la ;r fylaghdrhlg ksIamdokh lrkj' ta ugug hkak
k wmsg isoaO fjkj fojeks y; ma,jhlg hkak' tal
lrkak k by< M,odjla fok c md lrkak fk'
fmdfydr mdh hqKq lrkak fk" fyd`o ldhCIu c,
l<ukdlrKhla ;sfhkak fk jf.au Bg wu;rj fyd`o
f.dfmd< l<ukdlrKhla wmsg fk fjkj' taj imhk
w;r u wfma f.dfhda kqj;a lrkak" mqyqKq lrkak fk'ZZ
zzta lshkafk wmsg neye yd,a msgrg hjkak'ZZ Tjqyq lauqiq
y`ka iqiq ,Ey'
150

151

fmdyshkag wdl kqjK

fmdyshkag wdl kqjK

24

kQ;k wjYH;dj jkafka

fojeks y; ma,jhls'

;auka f.da,h
S wdydr ;;a;j
a h ms<n
s `o idlPd lsf
wruqK iys;j lDIsluh ms<sn`o fYaI{hkaf.ka
iuka; iuqjlg wms tlaj isfhuq' iuqj ;=< rgj,a
ugka fuka u f,dal ugka o wdydr ksIamdokh kexu
ms<sn`o wjOdkh fhduq h' f,dal wdydr ksIamdokhg jvd
f,dal ck.yk jOkh u ;=<ska oykjjk ishjfia Yd,
wdydr ys`.hla fuka u id.; ;;a;ajhla we;s u o tys h<s
isysm;a flK'
zzjdikdjlg jf.a fuda,a;ia lshk fy kdYhla
f,dafl we;sjqfKa keye' fya;=j" isjk ishjfia uq, b`oka
ueoaola fjklu fYaIfhka W;=re weuldj" ngysr hqfrdamh"
Tiaf%,shdj jf.a l,dmj, lDIsluh w;a ;dlaIKh yryd
hdka ; % s l lrKhhs jdKs c lrKhhs fjp ks i d' ta ks i d
fylaghdrhlg ksIamdokh flfrk wdydr m%udKh jf.a u
tla f.dfhla ksIamdokh lrk m%udKh;a jejqKd' ta ksid
1950;a 2000;a w;r ldf, f,dal ck.ykh fo.=K jqK;a wdydr
ys`.hla we;sjqfKa keye' 1950 - 60 .Kkaj, we;sfjp m<fjks
y; ma,jhghs tafl f.!rjh ys fjkak fk' ta;a" ta
152

m<fjks y; ma,jfh jeo.;alu ka tkak tkaku wvq fj,d

hk njhs fmakafk'ZZ tla fYaI{fhla lSf h'
zzwe;a;' f,dal b;sydfi mqrdu .;af;d;a lDIsluh ;uhs
wvqu f.hlska jOkh fjkafk' talg fya;=j ;uhs f.dvla
fj,djg wdydrj,g ;sfhkafk ia:djr b,aula' wksl ;shk
bv m%udKh iS; ksid ksIamdokh je lrkak jefhka
j.d lrk tl iSud fjkj' tafl m%;sM,hla yg ldl
wxYhhs" fiajd wxYhhs wjqre m;d ishhg 6lska 8lska ;r
m%udKhlska jOkh fjk fldg myq.sh wjqre foish mky
;siafiu lDIsldl wxYh jOkh fj,d ;sfhkafk ishhg 2
lg;a jvd wvq f.hlska' ta ksid jefjk ck.ykhghs" je
fjk wdodhughs .e<fmk yg wdydr ksIamdokh lrkak
ne iSudjg ka wms we;a ;sfhkafk' kshx" .xj;=r" lD Wjre
y fjk iajdNdl m;a;shla ksid y ;djld,slj wdydr
ksIamdokhg n,mEula we;s jqKdu wdydr b,auhs iemhquhs
w;f iEfyk wiu;=,;
s njla we;s fjkj'ZZ ;j;a fYaI{fhla
fmkajd kafka h'
zzm<fjks y; ma,jfha m%;M
s ,hla yg jefhka wdydr
k fjk Yd, ck.ykhla bkak bkahdj" kh jf.a
rgj,aj,g mqjka jqKd ;ukaf. wdydr ksIamdokh je lr,
id.; j<laj .kak' u;l ;shd.kak" 1943 fnx.df, we;sjqKq
id.;fhka ,shk ;=klg jvd ksiaiq uereKd' 1962 kfh
we;s fjp id.;fhka flda folla uereKd' Th rgj,a foflau"
ksia im; kdY lrkak fya;=fjp Th jf.a kiame;a;s
uE; wkd.f;a k we;s fjk tlla keye' ta;a" tal ljo y
f,dafl tl tl ;ekaj, we;s fjkak mqjka' tal j<laj.kak
k fojeks y; ma,jhlg hkak wmsg isoaO fjkj'ZZ ;=kajeks
fYaI{hd o idlPdjg tlaldiq jQfha h'
153

fmdyshkag wdl kqjK

iNdj ;=< w;a Wkkajla ,a .sfhka fndfyda fokd
il%Sh f,i ixjdohg iyNd.s jQ y'
zzfojeks y; ma,jhla ;uhs wo wmsg fk' ta jqK;a
tal m<fjks ma,jh jf.a fjkak fk o@ fYaIfhka
;dla I Kh y lDIs l dl lghq ; = ixOdkh w;s k a y
.;af;d;a@ZZ iNdf jQ wfhla uiS h'
idlPd uKavmfha wiqka f.k is fYaI{hkag ms<s;=re
ug th wjia:dj h'
zzkeye' fojeks y; ma,jh m<fjks tlg jvd fjkia
fjkak fk' m<fjks ma,jh isoaO fjoa mirh f.da,Sh
WKqiq u jf.a m%Yak wmg ;sfn keye' ta ksid fjk m%Yak
.ek ys;kafk ke;sj" lrorhla ke;=j wdydr ksIm
a dokh lrkak
mqjkalula ;sn' wo f,dafl mqrd bkak ;ukaf. u;su;dka;r
u.ska wmsg n,mElrk lKavdh yu n,j;a' thd,g
jefhka wdydr;a mir ys;ld nj;a lshk folu tljr
fk' ta ksid wdl ixjOkfha krl n,mEj,ska ksia
j.hd frd .ekSf j.lSu lrg .;a; f lKavdhj,g
wfma Wmdh ud. ms<s.kak mqjka fjkak fk'ZZ
zztfyu k fojeks y; ma,jfha fudk jf.a ,laIK
;sfhkak k o@ZZ iNdfjka ;j;a m%Yakhla bm;a K'
g fmr ms<s;=re ka fYaI{hd u h<s bm;a h' zzwmsg
isoaO fjkj jemqr ksIamdokh lrkak' yenehs wvqfjka
iajdNdl im;a md lr,' fjk fy ldl y jdKsc
y wjYH;dj,g fhdod .ka k mq jka ks i d lDIs l dl
bvj,g ka iEfyk ;r.hla ;sfhkj' iqiq jevj,g tajd
fhdod .kak tl wmsg j<lajkak;a neye' c, im;;a l l
ys`. fjkj' ta ksid lDIsluhg c,h msueySfuka md
lrkak wo uq f,daflgu isoaO fj,d ;sfhkjd' c,h wvqfjka
154

fmdyshkag wdl kqjK

md lrk fNda. f;dar.kak fjkj' mirhg isoaO fjk
ydks ksid lDkdYlhs fmdfydrhs md lrk tl .ek
kgu;a f,dl= frdaOhla ;sfhkjd' ta w;fru lDIsldl
Y%lfhd j.dfjka whska fj,d ;sfhkj' ta ksid w;a Wmdh
udf. f yeu tllau ie,ls,a,g .kak;a" fylaghdrhlg
je ksIamdokhla .kak;a mqjka fjkak fkZZ Tyq lSf h'
zzta lshkafk f,dal ck.ykhg lkak fok tl wms
ys;kjg jvd oreKq m%Yakhla'ZZ g fmr iNdf ke`.S yqka
;eke;a;d u ne?re f,i lSf h'
zziy;s l we;a ; " Y% u ys ` .h ks i d wms g is o a O fjkj
lDIsluh ;j ;j;a hdka;%sllrKh lrkak' jdikdjg jf.a
hqKq bf,lafg%dksla ;dlaIKhghs f;dr;=re ;dlaIKhghs msx
isoaO fjkak fyd`o ldhlaIu hka;% wmsg ;sfhkjd' ta;a"
fNda.j,ska ,efnkafk wvq M,odjla' talg W;a;rhla yg
cdk ;dlaIKh je jefhka fhdod.kak k' fjk ylska
lshkj k" tmd lsh, me;a;lg odkjg jvd cdkuh yg
hqKq lrmq lEu iajdNdl taj jf.au ms<s.kak wmsg isoaO
fjkj' .ska .gu wms taj wyl fud;a oreKq id.;j,g
uqyqK fokakhs" f,dafl mqrd ksiaiq uefrkj n,kakhs wmg
isoaO f' fldhslo jeh fyd`o@ZZ fYaI{hd iNdj yuqf
;enqf w;sYh wmyiq tfuka u oreKq jrKhls'
zzta;a cdkuh yg hqKq lrmq wdydr ydkslrhs lsh,
f.dvla wh lshkjfk@ZZ iudcfha uq,a nei mej;s wdl,amfha
iajNdjh iNdj ;=<ska biau;= h'
zzj oHd;aulj .;af;d;a yeu hdu cdkuh yg
fjkia fjkj' ta;a talg > ld,hla .;fjk ksid wfma
weyeg wyqfjkafk keye' oHd;aul yg cdk hqKq lroa
tal f.fhka isoaO fjk ksid fjkia u wmg fmakjd' cdkuh
155

fmdyshkag wdl kqjK

fmdyshkag wdl kqjK

25

yg hqKq lrmq wdydr ydkslr k" iajdNdl wdydr .kak

tl;a ydkslrhs' fya;=j" tajdfh cdk;a l%udkql+,j fjkia fj,d
;sfhk ksid' ta ksid" fojeks y; ma,jfh m%Odk moku
fjkak k cdk ;dlaIKh md lr,d fylaghdrhlg .kak
ksIamdokh je lrkj jf.au tla Y%lfhl=f. ksIamdoh;a
je lrk tl' u;l ;shd .kak hdka;%sllrKh" jdKsclrKh"
by< wiajekakla fok c mdh jf.a foaj,aj,ska m<fjks
y; ma,jfh lf<;a talu ;uhs' ta ksid cdkuh yg
hqKq lrmq wdydr;a tlal m<fjks y; ma,jh wdfh;a isoaO
lrk tl ;uhs wo wmg ;sfhk jeo.;au jqjukdj'ZZ fYaI{hd
ish woyia lau yudr lrka lSf h'

w,a,ia yd IK ms<sn`o flaka;s o@

tfia k Yd, rch

l=vd lrkak'

t*a

t ffhda kd,sldf i l;dnfya O

ksfolhd miqjkafka buy;a flaka;sfhks'
O rdcH wdh;kj, IK f;d. mska is we;ehs o" IK
uok wdh;k tajd uq,ska Wmqgd ug iu;a ke;ehs o
mqj;am;a ks;sm;d jd;d fldg ;sKs' fkka k IK byjyd
hk w;r ksfolhd lSf uq uy;a cd;sh u lreulaldr
w.dOhlg jefgka ys`k nj h' Tyq flaka;sfhka hq;=j lSf
w,a,ia wdh .kq ,nkakka yd IK l%shdfhys fhfokakka
iudcfha ms<sld m;=rk ms<s, jk njhs' tn ;eke;a;kag
rch iska m%isoafha o`vqj muqKqjkq olskakg Tyqg jqjukd
jQ w;r" tlS mrmqgqjkaf.a iudchg tl;= ug ie,iq lrk
wfkla whg o th ukd mdvula jkq we;ehs o Tyq ;j rg;a
lSf h'
jd wdydr fih jgd jd is fndfyda fofkl=
ksfolhdf.a wdf.Ys,S jpk wid ;snqKq w;r" Tjqka fndfyda
fofkl= is;=f ksfolhdf.a woyi ksjer njls' Tjqkag wkqj
fkka k by< hk w,a,ia yd IK ms<sn`o biau;= fldg l;d
156

157

fmdyshkag wdl kqjK

lsfuka ksfolhd lf<a buy;a iudc fiajhls' w,a,i yd
IKh hk iudc jHik uev,Su i`oyd rch iska l%h
s dud.
.; hq;= nj Tjqkaf.a talu;sl woyi h' we;a; jYfhka u
Tjqka miq jQfha ksfolhdg;a jvd ;on, fldamhlsks'
zzta jqKdg w,a,ia IK .ek wdl oHdj wmsg lshkafk
fjkia l;djla'ZZ uu Tjqkag lSfj' tlS y;r l;dj lk
jel=Kq Tjqyq iauhg m;a foda ufoi weia lrljd ne y'
wkaoukao .;sh myj .sh l,ays" tla wfhla ud tfia lshkakg
fya;=j uid isfha h'
zzuq b;sydfi mqrdu rcfha uQ,H l<ukdlrKh we;=f<
w,a,ia IK lshk m%Yafk ;snqKd' tal l%sia;= mQj ;=kajeks
ishjfia;a iudcfh ;sn m%Yakhla' fl!,H mjd ta .ek l;d
lr, ;shkjd'ZZ uu meye,s lf<'
zzfl!,H fudkjo ta .ek lsfj@ZZ ljqfoda uiS h'
zzfl!,H w: Ydia;%h lshk wdl .%yh we;=f<a
rcqrejkag Wmfoia kafka zfhys mSkd hk u;aiHhd tu h
mdkh lrkafka l=uk wjia:djl hs mejiSu wmyiq jkakdla
fia u rdcH ks,Odka uqo,a whq;= f,i myrKh lrkafka
ljr wjia:djl hs mejiSu Ialr ldhhla jkafka hZ lsh,d'
b;ska" fl!,H Wmfoia kafk ta jf.a rdpdr jev lrkak
mqjka wjia:d mqjka ;r j<lajkak" ke;s lrkak lsh,d' ta
tlalu IKj,g jroldrfhd fjk whg o`vqj lrkak lsh,d
fl!,H Wmfoia kakd'ZZ
zztal kshuhs'ZZ tys tlaj is u;=frla lSf h' zzw,a,ia
IK .ek wdl oHd{fhd mjd WkkahsZZ'
zzT' thd,d Wkkahs ;rla fkfjhs' w,a,i IKh
.ek fjku wdl kHdhl=;a thd, <`. ;shkjd'ZZ uu ms<s;=re
158

fmdyshkag wdl kqjK

ks' ish,a,kaf.a uqyqKqj, Wkkaj ,a .sfhka ta l=ula hs
Tjqkag meye,s lsug ug is h'
zzwdl oHdfj ls h fjk fohla ;uhs ljq r e y
mqoa.,fhl=g y lKavdhulg y ;ukag jqjukd foa lrkak
ta lshkafk wNsu;dkqid n,hla ;sfhk fldg ta n,h md
lr,d jdis ,dN ,nkak thd, fm<fUkjd lsh,d' fl!,H
lshmq fohla ;uhs" zTf j w. uOq `ola we;s l,ays" tys ri
u`ola fyda `o .ekSf fkd;s;a wdYdjla Tn ;=< we;s u
je<elah fkdyels jkafka hZ lsh,d' ta lshkafk tal j<lajkak
neye' Th jf.a krl jev j<lajkak fhdokak mqjka m<fjksu
wdrlaIl Wml%uh ;uhs n,h ;sfhk ksiaiqkag m%udKj;a
jegqmla" wdodhula ,efnkak i,iajk tl' t;fldg wu;r
wdodh fydhkak thd,g jqjukdjla we;s fjkafk keye' ta
ksid ;uhs isx.mamQrefj weu;sjrekaf.hs rdcH fiajlhkaf.hs
jegqma ys;du;du by< ugulg yo,d ;sfhkafk' thd,f.
wdoY mdGh ;uhs zTn fidpula f.jkafka k Tng
yuqjkafka j`re mksll
a h
s ka muKhsZ lshk tl' fjk jpkj,ska
lsfjd;a" wmsg b;=re fjkafk wvq m%;shla" wvq yelshdjla
;sfhk ksiaiq jf.au wvq wdpdr Ou ;shk wh'ZZ
zzfl!,H;a Th jf.au frluodre lr,d ;shkjo@ZZ Tjqka
w;=ka wfhla uiS h'
zzwe;a;gu T' thd lshmq fohla ;uhs w;jeishdg
,efnkafk tlhs k thdf. m%Odkshdg ta jf.a folla ,efnkak
k lsh,d' yefudaf.u f,dlald idudkH ks,Odhd jf.a
fo.=Khla ta lshkafk w;jeishd jf.a y;r .=Khla jegqma
,eh hq;=hs lsh,d' ta jf.a l%uhla jqjukd fjkafk jer jev
lrkak fm<fUk tl j<lajkak lsh,d fl!,H lsjd' ta
ksid w;jeishdg jvd m%Odkshdg rglcla ;rla ,efnk
iudcjd fy jegqma m%;sm;a;s ksid fjkafk" jer jevg
ksiaiq fmd<Ujk" Wis.kajk ye`.S we;s lrk tl'ZZ
159

