úoHd;aul weiska mßirh

1 ksÍlaIKh

fuu mdvu yeoEÍfuka miq j Tng"

w mßirfha ixisoaê úu¾Ykh lsÍu i|yd úoHd;aul l%uh fhdod.ekSug"

w úoHd;aul l%uh Ndú;fhka tÈfkod Ôú;fha uqyqKmEug isÿ jk .eg¨

úi|d .ekSug"

w wdf,dal wKaùlaIfha fldgia y÷kd .ekSug yd th ksje/Èj mßyrKh

lsÍug"

w laIqøÔù ls%hdldß;ajfha Ndú; wjia:d ms<sn|j úu¾Ykh lsÍug"

w úoHd.dr WmlrK y÷kd.ekSug yd WÑ; mßÈ mßyrKh lsÍug"

wjYH ksmqK;d ,nd.ekSug yels jkq we;'

1
fkdñf,a fnodyeÍu i|yd h'
 1'1 úoHd;aul l%uh

oñ;a" wlS,"a l§¾ yd uxcq,d mdi,a

ñ;=re ñ;=ßfhda h' Èkla WoEik mdi,
fj; hñka isá Tjqkag mdr wi, jQ
li< f.dvla ms<i s f
a ik wkaou ±l.;
yels úh'^1'1'1 rEmh&

.sks f.dvg by<ska jQ .iaj,

fld< w;= fi,fjk whqre ldf.a;a
wjOdkhg fhduq úh' ±jqKq lvodis
len,s o b| ysg .skf
a kka by<g .uka
lrk whqre Tjqyq ksÍlaIKh l< y'
tfy;a tA wjia:dfõ iq<Õla fkdue;s
nj wjg .ia j , fld< w;= j ,
ksYap,;djfhka meyeÈ,s úh'
1'1'1 rEmh

Tn okakjd o @
ksÍlaIKh hkq iqúfYaIS wjOdkhlska hq;= j wei" lk" Èj" kdih" iu"
hk bkaøshhka u`.ska ndysr mßirfhka f;dr;=re ,nd.ekSu h'

— iq<Õl=;a ke;s j .skk

a g by<ska ;sfhk fld< w;= fi,fjkafka fldfydu
o @ ˜ oñ;a ;udg we;s jQ .eg¨j bÈßm;a lf<a h'
—uu kï ys;kafka ±,afjk .sks f.dvg by<ska we;sfjk ;dm ixjyk jd;
Odrd ksid Wvq w;g iq<Õla yukjd we;s ˜ uxcq,d ;u wkqudkh bÈßm;a l<d h'
—uu kï ys;kafka .iaj, fld< w;= fi,fjkafka .skafkka ,efnk ;dm
úlsrK ksid lsh,hs'˜ tA l§¾f.a wkqudkhhs'
— tA;a ug ysf;kafka fld< w;= fi,fjkafka .skafkka ,Õd jk wdf,dal
lsrK ksid lsh,hs'˜ tA wlS,af.a wkqudkhhs'
—.sks f.dvg fome;af;a tl u ÿrlska we;s .iafld<kaj,g;a .sks f.dfvka
;dm úlsrK;a wdf,dal lsrK;a iudk j ,efnkjd' tA;a tAjdfha fld< w;=
fi,fjkafk keyefka' tA ksid .sks f.dvg by<ska we;s fld< w;= fi,ùug
fya;=j tajdg fl<skau <Õdjk ;dm úlsrK yß wdf,dal lsrK yß fjkak nE
fka o@ ˜ oñ;af.a woyi ish,af,da u wkqu; l< y'

