9 Fya%Ksh: I Fldgi

.
Ks;h
9 fYa%Ksh
I fldgi
wOHdmk m%ldYk fomd¾;fïka;=j
i
m<uqjk uqøKh 2017
fojk uqøKh 2018
f;jk uqøKh 2019
y;rjk uqøKh 2020
ish¨ ysñlï weúßKs
ISBN 978-955-25-0363-4
wOHdmk m%ldYk fomd¾;fïka;=j úiska

mdk`Mj" mdÿlal msysá rcfha uqøK kS;s.; ixia:dfõ
uqøKh lrjd m%ldYhg m;alrk ,È'
Published by: Educational Publications Department
Printed by: State Printing Corporation, Panaluwa, Padukka.
ii
iii
wms fjuq tl ujlf. orefjda
tl ksjfiys fjfikd
tl mdge;s tl reêrh fõ
wm lh ;=< ÿjkd
tneúks wms fjuq fidhqre fidhqßfhda

tl f,i tys jefvkd
Ôj;a jk wm fuu ksjfia
fid¢k isáh hq;= fõ
ieug u fu;a lreKd .=fKkS

fj<S iu.s oñkS
rka ñKs uq;= fkd j th u h iem;d
lsis l, fkdu Èrkd
wdkkao iurfldaka
iv
v
kshdukh yd wëlaIKh
mS' tka' whs,mafmreu - wOHdmk m%ldYk flduidßia ckrd,a
fufyhùu
ví,sõ' ta' ks¾u,d mshiS,s - flduidßiaa îxj¾Ok&" wOHdmk m%ldYk fomd¾;fïka;=j
iïnkaëlrKh
;kqcd ffu;%S ú;drK - iyldr flduidßia" wOHdmk m%ldYk fomd¾;fïka;=j
à'ã'iS' l,aydÍ .=Kfialr - ksfhdacH flduidßia" wOHdmk m%ldYk fomd¾;fïka;=j
^2020 kej; uqøKh&
ixialdrl uKav,h
wdpd¾h ã' fla' u,a,j wdrÉÑ - fcHaIaG lÓldpd¾h" le,‚h úYajúoHd,h
wdpd¾h frdfïka chj¾Ok - fcHaIaG lÓldpd¾h" fld<U úYajúoHd,h
wdpd¾h k,ska .fkaf.dv - fcHaIaG lÓldpd¾h" YS% chj¾Okmqr úYajúoHd,h
YS%ud oikdhl - iyldr wOHlaI" .‚; wxYh" wOHdmk wud;HdxYh
Ô' mS' tÉ' c.;a l=udr - fcHaIaG lÓldpd¾h" cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh
tia' rdfÊkaøï - lÓldpd¾h" cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh
f,aLl uKav,h
wdpd¾h fÊ' r;akdhl - fcHaIaG lÓldpd¾h" fld<U úYajúoHd,h
fla' hQ' tia' fidaur;ak - lÓldpd¾h" fudrgqj úYajúoHd,h
tÉ' tï' tA' chfiak - .=re WmfoaYl" ^úY%dñl&
jhs' ù' wd¾' ú;dru - .=re WmfoaYl" l,dm wOHdmk ld¾hd,h" foys´úg
ví' tï' ví' iS j,sisxy - .=re WmfoaYl" l,dm wOHdmk ld¾hd,h" lE.,a,
wð;a rKisxy - .=re WmfoaYl" l,dm wOHdmk ld¾hd,h" fydaud.u
wkqr ã' ùrisxy - .=re WmfoaYl" ^msßfjka&" ud;r Èia;%slalh
ví,sõ' tï' ã' ,d,a úfÊldka; - .=re fiajh" Ydka; f;dauia úoHd,h" .,alsiai
î' tï' ìfidaueKsfla - .=re fiajh" u,shfoaj nd,sld úoHd,h" l=reKE.,
tï' refíre .=Kfialr - úÿy,am;s" ^úY%dñl&
fujka î' onf¾rd - .=re fiajh" iS' ví,sõ' ví,sõ' lkakka.r úoHd,h
tka' jd.SIuQ¾;s - wOHdmk wOHlaI ^úY%dñl&
wd¾' tia' B' mqIamrdcka - iyldr wOHdmk wOHlaI ^úY%dñl&
tï' tia' tï r*S;= - .=re WmfoaYl ^úY%dñl&
hQ' úfõlkd;ka - .=re fiajh ^úY%dñl&
NdId ixialrKh
ch;a mshoiqka - ksfhdacH m%Odk Wm l¾;D" is¿ñK
fidaÿm;a lshùu
ã' hQ' YS%ldka; tÈßisxy - .=re fiajh" f.dv.u iqNdr;S uydud;H uyd úoHd,h"
rEmigyka ks¾udKh mß.Kl wlaIr ixfhdackh

wd¾' ã' ;s<s‚ fiõjkaÈ
- mß.Kl iydhl" wOHdmk m% l dYk fomd¾;fïka ; = j
î' à' p;=rdKs fmf¾rd
msgljr ks¾udKh
wd¾' tï' rð; iïm;a - mß.Kl iydhl" wOHdmk m%ldYk fomd¾;fïka;=j
vi
mgqk
msgqj
1. ixLHd rgd 1
2. oaúuh ixLHd 16
3. Nd. 27
4. m%;sY; 41
5.
ùÔh m%ldYk
58
6. ùÔh m%ldYkj, idOl 67
7.
m%;HlaI 79
8. ir, f¾Ld yd iudka;r f¾Ld wdYs%; fldaK 92
9. øj ñkqï 116
mqkÍlaIK wNHdi
mdßNdIsl Yío ud,dj
mdvï wkql%uh
g'''
vii
iïmdol uKav, igyk
2015 j¾Ifha isg ls%hd;aul jk kj úIh ks¾foaYhg wkql+,j fuu fm<fmd;

rpkd lr we;'
fm<fmd; iïmdokh flfrkafka isiqka fjkqfjks' tneúka" Tng ;ksj

lshjd jqj o f;areï .; yels mßÈ ir, j iy úia;rd;aul j th rpkd
lsÍug W;aidy .;af;uq'