fmdyshkag wdl kqjK

fmdyshkag wdl kqjK

zzfjk fudkjo lrkak k@ZZ Tjqyq ;j ;j;a Wkka

jQ y'
zzfojeks wdrlaIl Wml%uh ;uhs jqjukd yg jev
lrkak n,h ,efnk wjia:d wvq lrk tl' tal lrkak mqjka
fyd`ou y ;uhs rcfh ;ru l=vd lrk tl' wdlfh yeu
wdl l%shdldrlulau rch fufyhjk fldg rchg Yd,
taldld n,hla ,efnkjd' ksiaiqkag isoaO fjkj rch <`.g
.syk
s a yeu fiajdjlau ,nd .kak' ta ksid taldld n,h md
lr, uqo,a Wmhkak rcfha ks,Odkag;a foaYmd,lhkag;a fyd`o
m,aj,la yefokj' wdl oHd{fhd talg lshkafk n l=,h
s la
^Economic Rent& Wmhkjd lsh,d' ta lshkafka ta uqo,a thd,f.
fiajh fjkqfjka ,nd .kak tlla fkfjhs" wu;r wdodhula
ksihs' tal thd, Wmh.;a;= wdodhul=;a fkfjhs' lsis wu;r
uykaishlska ,nd .;a;= tll=;a fkfjhs'ZZ
zzfldfyduo rcfha ;ru wvq lrkafk@ZZ
zzrchg ;ukag fyd`ogu lrkak mqjka foa ;rla lr,"
wks;a fiajd imhkak fm!oa.,sl wxYhg bv fok tflka
mqjka' biair ,xldfj" .m%OdkSkag . ugka je yokak
wjir, ," md lrk whf.ka j;=rj,g uqo,a wh lrf.k"
ta wdodhfuka je kv;a;= lrkak bv , ;sn' Tlafldu
lr," rcqrejkag fokak k fldgy;a NdKavd.drhg kakd'
wo ldf, wms olsk f.dv ke.Su" kv;a;= lsu yd whs;s lr
.ekSu" tfyu ke;ak BOO ta lshkafk Build, Own and
Operate lshk l%uhg tal yu iudkhs'

zzta;a tal n,d.kak f,aishs' fya;=j" rchg ;sfhkafk

iS; lghq;= lla ksid' wmsg isoO
a fjkjd kslaIKh lrkak;a"
wjYH o`vqj f l%uhl=;a y`kaj, fokak' wyqfjk whg
o`vj
q fokak k' iuyr nrm;, jer l<du fl!,H lshkjd
urKSh oKavkh y fokak fk lsh,d' tfyu ke;ak" wh:d
yg myrKh lrmq m%udKh jf.a fodf<dia .=Khl ovhla
.ykak fk lsh,d' t;k ;uhs IK frda y" IK uok
wdh;k y jeo.;a fjkafk' jeo.;au foa ;uhs" tajfh bkak
ks,Odkag by< jegqma f.jk tl' tfyu ke;s jqfKd;a thd,
jqK;a krlg fm<fUkak mqjka' rcfh ;ru l=vd lr,
thd,f. riaidj f,ais lrkak;a k'ZZ
zzfudkjo wmsg talg lrkak mqjka@ZZ IK l%shdud.
flfrys mrka isf mqrjeis j.lSu ms<sn`oj o Tjqkag
k .ekSug wjYH h'
zzyeufoau rcfhka b,a,kak tmd' tfyu ke;ak zYd,
rchl=hsZ" zIKfhka f;dr rgl=hsZ tlmdr n,dfmdfrd;a;=
fjkak tmd' ta fol ljodj;a tlg lrkak neye'ZZ

zzwms ys;uq rcfh ;ru l=vd l<d lsh,d' ta jqK;a" l=vd

rcfh jqK;a IK fjkak mqjka' talg fudlo lrkafk@'ZZ
Tjqka w;ka wfhla uiS h'
160

161

fmdyshkag wdl kqjK

fmdyshkag wdl kqjK

26

wju cd;sl jegqmlg leu;s o@

tfiaa k /lshd wjia:d
jOkh wu;l lrkak

zzrch wju cd;s l jegq m la ;S r Kh lrkj' ta l

mqoa.,fhlaf. wju wjYH;d bIag lr .kak m%udKj;a jegqma
ugula fjkak mqjka' Bg miafia rdcH wxYfh j;a" fm!oa.,sl
wxYfh j;a ydmq;a;=kag ta ugug jvd i;hla j;a wvqfjka
f.jkak neye' taflka wvq .dfK fiajlfhl=g ;ukaf. uQ,sl
jqjukd lj;a bIag lr.kak mqjka fjk tl iy;sl
flfrkj' yefudag u wvqu .dfK wju wdodhula j;a ,efnkj'ZZ
Tyq meye,s lf<a h'
zzwehs wju jegqmla kshu lrkak fk@ZZ uf.a i.fhla
uid isfha h'
Tyq i;=j ta i`oyd o meye,s ms<s;=rla h'

cd

;Hka;r wdh;kfhka wd WmfoaYlhd fnfyka

ne/re f,i l;d lf<a h' zzrf Y%lhkag
idOdrK f.ula flfrkafka keye' ydmq;a;= fiajlhkaj
yQrd lkj' fiajlhkaf. uQ,sl wjYH;d bIag lr.kakj;a
m%udKj;a jegqmla f.jkafk keye'ZZ Tyq lSf h'
zzwks;a rgj,a f m%Yafk i|, ;sfhkafk" wju cd;sl
jegqmla ;SrKh lr,'ZZ Tyq ish fhdackdj o bm;a lf<a h'
t;ek wms isfofkla uq' ;sfofkl= ud ksfhdackh l<
wdh;kfhka jQ w;r wfkla ;eke;a;d fmr lS wdh;kfhys
mQKld,Skfhla h' wm w;r jQ ks,Odkshla Tyqf.a fhdackdj
flfrys fnfyka Wkka jQjd h' m<uq wjia:df wmg Tyq lS
foa jgyd .ekSug fkdyels h' wju cd;sl jegqmla ;SrKh
l< hq;= jkafka rdcH wxYh i`oyd hehs uu is;=fj'
zzwju cd;sl jegqmla lshk tflka woyia lrkafka
fudloao@ZZ uu weiS'
162

zztalg fya;=j" f.dvla fj,djg ydmq;a;= ;ukaf.

fiajlhkaf. wju wjYH;d j;a bIag lr.kak ne fy
jegqmla f.j, yQrx lk ksid' ta ksid" rcfh hq;=lu ;uhs
uey;a fj,d thd,g idOdrKhla lrk tl'ZZ
zzug tal f;arex .kak nE'ZZ uf.a wfkla i.hd jQ
ks,Odksh lSjd h' zzydmq;a;= ;ukaf. fiajlhkaj yQrd lkj
lsh, lshkafk wehs@ ux okakj ;ukaf. fiajlhkag fyd`og
f.jk" i,lk ydmq;a;= f.dv fofkla'ZZ
zzwkak tal ;uhs m%Yafka'ZZ WmfoaYlhd lSf h' zziuyre
fyd`og f.jkj' iuyre f.jkafk keye' y kx tl iudk
riaid lrk yefudagu fjkila ke;=j tl yg f.jkak
k' jegqma w;r Iu;d ;sfhoa uykais fj,d jev lrkak
ksiaiq Wkka fjkafk keye' ta ksid yefudagu wju jegqmla
;SrKh lrkak fk fjkj'ZZ
zzfldfyduo ydmq;a;= kS;sh yhg ms<smkj o keoao
lsh, mlaId lrkafk@ kS;s lvk wh w,a, .kak fudlla y
l%uhla ;sfhkak fjkj'ZZ uu uey;a '
163

fmdyshkag wdl kqjK

zzmlaIdj ug foll isoaO fjkj' m<fjks tl
;ukagu mqjka mlaId lrkak' fiajlhkagu mqjka ta .ek
rfmda;= lrkak' t;fldg wod< rdcH wdh;khg mqjka
jerosldrfhd w,a, .kak' wks;a tl ;uhs jev lrk ;ekaj,g
rdcH ks,Odka lvd mek, kS;s lvk wh w,a, .kak tl'
fojeks l%uh ls%hd;aul lrkak k talg ks,Odka iEfyk
m%udKhla n`ojd .kak isoaO fjkj'ZZ

fmdyshkag wdl kqjK

fjk ylska lsfjd;a jqjukd uqo,a ke;s ksid tfkod lghq;=
lj;a lr .kak ne wdKavqjgu wms wu;r nrla mgjkj'
l%shd;aul lrk ks,Odkqhs" IK uok ks,Odkqhs lshk
fof.d,a,u j, jqKdu wju jegqm lshk tfla lsis f;areula
keye'ZZ uu lSfj'
ta woyi inkaOfhka WmfoaYlhd i;=j lsis m%;spdrhla
fkd h'

zzta lshkafk" ;uka mlaIdfjka ysh;a" lvd mek,

mlaId l<;a wju jegqmla .ek kS;s ls%hd;aul lrkak fyd|
ks,Odka f;d.hla k fjkj@ZZ uf.a ys;j;a ks,Odksh uid
ishd h'

zzwdlhg lrkak mqjka f,dl=u ydksh tal fkfjhs'ZZ

uf.a ys;j;a ks,Odksh lSjd h' zzf,dl=u ydksh ;uhs wjqreoaola
.dfk Y%u n,ldhg w;ska tl;= fjk whg riaidj,a we;s
fkdfjk tl'ZZ

zzyhg y'ZZ WmfoaYlhd lSf h' zzjerldrfhd fo;=ka

fofkla l+vqjg fu ke;a;x kS;s yhg ls%hd;aul lrkak
fjkafk keye'ZZ

zz ta fldfyduo tfyu fjkafk@ZZ cd;Hka;r wdh;kfhys

foaYSh ksfhda;hd uiS h'

zzidudkHfhka ks,Odfhd lshkafka ;ukag leu;s foa

lrkak mqjka wiS; n,hla ;sfhk lhla' thd, n,h
whq;= yg md lrk tl j<lajkafk fldfyduo@ kS;sh
l%shd;aul lrk ks,Odfhd n,h whq;= yg md lrk
tl j<lajkak m%dfhda.slj wudrehs' fYaIfhka jerldrfhd
w,a,kak;a thd,g o`vqj fokak;a n,h ;shk fldg'ZZ ud ;=<
we;s ydrd wjqii
a d uiSf yelshdj m%oYkh lrka uu lSfj'
zztalg wms lrkak fk IK kS;s ;o lrk w;fru
IK uok wdh;k Yla;su;a lrk tl'ZZ WmfoaYlhd h<s;a
lSf h'
zzta lshkafk wmsg fk fjkj kS;sh l%shd;aul lrk
ks,Odkaf. yuqodjl=h"s IKhg reoaOj igka lrk yuqodjl=h's
ljqo thd,f. jegqma f.jkafk@ wdKavj
q guhs f.jkak fjkafk'
164

zzfiajlhkaf. M,odhs;djhs" fiajlfhd tl;= lrk w.hhs

fudlla jqK;a wju jegqmla f.jkak WKdu ydmq;a;= lrkafk
kS;s u. wkak mqjka l%u fydhd .kak tl' tl l%uhla
;uhs" w;ska fiajlfhd .kafk ke;=j w;sld, jf.a foaj,a
f.j, bkak fiajlhkaf.ka jemqr jev .kak tl' ta ksid"
wju cd;sl jegqm lshk tl kg jev lrk fiajlhkag k
fyd`ohs' ta;"a wkd.f;a riaidjla n,dfmdfrd;a;f
= jka bkak whg
tal yu ydkslrhs' ta ksid" Th l%ufhka wdlhla we;=f<
W.% riaid m%Yakhla we;s fjk tl k taldka;hs'ZZ wE meye,s
l<d h'
zzta jq K ;a fia j lhka g wdrla I djla jq j ukdhs f k@ZZ
WmfoaYlhd ish wjidk ;=remqj md lf<a h'
zzwdrla I dj rcfhka ,efnka f k keye' ta l tka f k
wdh;kfh ,dNh ksihs' ta jf.au" fiajlfhd n`ojd .kak ;sfhk
165

fmdyshkag wdl kqjK

fmdyshkag wdl kqjK

27

yelshdj Wvhs' rch wju jegqma kS;s od,d ;sfnd;a" wdh;k

nxfldf,d;a fj,d" fiajlhkaf. riaidj,a ke;s fj,d wvq .dfk
wju jegqm j;a fkd,efnkak mqjka'ZZ uf.a ys;j;sh lSjd h'
zzT'ZZ uf.a wfkla ys;j;d o uey;a jQfha h' zzfiajlfhd
wdrlaId lrkak k fjkafk wju jegqma kS;sh fkfjhs' fyd|
kuHYS,s Y%u fjf<`ofmd<l=hs fk fjkafk' ta w;fru"
ydmq;a;=kag mqjka fjkak k ksoyfia fiajlfhd n`oj
.kak;a" bj;a lrkak;a' fiajlhkag ;uka leu;s ;eklska
leu;s ;eklg jevg hkak;a mqjka fjkak k' tfyu
kuHYS,s njla ;sfnd;a riaid we;s fjk tl;a" wka;sf yeu
mqrmamdvqjlau n,dfmdfrd;a;= fjk yg msfrk tl;a ;yjqre
fjkjd' tfyu jqKdu fiajlfhd ys`. fj,d ydmq;a;= w;r
fiajlfhd ,nd .kak ;r.hla we;s jqKdu fiajlhkag fyd`o
jegqmla ,efnkj'ZZ
zzta lshkafk wju cd;sl jegqmla ;SrKh lf<d;a wmsg
j;a fjkak fjkafk riaid ke;=j!ZZ uu lSfj'

fmd,s;ska u,a,la Nd; lr

.ila iqrlskak!