2
fkdñf,a fnodyeÍu i|yd h'
 — tfyu kï wms uxcq,df.a woyi mÍlaId lr n,uq' ˜ l§¾ m%ldY lf<a h'
tA Tiafia ;jÿrg;a is; fufyh jQ Tjqkag my; i|yka .eg¨ u;= úh'
—b;ska wms fldfydu o .skaklg by<ska Wvq w;g iq<Õla yukjd o lsh,d
fidhd .kafka @ ˜ tA wlS,af.a .eg¨jhs'
—iq<Õlg iq<x fm;a;la lrljkak mq¿jka nj kï wms okakjd' tA ksid wms
.skakg by<ska iq<x fm;a;la w,a,,d n,uq'˜ tA oñ;af.a fhdackdjhs'
wdrlaIdldÍ f,i tu mÍlaIKh mx;sfha § lr ne,Sug Tjqyq tlÕ jQy'
Tjqyq Bg wjYH lïìhla" ueá yÜáhla" lvodis lene,s yd .sks fmÜáhla imhd
.;a y' iup;=ri%dldr ì%iag,a fndaâ lene,a,lska l=vd iq<x fm;a;la idod .;a
Tjqka mÍlaIKfha ksr; jQ wdldrh 1'1'2 rEmfhka ±lafõ'
mshjr 1
iup;=ri%dldr ì%iag,a 1 2
fndaâ lene,a,lska iq<x
fm;a;la idod .ekSu yd lïìh
lemqï
lïìh heùug ueÈka isÿre
4
lsÍu' 3 (b)
(a)
mshjr 2
lïìfha fl<jr l=vd lïì
f;dkavj q la idod .ekSu" Bg f;dkavqjla
iys;
wdikak j iq<x fm;af;a
fl<jr
w,jk ,o me;a; my<g (c) (d)
isák fia iú lsÍu' ueá 1" 2" 3" 4 fldka kjd we,ùfuka
iq<x fm;a; idod .ekSu mÍlaIKh
yÜáhlg lvodis tl;= lr
1'1'2 rEmh
.s k s o,a j d iq < x fm;a ;
.skakg by<ska we,a,Su'
.skakg by<ska we,aÆ úg iq<x fm;a; lrlefjk wdldrh ÿgq uxcq,d ;u
lgy~ wjÈ l<d h'
— ux wkqudfkg lsjqj foa yß nj mÍlaIKd;aul j Tmamq jqKd fka o @ ˜
—Tõ" Tõ" .skakg by<ska Wvq w;g iq<Õla we;s jk nj ±ka wmsg ks.ukh
lrkak mq¿jka ˜ oñ;a ;u woyi bÈßm;a lf<a h'
l§¾ Bg úreoaO úh'
—ux ys;kafka ks.ukhlg tkak wms blauka jqKd jeähs jf.a' ljqo okafka
iq<x fm;a; lrlejqfKa lvodis iys; ueá yÜáh ksid o ke;akï .skak ksid o
lsh,d @ ˜
—tfykï wms fkd±,a jQ lvodis iys; ueá yÜáhlg by<ska iq<x fm;a;
w,a,d n,uq'˜ uxcq,d ;u woyi bÈßm;a l<d h'

3
fkdñf,a fnodyeÍu i|yd h'
 Tjqyq loS¾f.a u;h mÍlaId lsÍug l<ska.;a lvodis iys; yÜáhg iudk"
fkd ±,a jQ lvodis iys; yÜáhlg by<ska o iq<x fm;a; w,a,d neÆ y' túg iq<x
fm;a; lr lefjkafka ke;s nj ksÍlaIKh l< yels úh'
— .sks ±,a,lg by<ska ;dm ixjyk Odrd ksid Wvq w;g .uka lrk iq<Õla
we;s jk nj ±ka wmsg ielhlska f;dr j ks.ukh lrkak mq¿jka ˜ tA ldf.a;a
woyi úh'
±ka Tng ls%hdldrlu 1'1'1 ys fh§fuka Tjqka ,;a w;a±lSï ,nd.; yels h'
ls%hdldrlu - 1'1'1
.sks ±,a,lg by<ska Wvq w;g jd; Odrdjla .uka lrk nj fmkaùug
isiqka úiska lrk ,o ls%hdldrlug iudk ls%hdldrlula lvodis iys; ueá
yÜáh fjkqjg bámkaoï fhdodf.k w;ayod n,kak'

Tn okakjd o@
r;a jQ jd;h
.sks ±,a,g by<ska we;s jd;h r;a ùfuka tys >k;ajh
wvq fõ' tu ksid r;a jQ jd;h by<g .uka lrhs' túg we;s
jk bv iïmQ¾K lsÍug ±,a, foig wjáka isis,a jd;h isis,a isis,a
jd;h jd;h
.,d ths' fï ksid ±,a,la wi, Wvq w;g .uka lrk jd;
Odrdjla we;s fõ' fuh ixjyk Odrdjla f,i ye¢kafõ'
isiqka úiska ksÍlaIKh lrk ,o ixisoaêh wdY%s; j we;s jQ .eg¨j úi|d
.ekSug Tjqka wkq.ukh l< ls%hdud¾.h fufia fm< .eiaúh yels h'