úIh ixl,am wdl¾YkSh wkaoñka bÈßm;a lsÍu iy ;yjqre lsÍu i|yd"
úia;r lsÍï" ls%hdldrlï iy ksoiqka jeks úúO l%u wkq.ukh lf<uq' ;j
o" wNHdi lsÍfï reÑl;ajh j¾Okh jk mßÈ tajd ir, isg ixlS¾K olajd
wkqms<sfj<ska fm< .iajd ;sfí'
.Ks; úIhhg wod< ixl,am oelafjk mo" rdcH NdId fomd¾;fïka;=j

iïmdokh lrk .Ks;h mdßNdIsl moud,djg wkql+,j Ndú; lf<uq'
úIh ks¾foaYfha 9 fYa%Kshg wod< úIh fldgia bf.k .ekSug ñka fmr
fYa%Ksj, § Tn W.;a hï hï úIh lreKq wjYH fõ' tneúka tu fmr oekqu
isys lsÍu msKsi mqkÍlaIK wNHdi iEu mßÉfþohlu wdrïNfha oelafjhs'
tajd u.ska 9 fYa%Kshg wod< úIh fldgia i|yd Tnj iQodkï flfrkq we;'
mka;sfha § .=rejrhd úiska b.ekaùug fmr" Tn fï mßÉfþo lshùfuka iy

ta ta mßÉfþofha tk mqkÍlaIK wNHdi lsÍfuka" fï fmd; Ndú;fhka
Wmßu M, ,eìh yels h'
.Ks; wOHdmkh mS%;su;a iy M,odhl jkakehs wms m%d¾:kd lruq'
iïmdol uKav,h
viii
1 ixLHd rgd
fuu mdvu bf.kSfuka Tng"
²² wkqhd; mo folla w;r fjki iudk jQ ixLHd rgdjl idOdrK moh
f.dvke`.Sug
²² ixLHd rgdjl idOdrK moh § we;s úg" ixLHd rgdj f.dvke`.Sug
²² ixLHd rgd wdYs%; .eg¨ úi`§ug
yelshdj ,efnkq we;'
ixLHd rgd ye`Èkaùu

my; oelafjkafka ixLHd rgd lsysmhls'
i. 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, ...
ii. 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, ...
iii. 5, 8, 11, 14, 17, ...
iv. 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, ...
v. 1, 1, 2, 2, 3, 3, 4, 4, 5, 5, ...
vi. 1, 2, 2, 3, 3, 3, 4, 4, 4, 4, ...
m<uqjk ixLHd rgdj b;d u ir, h' tu rgdfõ we;s iEu ixLHdjla u 3 fõ'
fojk ixLHd rgdfõ uq,a ixLHdj 2 jk w;r bka miq we;s iEu ixLHdjlau
,efnkafka Bg fmr we;s ixLHdjg 2la tl;= ùfuks'
;=kajk rgdfõ uq,a ixLHdj 5 jk w;r" bka miq we;s iEu ixLHdjla u ,efnkafka
Bg fmr we;s ixLHdjg 3la tl;= ùfuks'
y;rjk rgdfõ uq,a ixLHdj 2 jk w;r bka miq we;s iEu ixLHdjla u ,efnkafka
Bg fmr ixLHdj 2ka .=K ùfuks'
miajk yd yhjk rgdj,g o tajdg u wdfõKsl ,laIK we;'
ixLHd rgdj, we;s ixLHd iòyd mo hkak Ndú; fõ' ksoiqka f,i by; m<uqjk
rgdfõ iEu mohla u 3 fõ;
1
fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu i|yd h'
fojk rgdfõ uq,a moh (tkï" m<uqjk moh) 2 o fojk moh 4 o ;=kajk moh 6
o wdÈ jYfhka fõ; tys m<uq mohg miq iEu mohla u ,efnkafka Bg fmr mohg
2la tl;= ùfuks;
;=kajk rgdfõ uq,a moh (tkï" m<uqjk moh) 5 o fojk moh 8 o ;=kajk moh 11
o wdÈ jYfhka fõ; tys m<uq mohg miq iEu mohla u ,efnkafka Bg fmr mohg
3la tl;= ùfuks'
y;rjk rgdfõ m<uq mohg miq iEu mohlau ,efnkafka Bg fmr moh 2ka .=K
ùfuks'
fï wdÈ jYfhka miajk yd yhjk rgdj, mo ,efnk wdldr o úia;r l< yels
kuq;a tajd ;rula ixlS¾K úh yels h'
by; oelafjk rgdj, mo fldud ,l=Kqj,ska fjka ù we;s nj;a wjidkfha ;s;a
;=kla ;nd we;s nj;a ksÍlaIKh lrkak' fuh idudkHfhka ixLHd rgd ,shd
olajk wdldrhhs' ;s;a ;=fkka oelafjkafka rgdj È.g u mj;sk njhs'
rgd hk jok iòyd .Ks;fha § fhdod .kakd jok jkqfha zwkql%uZ hkakhs' ta
wkqj" by; oelafjkafka zixLHd wkql%uZ ^fyda" ir,j mjif;d;a" zwkql%uZ& yhls'
wkql%uhl moj, wkqms<sfj< jeo.;a fõ' ksoiqkla f,i"
1, 1, 2, 2, 3, 3, 4, 4, 5, 5, 6, 6, ...
hk wkql%ufha;a
1, 2, 1, 2, 3, 4, 3, 4, 5, 6, 5, 6, ...
hk wkql%ufha;a tl u ixLHd we;;a" tajd tlsfklg fjkia wkql%u fõ'
by; oelafjk wkql%uj, uq,a mo lsysmhla muKla §" tajdfha rgdj úia;r fldg
we;' tfia kuq;a" wkql%uhl uq,a mo lsysmfhka muKla tu wkql%ufha rgdj wkqudk
lsÍu t;rï iqÿiq fkdfõ' ksoiqka f,i"
1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, ...
hkq ixLHd rgdjls' tkï wkql%uhls' tu wkql%ufha uq,a mo my muKla ,shd