;auka fmd,s;k
s a wnqofhka mirh wdrlaId lr .ekSu
i`oyd jQ ixOdkhl llfhl= iska mj;ajk ,o
foaYkhlg uf.a YsIHfhl= iyNd.s ;sK'
zzfmd,s;ska ksid mirh IKh fjkjd'ZZ llhd mjid
;sK' zztajd rkafk keye' ta ksid fmdf<dj u;=msg tajd >k
wmjH yg tl;= fjkj' tfyu jqKdu mir m%Yk
a .Kkdjla
we;sfjkjd' k.rj, ldKq wjysr fj,d .xj;=r we;s fjkj'
tajf. j;=r tl;= jqKdu ure rcoyka fjkj' ta tlalu mirh
wj,iaik fjkj' ta ksid uhsfl%dak iai y Bg wvq y
fmd,s;ska mdh ;yk lrkak wdKavqj .;a; ;SrKh y'ZZ
ye`.Snr isiqkaf.ka ms iNdj bfha Tyq ;j rg;a tfia
mejiQ njo uu weiS' foaYkh wjika lrk fudfyd; jk g
yeu fokd u mdfya fmd,s ; s k a frda jHdmdrhg iydh
olajkafkda njg m;aj ish y'
Bg miq k foaYkh w;r;=r f ms<sn`o idlPd lsug
Tjqkag wjYH h' wdrd; llhd fmd,s;ska ms<sn`o foiQ oE
Tjqyq ug flfhka lS w;r uf.a u;h k .ekSug o Tjqkag
wjYH h'

166

167

fmdyshkag wdl kqjK

uu Tjqka yuqf m%Yk
a hla ;e' zzwms ys;uq fmd,s;k
s j
a ,g
mlaIj m%isoaO fm<md,shla hkj lsh,' tfyu fm<md,shl
ljqo biairyskau hkj we;af;@ZZ ug O ms<s;=re ,eK'
we;euqka lSf fmd,s;ska ksIamdolhka njhs' we;euqkag wkqj
foaYmd,lhka h' ;j;a wh lSf ifydaor isiqkaf.a wju`.=,a
lghq;=j, ieris,s lsf fmd,s;ska fhdod .kakd isiqka
njhs' tfy;a lsisfjl= fyda ksjer ms<s;=rla kafka ke;'
zzT' Thd, Th lshk lh;a fm<md,shg tl;= f'ZZ
uu lSfj' zzta;a" biairyskau hkj we;af; fmd,s;skaj,ska
jeu jdish ;shk flkdhs' ta lshkafk fmd,s;k
s a ksid ;ukaf.
;h ffrk flkdhs' tfyu ys;=ju fmd,s;ska mdh
ckm%sh lrjkak jefhkau Wkka fjkafk .ia ;uhs' fya;=j
meye,shs' fmd,s;ska ke;ak" fl<jrla ke;=j .ia lm," l=
lr," pmam lr," m,ama yo," lvodis yo, nvq T;kak lvodis
yokak y tfyu ke;ak nvq odf.k hkak u jf.a foaj,a
yokak y isoaO fjkj' ta ksid igka mdGh ;uhs zfmd,s;ska
Nd; lr .ila iqrlskakZ lshk tl' f ksid .ia wjxl k"
taf.d,a, iodl,a fmd,s;skaj,g Kh.e;s fjkak k'ZZ
uf.a m%;spdrh yuqf isiqka mqu jQ njla fmksK' Tjqkag
wjYH jQfha wdrd; llhd lS foa uiska o wkqu; lrkq
lSuhs' tfy;a ka Tjqkag fmd,s;ska ms<sn`o wikakg ,efnkafka
yd;amiska u fjkia l;djls'
zzwehs Thd,d fmd,s;skaj,g reoaO@ZZ uu Tjqkaf.ka
uiS'
zzfya;=j" fmd,s;ska rkafk keye'ZZ tla YsIHfhla ms<s;=re
kafka h'
uu tl`. fkdjk nj y`.jd ysi fomig ie,S' zzkeyeZZ
uu lSfj' zzfmd,s;ska jqK;a r, hkjd' f.hs msmiafi
168

fmdyshkag wdl kqjK

fmd,s;k
s a lE,a,la j,od, wjqreoaolg ;r miafi ydr, n,kak'
ta;a wms md lrk iuyr foaj,a ta lshkafka lvodis" fr
jf.a foaj,aj,g jvd fmd,s;ska rkak mrlal=hs' Thd, reoaO
fjkafk rkak l,a hkj lshk tlg k" ta yg u rkak
f.dvla l,a hk wks;a tajg;a reoaO fjkak k' fmd,s;ska
;rla fkfjhs fldkal
S% " re" ms`.ka ue" jdfk jf.a foaj;a
rkak l,a hkjd'ZZ
mqu lrlshd .; lsi;
s a fkdyelsj fuka Tjqkf
a .a lgj,a
we" weiaf. msg;g mkskakg fuka h' tfy;a" tla isiqfjla
m%Yk
a hg ms<;
s r
= e fokakg bm;a jQfha h' zzwe;a;" fmd,s;k
s j
a ,g
jvd Th lshmq foaj,a rkak l,a hkj ;uhs' wjqre odyla j;a"
iuyr fj,dj;a Bg;a jefhka' wjqre oyodylg;a jvd mrK
ms`.ka ue NdKav mqrdoHd{fhda fydhdf.k ;sfhkj'ZZ
zztal ;uhs yu ldrfKa' fmd,s;skaj,g jvd mirh
IKh lrk foaj,a ;sfhkj' ta;a tajg reoaOj ljqrej;a weys
ms,a,ula j;a .ykafka keye' ta ksid f,dafla Tpr krl
foaj,a ;sfhoa fmd,s;skaj,g ;rla nksk tl jerhs'ZZ uu
lSfj'
ud;Dldj ms<sn`o Tjqka ;=< Wkkaj je jQfhka ;j ;j;a
ia;r k .ekSug Tjqkag jqjukd jQ fia h'
zzfmd,s;ska Wojg .kak ne lsisu flfkla f f,dafl
keye' f.dhkag mqjka fmd,s;ska w;=rmq ldKq f.a k ;r
r b|, h<s ;eklg j;=r f.kshkak' fodia;r,g mqjka
,N fnfy;a .nvd lrkak fmd,s;ska wdjrK fhdod.kak'
f,a mjd l,a ;shd .kak md lrkafk fmd,s;k
s 'a fjf<kaokag
mqjka thd, l=Kk foaj,a fmd,s;skaj,ska T;kak' YsIHfhd
ieris,s lrkak fmd,s;ska md lrkj" u<kS jykak;a
169

fmdyshkag wdl kqjK

fmdyshkag wdl kqjK

28

wjux.,H ieris,s lrkak;a fmd,s;ska md lrkj'ZZ uu

lSfj' zzta lshkafk fmd,s;ska fydhd .;a;= tl yenEu
ma,jhla@ tal yhg wjqre isodylg l,ska ue n`k
fydhd.;a; jd.a" wjqre oyodylg l,ska frdaoh fydhd .;a;
jf.a" fmd,s;ska fydhd.;a;= tflka kk iudch iEfyk jdis
wrf.k ;sfhkj' fmd,s;ska fyd`o fohla ksid ksiaiq iQodk
idOdrK ,la f.j, taj mdhg .kak' fmd,s;skaj,
ksIamdok hou yu wvqhs' talg fya;=j ;uhs taj yokafk
LKsc f;,a ksIamdokfha w;=re ksIamdokhla yg' tajd fydhd
.;af; ke;sk" wog;a uq f,daflu mrK ;df, foaj;a tlal
;uhs wkd.f;ag nv .dkafk'ZZ
zzta;a fmd,s;ska mirfh tl;= fjk tl we;a;gu
m%Yakhlafk@ZZ tla YsIHfhla reoaO jQfha h'
zzwe;a;' ta;a tal fjku m%Yk
a hla'ZZ uu lSfj' zzksii
a k
q g
a
we;a;gu fiajhla lrk fmd,s;ska ;yk lrk tl fkfjhs
talg W;a;f' yhdldrj fmd,s;ska l<ukdlrK l%u jf.au
fmd,s;ska m%;spl%ShlrKh lrkak fyd`o l%uhla wmsg jqjukd
fjkj' ta cd;sfh iula fydhd .kakj ila we;a;gu
m%fhdackhla ;sfhk fohla ke;s lr.kak tl uy fudav jevla'ZZ
uu lSfj'

Lksc f;,a ,
by< kexh hq;=o@

u jevuqjl im;a odhlfhl= f,i tla isfh'

tys ixOdhlhka iska iyNd.slhkag ud y`kajd
kafka w;a u wdldrhlsks' wka;cd,fha .+.,a fijq
hka;%fhka ud ms<sn`o fidhd .;a ;;= Tjqyq ;srhla u; bm;a
l< y' ;srh u; lajqKq uf.a tla m%ldYhla jQfha zcd;Hka;r
, .Kka wkqj Lksc f;,a , by< kexh hq;= hZ hkq hs'
iyNd.s l hka iuka ; jQ f ha furg foa Y md,lhka "
fm!oa.,sl wxYfha jHjidhlhka iy rdcH ks,Odkaf.ks' Lksc
f;,a , by< kexh hq;=h hk uiska udOH fj; is lrk
,o m% l dYh uq , a lr .ks ka idlPd jdrh w;r;= r
foaYmd,lfhl= iska m%Yakhla k`.k f;la ish,a, ukdj
.,df.k .sfha h'
zzf;,a , je lrkak fk lshk tfla ;fl fudllao@
taflka ;j;a WoaOukh je fjkafk keoao@ZZ Tyq i;= jQfha
ld,Sk m%Yakhls'
iNdf is fm!oa . ,s l wxYfha yd rdcH wxYfha
ksfhda;hka o ref iudk woyils' zzf;,a , je l<du"

170

171

fmdyshkag wdl kqjK

fmdyshkag wdl kqjK

u.S m%jdyk jf.au NdKav m%jdyk hou;a je fjk ksid

wks;a , .Kkq;a je fjkjd' tl , je lsula ksid
wks;a , .Kka fiaru je fjkjd fkao Th jef ksid@ZZ
rdcH fiajlfhla uid isfha h'
f wdldrfha m%Yak ke`.S ;=<ska wm w;r M,odhs fuka
u rij;a ixjdohla f.dv ke`.sK'
zzf;,a , je l<du u.S m% j dykfhhs " NdKa v
m%jdykfhhs hou je fjk tl we;a;' t;fldg nia" h
.dia;= jefjkak k' ta ygu" tl ;eklska ;j;a ;eklg
m%jdykh flfrk yeu NdKavhlgu , je fjkak k' ta
jqKdg f;,a , je lsf wruqK;a talu ;uhs' ta jf.au tal
jdisodhlhs'ZZ uu lSfj'
Lksc f;,a , by< kexulska .S mdfNda.slhka u;
whym;a n,mEula we;s jk fyhska th fkdl< hq;=h hk
woyi rE iNdf u;h yd uf.a meye,s ls .e<mqfKa ke;'
ta wkqj" uf.a ksfoaYhg mok jk wdl oHd;aul fya;=
laug ug wjia:dj mEK'

jqfKa tfyuhs' ta jf.a ;;a;afjlg uqyqK kaku wfma yeu

jevlau" ie,eiaulau wjq,a fjkjd' ta jf.a foaj,aj,g wdl
oHd{fhd lshkafk lmk lsh,' tal mska wdmq tlla ksid
zndysr lmkhlaZ lsh, lshkjd' tal yhg Thd, t<shg .shdu
tlmdrgu jeiaila lvd jefgkjd jf.a jevla'ZZ uu Tjqkag
meye,s lf<'
zzta;a ta jf.a fj,djg rch Wo lrkak fk fkao@ZZ
fm!oa.,sl jHjidhlfhla y`v k`.d uiS h'
zzwr jeiai .ek WodyrfK .kak'ZZ uu lSfj' zzjeiaig
wyq jqfKd;a ;djld,slj mqjka uqjd fjkak' ta;a .gu jyskj
k jeiafika ffrkak l=vhla .kak isoaO fjkj' tal ;uhs
jeiaig yev .efykj lshkafk' ta ygu" ndysr lmkhlska
ck;dj wdrlaId lrkak rchlg mqjka fjkafk ;djld,slj
;rhs ' lmkh ia r" > ld,S k tlla k fldpr
fokdld jqK;a fudk fy y yev .eySula lrkak jqjukd
fjkjd' f m%Yafk " mqjka blaukska yev .efyk tl rgg
fyd`ohs'ZZ

zzwms fudk foa l<;a wmsg n,Yla;sh jqjukd fjkjd'ZZ

uu lSfj' ;ukaf.a ysig by<ska ,s nqnq ,afjkafka
fld;ekl fyda Yd, gnhsk lrljd ,sh W;amdokh lsu
msKsi wjYH n,h i`oyd i,a fyda f;,a fyda .,a w`.=re fyda
oykh jk ksid hehs uu Tjqkag lSfj' zziuia;hla yg
f,dafl n,Yla;s wjYH;dfjka ishhg 81 la u tkafk Lksc
f;,a" .,a w`.=re" iajdNdl jdhq jf.a fmdis, bkaOkj,ska'
tajg ;sfhk b,au iemhqug jvd je jqKdu wksjdfhka ,
jefjk tl idudkH fohla' myq.sh wjqre ;=k y;fr jqfKa
talhs' 2003 fvd, 20la ;r fjp fndrf;,a ner,a tlla
wjqre y;r mylg miafi fvd, 140la ;r fjkl je

zzwehs tfyu lshkafk@ZZ rdcH fiajlhdg k .ekSug

wjYH h'

172

173

zzwms je ,g wrka wvq ,g f;,a l=Kqfjd;a ta mdvqj

ljqre y orkak k' fu;k wdKavqjg ;uhs mdvqj orkak
fjkafk' ta;a wdKavqj uqo,a Wmhkafk keye' wdKavqj lrkafk
wfmka n wh lrk tl' ta lshkafk nf,ka wfmka uqo,a
.kakjd tfyu ke;ak Khg .kakjd' tal yhg wfma
b;slsj,ska fldgila leue;af;ka wdKavqf pdgq l;djg
/j, fokj jf.a ;uhs' ta;a taflka fjkafk wfma jqjukdj,g
;shk b;slsj,ska fldgila wvqfjk tlhs' Th fofhkau

fmdyshkag wdl kqjK

wdodhula ynfjkafk ke;ak ;=kafjks l%uhl=;a ;shkjd'
ta i,a,s wpq .yk tl' ta;a taflka WoaOufk je fjkj'
WoaOukh wms yefudagu n,mdkjd' ta ksid Lksc f;,a ,
je lr, wms lrkafk wkd.f;a .gu jefjk WoaOukfhka
wmsj wdrlaId lr .kak jk hou tlmdrla wo je lr.kak
tlhs'ZZ uu meye,s lf<' iNdf is whg lsih
s wdldrhlska
ud lshQ foa jegyS we;ehs ye`.=fKka uu ;j rg;a l;d lf<'
zzwdKavqj mdvqj ork fldg talg lshkafk iykdOdr
^Subsidies& lsh,d' iykdOdrj,g houla ;sfhkjd' talg
fya;j
= ;uhs wdKavj
q la <`. wiS; im;a ke;slu' iS; im;a
tl foalg md lf<d;a" ;j fohla lem lrkak fjkjd' ta
ksid Lksc f;,aj,g iykdOdr fokjd lshkafk mdrj,a" md,"
fndalal=" mdi,a" frday,a" Yaj oHd, jf.a foa lem lrkak
isoaO fjk tl' ta lshkafk" wks;a yeufoau ke;s lr .kak
w;r ,dfng f;,a md lrkj' ta ksid" f,dal fjf<|fmdf<a
Lksc f;,a jefjk m%Yafkg y i`u f;,a iykdOdr fok
tl fkfjhs'ZZ uu lSfj'

fmdyshkag wdl kqjK

zzmam;a ksiaiqkag fudlo lrkafk@ wdl oHd{fhd
mam;a ksiaiq;a tlal ;ryo@ZZ rdcH fiajlhd u h<s;a m%Yak
lf<a h'
zzkeye'ZZ uu iar f,i lSfj' zzwdl oHd{fhd mam;a
ksiaiqkag reoaO keye' mam;a ksiaiq wdrlaId lrkak
jqjukdjla ;shkj k ;djld,slj" fYaIfhka ta lKavdhu
b,lal lr, ;djld,slj iykhla fok tfla lsis je/oaola
keye' ta;a thd,g meye,sju" fl,skau lshkak fk iykh
fokafk ;djld,slj ;rhs" h lsis ld, iSudjlg miafi
tal whska lrkj lsh,' ta yg" w;a ,g l%udkql+,j yev
.efykak ta iyfk mam;a ksiaiqkag Wo fjkj'ZZ

zzfudllao y i`u@ZZ rdcH fiajlhd uid isfha h'

zzy i`u ;uhs Lksc f;,a mdh mqjka ;r
msuy, f*dis, bkaOk fjkqjg l,am n,Yla;s md lrk
tl' ta jqKdg mfNdackhg iykdOdr kafkd;a ta folu isoaO
fjkafk keye' ;ukaf. idlal=jg myr jk nj kqfKd;a
wefrkak lsis flfkla mfNdackh wvq lrkafk keye' wksla
w;g" wvq ,g f;,a ;shkj k l,am n,Yla;s hqKq lrkak
Wkka fjkafk lo@ ta ksid ksiaiqkag isoaO fjkj" yev
.efykak' ta yev .eySu fokdldhs' ta;a lrkak fjkj' f,dl=
houla orkak fjkafk ke;ak ljodj;a yev .efykafk
keye'ZZ
174

175

fmdyshkag wdl kqjK

fmdyshkag wdl kqjK

29

c,fhka Odjkh jk
fudag r: ms<sn`o ydfydaj

k i rEmjdyskS ixjdohg f;aud jQfha by< hk

Lksc f;,a , .Kkaj,g uqyqK fokafka flfia
o hkak jQ w;r idlPd uKavmhg m%ios O
a oaj;a;= lsym
s fmd<la
tlaj ish y' wdl oHd;aul fldaKhlska lreKq olajka
ixjdohg odhl u msKsi uu o Bg tla isfh' rl:kh
Tia f ia inka O woyia la ug fyda m% Y a k weiS u g
fm%alaIlhkag o bv i,id ;sK'
idlPdf wjOdkh fhduq ;snQ lreKq w;r fmdis,
bkaOk Nd;h msueiSu" ksIamdokfha ldhlaIu;dj mj;ajd
.ekSu iy jdhqf.da,hg y;d.dr jdhq uqod yeu jeks oE m%Odk
h' idlPd uKavmfha uQ,sl tl`.;dj jQfha fmdis, bkaOk
Nd;h O .eg we;s lsug fya;= jk neka l,am n,Yla;s
m%Nj .fIKh i`oyd wjOdkh fhduq l< hq;= njhs'
wk;=rej rl:kh Tiafia inkaO jQ fm%alaIlfhla
idlPd iNdj fj; m%Yakhla bm;a lf<a h' zz;reK
ksudKldrfhla bkakjd" j;=frka jdykhla Odjkh lrjkak
mqjka lsh,d fmkajmq' j;=r k ;r ;sfhkjd' ta ksid ta
176