1' m<uq mshjr - .sks f.dvg Wäka jQ .iaj, fld< w;= fi,ùu ksÍlaIKh
^Observation& lsÍu'
2' fojk mshjr - iq<Õl=;a fkdue;s j .sks f.dvg by<ska we;s fld< w;=
fi,fjkafka flfia o@ hk .eg¨j ^Problem& u;= ùu'
3' f;jk mshjr - .eg¨j iïnkaOfhka wkqudk ^Assumptions& fyj;a
l,ams; ^Hypotheses& f.dvke`.Su'
4' isjq jk mshjr - l,ams; mÍlaId lsÍu i|yd iqÿiq mÍlaIK ^Experiments&
ie,iqï lsÍu yd tAjd ls%hd;aul lsÍu'
5' mia jk mshjr - mÍla I Kd;a u l o;a ; úYa f ,a I Kfhka ks . ukhlg
^Conclusion& t<öu '
isik
q a úiska by; .eg¨j úi|d .ekSug wkq.ukh lrk ,o fuu lsh % dud¾.h
úoHd;aul l%uh ^Scientific method& f,i ye¢kafõ' úoHd;aul l%ufha tu mshjr
.e,Sï igyklska fufia ±laúh yels h'

4
fkdñf,a fnodyeÍu i|yd h'
 ksÍlaIKh

.eg¨j y÷kd .ekSu

l,ams; f.dvkeÕSu

l,ams; mÍlaId lsÍu

ks.ukhlg t<öu

mÍlaIKd;aul o;a; uÕska t<fUk ks.ukfha j,x.=;dj jeä ùug jeä

jdr .Kkla o;a; ,nd.; hq;= h' tA i|yd mÍlaIKh tu ;;a;aj hgf;a u
jeä jdr .Kkla isÿ l< hq;= h' tA wkqj isiqka úiska ie,iqï l< mÍlaIKh
o jeä jdr .Kkla l< hq;= j ;snq‚'
±ka wms úoHd;aul l%uh yd tys w;HjYH wx.hla jk md,l mÍlaIK
ms<sn| j ;jÿrg;a úuid n,uq'

isiqka úiska ie,iqï l< mÍlaIKh ms<sn| j kej;;a wjOdkh fhduq lruq'
tu ie,iqu wkqj iq<x fm;a; N%uKh jQfha lvodis iys; yÜáh ksid ±hs isiqka
;=< ielhla u;= jq‚' tys § lvodis fkd±,a jQ yÜáhla o fhdodf.k iq<x
fm;a; Bg by<ska w,a,d ksÍlaIKh lrk ,§' tA uÕska iq<x fm;a; N%uKh ùu
.skak ksid we;s jQ ixisoaêhla nj ixikaokd;aul j fmkajd §ug yelss úh'

tu ksid l,ams;hla mÍlaId lsÍug mÍlaIKhla ie,iqï lrk úg §"

wOHhkh lrk idOlh ^úp,Hh& yefrkakg wfkl=;a ish¨ idOl md,kh
l< fojk mÍlaIKhla uq,a mÍlaIKhg iu.dó j isÿ l< hq;= h'

wOHhkh lrk úp,Hh yefrkakg wfkl=;a ish¨ idOl md,kh lr isÿ

lrk fujeks mÍlaIKhla md,l mÍlaIKh (Control experiment) f,i ye¢kafõ'
fuys jeo.;a m%fhdackhla jkafka mÍlaIKfhka ,efnk m%;M s ," md,l mÍlaIKh
iuÕ ixikaokh lrñka wOHhkh lrk idOlhg wod, mÍlaIKd;aul m%;sM,
meyeÈ,s j úYajdikSh;ajfhka hq;=j ,nd.; yels ùuhs' md,l mÍlaIKh we;eï
wjia:dj, md,k wegjqu f,i o ye¢kafõ'