^tkï" 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, ... ,shd& tys B<`. moh l=ulaoehs úuiqj fyd;a th 6 f,i jerÈ
ms<s;=rla ,eìh yels h' tuksid" wkql%uhl uq,a mo lsysmhla § tys B<`. moh ^fyda
mo lsysmh& weiSu .Ks;dkql+,j ksjerÈ fkdfõ'
wkql%uhla jvd;a ksjerÈ j úia;r l< yels l%uhla jkafka wkqhd; tla tla moh
.Kkh l< yels Í;shla §u u.sks'
2
by; § we;s wkql%u 6ka fojk yd ;=kajk wkql%uj, úfYaI;ajh ^fyda" .=Kh&
fufia úia;r l< yels h'
fojk wkql%ufha" m<uq mohg miq iEu mohla u ,efnkafka Bg fmr mohg 2 hk
ksh; w.h tl;= ùfuks' th fufia úoyd oelaúh yels h'
2 4 6 8 10
+2 +2 +2 +2
;=kajk wkql%ufha" m<uq mohg miq iEu mohla u ,efnkafka Bg fmr mohg 3 hk
ksh; w.h tl;= ùfuks' th fufia úoyd oelaúh yels h'
5 8 11 14 17
+3 +3 +3 +3
fuys zksh; w.hZ hkafkys f;areu zfjkia fkdjkZ hkakhs' fuu wkql%u folg
wod< úfYaI;ajh fufia oelaúh yels h'
—´kEu mohlska ^m<uq moh yer& Bg fmr moh wvq l< úg ,efnk w.h ksh;hls'
^tkï" ksh; w.hls&'˜
2, 4, 6, 8, 10, ... wkql%uh iòyd fuu ksh;fha w.h 2 fõ

(4 − 2 = 6 − 4 = 8 − 6 = 10 − 8 = 2 ksid).
5, 8, 11, 14, 17, ... wkql%uh iòyd fuu ksh;fha w.h 3 fõ

(8 − 5 = 11 − 8 = 14 − 11 = 17 − 14 = 3 ksid).
fujeks wkqhd; mo folla w;r fjki ksh; w.hla jk wkql%u ms<snòj jeä
ÿrg;a yodruq'
fuu ksh; w.h tkï ksh; jQ wka;rh ^fjki& zfmdÿ wka;rhZ f,i ye`Èkafõ'
fï wkqj"
fmdÿ wka;rh = m<uq moh yer ´kE u mohla − Bg fmr moh

3
by; uq,ska u § we;s 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, ... wkql%uhg o fuu .=Kh we;s nj ksÍlaIKh
l< yels h'
3 3 3 3 3
+0 +0 +0 +0
fuys tl;= jk ksh; w.h ^tkï" fmdÿ wka;rh& 0 f,i ie,lsh yels h'
my; oelafjkafka tu .=Kh iys; ;j;a wkql%uhls'
17 12 7 2 − 3...
−5 −5 −5 −5
fuu wkql%ufha m<uqjk moh 17 h' thska miq iEu mohla u ,efnkafka Bg
fmr mofhka 5la wvq ùfuks' tkï" fmr mohg −5la tl;= ùfuks' ta wkqj" fuu
wkql%ufha fmdÿ wka;rh −5 fõ' tkï"
fmdÿ wka;rh = 12 − 17 = 7 − 12 = 2 − 7 = −3 − 2 = −5.
fujeks ksh; fmdÿ wka;rhla iys; wkql%uhl fmdÿ wka;rfha w.h;a m<uqjk
moh;a okafka kï tys uq,a mo lsysmh myiqfjka ,shd oelaúh yels h' ta iòyd
ksoiqka lsysmhla fufia oelaúh yels h'
ksoiqk 1
m<uqjk moh 4 o fmdÿ wka;rh 3 o jk wkql%ufha uq,a mo 3 jkafka 4, 7 yd 10 hs'
ksoiqk 2
m<uqjk moh 7 o fmdÿ wka;rh −4 o jk wkql%ufha uq,a mo 5 jkafka 7, 3, −1,
−5 yd −9 hs'
fujeks fmdÿ wka;rhla iys; wkql%uhl uq,a mo lsysmh myiqfjka ,súh yels h'
tfy;a 50jk moh fyda" tfia;a ke;a kï 834 jk moh l=ula oehs fiùu myiq
fkdfõ' thg fya;=j" 50, 834 jeks ixLHd úYd, ùuhs'
ta wkqj ixLHd rgdjl idOdrK mohla oek isàu jeo.;a h' idOdrK moh hkafkka
woyia jkafka l=ula oehs úuid n,uq'
4
1.1 ixLHd rgdjl idOdrK moh
uq,ska u" tla tla moh oelaùu iòyd wxlkhla fhdod .ksuq' ta iòyd" § we;s hï
wkql%uhl
m<uqjk moh T1 u.skq;a