;reK <uhg Wo lf<d;a wfma yeu m%Yakhlgu i

ynfjkjd' tal ,dnhs" ldnka keye' wks;a tl ku ;ekl
yefudagu md lrkak mqjka'ZZ Tyq lSf h'
idlPd iNdf is oaj;a;= ish fokd u mdfya fmfkk
f;la udkfha we;s tlu .e<jqldr i`u jYfhka tu
fhdackdj ms<s.;a y'
zztal we;a;'ZZ tla idudlfhla lSf h' zzjdyk j;=frka
jkak mqjka k wfma jk foaY ksuh l miai
lr.kak mqjka' ke;ak fndr f;,a f.kakkak tajd ho
lrkak wmg isoaO fjkjd' ldnka ke;s ksIamdokhla lrkak
mqjka ksid wmsg ldnka Kh ^Carbon Credit& yn fjkjd'
tal wks;a whg l=K,d wmsg wu;r foaY ksuh Wmhkak;a
mqjka' ta ksid rg fr.kak k wms f fhdackdj ls%hd;aul
lrkak k'ZZ Tyq lSf h'
Tyq fmka j d ka ldnka Kh ms < s n `o woyi ola k g
,efnkafka iduQysl jYfhka ldnka uqod,Su wvq lsu i`oyd
tl`.;ajh m< jQ 1997 wka; cd;sl lsfhdaf;da iuq;sfhys
m%;sM, jYfhka hqKq fjka mj;sk ldnka fjf<`ofmdf<ys
h' Bg wod<j ldnka uqodyeu wvqlrkq ,enQ rgj,g ldnka
ner jk w;r tl`. jQ ldnka ugu blaujd hk wfkla rgj,g
th wf, lsf yelshdjla o mj;S'
rEmjdyskS ksfolhd ufj; yerefKa c,fhka Odjkh
jk fudag r: wdl jYfhka jvd;a ldhlaIu f h hk
;yjqrej ,nd .kq msKsi h'
zzf j;=frka jk fudag r: .ek woyi ms<s.kak l,ska
tafl Y=oaO jdis .Kka yo,d n,kak k' ne ne,aug k
Y=oaO jdish yu iq tlla' tfyu kekak RK lsh,hs
fmakafka' ta ksid wms ta .ek ys;kak k miaika'ZZ uu
lSfj'
177

fmdyshkag wdl kqjK

c,fhka Odjkh jk fudag r: ;=<k
s a iuia;hla jYfhka
Y=oaO m%;s,dN ,ef h hk m%lg" ms<s.;a woyi yd reoaO jQ
uf.a jpk weiQ l," idlPd iNdf yqka oaj;=kaf.a uqyqKqj,
m%fya,sld weK' rEmjdyskS ksfolhd o wkaoukao jQ njla
fmksK' fudfyd;lg miq uf.a woyi ;j rg;a meye,s lrk
fuka Tyq wdrdOkd lr isfha h'
zzwms jfgu n,Yla;sh ;sfhkjd' ta;a tlalu tajd
ldhlaIu hg;a msueiqodhl hg;a jdKscuh mdhg
.kak tl m%Yakhla' iuyr n,Yla;s m%Nj mdhg jqjukd
yg ilia lr .kak .shdu Lksc f;,a ;ru houla hkjd'
ta ksid tajd msueiqodhl keye' j;=f ;sfhk n,Yla;sh
m%fhdackhg .kak tl;a ta jf.a ;uhs'ZZ uu lSfj'
;fha m<uq jrg tjekakla weiQ lf,l fuka Tjqyq
m%Yakd: r|jd .;a uqyqKska ufoi ne y' uu ;j;a l;d
lf<'
zzj;=f ;sfhk n,Yla;sh ;uhs yhsv%cka' yhg Lksc
f;,a jf.a' oykh fjkjd' tfyu ke;ak myiqfjka .sks
.kakjd' tal wks;a c, wKqj,ska fjka lr.kak tl yu
wmyiq jevla' tfyu lrkak wmsg ksoyia n,Yla;s m%Njhla
fk' ta ksoyia n,Yla;sh fkdf,a k ;r ;sfhk tlla
h hq;=hs' ta jf.au" tal Lksc f;,a y" .,a w=re y jf.a
y;d.dr jdhq ksIamdokh fkdlrk tlla fjkak;a k'ZZ uu
lSfj'
idlPd iNdf is whg meye,s woyila we;s jQ j.la
fkdfmksK' tksid ;j rg;a meye,s lsug ug is h'
zzyhsvc
% ka fjkalr .kak wmsg isoO
a fjkjd ,sh md
lrkak' bxfkarefjda lshk hg oHq;a fokh" ta
178

fmdyshkag wdl kqjK

lshkafk c,h yryd oHq;a ;rx. hjkak k' f oHq;a m%Njh
;uhs m%Yafka' f.dvla wh c,h oHq;a fokh lrkak
neghla fhdod .kakjd' negh jev lrkafka l ld,hhs' ta
ksid yeu;siafiu pd lrkak fjkjd' tal lrkak fjkafka
,sh md lr,d k ,sn, uKav,hg isoaO fjkjd" .,a
w`.=re y" i,a y jf.a fjk n,Yla;shla md lr,d
,sh ksIamdokh lr,d fnod ykak' ffl ;j ;ekl Lksc
f;,a md lrkak isoaO fjk ksid foaY ksuh miai
lrkak y" ldnka Wmh .kak y wms < ;sfhk wfma
n,dfmdfrd;a;=j `o jefgkj' wdKavqf iykdOdrhla Wv
,sh ,efnkjd k" ld md lrk whg n f.jk
ksiaiqkaf. n uqo,ska iykdOdrhla ynfjkjd' u;l
;shd.kak" wdKavqj iykdOdr fokafka i,a,s wpq .y,d k
tafla m%;sM,hla hg WoaOukhg uqyqK fokak wms yefudagu
isoaO fjkjd' ta ksid Th cd;sfha w;a fydhd .ekSj,ska wmsg
j;a rgg j;a jevla keye' wmg fmdis, bkaOk Wv y .,a
w=re Wv y hefmkak fjkjd' ta ksid ;uhs f jk ;=re
lsisu ld ksIamdolfhla yhsv%cka bkaOk md lrk l%uhla
f.k,a,d ke;af;a' tal ;du;a mlaIK ugf ;sfhkafka'
jdKscuh jYfhka ksIamdokh flfrkak ;j wjqre myla y
oyhla y hhs'ZZ uu lSfj'
Tn lshkafka yeu w;a fydhd .ekSulau wdl jYfhka
ia:djr kE lshk tl o @ ksfolhd uiS h'
yhg y' uu lSfj'
wjqre m;d w;a ksudK oyia .Kkla t<shg tkjd'
ta;a tajfhka wdl mlaIKh iu;a fjkafka lsysmhhs'
taflkq;a w;f<diaihs" jdKscuh ;;a;ajhg tkafka' jdKscuh
179

fmdyshkag wdl kqjK

fmdyshkag wdl kqjK

30

mlaIKh iu;a fj,d ksIamdokh flfrkjd lshkafka tal

wdl jf.au jdKscuh lshk fofhkau id:lhs" ia:djrhs
lshk tlhs'
l wr ;reK ksudKldrhdg krl wdrxhlafka@ ta;a
thdf.a ksudfK;a tlal bhg hkak l%uhla we;af;u
keoao @ ksfolhd h<s uiS h'

jvd;a hckl kmqr #

ys;,h WKqiq u o@
ke;fyd;a ys;,h
isis,a u o@

keye" thd n,dfmdfrd;a;= ke;s lr .kak fk kE'

uu lSfj'
thd ;j ;j;a mlaIK lr,d fyd|g ia:djr" ld,hla
mj;sk l%uhla fydhdf.k tkak fka' f;,a y w=re y
oykh lr,d ksIamdokh lrk ,sfhka mK .efyk neghla
Wv hefmkjg jvd" wdmyq W;amdokh lrkak mqjka" tfyu
ke;ak mqkckkSh n,Yla;sh u; mok fjp ksoyia ,s
iemhqula thdg ;sfhkak fk' fmdis, bkaOk Wv hefmk
tl wvq lrkak;a" l=K,d i,a,s fydhkak mqjka fya ldnka
Kh ,nd .kak mqjka fjkafk;a tfyu jqfKd;a ;rhs'

irh yd inkaO m%;sm;a;s imdolfhl= iska

,shk ,o m;%sldjla lshjQ ud ;=frla oyj,a lEu
fifha tys wvx.= ;lj, j,x.=;dj ms<sn`o woyia m<
lf<a h' ys;,h WKqi
q u ^Global Warming& ms<n
s `o iqmeye,s
f,i lreKq f.k yer md ;snQ tu m;%sldj u.ska ;l fldg
;s n q f Ka h<s ielis h fkdyels fia mirhg ydks ls u
inkaOfhka ixj; rgj,a iska ixjOkh fjka mj;sk
rgj,g jka f.h hq;= njhs'
zzthdf. ;fl yu j,x.=hs'ZZ uf.a ;%hd l=,au;a is;ska
hq;=j lSf h' zzhqKq rgj,aj,ska Th y;d.dr jdhq lshk
ydkslr jdhq j. jdhqf.da,hg wdjg.shdg uqod yk ksid hqKq
fjk rgj,aj,g kslx la `kak fjkj' tal we;a;gu hqKq
fjk rgj, bkak ksiaiqkaf.a whs;sh W,a,x>kh lsula' ta
ksid hqKq rgj,a wmg jka f.jkak k'ZZ Tyq ;j rg;a
lSf h'
zzfldfyduo fmdf<dj WKqiq fjkafk@ZZ ;j;a ;%fhla
uiS h'

180

181

fmdyshkag wdl kqjK

zzwdl lghq;= lroa fmdis, bkaOk" .,a w`.=re jf.au
tl tl Lksc jH oykh lrk fldg mirhg kdkdm%ldr
jdhq j. ksl;
= a fjkj' Th jdhq j. w;r jefhkau ;sfhkafk
ldnka vfhdlaihs" ldnka fudfkdlaihs" f;aka" i,a*"
khsg%cka Tlaihs" i,a* Tlaihs jf.a foaj,a' taj ;gqjla
jf.a by< wyfia /, ;sfhkjd' t;fldg idudkHfhka rd;%S
ldf, fmdf<dfjka msg; jdhq f.da,hg msgfjk WIaK;ajh
j<lajkjd' ta WIaK;ajh my<g we;a fmdf<dj ;j ;j;a
WKqiq lrkjd' WIaK;ajh msg fjkafk ke;s fjk fldg tal
yhg y;d.drhl isoaO fjk foa jf.a ;uhs' taksid fmdf<dj
WKqiq fjkafk y;d.dr m%;smdlh ^Green House Effect&
ksid lsh,;a" talg Wo fjk jdhq y;d.dr jdhq lsh,;a
lshkjd'ZZ Ih ms<sn`o kqu we;s uf.a ;j;a ;%fhla Tyqg
ms<s;=re kafka h'
zzTh lshk yg fmdf<dj WKqiq fjk tl we;a;la o
ke;a;ka kslx f.d;mq l;djlao@ZZ th t;r Yajdi fkdl<
;j;a wfhla uiS h'
zzfmdf<df WIaK;ajh je fjk ye oHd{fhd uek,
fydhdf.k ;sfhkjd' fYaIfhka foaY.=Kh fjkiau ms<sn`o
wka; rdcH uKav,fh" ta lshkafka IPCC lshk wdh;kfh"
jev lrk oHd{fhd fydhdf.k ;sfhkjd" 2100 fjoa
WIaK;ajh fi,aishia wxYl y;rlska je fjhs lsh,d' tal kx
Nhdkl je ula'ZZ ys;,h WKqiq u ms<sn`o meye,s l<
u;=rd h<s;a lSf h'
zztal Nhdklhs' fmdf<dfj WIaK;ajh flka l je
fjkj lshkafk fmdf<dj j;a fjkak iqiq ;ekla fjkafk
keye lshk tl' wksl lkak ke;=j" ,e.sks we;sfj,d" j.d
lrkak mqjka idrj;a bv ldka;dr fj,d .shdu wms yefudagu
182

fmdyshkag wdl kqjK

uefrkak fjkj'ZZ uq,ska u i`oyka l< ;=rd ueoaog mek
lSf h'
l%ufhka ixjdoh rij;a jQ w;r yeu fokd u mdfya
uy;a Woafhda.fhka Bg tla jQ y'
;j;a ;=frla Tyqg tfrys jQfha h' zzkeye' f,dl=u m%Yf
a k
;uhs W;=re O%ejfhhs" ol=Kq O%ejfhhs .a,eish hfjk tl'
tx.,kaf; ksl,ia iagka fldi jd;dfj lshk yg
.a,eish h u ksid fgdka ,shk iail c,h id.rj,g
tl;= fjkj' tafl m%;sM,hla yg yeu wjqreoaolu ,s gr
iafika mx.=jlska ;r id.r c, ugu by< hkjd' t;fldg
f,dafl uqyq ugu;a tlal neju my;a j;=rg hgfj,d
hk tl iarhs'ZZ
ys;,h WKqiq u flfia fyda uev,sh hq;= hehs ka
yeu fokdf.a u talu;sl ;SrKh hs' ta w;r Tjqkag uf.a
woyia k .ekSug o wjYH h'
zzta;a wjdikdjlg jf.a f.da,Sh WKqiq u .ek f,dafl
yeu oHd{hdu tl`. keye'ZZ uu lSfj' zzf.da,Sh WKqiq
ug jf.au bvla ;sfhkj f.da,Sh YS;, ulg
^Global Cooling&' b;sydfi je ld,hla ;siafia isoaO fj,d
;sfhkafk tal' ta lshkafk f,dafl whsia f.da,hla fjp tl'
tal isoaO jqKdu yeu hdu uefrkjd' wmsg uefrkak whsia
f.da,hla fjklx bkak fk keye' WIaK;ajh fi,aishia
wxYl tllska my< jegqfKd;a whsia fokak mqjka' t;fldg
fNda. kdY fjkjd' ta ksid f,dafl mqrdu id.;hla we;sfj,d
ksiaiq ,laI .Kka uef'ZZ
zzwe;a ; g@ tfyu uefrka k fjk tl k yu
Nhdklhsfk@ZZ ljqreka fyda mqu lSf h'
183

fmdyshkag wdl kqjK

zzT" we;a;gu' ZZ uu Tjqkg
a lSfj' zz1815 bkakSih
s dfj
gfndard .skslkao mqmqr,d u;a tlal w" ,s" je,sleg
f;d.hla jdhq f.da,hg tl;= fjp ksid i;s .Kkla hklx
fmdf<djg br t<sh jegqfK keye' fmdf<dj fyd`ogu iS;,
jqKd' ta wjqreoafo idudkH WIaK;ajh fi,aishia wxYl tllska
;r wvq jqKd ;rla fkfuhs wh,ka;h" W;=re weuldj
jf.a wE;g;a tafl n,mEu kqKd' YS;f,a m%;sM,hla yg
uq f,dafl mqrdu j.d kdY fj,d .shd' id.;hhs" ta;a tlalu
we;s fjp ikaksmd; jix.;hhs ksid wh,kaf; oyia .dKla
uereKd'ZZ

fmdyshkag wdl kqjK

zzyq`.lau bv ;sfhkjd'ZZ uu lSfj' zzfkap ^Nature&
lshk oHd;aul i`.rdj lshk yg 2007 b`o, 2015 ;r
fjklx fmdf<dfj ;sfhkafk YS; ld,hla' tal tx.,kaf;
ld,.=K oHd fomd;fka;=j;a ;yjqre lr, ;sfhkjd' thd,
lshk yg YS; ldf,ka miafi WIaK;ajh wdmyq by< hkjd'
ta;a" wkqudk lrk yg tfyu jqfKa ke;a;x wmsg isoaO
fjkafk ;j;a whsia hq.hlg .syska yefudagu ue, hkak'ZZ

zzf.da,Sh YS;, u lshk tl ks;r isoaO fjk fohlao@

fldfyduo tal fjkafka@ZZ tu ;=rd u uid isfha h'
zztal iajdNdl ixisoahla' oHd{fhd lshk yg
mDh iQhhd jf mN%uKh fjoa msysg, ;shk ;ekhs"
j,dldr llaI ud.hhs ksid mDfh yeu ;ekgu tl yg
ysre t<sh ,efnkafk keye' mDh .uka lrk fldg ,efnk
ysre t<sh;a fjkia fjkjd' ta ksid fmdf<dfj iuyr l,dmj,g
ysre t<sh ,efnk m%udKhhs" ld,hhs tlska tlg fjkia' ysre
t<sh ,efnk m%udKh wvq jqKdu .S%Iau ldf,g ysu h fjkafk
keye' t;fldg B<`. YS; ldf, idudkH m%udKhg;a jvd ysu
/ia fjkjd' wjqre .dKla ;siafi Th yg whsia ;gq tl;=
jqKdu fmdf<dj fyd`ogu YS;, fjkjd' biair ldf, fmdf<dfj
whsia hq. we;s jqfKa tfyuhs' we;a;gu 1950 fjklx wjqre
foiShla ;r wmg ;snqfK ;rul mqx whsia hq.hla'ZZ
zzka wdhs;a whsia hq.hla we;s fjkak fudk jf.a bvlao
;sfhkafk@ZZ Tjqkaf.a is;a ;=< h uqiq ye`.S we;s we;s njla
ug fmksK'
184