5
fkdñf,a fnodyeÍu i|yd h'
 tA wkqj"
A hkq mÍlaIKh hs ^Experiment&'
B hkq md,l mÍlaIKh hs ^Control Experiment&'
A yd B tla j .;a úg th md,s; mÍlaIKhls
^Controlled Experiment&'
mÍlaIKh yd md,l mÍlaIKh y÷kd.ekSug
md,s; mÍlaIKhla ms<sn| j i,ld n,uq' ^ A& ^B&
—jd;fha ldnkavfhdlaihsâ jdhqj ;sfí˜ hk 1'1'3 rEmh -
l,am;s h mÍlaId lsÍug fhdod .;a md,s; mÍlaIKhl
§ iïmQ¾Kfhka u tlu ixhq;sfhka hq;a yqkq Èhr msrjQ iEu w;ska u iudk §is
folla fhdod .ksñka mÍlaIKh wgjd ;snQ wdldrh my; ±la fõ'
fmd,s;Ska mg,h
rn¾ má
yqkq Èhr yqkq Èhr
fmÜß §is
^ A& ^ B&
^ A& jd;hg újD; lr ;enQ yqkq Èhr ^B& jd;h fkd,efnk fia fmd,s;Skaj,ska
wdjrKh lr ;enQ yqkq Èhr
1'1'4 rEmh
fuys A hkq mÍlaIKh hs' B hkq md,l mÍlaIKh hs'
jd;hg újD;j ;enQ n`ÿfka yqkq Èhr u;=msg yq k q Èhfrys j¾K fjkila is ÿ
iqÿ mg,hla ne£ ;sfnkq ±lsh yels úh' fkdfõ'

oeka wms úoHd;aul fidhd .ekSï lsysmhla iïnkaOfhka úoHd;aul l%uh

Ndú; l< ft;sydisl wjia:d lsysmhla ms<sn| j úuid n,uq'

1' iajhxisoaO ckk jdoh ì| fy<Su

idudkH ;;a;j a hgf;a wffcj foaj,ska Ôùka yg.kakd nj fndfyda ld,hla
;siafia ñksiaiq úYajdi l< y' mrK frÈ lvu¨j,ska óhka o" ,Sj,ska .=,a,ka o"
ud¿jkaf.a wegiels,sj,ska m;a;Ehka o" l=Kq jk uiaj,ska by| mKqjka o" fnda
jk nj Tjqka w;r mej;s úYajdi lsysmhls' fuh iajhx isoaO ckk jdoh f,i
ye¢kafõ'
fuu úYajdi wiïmQ¾K ksÍlaIK u; msysgd lrk ,o ks.uk nj" Ôj
úoHd{fhl= jQ *%ekaisiaflda frã úiska ls%(j( 1668 § lrk ,o mÍlaIKhla uÕska
fmkajd fokq ,eî h'
l=Kq jk uia wjg ueiaika .ejfik nj;a uiaj, we;s jk by| mKqjka
l,lg miq j ueiaika njg m;a ù msgj hk nj;a" frã úiska ksÍlaIKh lr
;snq‚' tA wkqj —l=Kq jk uiaj, by| mKqjka we;s jkafka ueiaika úiska fy<kq
,nk fohlsks ˜ hk l,ams;h bÈßm;a fldg th mÍlaId lsÍug mÍlaIKhla
ie,iqï lrk ,§' ^1'1'5 rEmh&

6
fkdñf,a fnodyeÍu i|yd h'
 Tyq ueiaikag meñ‚h yels jk
ishqï isÿre
mßÈ újD; j ;enQ uia iys; n÷ka iys; ±,a
lÜg,hla o" ueia i ka g meñ‚h froao
fkdyels fia isyska ±,aj,ska wdjrKh
l< uia iys; n÷ka lÜg,hla o tA n÷k
i|yd fhdod .;af;a h' ueiaikag
meñ‚h yels fia ilia l< n÷ka uia
zmÍlaIKhZ jQ w;r ueiaikag meñ‚h
fkdyels fia ±,aj,ska wdjrKh l< mÍlaIK wegjqu md,l wegjqu
n÷ka zmd,l mÍlaIKhZ úh' 1'1'5 rEmh