fojk moh T2 u.skq;a
;=kajk moh T3 u.skq;a
wdÈ jYfhka olajuq'
ksoiqkla f,i
5, 11, 17, 23, ...
hk wkql%ufha
m<uqjk moh = T1 = 5
fojk moh = T2 = 11
;=kajk moh = T3 = 17
y;rjk moh = T4 = 23
wdÈ f,i ,shd oelaúh yels h'
.Ks;fha § fndfyda úg isÿ lrk wdldrfhka" hï wkql%uhl n jk moh ie,lSu

o fuys § b;d jeo.;a h' fuys n u.ska oelafjkafka ´kE u Ok ksÅ,uh w.hls'
thg fya;=j ng .; yels w.hka jkafka 1, 2, 3, ... wdÈ Ok ksÅ, ùuhs' 1 moh"
2
− 4 jk moh" 3.5 jk moh wdÈhg w¾:hla fkdue;' fufia" n w.hla ie,l+ úg"
Bg wkqrEm jk n jk moh Tn u.ska oelafõ' thg idOdrK moh ^fyda fmdÿ moh&
hehs lshkq ,efí'
tkï" Tn u.ska wkql%uhl n jk moh îdOdrK moh& oelafõ'
idOdrK moh § we;s úg ixLHd wkql%uh f.dvke.Su
wms ixLHd wkql%uhl idOdrK moh iòyd wxlkhla W.;af;uq' oeka idOdrK moh
§ we;s úg th Ndú; lr ixLHd wkql%uh f.dvk.k whqre yd kï lrk ,o mohla
fidhk whqre ksoiqka weiqfrka úuid n,uq'
5
ksoiqk 1
idOdrK moh jk Tn = 2n + 3 jQ ixLHd rgdfõ
i. uq,a mo ;=k ,shkak'
ii. úisjk moh fidhkak'
iii. 123 jkafka lS jeks moh o@
iv. (n + 1) jk moh n weiqfrka olajkak'
i. idOdrK moh jk Tn = 2n + 3 neúka

n = 1 jQ úg m<uq moh" T1 = (2 × 1) + 3 = 2 + 3 = 5,
n = 2 jQ úg fojk moh" T2 = (2 × 2) + 3 = 4 + 3 = 7,
n = 3 jQ úg ;=kajk moh" T3 = (2 × 3) + 3 = 6 + 3 = 9.
∴ rgdfõ uq,a mo ;=k = 5, 7, 9.
ii. n = 20 hkak 2n + 3 ys wdfoaYfhka 20 jk moh ,efí'
úisjk moh" T20 = (2 × 20) + 3 = 40 + 3

= 43
∴ úisjk moh 43 fõ'
iii. 123 jkafka n jk moh hehs .ksuq'
túg 2n + 3 = 123
2n + 3 – 3 = 123 – 3
2n = 120
120
n= 2
= 60
∴ rgdfõ 123 jkafka 60 jk mohhs'
iv. n + 1 jk moh ,nd .ekSug n fjkqjg (n + 1) wdfoaY lruq'

n + 1 jk moh" Tn+1 = 2 (n + 1) + 3
= 2n + 2 + 3
= 2n + 5
∴ n + 1 jk moh n weiqfrka 2n + 5 fõ'
6
ksoiqk 2
idOdrK moh jk Tn = 56 – 4n jQ ixLHd rgdfõ
ii. 12 jk moh fidhkak'
iii. 0 fuu ixLHd rgdfõ mohla jk nj fmkajkak'
iv. 18 fuu ixLHd rgdfõ mohla fkdjk nj fmkajkak'
i. idOdrK moh" Tn= 56 – 4n neúka
n = 1 jQ úg m<uqjk moh" T1 = 56 – (4 × 1) = 56 – 4 = 52,

n = 2 jQ úg fojk moh" T2 = 56 – (4 × 2) = 56 – 8 = 48,
n = 3 jQ úg ;=kajk moh" T3 = 56 – (4 × 3) = 56 – 12 = 44,
∴ rgdfõ uq,a mo ;=k 52, 48, 44 fõ'
ii.12 jk moh = 56 – 4 × 12
= 56 – 48
= 8
iii. 0 ixLHd rgdfõ mohla kï" lsishï n iòyd