185

fmdyshkag wdl kqjK

fmdyshkag wdl kqjK

31
ldnka igyk o

ke;fyd;a f;aka
igyk o@

xj; rgj,a iska miq.sh jir foishh ;=< jdhq

f.da,hg uqod yk ,o ldnka m%udKh ms<sn`o
.egj ms<sn`o mdil m%;sm;a;s imdolfhl= iska lreKq
olajd ;sK' ixj; rgj,a iska is lrk ,o tu wmrdOhg
tfrysj jka ,nd .ekSf whs;sh ixjOkh fjka mj;sk
rgj,g we;ehs o Tyq ;l fldg ;sK' fuh udf.a isiqka
w;r ixjdohlg fya;= jQ ks;a;la h'
zztal yu j,x.= ;lhla'ZZ tla isiqfjla lSf h' zzthd
;l lr, ;sn yg hqKq rgj,a hqKq fj,d ;sfhkafk
mam;a rgj,a ksid" tajg mSvkhla we;s lr,d' hqKq rgj,a
thd,f. ldl ksIamdokfha msgfjk wmjH" jdhq j. jf.a
foaj,a ksoyfia mirhg uqod yer, mirh IKh lr,d
;sfhkafk' ka thd, Wmu ugulg we,a, ;rla fkfjhs
thd,g fk wfma rgj, wdl ixjOkh kj;ajkak' fudk
;r widOdrK o@ZZ Tyq ;j rg;a m%Yak lf<a h'
zztal we;a;'ZZ ;j;a isiqfjla Tyqg w;aje,a iemhS h' zzhqKq
rgj,a tl;= fj,d flala f.h .s,, bjrfj,d ka wmsj
186

j<lajkak yokjd' wmsg lr, ;sfhk ydkshg thd, wmsg jka

f.jkak fk ;uhs'ZZ
ish u isiqka tu u;h yd tl`.j is w;r lsis reoaO
woyila mek fkdke`.sK' tneka" .egj ms<sn`o jdo lrkq
fjkqjg Tjqka ;l lf<a Bg iyh lau i|yd jvd;a fyd`o u
;lh brsm;a lsu i`oyd h' M,odhs ixjdohla we;s lrk
wfhka uu uis; ke`.=Kq m%Yakhla Tjqka fj; ;e'
zzThd, we;a;gu ys;kjo hqKq rgj,a hqKq fj,d
;sfhkafk wfma rgj,a yQrxld, lsh,d'ZZ uu weiqfj' Tjqyq
ish fokd ta wkqu; lrka ysia fi,jQ y'
zzi ys;kafk tfyu fkfjhso@ZZ yeu fokd u ms<s.;a
woyig uiska wNsfhda. lrkq fkdweoyQ tla isif
q jla uikakg
h'
zzT" we;a;gu'ZZ uu ms<s;=re ks' zzhqKq rgj,a hqKq
jqfKa hqKf
q jk rgj,a yQrx ld,hs lshk tl ;=kj
a k f,daljdka
lshk iudc oHd{fhd lKavdhu bm;a lrmq ckm%h
s woyila'
ta;a" f,dal wdl b;sydih ljqre y miaika fydh,
nefjd;a fmfka" hqKq rgj,aj, ksiaiq thd,f. hqKqj
<`.d lr .;af;a uykais fj,d jev lr," lem lr,' ta ;rla
fkfjhs oHd;aul fidhd .ekS jdKscuh yg fhdod f.k"
kfjda;amdok lr, jf.au udkj m%d.aOkhhs kq ixjOkhhs
fkdlvjd isoaO lr, lsh,' wms f.dvla fofkla ta ls%hdj,shg
tl;= jqfKa keye' ta;a isx.mamQrej" ol=Kq fldhdj" ;dhsjdkh"
fydxfldx jf.a mam;a rgj,a lSmhla hqKq rgj,a yg
yev.eySf wNsfhda.h Ndr wrf.k mrmrdjla hoa hqKq
rgj,a f.dkakg tl;= jqKd' wo fjkfldg kh ff.ka ta
wruqKg hkjd'ZZ
187

fmdyshkag wdl kqjK

zzy" t;fldg Th ldnka uqod yeu .ek i fudlo
lshkafk@ thd, wmsg f.jkak fk keoao talg@ZZ uf.a
m%;sreoaO woyia lafuka miqnd is tla isiqfjla h<s m%Yak
lr isfha h'
zzf.da,Sh WIaK;ajh by< hkak fya;=fjp ldnka uqod
yeu f,daflgu n,mdmq m%Yakhla' hqKq rgj,aj,ska uqod yer,
;sfhk ldnka f;d.h Yd,hs' ta ksid iuyre kslu ys;kak
bv ;sfhkj thd, ;uhs jerldrfhd lsh,d' ta;a" tal we;a;
fkfjhs'ZZ uu ms<s;=re ks'
zzwehs i tfyu lshkafka@ZZ Tjqkaf.a l=;=y,h weiaiS
;sK'
zzy;d.dr n,mEu we;s lrk jdhq j. lsym
s hla ;sfhkjd'
ldnka vfhdlaihs iy ldnka fudfkdlaihs lshkafk ta
w;ka folla ;rhs' Bg wu;rj" y;d.dr jdhq yg f;aka"
i,a* Tlaihs" khsgc
% ka Tlaihs" yhsfv%d*af,dfrdaldnka jf.a
jdhq ;sfhkjd' IKhg tlu fya;=j yg ldnka vfhdlaihs
lsh, ;rla ys;kj k wms hkafk jer me;a;lg' wks;a
jdhq j. .ek;a wms i,l, n,kak fk'ZZ uu lSfj'
zzta;a wr ;lh f.kdmq flkd wks;a jdhq .ek lsh,
keyefk@ZZ Tjqyq meKs,s l< y'
zztal ;uhs m%Yafk'ZZ uu lSfj' zzthd ;ukaf. ;fl
idOdrKSlrKh lrkak jqjukd foaj,a ;rhs lsh,d ;sfhkafk'
tal y yuka oHdjla fkfjhs' ks.ukhlg tkak l,ska iuia;
;%h .eku" yeufoa .eku ys;, n,kak fk'ZZ
zzfldfyduo i iuia; ;%h .eku n,kafk@ZZ Tjqka
tldjkaj weiQ y'
188

fmdyshkag wdl kqjK

zzTh lshmq jdhq mirhg tl;= fjkj" iajdNdlj jf.au
ksiaiqkaf. ls%hdldrl ksid' .sksl` msmsu" ,e.sks" j.=re
N+j, ls%hdld;ajh jf.au i;a;aj f.dfmd< jf.a foaj,a
iajdNdl lsh
% d yg i,lkak mqjka' ksii
a k
q f
a . lsh
% dldrl
k wms fyd`og okakjfk' n,Yla;sh yg Lksc f;,a" .,a
w`.=re" j jf.a foaj,a oykh lroa wms Th jdhq msg lrjkjd'
ta jqK;a f.da,h
S WIaK;ajh .ek l;d lrk wh fl,sku
a b,lal
lrkafk ldnka vfhdlaihs' ta ;rla fkfjhs' ksIamdok
ls%hdj,sh we;=f< ldnka igyk ^Carbon Footprint& lsh,d tlla
.Kkh lrkak tpr y ke;s l%uhl=;a yodf.k ;sfhkjd'
thd, lrkafk ksIamdokfh fhdod .;a;= n,Yla;s m%Njj,
tl;=j .Kkh lr, ta u.ska we;s lrmq ldnka vfhdlaihs
m%udKh fuprhs lsh,d .Kka yok tl' tal Wv thd,
ksIamdolhkag lshkj f.jkak lsh,d' ta jqKdg okafku ke;=j
ldnka hou mdia lrk ksid mdfNda.slhhs wka;sug tal
f.jkafk' yeu ksIamdokhlu ldnka i,l=Kq odkak fk
lsh,;a thd, n, lr,d ;sfhkjd' ksIamdolhkag f.jkak
lshkafk;a tal Wvhs' u;l ;shd .kak" hqKq rgj,a wmg
talg f.fjd;a wmsu ;uhs ta wmsgu f.jkafk" fya;=j tafl
hou NdKafv ,g tl;=fj,d ;sfhk ksid' ZZ uu Tjqkag
meye,s lf<'
zzjka f.jkak lshk tfla jro fudloao@ZZ ;j;a isif
q jla
uiS h'
zztalg fya;=j ;uhs hqKq jf.au hqKq fjk rgj;a y
yhg Th jdhq j. jdhq f.da,hg tl;= lrk tl' WodyrKhla
yg j.dj" yrlam jf.a foaj,aj,ska ksl=;a lrk f;aka
m%udKh ldnka vfhdlaihs jf.a is .=Khla jehs' ;dhs,ka;
cd;sl wkd;a f;aika lshk foaY.=Kh fjkiau ms<sn`o
wka; rdcH lgqf oHd{hd lshk yg jdhq f.da,fh
189

fmdyshkag wdl kqjK

fmdyshkag wdl kqjK

;sfhk f;akaj,ska ishhg 12 la tl;= fjkafk fylaghdr

,shk 130 la ;r fjk l=Uqrej,ska' taflka ishhg wkQjlau
;sfhkafk wdishdfj' f,dafl .j .ykfhka ,shk 300 la
bka f k fk' ,s h k 200 la bka hdfj' ,s h k 150 la
mlsia:dfk' ;j;a ,shk 100 la n%iSf,' f Tlafldu hqKq
fjk rgj,a' taj;a tlal n,oa weuldfj bkafk ,shk 100
hs' wms lk yd,aj, y fndk lsj, y f;ka i,l=Kq fud;a
l;dj imQKfhkau fjkia fjkjd'ZZ uu ;jrg;a Tjqkag
meye,s lf<'
zztal kshu l;djla'ZZ tla;rd isiqfjla ieye,afjka
lSf h' zzldnka i,l=K .ek lsh, jka b,a,kak tmd' ljqre
y f;a k a i,l= K q .Kka yo,d nefjd;a " mrdl% u ndyq
rcqrejkaf. ldf, b`o, yomq yd,aj,g jka f.jkak wmsg
isoaO f'ZZ

32

taldm;sjdoh ( wdl oHd oDIahlska (

w;a;fkdau;slhkag iydh
olajkafkda o fj;a'

is

ndf foaYfhys w;a u .Kka ys, weiQ isiqka

w;r l=;=y,hla weiaisK' isndfys ks,
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Yaf,aIlhkag wkqj k tys WoaOukh jdIslj ishhg ,shk
10 la muK f' mdka rd;a;,la tys lsfKkafka isndf
fvd, ,shk ishhlg h' ks, ksuh wkqmd;h weuldkq
fvd,rhlg isndf fvd, ,shkhls' tfy;a" i;H jYfhka
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100 la jYfhks' ixirKh i`oyd ksl=;a lr we;af;a fvd,
,shk 100 jeks by< jkdlula iys; fkdagq h'
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jHikld ;;a;ajhla u; wju jYfhka wdlh ls%hd;aul
jkafka flfia hs k .ekSug uf.a YsIHhkag jqjukd h'
taldm;sjdoh wdl oHd oDIahlska .%y lsug;a" rgla
cd;s h la u; tys n,mEu idlPd ls ug;a tu.s k a wmg
wjia:djla ,eK'
zzfoaYmd,k taldm;sfhd lshkafk wksjdhfhkau
wdl taldm;sfhd'ZZ uu lSfj' zzta lshkafk ;ukaf.

190

191

fmdyshkag wdl kqjK

wdOdrl moku /l .kak thd, fmd ck;djg whs;s fku
fohla" tfyu ke;ak ishu foa" veye .kakjd' thd, wks;a
ksiaiqkaf. N=la;sh Wr .kak ;rug thd, fjkqfjka fmkS
bkak whf. iyfhda.h Yla;su;a fjkjd' ta ksid taldm;s
idyislhkaf. n, moku mj;aj .kafk" yeuodu r`oj .kafk"
thd, ksiaiqkaf.ka Wr .kak" fydrlx lrk ;rug ;uhs'ZZ
zz ta jqK;a ljo y ojil thd,f. im;a bjr fjkafk
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isiqka fj; fhduq lf<'
zzta l fydreka f . iudchla ' ZZ tla is i q hla ms < s ; = r e
kakd h' zziudch mka;s follg fnfokj" Okh Wr .kak
fydre jf.au Okh Wmojk wjxlj jev lrk ksiaiq yg'
fydre lrkafk mqjka ;rx jev lrkak wjxl ksiaiqkaj
fmd<Uj, thd, Wmhk foa meyer .kak tl' ta jqK;a tfyu
iudfcl wjxlj jev lrkak ksiaiqkag lsis Wkkajla we;s
fjkafk keye' ta ksid thd, yefudau fydre njg m;a fjkjd'
tal isoaO fjkafk wms wy, mqre f.%aIf.a kS;sh lshk wdl
isoaOdka;h;a tlalhs'ZZ
zzta fudloao@ wms k wy, keye'ZZ ;j;a YsIHfhla
lSf h'
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f.%aI 1558 t,sifn;a /kg ,sjd zjkd f,dayj,ska iy
nd, f,dayj,ska yomq ldis tljr wdlfha mj;skak neyeZ
lsh,d' l,ska ysgmq bx.S%is rcjrekag Wmfoia ,e, ;sn ,dN
f,day fhdodf.k ldis wpq .eyqfjd;a hou wvq lr.kak
mqjka lsh,d' tal ;uhs uqo,aj, w.h my; fy<kj ^Debasing& lsh,d lshkafk' t;fldg" YS%u;a f.%aIka lsj ta yg
lf<d;a ksiaiq ;uka < ;sfhk rkaldis md lrkak
192

fmdyshkag wdl kqjK

Wkka fjk tlla keye lsh,d' talg fya;=j ;uhs ,dN f,day
ldishg;a ta jefu lrkak mqjka ksid' ta ksid" rkaldis
ksiaiqkaf. w;g .shdg miafi ksiaiq tajd tl;= lrf.k
;shd .kak ksid wdmyq mdhg tkafk keye' tal yskao ;uhs
f.%I
a lsfj fyd`o i,a,;
s a tlal krl i,a,s mdhg fud;a
taflka fyd`o i,a,s whska fj,d hkj lsh,d' f.%aIf.a kS;sh
lshkafk talghs'ZZ
zzka wdl oHd{fhd tal fmd kS;shla yg md
lrkjd'ZZ isiqh bm;a l< woyi uu ;j;a ia;r lf<'
zzfyd`o ksiaiq uykais fj,d jev lr,d ,nd .;a; foaj,a krl
ksiaiqkag kslu N=la;s `kak bv kakyu tal fld;k
jqK;a fjkak mqjka' WodyrKhla yg" jev lrk ia:dkhl
fyd`o" yelshdj ;sfhk ksiaiq Wiia fjk w;fru ta wiafiu
idudkH wh;a Wiia ,nkj lsh,d ys;uq' t;fldg wr fyd`o
ksiaiqkag uykais fj,d jev lrkak ;sfhk Wkkaj wvq
fjkjd' fya;=j" idudkH yg jev lr,d jqK;a ta Wiiauu
.kak mqjka ksid' ta ksid" wdl oHd{fhd lshkafk krl
fiajlfhd ksid fyd`o fiajlfhd wys fj,d hkjd" wka;sf
b;=re fjkafk frdvq jf.a krl fiajlfhd ;rhs lsh,d'
wdlhl f.%aI kS;sh l%shd;aul fjkfldg fydreka ksid
wjxl ksiaiq whskafj,d hkjd' wka;sf wmsg b;=re fjkafk
fydre tl;=fj,d lsh
% d;aul lrk wdlhla' ta jf.a wdlhl
yefudau wks;a wh yok foa Wr .kak n,d bkakjd ila
ljqrej;a ksIamdokh fkdlrk ksid imQK wdlhu lvd
jefgkjd'ZZ
zzTh fydre fydrl lrka k .;a ; du ks i a i q
lE.ykjfk@ fldfyduo ksiaiqkaf. frdaOh thd, u.
wkafka@ZZ;j;a isiqfjl=f.a wjOdkh w;a u w;lg fhduq
h'
193