n÷ka lÜg, fofla u uia l=Kq ù we;s nj frã ksÍlaIKh lf<a h' mÍlaIK
wegjqï ;=<g ueiaika meñŒu;a" uiaj, by| mKqjka we;s ùu;a" Tjqka ál
Èklska ueiaika njg m;a ù msg ù hEu;a ksÍlaIKh l< yels úh' tfy;a ±,a
froafoka jeiQ md,l wegjqïj, ±, u; ueiaika .ejfik nj;a" we;eï úgl ±,
u; by| mKqjka we;s jk nj;a" tfy;a uia u; by| mKqjka fkdue;s nj;a"
ksÍlaIKh l< yels úh' fï wkqj l=Kq jk uiaj, by| mKqjka we;s jkafka
ueiaika fy<k ì;a;rj,ska nj frã ks.ukh lf<a h'

frã úiska wkq.ukh lrk ,o ls%hdj,sh úoHd;aul l%uhg wkqrEm jk

wdldrhg fm<.eiaùug Tng yels o@ Tfí fm<.eiaùu ksje/È o hkak my;
±lafjk ms<sfj< iuÕ ii|d n,kak'

l=Kq jk uia wjg ueiaika .ejiSu yd by| mKqjka ueiaika njg

m;a ù msg j hEu ksÍlaIKh

l=Kq jk uia u; by| mKqjka we;s jQfha flfia o@ hk .eg¨j u;=ùu

—l=Kq jk uiaj, by| mKqjka we;s jkafka ueiaika úiska fy<kq

,nk fohlsks'˜ hk l,ams;h f.dvkeÕSu

md,s; mÍlaIKhla uÕska l,ams;h mÍlaId lsÍu

ks.ukhlg t<öu

7
fkdñf,a fnodyeÍu i|yd h'
1' fmksis,Ska fidhd.ekSu'

frda. ldrl nelaàßhd ms<sn| m¾fhaIKhl kshe¨Kq wef,laiekav¾ maf,ñx

kue;s ffjoHjrhd" ;ud úiska ilia lrk ,o nelaàßhd frdamK wvx.= §is
iuyrl nelaàßhd úkdY ù we;s nj ksÍlaIKh lf<a h' tA ms<sn| j l,ams;
f.dv kÕñka" tu l,ams; mÍlaId lrñka m¾fhaIK ud,djl ksr; jQ maf,ñx
jeo.;a fidhd.ekSula lf<a h' nelaàßhd frdamKhg wyïfnka we;=¿ jQ È,Srhla
uÕs k a nela à ßhd úkdY lrk ridhks l øjHhla i% d jh lrk nj tu
fidhd.ekSuhs' fuu i%djh fmksiS,shï kue;s È,Srfhka i%djh lrk fmksis,Ska
kue;s m%;sÔjl T!IOhhs' th wo ffjoH úoHd lafIa;%hg w;HjYH m%;sÔjlhls'

is;d n,kak'
frdamK udOHj, nelaàßhd úkdY ù we;s nj;a" tu ia:dkj, È,Srhla
j¾Okh ù we;s nj;a ksÍlaIKh lsÍfuka miq wef,laiekav¾ maf,ñx úiska
f.dvkÕkakg we;ehs is;sh yels l,ams;h l=ula o@

mejreu - 1
úgñka C fidhd.ekSu ms<sn| ft;sydisl isoaêh yd iïnkaO ls%hdj,sh
fidhd n,d jd¾;djla ilia lrkak' fï i|yd iqÿiq uQ,dY% fyda wka;¾
cd,h fyda Ndú; lrkak'