56 – 4n = 0 úh hq;= h'
56 – 4n + 4n = 4n ^fomig u 4n tl;= lsÍu&
56 4n
= 4
4
14 = n
n = 14 ∴ rgdfõ 14 jk moh 0 fõ'
tkï" 0 fuu ixLHd rgdfõ mohla fõ'
iv. 18 rgdfõ mohla kï" lsishï n iòyd 56 – 4n = 18 úh hq;=hs'

túg 56 – 4n + 4n = 18 + 4n
56 – 18 = 18 – 18 + 4n
38 = 4n
1
92 =n
1
18 rgdfõ mohla kï n ys w.h Ok mQ¾K ixLHdjla úh hq;=hs' n = 9 ksid 18
2
fuu ixLHd rgdfõ mohla fkdfõ'
7
1.1 wNHdih
1. j.=j iïmQ¾K lrkak'
ixLHd m<uqjk moh fojk moh ;=kajk moh ixLHd

rgdfõ (n = 1 wdfoaYfhka) (n = 2 wdfoaYfhka) (n = 3 wdfoaYfhka) rgdfõ uq,a
idOdrK mo ;=k
moh
3n + 2 (3 × 1 ) + 2 = 5 (3 × 2 ) + 2 = 8 (3 × 3 ) + 2 = 11 5, 8, 11
5n – 1 (5 × 1 ) – 1 = 4 ......................... ......................... ..., ..., ...
2n + 5 ......................... ......................... ......................... ..., ..., ...
20 – 2n ......................... ......................... ......................... ..., ..., ...
50 – 4n ......................... ......................... ......................... ..., ..., ...
35 – n ......................... ......................... ......................... ..., ..., ...
2. ixLHd rgdjl" idOdrK moh 4n – 3 fõ' tu rgdfõ

iv. 75 fuu ixLHd rgdfõ mohla fkdjk nj fmkajkak'
3. n jk moh 7n + 1 jQ ixLHd rgdfõ

iv. n + 1 jk moh n weiqfrka olajkak'
4. idOdrK moh Tn = 50 − 7n jQ ixLHd rgdfõ

iii. n + 1 jk moh n weiqfrka olajkak'
iv. 7 jk mofhka miqj ,efnk mo RK ixLHd nj fmkajkak'
8
1.2 ixLHd rgdjl idOdrK moh (Tn) iòyd m%ldYkhla ,nd .ekSu
by; fldgfia § idOdrK moh jk Tn iòyd m%ldYkhla § ;snqKs' fuys§"
Tn iòyd n weiqfrka m%ldYkhla ,nd .ekSu wmf.a wruqKhs' túg" wkql%uhl hï
mohla ljrlaoehs hkak tu m%ldYkh Ndú;fhka myiqfjka fiúh yels h' fufia
m%ldYkhla ,nd .; yels wdldrh ksoiqkla u.ska úuid n,uq'
5, 11, 17, 23, ... hk fmdÿ wka;rhla iys; wkql%ufha 80 jk moh fiúh hq;= hehs
is;uq' tkï" T80 fiúh hq;= h' ta iòyd" my; j.=fõ oelafjk rgdj ksÍlaIKh
lrkak'
fmdÿ wka;rh jk 6 yd n weiqfrka Tn

n Tn
,súh yels wdldrh
1 5 6 × 1 − 1 fyda 5 + 0 × 6
2 11 6 × 2 − 1 fyda 5 + 1 × 6
3 17 6 × 3 − 1 fyda 5 + 2 × 6
4 23 6 × 4 − 1 fyda 5 + 3 × 6
5 29 6 × 5 − 1 fyda 5 + 4 × 6
by; j.=fõ ;=kajk ;Srfha oelafjk 6 × 1 − 1, 6 × 2 − 1, 6 × 3 − 1 wdÈ m%ldYk

tfia ,shk ,oafoa wehs oehs hkak Tng .eg¨jla jQjd úh yels h' úfYaIfhka u"
1la wvq lsÍug fya;=j l=ula o hkak wmeyeÈ,s jQjd úh yels h'
th fufia meyeÈ,s l< yels h'
§ we;s 5, 11, 17, 23, ... wkql%ufha fmdÿ wka;rh 6 ksid" uq,ska u § we;s wkql%uh;a
Bg my<ska 6ys .=Kdldr lsysmhl=;a ,shuq'
5, 11, 17, 23, 29, ...

6, 12, 18, 24, 30, ...
6ys .=Kdldrj,ska 1 ne.ska wvq ù" § we;s wkql%uh ,efnk nj ksÍlaIKh l< yels
h' tkï"
wkql%ufha 1 jk moh = 6ys m<uq .=Kdldrh −1
wkql%ufha 2 jk moh = 6ys fojk .=Kdldrh −1
wkql%ufha 3 jk moh = 6ys ;=kajk .=Kdldrh −1
wdÈ jYfhka ,súh yels h'
ta wkqj"
wkql%ufha n jk moh = 6ys n jk .=Kdldrh − 1
∴ Tn = 6n − 1 9
ta wkqj" T80 jkafka 6 × 80 − 1 = 479 hs' tkï"
T80 = 6 × 80 − 1 = 479.
fï wkqj" 80 jk moh 479 fõ'