fmdyshkag wdl kqjK

f.%aIf.a kS;sh wdY%fhka fp!rhkaf.a f,dalh ms<sn`o
meye,s l< isiqh u h<s ms<s;=re kakd h' zztal ir,hs' uq,skau
;ukaf. .f ugka ;uhs fydrlu lrkafka' .f bv
whs;sldrhg whs;s bv Wrf.k thdf. fyxphshkag fno,
fokak .fu Woldrfhd;a bkakjd' lS%vd msgkshla yokak
jf.a fmd jevlg bvu .;a ; hs ls h ,d ta fydrlu
idOdrKSlrKh lrkak;a thd yokjd' t;ek ke;s fjkafk
tlaflkdghs' jdish f.dvla fokdg yn fjkjd' ta f.dvla
fokdf. nh .eka ;ck ksid wr ;ks ksyd lg jyf.k
bkakjd' kS;sh WK;a yhg ls%hd;aul fjkafk keye' ta ksid
wjdish fjp ksyg kS;sfhkaj;a iykhla ,efnkafk keye'
isndf lshk rf foafmd< whs;s fj,d ;sf iq;rhlg
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whg keye'ZZ

fmdyshkag wdl kqjK

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194

195

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fmdyshkag wdl kqjK

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196

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197

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198

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199

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200

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201

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202

fmdyshkag wdl kqjK

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fohla'ZZ

203

fmdyshkag wdl kqjK

fmdyshkag wdl kqjK

35

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fg

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a p; wkqlrKh lrkjd ;rla
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204

zzTh fk ;r pek,a ;sfhkafk' fudlla y jev

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205

fmdyshkag wdl kqjK

fmdyshkag wdl kqjK

.ek u;lhla ke;' wk;=rej l;dj mgka .;a ud ;=rd Bg

n,mdkq we;ehs is;sh yels lreKq wkqudk lrkakg bm;a
h'
zziuyr g Th jevigyka Nd. ksfoaYj,gj;a" m%Yak
m;%j,gj;a wod< fkdfjk ksid fjkak we;s' j n,, ;rla
<ufhl=g Nd. mdia lrkak neye'ZZ Tyq lSf h'
zztal <uhskag kx we;a; fjkak mqjka' ta;a .eyeKq
Woh j n,kak fk kE lsh,d lshkafka wehs@ZZ uu ;j;a
m%Yakhla u;= lf<'
zztal kx fyd|gu meye,shs'ZZ
fya;= wkqudk l< ;=rd u h<s;a ueoaog mekafka h'
zzTh fg,s kdgHhs" iqm iagd jevigykqhs yu fudavhs'
lsis jevla keye' f,dafl isoaO fjk foaj,a .ek ne?re yg
n,kafk keye' ta ksid tajf.ka kqug uql=;a tl;= fjkafk
keye'ZZ
zzksiaiq n,kak fk Nd.j,g fk foaj,a ;rhs'
l;d lrkak fk ne?re foa ;rhs lshk tfla f;areu
fudloao@ZZ uu ;j;a m%Yakhla keS'
ta m%Yakhg ms<s;=re ug lsisfjl= fyda bm;a fkdjQ
w;r .egj ;jrg;a meye<s l< hq;= hehs uu l,amkd lf<'
zzf.d,a, Th yefudau tl;= fj,d m;=re .ykafk
fkdaodiajdo ludka;h ^Entertainment Industry& lsh, lshk
foa' ta;a tal we,a, f,dafl ;shk Yd,u tajf.au jeu ,dN
,nk ludka;hla'ZZ uu lSfj'

zztalg fya;=j ;uhs fkdaodiajdoh lshkafk ksiaiqkaf.

wka;su mdrsfNda.sl NdKavh fjk tl' ksiaiq tl tl ;ek
jev lrkj fjkak mqjka' O wdodh Wmhkjd fjkak
mqjka' tl tl iudc ugf fjkak mqjka' j;a fjkafk
tl tl m<d;aj, fjkak mqjka' ta;a wka;sf wms yefudau
fkdaoh yryd i;=gla ,nkak yokjd' tfyu fkdlf<d;a
wfma ; kslx kSri" jevlg ke;s foaj,a fj,d hkjd'ZZ uu
Tjqkag lSfj'
zzta;a taflka lshfjkafk keyefk Th ue jevigyka
l ' tfla fmkakkak fk lsh,d' j n,, ,nkak mqjka
ikaf;dafI fudloao@ZZ Tjqka w;=ka wfhla ud yd jdohg
megfKa h'
zzks i a i q tl tla f lkdg fjkia ' ta k s i d thd,f.a
leue;a;;a tl tlaflkdf.ka fjkia' f.dvla udOH ilaIK
wdh;k fydhdf.k ;sfhkjd jeu fofkla n,kafk Th
fudavhs lshk jevigyka lsh,d' taj ir, fkdaohla fok
ksid" ta jf.au f;are .kak tpr uykais fjkafk fk
ke;s ksid fjkak we;s tfyu fj,d ;sfhkafk' wks;a tl Th
ne?re jevigyka n,kafk w;f<diaila ;rhs' taflka
fmakafk fm%alaIlfhd l is,d ;sfhkafk msr tll
yevhg lsh,' ir, fkdaohla ,nkak leu;s wh f.dvla
ms r vfh my< bka k j' by<g hka k hka k ne?relu
jefjk fldg n,k wh;a wvq fjkjd' f we;a; rEmjdyskS
iud. okakjd' ta ksid thd, jevigyka ksIamdokh lrkafk
jehu f,dl= fjf<|fmd< b,lal lr," ta lKavdhu i;=gq
lrkak'ZZ uu meye,s lf<'

lsis;a ndOdjla fkdfldg ish fokd ufoi oEia o,ajd

ish y'

zztal ;uhs wms;a lshkafk Th ' fldmeks yokafk

.EKqkf
a .hs" <uhskf
a .hs nd, wdidj,a bIag lrkak'ZZ tla wfhla
ug ndOd lf<a h'

206

207

fmdyshkag wdl kqjK

zzkeye'ZZ uu ms<s;=re ks' zzksiaiqkaf. leue;a;
iajdNdlju fn, .syska ;sfhkafk Th yg' rEmjdyskS
iud.j, talg lrkak fohla keye' je fofkla wdihs ir,
fkdaohla ,nkak' ne?re jevigyka n,k whg fk foa
;rla fokak .sfhd;a" tajg wvq fY%aKs.; lsula ;sfhk ksid
thd,f. wdodh wvqfjkak mqjka' thd,g tal lrkak mqjka
fjkafk mska iyfhda.hla ;sfnd;a ;rhs' ta;a thd, ir,
fkdaohg leu;s whg jevigyka yefjd;a taflka .kak
,dfnka wr jf.a fyd| ne?re jevigyka yokak mqjka' ta
ksid wms ir, jevigyka keje;a;=fjd;a wmsg fjkafk wr
fyd| jevigykq;a kj;a;kak' ta ksid fyd| jevigyka n,k
fm%alaIlhkag wkshka Wo lrkafk thd, /, bkafk ld
Wvo@ ir, fg,s kdgHhs" iqm iagd jevigykqhs n,k
fm%alaIlfhd Wv'ZZ
zztfykx wehs iuyr ksiaiq Th ir, jevigykaj,ghs
iqm iagdldrhkaghs wleue;s@ZZ
zzwdl oHd{fhd tal meye,s lrkafk tl tl
ksiaiqkag tl tl yg yeisfrkak n,mdk udkisl ;;a;ajh
.ek i,l,hs' tafl me;s folla ;sfhkjd' tlla ;uhs fndre"
mqyq Wiialula fmkakSf jqjukdj ^Snobbish Effect&' wksl
we,a, w~fnr .ykak ^Bandwagon Effect& ;sfhk jqjukdj'
fndre Wiialu fmkakk frdaf. yeKdu mdfNda.slfhla
yokafk wks;a whf.ka fjkia fjkak" fYaI fjkak' Th
udkisl ;;a;afj ;sfhk fldg thd mfNdackh lrkak
yokafk wks;a wh mfNdackh fkdlrk fohla' ta ygu
wks;a wh fudlla y md lrkjd k thd tal md
lrkafk keye' fya;=j fjkia fjkak" fYaI fjkak k lrk
ksid' ta ksid Th lshk frdaf. yeKq ksiaiqkag wks;a whg
fmkakkak fk lrkafk fudloao okakjo@ ;uka Th fudav
fg,s kdgHh tllaj;a n,kafk keye lsh,d' w~fnr .yk
208

fmdyshkag wdl kqjK

jqjukdj ;shk wh lrkafk tafl wks;a me;a;' thd,;a wks;a
wh jf.au fjkak yokjd' t;fldg thd, hula mfNdackh
lrkafk wks;a wh;a talu lrkj k ;rhs' <uhskqhs" .eyeKq
Wohhs Th jevigyka n,kafk wks;a wh;a tfyu lrk ksihs'
thd, tfyu lf<a ke;ak" ta iudc lKavdhf fldgialdrfhd
fjkak ne fjkjd' u;l ;shd.kak" j n,, we,a, ojia
.Kka ;siafi taj .ek ksiaiq l;d lrkjd'ZZ uu hka fjk
wdl uQ,Ouh meye,s lf<'
zzta jq K dg jfh bka k wdia ,g thd,f.u wh
wleu;shs' thd,g biafi,a,u .rykafk thd,f.u wh'ZZ ;j;a
;=frla w;a woyila bm;a lf<a h'
zzfkdaodiajdo ludka;h we;=f< jefhkau yn
lrkafk Th lshk fmdma l,dldrfhd ksi ;uhs Th ;r
.rykafk' idudkHfhka wms wmsg jvd wdodhula ,nk flfkla
.ek fyd|la ys;kafk keyefk'ZZ uu lSfj'
zzta;"a Th iqm iagd, l wfma <uhs l k wksjdfhka
ld," kdi lr, odkjd' <uhs j n,kak fyd| keye'ZZ
zzbf.kSu lshkafk wOHdmk iy;sl .kak tlu fkfjhs'
taj;a fk' ta;a miafi ldf,l id:l ;hla f.jkak k
taju ;rla u' wOHdmkh lshkafk l=i,;d hqKq lr .kak
tl" wNsfhda.j,g uqyqK fokak yelshdj we;s lr .kak tl
jf.au w;a foaj,a ys;kak lrkak mqjka fy yelshdjka
hqKq lr .kak tl' iqm iagd n,k tflka <uhskag mqjka
fjkjd ;r. lrkafk fldfyduo by<g tkafk fldfyduo
wNsfhda. kkafk fldfyduo ta jf.a u ys;g nrla ke;=j
kqu meru ndr.kafk fldfyduo lsh,d bf.k .kak'
f.d,a, olskjd we;s Th ksYaph uKav, biairyg tk
yvqmdg uql=;a fkdokak ;reK <uhs lska l olaI" yev jev
209

fmdyshkag wdl kqjK

fmdyshkag wdl kqjK

36

;sfhk" wks;a wh;a tlal ;r. lrkak mqjka ugug hqKq

fjk ye' w .i, od, tk ye' tal wksjdfhkau <uhskag
bf.k .kak fyd| mdvula' w;alSula' f.d,a, lrkak fk
tlu foa ;uhs ;uka hqKq fjk tlhs" tfyu ke;a;x f.dv
kefk tlhs" iqiql ,nd.kak tlhs w;f fyd|g ld,h
fnod.kak y W.kakk tl' taflka mqjka wmsg kshu ta
jf.au fyd|g iunr fjp udkj m%d.aOk tall yokak'ZZ uu
wjika jYfhka lSfj'

msgqmdkakg fkdyels by< fmd,S

wdodh fmdfrdka

la;rd idohl ug uf.a ;=frla yuq h' tys

rg mqrd ms<sldjla fuka me;sr hk kS;sfrda
;ekam;= Ndr .kakd wdh;k ms<sn| Ih Tyq biau;= lf<a h' ta
fudfyd; jk g tjka tla isula ms<sn| mqj;am;a iska
jd;d fldg ;snQ w;r" fmd,sia wdrx ud. wkqj jxpd fldg
;snQ uqo,a m%udKh remsh,a ,shk .Kkls' wmg ud;Dld jQ tu
Ih ta jk g fndfyda fokdf.a wjOdkhg ,la ;snQ tlla
neka wjg is fndfyda fofkla wmf.a ixjdohg tlajkakg
W;aidy l< y'
zzTh fldmeks ksiaiqkaj fyd|g rjg, ;sfhkafk'
ksiaiq;a weu .s,," ;uka wudrefjka yn lr .;a;= foaj,a
;ekam;a lrkjd'ZZ uf.a ;=rd lSf h'
zzwka;u
s g Wka ksii
a k
q f
a . wka;u
s if;ag hklx yQrf.k
w,s wudrejl od, mek, hkjd' Th wysxil ksiaiqkaj wdrlaId
lrkak uy nexl=j fudkj y lrkak fk'ZZ
zzuy nexl=j fldfyduo ta ksiaiqkaj wdrlaId lrkafk@ZZ
wm w;r is wfhla uid isfha h'
210

211

fmdyshkag wdl kqjK

zzTh fydr fldmeks ojiska oji meg .yk tlg j.
lshkak fk uy nexl=j ;uhs' lsis fohla fkdlr k fohla
Tfya lrkak bv wer, ;sfhk ksfyla fydre w,a,hs lsh,
k ys;kak neye'ZZ
fiiq ish fokdg Tyqf.a lshq f;are .; fkdyels
jQfhka foda Tjqkaf.a uqyqKq m%Yakd: yevh .;af;a h'
zzfudloao ta lshkafk@ZZ wkdrd;hd fj;ska meye,s
lsula b,a,d isfha ud ;=rd isks'
zzta fufyuhs'ZZ Tyq > meye,s lsug uq, msh' zzksii
a q
je fmd,shlg hkafk WoaOukh je fjk yg fmd,sh
je lrkak bvla ,efnkak ke;s jqKduhs' t;fldg WoaOufk
ksid je fj houg jvd wvq wdodhula ;uhs ,efnkafk'
WodyrKhla yg WoaOufk ishhg iaila fj,d ;sfhoa
fmd,sh ishhg fod<yhs k" remsh,a iShla ;ekam;a lf<d;a
yn fjkafk remsh,a fod<yhs' f;are .kak f,ais fjkak
wms ys;uq ishhg tlla remsh,lg iudkhs lsh,d' tfyu
ys;=fjd;a hou je fjkjd ishhg iailska' l,ska .;a;= nvq
u,a, .kak ka thdg remsh,a wgla wvqhs' okafku ke;sj mam;a
fj,d' wdl" oHd{fhd Th ;;a;afjg lshkafk zRK uQ;
fmd,S wkqmd;slhlaZ ,efnkjd lsh,d' fudkjd y fya;=jla
ksid f,dafl mqrdu uy nexl= fjf<|fmdf<a fmd,S wkqmd;sl
je fjkak fokafk keye" tfyu ke;a;x taj md,kh lrkjd
lsh,d ys;uq' b;s lrk yeu flkdgu uQ; yg .;af;d;a
RK wdodhula ;uhs t;fldg ,efnkafk' tfyu jqKdu isoaO
fjk foa j<lajkak wudrehs' ta ksiaiq je fmd,S fok
fmdfrdkaj,g wyqfjkjd' ta je fmd,sh yn fjkafk thd,
.kak wjodku ksihs'ZZ
212