Tfí ±kqug
úoHd;aul l%uh Tiafia ks.ukj,g t<UqKq ;j;a ft;sydisl wjia:d
lsysmhla fufia h'
• .ilska .s,y s S fmdf<dj foig jefgk wem,a f.ähla ksÍlaIKh l< úoHd{
whsfila ksõgka .=re;ajdl¾IKh ms<n s | ixl,amh f,djg y÷kajd §u'
• meoafok mykl foda,kh yd foda,k ld,h ksÍlaIKh l< ;drld úoHd{
.e,S,sfhda .e,S,s wj,ïnh ^ksoiqk (- Trf,daiq nÜgd& f,djg y÷kajd §u'

fyd| úoHd{fhla ieuúg u fyd| ksÍlaIlfhla o jk w;r ;uka wjg

mßirh yd tys we;s foa fyd¢ka ksÍlaIKh lrhs' Tng;a fyd| ksÍlaIlhl=
ùfuka úoHd{hska .sh ufÕys hd yels h' tA uÕska l,ams; f.dv keÕSug;a tA
Tiafia mÍlaIKj, ksr; ùug;a jákd ks.uk" ixl,am fyda ksuejqï fyda
bÈßm;a lsÍug;a yelshdj we;' tA i|yd ls%hdldrlu 1'1'2ys fhfokak'

8
fkdñf,a fnodyeÍu i|yd h'
 ls%hdldrlu 1'1'2
• wjg mßirh fyd¢ka ksÍlaIKh lrkak'
• ksÍlaIKh lr Tng we;s jk .eg¨ y÷kd.kak'
• tu .eg¨j,g úi÷ï fiùug bjy,a jk l,ams; f.dv kÕkak'
• ksÍlaIK" .eg¨ yd l,ams; j.=jl we;=<;a lrkak'
• tla .eg¨jla f;dardf.k iqÿiq md,s; mÍlaIKhla uÕska Bg wod<
l,ams;h mÍlaId lr ks.ukj,g t<fUkak'

Tn l< ksÍlaIK" y÷kd.;a .eg¨ yd tA iïnkaO j bÈßm;a l< l,ams; 1'1'1

j.=fjys tAjd iuÕ ii|d n,kak'
ksÍlaIK .eg¨ l,ams;$h
1' t<s u yfka oud we;s t<suyfka ;sfnk úg • t<s u yfka § jd;h yd
hlv bla u ks k a u, hlv u, ne£u YS>% f;;ukh jeämqr ,eîfuka
nef|a' jkafka wehs @ u, ne£u YS>% fõ'
• ysre t<shg ksrdjrKh jQ
úg u, ne£u YS>% fõ'
2' <sf|ka j;=r wÈk úg c,h ;=< § nd,aÈfha • c,h ;=< we;s jia;=jla u;
c,fhka msg;§g jvd nr wvqfjka ±fkkafka c,fhka Wvq w;g n,hla
c,h ;=< § nd,aÈfha wehs @ fhdohs'
nr wvqfjka ±fka'
1'1'1 - j.=j
*%ekaii
s a fílka kue;s od¾Ykslhd úiska y÷kajd ÿka úoHd;aul l%uh Tiafia"
isÿ lrk .fõIK uÕska" wm w;r mj;sk fndfyda l,ams;j, i;H wi;H;dj
wkdjrKh lr.ekSug yels fõ'
is;d n,kak'
tÈfkod Ôú;fha § ryia mÍlaIlhl= wmrdOlrejl= w,a,d .ekSug;a"
ffjoHjrhl= frda.hla y÷kd.ekSug;a" fudag¾r: ld¾ñlhl= jdykhl fodaI
y÷kd.ekSug;a" úoHd{hl= úoHd;aul .eg¨ wkdjrKh lr .ekSug;a
wkq.ukh lrkafka úoHd;aul l%uh hs' ksÍlaIK Tiafia l,am;
s f.dvkÕñka
tAjd mÍlaId lrñka bÈßhg hEu Tjqkaf.a l%uh hs'
úoHd;aul l%uh úoHdjg muKla iSud jQ Ñka;k l%uhla f,i fkd is;kak'
th wkq.ukh lsÍfuka Ôú;fha § uqyqK§ug isÿ jk .eg¨j, § jqj o .; hq;=
mshjr ms<sn| j ksje/È ks.ukhlg t<öfï ksmqK;dj Tng ,efnkq we;'
Tng wefik foa" fmfkk foa yd udOHj,ska bÈßm;a lrk foa ms<n
s | j úoHd;aul
weiska n,d mÍlaIKd;aul j ;yjqre l< yels foa .%yKh lr.ekSfï yelshdj
,nd.ekSug yels ùu o tuÕska ysñjk úfYaI m%;sM,hls'
9
fkdñf,a fnodyeÍu i|yd h'