;j o fuu wkql%uh iòyd idOdrK moh jk Tn iòyd m%ldYkh jk
Tn = 6n − 1 f,i by; § ,nd f.k we;'
fuu iQ;%h Ndú;fhka ´kE u mohla fiúh yels h' ksoiqkla f,i" § we;s
wkql%ufha 24 jk moh fiùu iòyd fuys n = 24 wdfoaY l< hq;= h' túg"
T24 = 6 × 24 −1 = 143
tuksid" wkql%ufha 24 jk moh 143 fõ'
;j;a ksoiqkla i,ld n,uq'
ksoiqk 1
uq,a mo y;r 15, 19, 23, 27 jk fmdÿ wka;rhla iys; wkql%ufha n jk moh jk
Tn iòyd m%ldYhla fidhuq'
fuys fmdÿ wka;rh = 19 − 15 = 4 fõ' § we;s wkql%ufha uq,a mo lsysmh;a" Bg
my<ska 4ys .=Kdldr lsysmhl=;a (Ok ksÅ,uh .=Kdldr& ,shuq'
15, 19, 23, 27, ...
4, 8, 12, 16, ...
iEu 4ys .=Kdldrhlg u 11 ne.ska tl;= ùfuka § we;s wkql%uh ,efnk nj
meyeÈ,s h' ta wkqj" fmdÿ moh jk Tn iòyd jk iQ;%h
Tn = 4n + 11
u.ska ,efí' fuu iQ;%h Ndú;fhka 100 jk moh fidhuq'
T100 = 4 × 100 + 11 = 411
oeka fmdÿ wka;rh RK w.hla jk" tkï wvq jk moj,ska iukaú; jk wkql%uhla
i,ld n,uq'
10
ksoiqk 2
uq,a mo y;r 10, 7, 4, 1 jk fmdÿ wka;rhla iys; wkql%ufha n jk moh jk Tn
iòyd m%ldYkhla fidhuq'
10, 7, 4, 1, ... hk wkql%ufha fmdÿ wka;rh = 7 − 10 = − 3 fõ'

tuksid" − 3 ys .=Kdldr ^ksÅ,uh& yd § we;s wkql%ufha mo tlla háka tlla ,shuq'
10, 7, 4, ...
− 3, − 6, − 9, ...
iEu − 3ys .=Kdldrhg u 13 ne.ska tl;= ùfuka wkql%ufha mo ,efnk nj
ksÍlaIKh l< yels h' tuksid"
Tn = − 3n + 13
f,i (tfia;a ke;s kï" uq,ska Ok mohla ,efnk mßÈ Tn = 13 − 3n f,i& fuys
fmdÿ moh ,súh yels h'
ksoiqkla f,i" fuu wkql%ufha 30 jk moh fiùu iòyd n = 30 wdfoaY l< hq;=
h' túg"
T30 = − 3 × 30 + 13 = − 77
f,i ,efí' tuksid" 30 jk moh − 77 fõ'
1.2 wNHdih
1. my; j.=j wNHdi fmdf;a msgm;a lr" th iïmQ¾K lrkak'
rgdj wkqhd; mo folla rgdj f.dvke.Sug

w;r fjki iïnkaO jk .=Kdldrh
5, 8, 11, 14,... 8−5=3 3
10, 17, 24, 31, ...
1 1
2 , 4, 5 , 7, ...
2 2
20, 17, 14, 11, ...
50, 45, 40, 35, ...
0.5, 0.8, 1.1, 1.4, ...
11
2. 10, 17, 24, 31, ... hk ixLHd rgdj weiqfrka j.=j iïmQ¾K lrkak'
mo wkqms<sfj< moh rgdj f.dvke.S we;s

wdldrh
1 jk moh 10 7 × 1 + ...
2 jk moh 17 7 × 2 + ...
3 jk moh 24 ........ + ...
4 jk moh 31 ........ + ...
n jk moh .... ........ + ... = ...
3. my; oelafjk tla tla ixLHd rgdfõ idOdrK moh iòyd m%ldYkhla ,nd
.kak'
a. 1, 4, 7, 10, ...
b. 1, 7, 13, 19, ...
c. 9, 17, 25, 33, ...
d. 4, 10, 16, 22, ...
e. 22, 19, 16, 13, ...
f. 22, 20, 18, 16, ...
1.3 ixLHd rgd we;=<;a .eg¨ úi`§u

§ we;s f;dr;=re u.ska f.dvk`.d .kakd ixLHd rgd fhdod .ksñka úúO .Ks;
.eg¨ úiòd .; yels h'
ksoiqk 1
ÿr Èùu mqyqKq jk lS%vlfhla Èkm;d mqyqKqùïj, fhfohs' Tyq ógr 500l ÿrla
m<uq Èkfha ÈjQ w;r" bka miq iEu Èkl u fmr Èkg jvd ógr 100la ne.ska
jeämqr Èõfõ h'
i. uq,a Èk ;=fka ÿjk ,o ÿr fjk fjk u ,shkak'
ii. n jk Èkfha § ÿjk ,o ÿr iòyd idOdrK moh (Tn) fidhkak'
iii. 20 jk Èkfha § Tyq ÿjk ÿr fidhkak'
iv. Tyq 3 kml ÿrla ÿjkafka lS jeks Èkfha o@
i. m<uqjk Èk ÿjk ÿr = 500 m
fojk Èk ÿjk ÿr = 500 m + 100 m = 600 m
;=kajk Èk ÿjk ÿr = 500 m + 100 m + 100 m = 700 m
ixLHd rgdfõ uq,a mo ;=k 500, 600, 700.