fmdyshkag wdl kqjK

zzThdf. ;fl Nd.hla y' Nd.hla jerhs'ZZ uu uey;a
'
zztal Ndf.g y fjkafk fufyuhs' b;s lrk wh
;ukaf. mfNdackh wvq lr,d b;=re lrkak ;SrKh lroa
fmd,sh jeo.;a idOlhla fjk ksid' , .Kka je fjkjg
jvd thd,g yn fjk wdodhu wvq k" ta wdodhfuka .kak
mqjka yd,a y wks;a nvq u,a, y biafi,a,g jvd wvq fjkjd'
t;fldg thdf. wdl ;;a;f
a j krla fjkjd" ;rla fkfjhs
je fmd,S fok jxpdldrhkaf. u.j,g kslu wyqfjkjd'ZZ
zzux lshk tfla Nd.hla je/ wehs@ZZ uy nexl=f jer
we;ehs ms<s.kakd ;eke;a;d uid isfha h'
zztal ndf.g jer fjkafk" f.dvla ksii
a q b;=re lrkak
;SrK .ksoa fmd,sh" fYaIfhka uQ; fmd,sh ^Real Interest
Rate& .ek ys;kafk ke;s ksid' kEu iudfcl b;=re lrk
tl ixialD;sl mqreoaog jf.a fjk tlla' jeo.;a foa ;uhs
b;=re lrk mqreoao ksiaiqkag uq, b|kau mqre lrk tl'
tfyu ke;a;x ;ukaf. mfNdackh wvq lr,d mqreoaola yg
b;=re lrk tl' ta ksid ;uhs je WoaOukhl=hs" wvq fmd,shl=hs
;sfhoa WK;a" uQ,H wdh;kj,g ksiaiqkaf.ka ;ekam;a tl;=
lrkak mqjka fjkafk' ta jqK;a ud;a tlhs Th;a tlal"
ksiaiq b;=re lroa jeo.;au idOlh fjkafk fmd,shhs lshk
ldrfK;a tlal'ZZ
zztfyk wehs ksiaiq ;ukaf. b;=re lrmqj;a wrka Th
fydr .=ydj,g x.kafk@ZZ wm wi< is ;eke;af;la uiS h'
zz;Kaydj ;uhs' ta yeu fokdu tlmdr i,a,s f;d.hla
fydhkak ys;k wh'ZZ wi< is ;j;a wfhla ms<s;=re kafka h'
213

fmdyshkag wdl kqjK

ta fudfyd; jk g idlPdjg tl;= ug wjg is
iEu fokdg u wjYH h' Bg tl;= lsu i|yd l=ula fyda
lreKla" fya;=jla" idlaIshla yeu fokd i;= h'
zzfudlo b;s k a ;Ka y dj ;s nu fjka f k@ wehs wms
yefudagu ;Kaydj keoao@ZZ
zzta jqKdg wl ;Kaydj k Nhdklhs' taflka ;Kaydj
;sfhk ksy ;rla fkfjhs' ksy;a tlal .kqfokq lrk
wks;a wh;a kdi fjkjd'ZZ
zzta;a" hqKq fjkak k ;Kaydj fk" wmsg ;Kaydjla
ke;a;x wms lsisu fohla lrk tlla keye'ZZ
zzkeye' f cd;sfh ;Kaydfjka kx lsisu jevla keye'
taflka fjkafk jer jev" wmrdO je fjk tl'ZZ
tjr tf;la wmg ksy`vj ijka foka is ;eke;af;la
ish woyia m< lrkakg jQfha h'
zzf,dl= wdodhulg ;Kayd fjk tfla m%fhdackhla
;sfhkjd' rgl hqKqjg tal fk' ta;a" f,dl= i,a,shla ;shk
tfla f,dl= wjodkul=;a ;sfhkjd' f,dl= i,a,shla fydhkak
ys;k ksiaiq wjodk yhg ;lafire lr, ta jefg nyskak
fk'ZZ Tyq .= foaYkhla mgka .;af;a h' zzf.dvla whf.
;sfhk m%Yafk ;uhs jdish ;rla n,k tl' wjodku n,kafk
keye' ta ksid thd, ;SrK .kafk yeu f;dr;=rla .eku ys;,"
fydh, n,, fkfjhs' ;ukag jdis foaj,a ;rla n,,' jef
jerKdu lrkafk fudloao@ wdKavqj" fmd,sish" uy nexl=j"
wyq fjk wyqfjk yefudagu foia fofjd,a ;shkjd' ksiaiqkag
f f,daflhs mrf,daflhs fyd|u foaj,a tlmdr ,nkak neye'
214

fmdyshkag wdl kqjK

thd,f. ys;=jlaldr fy,a,la" ne,s,a,la ke;s jev ksid
wdKavqjj;a" uy nexl=jj;a j.lSu .kak fk keye'ZZ
zzksiaiqkag ;sfhk tl wk;=re weula ;uhs Th
jxpdldrfhd fokjhs lshk Yajdi lrkak ne ;r je
fmd,sh' Tpr f,dl= fmd,shlg Khg .kak Th jxpdldrhkag
y yuka ,dNhla fydhd .kak ne nj .ek ys;, fl wiafia
;sfhk jxpdj ksii
a q f;are .kak fk'ZZ Tjqka w;=ka wfhla
fhdackd lf<a h'
uq,ska l;d l< ;eke;a;d i;=j Bg o ms<s;=rla h' zzTpr
f,dl= fmd,shla , tl;= lrk Th i,a,s idudkHfhka odkafk
kS;sfrda jevj,g' iuyr g Bg;a jvd je fmd,shg'ZZ Tyq
lSf h'
zzTh jxpdldrfhd idudkHfhka lrka f k tla f ld
;ukaf.u f.dvke.s,s jHdmD;sj,g i,a,s odk tl' ke;a;x
wdKavf
q j fldka;d% ;a .kak tl' rg hqKq fjoa f.dvke.s,j
s ,g
;sfhk b,au je fjk ksid f.dvke.s,s yokak i,a,s
fhdojkjd' t;fldg" ;ekam;aldrfhdkag f.jk je fmd,sh
wdjrKh lr.kafk f.dvke.s,s je ,lg l=K,' ta jqK;a
wdlh myq nysk fldg f.dvke.s,sj,g ;sfhk b,au wvq
fjkjd' t;fldg Khg kak uqo,a wh lr .kak ne fjkjd'
tfyu .syska ;ekam;aldrhkag f.jk tl;a meyer ykjd'
tl .g wdlh hqKq fj,d Bg miafi l l wvq fj,d
hoa wdKavqfj fldka;%d;aldrhkag i,a,s fok tlg fjkafk;a
talu ;uhs' t;fldg wdKavqfj wdodhu;a wvqfjkjd' ta ;rla
fkfjhs' f.dvla hqKq fjk rgj,aj, wdKavq y fj,djg
fldka;%d;aj,g f.jkafk keye' t;fldg fldka;%d;aldrhkag
i,a,s tkafk keye' nexl=j,ska thd,g ,efnk Kh myiql
215

fmdyshkag wdl kqjK

iS; ksid thd, lrkafk je fmd,shlg fk ;rula i,a,s
fydhd .kak mqjka llv fjf<|fmd<g hk tl' ta ksid
jxpdby< fmd,shg Kh fokak mqjka ;ekla yeu ;siafiu
;sfhkjd'ZZ
zzy" ta;a fldfyduo nxfldf,d;a fjkafk ke;=j Th
;r je fmd,shla f.jkak fldka;%d;aldrfhdkag mqjka
fjkafk@ZZ ljqfoda weiqf h'
zzfldka;%d;a jkdlu jemqr ;lafiare lr,' fudlla
y jevla iShg lrkak mqjka k thd, odkafk odyhs lsh,'
ta ksid fydr ;lalkag je fmd,shla f.jg miafi;a thd,g
fyd| ,dNhla ;sfhkjd'ZZ wfma ;=rd lSf h'

fmdyshkag wdl kqjK

fmd,shg Khg .kak w;a Khldrfhd wvq fjk ksid" wr
;la l ka g fjkjd ;uka f . jHdmdr jev wl= , f.k
;ekam;aldrfhdkag jxpd lrkak'ZZ
zztal fyd| l;dj'ZZ wfhla uey;a jQ y'
zz;lalkaf. wdhqi fldghs'ZZ
zzwe;a;' ta;a ta fmd ldf, thd, ,shk .Kka tl;=
lr .kakjd'ZZ wfma ;=rd ms<s;=re kafka h' zztal thd,f.
mrmrd .dKlg iem `kak we;s'ZZ

zzta lshkafk ta ksiaiq tl;= lrk ;ekam;aj,g fmd,S

f.jkafk n f.jk ksiaiq@ZZ
zztal we;a;' n f.jk wh ;uhs nr orkafk'ZZ
zztfyk wehs Th ksiaiq fmd ;shkafk@ZZ wfma ;=rd
Bg o ms<s;=rla kafka h'
zzTh iQ;a;rldrfhd ;ukaf. jevj,g md lrkafk
w;ska tl;= lrk ;ekam;aj, i,a,s' ljqre y ka fydhk
,dfnka ke;=j" wkd.f;a yn fjk i,a,sj,ska jev lghq;=
lrf.k hkjd k tfyu jHdmdrj,g wms lshkafk zfmdkaisZ
l%u ^Ponzi& lsh,d' weuldf ksiaiqkaf.a i,a,s fydr lrmq
fmdkais lshk ksyf. ku ;uhs talg ;sh, ;sfhkafka' w;a
wdfhdaclfhd tl;= fjk tl wvq fj ksid fmdkais msrvhla
yg yomq l%f lvdf.k jegqKd' wdKavq ;ukaf. ho
lmk fldg y" fldka ; % d ;a kj;a ; k fldg y wr
jxpdldrfhdkag fjkafk;a talu ;uhs' tfyu fj,djg je
216

217

fmdyshkag wdl kqjK

fmdyshkag wdl kqjK

37

wo ojfia wjYH;dj (
f,dl= rchla fkdj"
olaI rchls'

k jd wdydr fifha wmf.a idlPdjg Ih

jQfha mj;akd f,dal uQ,H yd wdl wnqoh
uOHfha rcfha ldhNdrh l=ula h hq;= o hkak ms<sn|jhs'
uf.a ;=rka ta ms<sn| O woyia oerE w;r we;euqka fmkajd
kafka iqYd, rchl ldhNdrh jeo.;a njhs' tfy;a we;e
wh iqYd, rchl ldhlaIu;dj ms<sn| iel my< l< y'
zzwjqre .dKla ;siafi ksoyia wdlhlg bv, rchla
jeo.;a keyehs lsh, wms whska lr, u' ka ta fudavlug
uq f,daflgu jka f.jkakhs fj,d ;sfhkafk'ZZ uf.a ;=frla
lSf h'
Tyq woyia lf<a lsis;a iSudjla rys;j ish fokd iska
u ksoyia fjf<|fmd< wdl l%uh ms<sn| uy by<ska l;d
l< wiQ .Kka" wkQ .Kka ms<n
s | nj meye,s h' fuu mKsjv
q h
l,ska mej;s fidah ix.ufha idudl rgj,a fuka u ke`.S
tk rgj,a iska o j wjOdkhg f.k ;sK' m%;sM,h jQfha
tu rgj, rcfha ;ru l%ufhka l=vd fjka fm!oa.,sl wxYh
m%idrKh u h' tu ld,h ;=< f.da,ShlrKh YS>%fhka
218

isu ;=<ska O m%;sixialrK is lsf udkisl;ajfhka

fmKq ixjOkh fjka mj;sk rgj,g ,enqKq kj wdfhdack
yd fjf<| wjia:d Tiafia fuu fjkia ;Sj% flK'
zzT' lsis iSudjla" md,khla ke;s fm!oa.,sl wxYhg
wdlhl ia:djr nj we;s lrkak neye' wms rch kdi lr,
imQKfhka wluKH l<d' wo wmsg rchla fk fjk fldg
rchla lsh, tlla we;af; keye'ZZ ;j;a ;=frla Tyqg wkqn,
kafka h'
ksoyia fjf<|fmd< l%uh ykajd u;a iu rcfha
kshdukh o flfuka ,sys,a lrk ,' rchla fjf<|fmd<
ys;ld h hq;= w;r fm!oa.,sl wxYhg tys kshuq ldhNdrh
bgq lsug wjYH myiql ie,ish hq;= h hk fndfyda ;yjqrej
mej;s Yajdih Bg fya;= h' ta wkqj ish ysldr;aj N+ldj
l%ufhka wka mdYj fj; mjrd rch ish Yd,;ajh l=vd
l< w;r" fm!oa.,sl wxYh .ekau i|yd rch wdlh
md,kh lsu l%ufhka ,sys,a lrk ,'
zzy" ta lshkafk wdhs;a rch igkg f.akk
a fk lsh,o@ZZ
tf;la ish,a, ksy~j kslaIKh l< ;j;a ;=frla m%Yak
lf<a h'
lsif
s jl=;a ish m%Yk
a hg ms<;
s r
= e fokakg bm;a kqjf
Q hkA
Bg ms<s;=re fokakg Tyq u bm;a h' zzThd, lshk yg
wdlhla md,kh lrkakhs kS;
s ;s odkakhs Yd, rchla fk'
t;fldg wdlhla wmsg fk" wms leue;s yg id:l
fjkjd'ZZ Tyq lSf h'
lsisfjl= woyila laug bm;a fkdjQj o fudfyd;lg
miq" uq,ska woyia lajQ ;=rka fofokdf.ka wfhla ksy~;dj
ug uq,a h'
219

fmdyshkag wdl kqjK

fmdyshkag wdl kqjK

zzT" we;a;gu'ZZ Tyq lSf h' zzwmsg f yeu m%Yafku

fj,d ;sfhkafka wdlh md,kh lrkafk ke;s ksihs' ta
ksid wdfla whdf, hkjd' lsis md,khla ke;=j Tfya hkjd'ZZ

jevla' fudk fyd| ys;ska f.dkd lfg jeK;a W! wyqfjk

yeufoau l=vq mg lrd' ldgj;a lsisfohla wdmyq yokak
ne yg'ZZ

zzta jqKdg wdlh md,kh lrk tflkqhs" kS;s;s odk

tflkqhs rch whska lf<a ta jef rch wldhlaIu ksihs'
b;ska Thd,g fk ta wldhlaIu rchg wdmyq ;ekla ,
oeka ;sfhk m%Yafk W.% lrkako@ZZ

zzrchl bka k ks i a i q k a g ;s f hka k fk yels h dj

fudloao@ZZ

zzkE' fm!oa.,sl wxfYg jvd rch uq,a fj,d wdlfh

md,kh w;g .ka k hs wms g fk'ZZ tjr iq Yd, rchla
fjkqfjka fmkS is ;=rd uey;a jQfha h'
zzta jqKdg wdlhla f.kshkak fk lrk yelshdj
rchg keye' fjkafk fudloao okakj o@ f,aisfhkau rcfh
nr ksiaiqkaf. Wvg megfjk tl' ta ;rla fkfjhs" rcfh
kS;s;s odylg hg;a fjkak;a fjk tl' f.d,a, ys;kjo
tal ta ;r fyd| fohla lsh,d@ZZ fiiq ;=rka iska fhdackd
l< foag tfrysj wmf.a reoaOjd ;=rd .ska .g u ;l
lf<a h'
zzbiair rch yu ldhlaIuhs' wehs wo;a wmsg ne rch
u;af; hefmkak@ZZ
zzrchla ldhlaIu fjkafk tal rch fjk ksid fkfjhs'
taf.d,a, ldhlaIu fjkafk ldhlaIu yg wdlhla
f.ks h ka k mq jka k ;rhs ' ZZ tla ;= f rla ms < s ; = r e
kafka h'
zzrchla we;=f< bkafk ksiaiqkaf. yelshdj Wvhs tal
imQKfhka /, ;sfhkafk' tfyu yelshdjla ke;=j yeufoau
rchg ndrkafkd;a fjkafk k lfg f.dfkla lal=j jf.a
220

zzTla f ldgu l,s k a thd, < ;uka lrk jefg

uykaishl=hs lemul=hs ;sfhkak fk' rdcH wxYfh bkak
yeu fiajlhdu jev lrkafk kshu fjp meh .Kk ;rhs'
ta;a Thd, okakj fm!oa.,sl wxYfh ksiaiq .;af;d;a thd,g
fj,djla biamdiqjla .ek ys;kak bvla keye' talg fya;=j
;uhs" imQK wjodkuu .kak thd,g isoaO fjk tl' ta;a
rdcH fiajlhg tfyu keye' fudkj y fohla yhg jqfKa
ke;ak tafl wjodku thd, .kafk keye' tfyu lhlg
wdlhla ndr kafkd;a y fj,djg y foa fjkafk keye'
wka;sug fjkafk kS;s od, md,kh lr, n,dfmdfrd;a;= fjp
m%;sM,h fkd,efnk tl'ZZ
zzThd lshkafk" fk lrk yelshdj ke;s ksid rchla
lshk tl fk keye lshk tlo@ZZ
zzT" we;a;gu T'ZZ kE u wdldrhl rdcH uey;a ulg
tfrys jQ u;=rd lSf h' zztaflka .= ldf, wdlhg iEfyk
ydkshla fjkjd' lrkak fk fudloao okakjo@ wnqofhka
f.dv tkakhs yeuodu fydka mj;aj .kakhs Wo fjk yg
r. ys;, m%;i
s xialrK ykaj, fok tl' wdlfh iaridr
nj lshk tl ;uhs idudkHfhka rchla ys;kafk ke;s m%Odku
foa' tflka wdlhg fjkafk wdhs;a yokak ne ;r
ydkshla'ZZ
221

fmdyshkag wdl kqjK

fmdyshkag wdl kqjK

38

zzfldfyduo wdlhla .ek r. ys;, rchla jev

lrkafk@ZZ ;j;a ;=frla uid isfha h'
zzrchlg tfyu r. ys;, ;SrK .kak k fyd|g
f;dr;=re ;sfhkak fk' wdlh jev lrkafk fldfyduo
lshk tl .ek f;areula ;sfhkak fk' tfyu kqula ke;s
jqKdu yhg ie,iq lrkak ne fjkjd' ta ksid wdlh
md,kh lrkak l,ska ;ukag fk kqu yhg .kak rchla
ys;kak fk'ZZ

n,df.khs"
n,.;= uy nexl=;a `o
jefgkak mqjka!