12
ii. Èj hk ÿr oelafjk ixLHd rgdj wkqj" th f.dvkef.kafka 100 .=Kdldrj,sks'
∴ idOdrK moh" Tn = 100n + 400
iii. 20 jk Èkfha ÿjk ÿr" 20 jk mofhka oelafjk nj meyeÈ,s h'

∴ ixLHd rgdfõ úisjk moh" T20 = (100 × 20) + 400
= 2000 + 400
= 2400 m
= 2.4 km
∴ 20 jk Èkfha ÿjk ÿr 2.4 km

iv. 3 km = 3000 m
3000 mla Èj hkafka n jk Èkfha § hhs .ksuq'
túg; 100n + 400 = 3000
100n + 400 – 400 = 3000 – 400
100 n = 2600
2600
∴n=
100
= 26
∴ lsf,daógr 3la Èj hkafka 26 jk Èkfha § h'
1.3 wNHdih
1. my; oelafjkafka .sksl+rej,ska ;kk ,o rgdjls'
1 2 3 4
by; rgdj weiqfrka my; j.=j iïmQ¾K lrkak'
rEmfha wxlh 1 2 3 4
uq¿ .sksl+re
.... 9 .... ....
.Kk
13
i. fuu rgdfõ 20 jk rEmh f.dvke`.Sug wjYH jk .sksl+re
.Kk fidhkak'
ii. .sksl+re 219la wjYH jkafka fuu rgdfõ lS jeks rEmh iïmQ¾Kfhka u
f.dvke`.Sug o@
iii. .sksl+re 75lska Wmßu .Kk fhdod.ksñka fuu rgdfõ rEmhla ;ekQ úg
1la b;sß jk nj fmkajkak'
2. ld¾ñlfhla hlv lïì mdiaid idok f.aÜgqjla iòyd ógr 5la È.

lïìl+rej,ska tlsfklg fjkia m%udKfha len,s lmd .kshs' l=vd u lene,a,
15 cm jk w;r wfkla iEu lene,a,la u wkqhd; len,s folla w;r fjki
10 cm jk f,i lmkq ,efí'
i. lmk ,o È.ska wvq u len,s ;=fka È. wkqms<sfj<g ,shkak'
ii. l=vd u lene,af,a isg È. wkqj wdfrdayK ms<sfj<g .;a úg 20 jk lene,af,a
È. fidhkak'
iii. È. wkqj wdfrdayK ms<sfj<g ilia l< úg 50 jk lene,a, lmd .ekSug
5m È. lïì l+r m%udKj;a fkdjk nj fmkajkak'
3. mdif,a meje;ajQ jd¾Isl b;sß lsÍfï Èkfha § fhiañ yd b`ÿks uq,ska u remsh,a
100 ne.ska oud leghl uqo,a b;sß lsÍug wdrïN l<y' bka miq Tjqyq i;shlg
jrla leghg uqo,a ou;s' fhiañ remsh,a 10la o b`ÿks remsh,a 5la o ne.ska
fkdjrojd u kshñ; Èkfha § leghg ouhs'
i. miajk i;sfha fhiañ i;= legfha we;s uqo, lShla fõ o@
ii. oyjk i;sfha b`ÿks i;= legfha we;s uqo, lSh o@
iii. i;s 50lg miq Tjqkaf.a leg újD; lr tajdfha we;s uqo,a mÍlaId lrk ,È'
fhiañ b;sß lr we;s uqo, b`ÿks b;sß lr we;s uqo,g jvd lShlska jeä o@
4. kdgH ikao¾Ykhla iòyd t<suyka msÜgkshl wdik ms<sfh, lr ;snqfKa

tys uq,a u fma<sfha wdik 9la o fojk fma<sfha wdik 12la o ;=kajk fma<sfha
wdik 15la o jk f,i rgdjlg h' tf,i tu rgdjg fma<s 15la idod ;snqKs'
i. uq,a u fma<s mfya uq¿ wdik .Kk lSh o@

ii. 15 jk fma<sfha we;s wdik .Kk lSh o@
iii. fuu rgdjg uq,a u fma<sfha we;s wdik .Kk fuka y;r .=Khl wdik
ixLHdjla 10 jk fma<sfha we;s nj fmkajkak'
iv. wdik 51la we;af;a lS jeks fma<sfha o@
14
ñY% wNHdih
1. my; oelafjkafka ixLHd rgd lsysmhl idOdrK mohs'
(a) 3n – 5 (b) 6n + 5 (c) 6n − 5
tu tla tla ixLHd rgdfõ"
iii. n – 1 jk moh n weiqfrka fidhkak'
2. my; oelafjk tla tla ixLHd rgdj, idOdrK moh fidhkak'
i. – 3, 1, 5, 9, ... ii. 0, 4, 8, 12, ...

1 1
iii. 1 2 , 2, 2 2 , ... iv. – 6, – 3, 0, 3, ...
3. 42, 36, 30, 24, ... ixLHd rgdfõ idOdrK moh 6 (8 – n) nj fmkajkak'
4. WÈ; fm!oa.,sl wdh;khl /lshdj lrhs' Tyqf.a wdrïNl udisl jegqm jQfha
remsh,a 25 000ls' fojeks wjqreoao wdrïNfha isg jd¾Islj Tyqg re 2400 l
jegqma jeäùu ysñ fõ'
i. fojeks wjqreoao wdrïNfha Tyqf.a udisl jegqm lSh o@

ii. uq,a jir ;=fkys WÈ;f.a udisl jegqmaj, w.hhka fjk fjk u ,shkak'
iii. n jk jif¾ jegqm oelafjk m%ldYhla n weiqfrka olajkak'
iv. miajk jif¾ § Tyqf.a udisl jegqm by; (iii) § ,nd.;a m%ldYkh
weiqfrka fidhkak'
idrdxYh
² fmdÿ wka;rh = m<uq moh yer ´kEu mohla − Bg fmr moh