zzta lshkafk wmsg rch lshk tl tmdo@ZZ

zzkeye' wmsg rchla fk' ta;a f.dvla wh lshkjd jf.a
tal uy id, tlla fjkak fk keye' fyd|g r. ys;,
fjkial" m%;sixialrK lrkak mqjka fyd|" l=vd" lir"
oCI" w,xldr rchla fjkak fk' fjk ylg lsfjd;a"
rch uey;a jqKdg miafi wdlhla fyd|g" iEfyk ld,hla
l%shd;aul fjkak" mj;skak fk' tfyu ke;a;x rch uey;a
fjkjd lshkafk wdlhlg lrk .= ld,Sk ydkshla'ZZ

y nexl= l%u ms<sn`o foaYSh mqyqKq mdGud,djla

yeoErE wmf.a ldhd, i.fhla ;ud W.;a foa wm
iu. fnod .ekSug woyia lf<a h'
zzyq`.la fokd ys;kafk uy nexl= fhdaO wdh;k hg' ta
jqKdg tal tfyu fkfjhs'ZZ Tyq jd wdydr fifha wmg
fy<s lf<a h' wm lsysm fofkl= Tyq jgd tla jQfha ;u mqyqKq
mdGud,df Tyq W.;a foa k .ekSf wfhks'
zzwehs Thd tfyu lshkafka@ZZ wfmka tla wfhl= Tyqf.ka
uiS h'
zzljqre y ys;kak mqjka uy nexl=jg i,a,s wpq .y,
;ukaf. ho mshj .kak mqjka lsh,' ta jqKdg hou
fydhd.kak i,a,s wpq .ykak fjk tlu uy nexl=jla uqyqK
fok m%Odk wjodku fjkj' talg fya;j
= uy nexl=jlg yeuodu
i,a,s wpq .y, ho lrkak neye' tfyu i,a,s wpq .y,
ho lrk tfla wjodku ;uhs" ;ukaf. ho ms<sn`oj
iSudjla ke;sj ho lrkak uy nexl=jl md,l uKav,h

222

223

fmdyshkag wdl kqjK

fm<fUkak bv ;su' tafl m%;sM,h ;uhs ho md,kh
lrkak ne ugulg by< .sys,a, rg ;=< wjidkfha
WoaOukhla we;s fjk tlZZ Tyq wmg ia;r lf<a h'
zzThd lshkafk ziodpdr WjrZ .ek o@ uy nexl= wksla
whg ta .ek nK lsh lshd ;ukau tafl fhu ta ;r fyd`o
fohla fkdfjhsfk'ZZ wfma ;=frla lSf h'
zzT" tal we;a;' ta jqKdg uy nexl=jla tafl ksr; fjk
tl ziodpdr WjrZ fkdfjhs' tal we;a;gu zrdpdr WjrlaZ
njg m;a fjkjd' w:Ydia;{
% fhd rdpdr Wjr lsh, lshkafk
ljqre y ;uka lrk foal wksis m%;sM, k ku ta lghq;a;
lrk wjia:djlghs' t;fldg ;ukaf. l%shdj ksid wkqkag
ydkshla lr, wka;sf ;ukag;a ydkshla lr .kakjd'ZZ wm
;=rd fuf;la fkdis;+ me;a;lg wmj fhduq lf<a h'
zzt;fldg Thd lshkafk uy nexl=jla wrmiaika
;ukaf. ho l< hq;=hs lsh,o@ZZ
zzuy nexl=jla wrmiaika ho lrkak fk ;rla
fkfjhs" ta wh ;uka lrk foa .ek j.lSu orkak;a ke'ZZ wm
;=rd h<s;a lreKq meye,s lf<a h' zzuy nexl=jla ho lrk
fldg fyd`o ysl
a ulska lghq;= lrkak ke' tfyu fkdjqfKd;a
taf.d,af,d ;ukag ;shk wiS; n,h wh:d hg md
lr, ho je lf<d;a m%;sM,h fjkafk WoaOukh we;s
fjk tlhs' ta wjia:df uy nexl=jla rgg nrla fjkjd'ZZ
zzuy nexl=jla ta hg jev fkdlrkak wms fldfyduo
iS u d we;s lrka f k@ kS ; s ;s we;s l<dg ta j d y yg
ms<sfkdmeoafod;a m%;sM,hla kEfk@ZZ wm;a iu. is fjk;a
i.fhla ;u woyi f.kyer mEf h'
224

fmdyshkag wdl kqjK

zztalg uy nexl=jla ;uka lrk foa .ek fyd`og rgg
fy<sfjk wdldrhg lghq;= lrkak ke' uy nexl=jlg
;ukaf. wdodh ho .ek ksoyiaj lghq;= lrkak n,h
;sfhkjd' kuq;a ta ksoyi taf.d,a,g , ;sfhkafk wdKavqf
n,mEulska f;drj uqo,a m%;m
s ;a;s yhdlrj l%h
s d;aul lrkakhs'
kuq;a f jrm%idoh taf.d,a, j.lSulska l%shd;aul lrkak
fk' ta ksid uy nexl=j, lghq;= fyd`og .Kkh flfrkak
kE' yq`.la uy nexl= f ksidu ;ukaf. jev wkqkag fmak
hg jD;j" ta lshkafk kso Ndjhlska lrkjd'ZZ
zzta jqKdg f ho uy nexl=jla nxfldf,d;a lrkak
;r Yd, mudKfhka isoaO fjkafk kEfk' uy nexl=jla
nxfldf,d;a fjkafk fldfyduo@ZZ wm wjg is wfhla
;=rdf.a ;lfhys we;s ysila fmka h'
zzuy nexl= nxfldf,d;a fjkafk tajdfha m%d.aOkh
ySkfj,d .syska fldgia ysfhda" ta lshkafk wdKavqjg whs;s
w.h RK fjkfldg' fjk;a jpkhlska lshkj k" uy
nexl=jla ksl=;a lr, ;shk uqo,aj,g wdrlaIKhla imhkak
fyd`o j;al ke;s fjkfldg'ZZ wm ;=rd wmg ia;r lsug
mgka .;af;a h' zztfyu fjkak mqjka ldrKd lsysmhla ksid'
tl jeo.;a ldrKhla ;uhs" uy nexl=jl uq ,dNhu wdKavqjg
f.jk tl' t;fldg uy nexl= j lg ;uka f . m% d .a O kh
f.dvk`.d.kak ne fjkjd' wdKavqj m%d.aOkh fkdkafkd;a"
;j ;j i,a,s wpq .yk fldg bfu m%d.aOkh laIh fj,d
hkjd'ZZ
zztal y yskd hk fohlafk' uy nexl= jdKsc nexl=j,g
lshkjd m%d.aOkh je lr .kak lsh,d' ta jqKdg ta f.d,a,f.
m%d.aOkh msfykak wkjd'ZZ wfma i.hl=g ;u mquh i`.jd
.ekSug fkdyels h'
225

fmdyshkag wdl kqjK

zztaksid ;uhs uy nexl= yeu fj,dfju mqjka ;r
wNHka;rj m%d.aOkh f.dvk`.d.kak W;aidy lrkafk' ta
f.d,af,d ksl=;a lr, ;shk i,a,sj,g lshkafk zuqo,a j.lSZ
lsh,' talg fya;=j uy nexl=jla ta j.lS uqo,aj,ska f.ug
ne`, bkak ksid' uy nexl=jl ;sfhk m%d.aOkhhs ix;hs
y`kajkafk uqo,a fkdjk j.lS lsh,' t;fldg" ta f.d,af,
<`. je jefhka uqo,a fkdjk j.lS ;sfhkj k" uqo,a
j.lS f.jkak je jefhka j;al b;s fjkjd'ZZ uy
nexl=j, .sKq .ek fyd`o wjfndaOhlska hq;= wmf.a i.fhla
lreKq meye,s lf<a h'
zzuy nexl=jl m%udKj;a m uqo,a fkdjk j;al ;sh;a
uy nexl=jla nxfldf,d;a fjkak mqjkao@ZZ wmf.a ;j;a
;=frla uid isfha h'
zzuy nexl=jla nxfldf,d;a fjkak fya;=fjk ;j;a fya;=
;sfhkjd'ZZ wm mqyK
q q ;=rd lSug mgka .;af;a h' zzrgla iEfyk
f.jq fYaI wnqohlg uqyqK md,d ;shk fldg idudkH
m%;sluh ;uhs ta rf ksuh wkqmd;hg l%ufhka my;
jefgkak bv fok tl' tfyu l<du rg fjkqfjka foaY
ksuh Wmhk whg fyd`og f.fjkjd' ta tlalu foaY ksuh
md lrk whf.ka h:d m wh flfrkjd' kuq;a iuyrla
fj,djg uy nexl= ys;kak mqjka ksuh wkqmd;h my< jeug
bv yehu taf.d,a,f. m%;sm;a;s wid:lhs lsh, ksiaiq ys;hs
lsh,' tfyu ke;ak ;u rf cd;sl wNsudkh m jqKd
lsh,d' wdkhk lrk NdKavj, , jefj,d jk hou
by< hEfuka uyck;djf.a wm%idohg m;a fjkak fjhs lsh,
foaYmd,{hkq;a iuyrg ksuh wkqmd;h my; jefgkjg
reoaO fjkak mqjka' ffl m%;M
s ,h fjkafk ta yeufokdf.u
woyiaj,g lka fokak .syska uy nexl= WoaOukh by< hoa;a"
226

fmdyshkag wdl kqjK

f.jq fYaI m%Yk
a j,ska j fmf<oa;a" ksuh wkqmd;h ia:djr
ugul ;shd .kak l%shd lrk tlhs'ZZ
zzl we;a; fjkak mqjka' ta;a tal fldfyduo uy
nexl=jla nxfldf,d;a fjkak fya;=fjkafk@ZZ
zztal tfyu fjkafk" ta ksid uy nexl=jlg cd;Hka;r
fjf<`ofmdf<ka Kh wrf.k fjf<`ofmd<g foaY ksuh
imhkak isfjk ksihs' kuq;a f jefg iSudjla ;sfhkjd'
l l,la hkfldg uy nexl=jlg f;afrkjd" foaY j;alj,g
jvd foaY Kh .ekS jehs lsh,' t;fldg" uy nexl=j Wmhk
fmd,S wdodhug jvd f.jk fmd,S uqo,a je fjkjd' taj foaYSh
uqo,ska f.jk fmd,S uqo,a k i,a,s wpq .y, y f.jkak
mqjka' ta;a foaY uqo,ska f.jkak fk fmd,S uqo,a f.jkak
foaY uqo,au wjYHhs' talg w;ska Kh .kak is fjkjd'
talg;a h ojil iSud we;sfjkak mqjka' t;fldg uy
nexl=jlg isoaO fjkafk Kh meyer ykak' ta wjia:dj fjk
fldg uy nexl=jl fYaI m;%h fyd`ogu msys,d' w;ska Kh
.kak ne ksid uy nexl=jla bfu nxfldf,d;a fjkjd'ZZ wm
;=rd ish yels foa ia;r lf<a h'
zztal yhg nexl=jlg mrK ;ekam;=j,g f.jkak
w;ska ;ekam;= fydhd.kak isoaO jqKd jf.a wjia:djlafk'
w;ska ;ekam;= fydhd.kak nefjk fldg mrK ;ekam;=j,g
f.jkak i,a,s ke;sfj,d nexl= `o jefgkjd' uy nexl=jlg;a
ta wdksixfiu isoaOfjkjhs lshk tl uy mquhla'ZZ is h
yels wNd.Hh ms<sn`oj ;u wm%idoh m< lrka ;j;a ;=frl=
mejiS h'
zzT' kEu wdh;khla ,dN Wv ke;=j w;ska .kak
Kh Wv r`od mj;skjd k tfyu fjk tl j<lajkak nE' ta
fj,dj fjkfldg" fldpr olaI l<ukdld;ajhla ysh;a"
227

fmdyshkag wdl kqjK

ta wdh;k `o jefgk tl kj;ajkak neye'ZZ ta fudfydf;a
wfma ;j;a ;=frla ish kqu oyd mEf h'
zzflg lshkafk zfmdkaiZs l%u lsh, fkao@ZZ ;j;a wfhla
m%Yak lf<a h' zzuy nexl= wks;a whg fmdkais l%u tmd lsh, ta
f.d,a,u fmdkais l%uj, fhfok tl uy ysjlafk'ZZ Tyqu
bkamiq tu mekhg ms<s;=re o iemhS h'
zzm%Yafk ;sfhkafk" f,dafl fldfy y uy nexl=jla
Th hg nxfldf,d;a fj,d ;shkj o@ZZ
zzT" we;a;gu'ZZ wfma ;=rd ms<;
s r
= e kafka h' zzms,m
s k
S fha
uy nexl=j 1993 Th hg nxfldf,d;a fj,d jykak is
jqKd' ta fjk fldg ta uy nexl=f Y=oaO j.lS m%udKh
weulka fvd, flda 1"140 fj,d ;snqKd' taj f.jd .kak
nefjk fldg" uy nexl=jg ;j;a Kh .kak mqjka jqfKa
kE' ta;a jdikdjlg jf.a weuldkq NdKavd.drh;a" cmka
wdKavqj;a" cd;Hka;r uQ,H wruqo,;a ms,smSkfha Wojg wdj'
ta wkqj mrK uy nexl=j iqrejd yer," w;ska znexflda fikagd%
tka *s,smskdiaZ lsh, w;a uy nexl=jla msysfgjd' mrK uy
nexl=f Kh ;=reia f.jkak wjqre ismyl ld,hla ,enqKd'
f isu fldpr wjknqjla o lsfjd;a" ms,smSkh tal ta
f.d,a,kaf. nexl= b;sydfika uld oukak mjd W;aidy lr,
;sfhk nj fmakjd' tal meye,s fjkafk" w;a uy nexl=f
oi jeks ixj;airh fjkqfjka m< lrmq fmdf;a f .ek lsisu
i`oykla fkdlsfuka'ZZ
zzt;fldg Thd lshkafk uy nexl= yq`.la f,dl= yskao
;uka nxfldf,d;a fjkak neye lsh, ys;d bkak tl jerhs
lsh,o@ZZ
228

fmdyshkag wdl kqjK

zzT" uy nexl=jla yeufjf,au isoO
a fjkak mqjka wNd.H
.ek fyd`o ie,ls,af,ka bkak ke' ta .ek fudk fha y
ix{djla k .kak ,enqKq .ukau wjYH m%;slu fhdokak
ke' ta ix{d olskak f,aishs' tlla ;uhs foaY j;al Yd,
yg msys,d foaYj,ska Kh wr.kak isu' ;j;a tlla
;uhs" uy nexl=j, m%d.aOkh msySu' ta fjk fldg uy nexl=j
wpq .y, ;s f hk i,a , s rls k a k b;s fj,d ;s f hka f k
jkdlula ke;s j;al f;d.hla muKhs'ZZ ;=rd wmg
wkqYdikd lf<a h' zz;ukag wjknqjlska f,d nxfldf,d;a
fuka j<lskk
a uy nexl=jlg mqjka fjkafk tfyu blaukska
m%;slu fhfjd;a ;rhs'ZZ

229