² wkql%uhl idOdrK moh Tn u.ska oelafõ'
² idOdrK moh okafka kï b;sß moh fiúh yels h'
15
2 oaúuh ixLHd
²² oaúuh ixLHd y`ÿkd.ekSug'
²² oYuh ixLHdjla oaúuh ixLHdjla njg mßj¾;kh lsÍug
²² oaúuh ixLHdjla oYuh ixLHdjla njg mßj¾;kh lsÍug
²² oaúuh ixLHd tl;= lsÍug yd wvq lsÍug
²² oaúuh ixLHd Ndú; jk wjia:d y`ÿkd .ekSug
yelshdj ,efnkq we;'
ye`Èkaùu
yskaÿ wrdì l%ufha §" tkï wm idudkHfhka Ndú; lrk l%ufha §" ixLHd ,shd
olajk wdldrh kej; fufia u;lhg k.d .ksuq'
ksoiqkla f,i" 3 725 hk ixLHdj i,luq' wm ñkafmr fY%aKsj, § W.;a oE wkqj"
3 725ys
5ka oelafjkafka 1 tajd ^tkï" 100 tajd& .Kkhs'
3ka oelafjkafka 1 000 tajd ^tkï" 103 tajd& .Kkhs'
fuu lreKq" my; wdldrfha .Kl rduqjla Ndú;fhka o oelaúh yels h'

1000 100 10 1
103 102 101 100
fuu 3 725 hk ixLHdj 10 n, weiqfrka fufia o ,súh yels nj fyd¢ka ksÍlaIKh

lrkak'
3 725 = 3 × 1000 + 7 × 100 + 2 × 10 + 5 × 1
tkï" 3 725 = 3 ×103 + 7 × 102 + 2 ×101 + 5 × 100

16
;j;a ksoiqkla f,i" 603 .; fyd;a"
603 = 6 × 102 + 0 × 101 + 3 × 100
f,i ,shd oelaúh yels h'
wm úiska idudkHfhka Ndú; flfrk yskaÿ wrdì l%ufha §" ixLHdjl tla tla
ia:dkfha w.h ^tkï ia:dkSh w.h& 1, 10, 100, 1000 wdÈ 10fha n,j,ska oelafõ'
;j o fuu l%ufha § ixLHd ,shd oelaùug 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 hk ixLHdxl
10 fhdod .efka' fufia ixLHdxl 10la fhdod.ksñka yd tla tla ia:dkfha w.h
10fha n,j,ska olajñka ixLHd oelaùu zoyfha mdofhkaZ ixLHd ,shd oelaùu f,i
ye`Èkafõ' tfia u" úfYaIfhka ixLHd mdo ms<snò yeoEÍfï §" fuu ixLHd zoYuh
ixLHdZ f,i o ye`Èkafõ'
igyk: ² zoYuh ixLHdZ hkak zoYu ixLHdZ iu`. mg,jd fkd.; hq;= h'
² 10o = 1 jk fia u ´kE u mdohl ìkaÿfõ n,h tl fõ'
ta wkqj 20 = 1 fõ'
2'1 oaúuh wdldrfhka ixLHd oelaùu

ixLHd ,shd ±laùug 10 yer fjk;a mdo o Ndú; l< yels h' ksoiqkla f,i" 0
yd 1 hk ixLHdxl fol muKla fhdod .ksñka yd tla tla ia:dkfha w.h fofla
n,j,ska olajñka zfofla mdofhkaZ ixLHd ,shd oelaúh yels h' ta i|yd uq,ska u
fofla n, lsysmhla y÷kd .ksuq'
2o = 1 25 = 32
21 = 2 26 = 64
22 = 4 27 = 128
23 = 8 28 = 256
24 = 16 29 = 512
fï wdÈ jYfhka fofla n, .Kkh lrñka ,súh yels h'
fofla mdofhka ixLHd ,shd oelaúh yels wdldrh meyeÈ,s lsÍu i|yd oyfha
mdofhka oelafjk 13 hk ixLHdj ksoiqkla f,i i,luq' 13 hkak fofla n,j,
tl;=jla f,i ,súh yels wdldrh úuid n,uq'
foflys uq,a n, lsysmh jkafka
1, 2, 4 yd 8 hs'
fuu n, weiqfrka"
13 = 8 + 4 + 1
17
tkï" 13 = 23 + 22 + 20 f,i ,súh yels h'
tkï" 13 = 1 × 23 + 1 × 22 + 0 × 21 + 1 × 20
f,i ,súh yels h' fuys" 23 ka mgka f.k" 22, 21 yd 2o hk n, ish,a, u olajd
we;' ksoiqkla f,i" fuys 23 n,h we;s ksid th 1 × 23 f,i;a 21 n,h fkdue;s
ksid th 0 × 21 f,i;a ,shd olajd we;' fofla mdofhka ixLHd ,sùfï § 0 yd 1 hk
ixLHdxl muKla fhdod .kakd nj isys ;ndf.k" fuu 13 hk ixLHdj" fofla
mdofhka fufia ,shd oelaúh yels h'
1101
fuys we;s 0 yd 1 ixLHdxl my; mßÈ úia;r l< yels h'
1 1 0 1

2322 21 2
0
th .Kl rduqjla weiqfrka o fufia oelaúh yels h'

1 1 0 1

0
23 22 21 2
fuys § 1101 hkak fofla mdofhka ,shd we;s nj oelaùu iòyd 1101fol f,i"
ixLHdjg ol=Kq miska my<g jkakg l=vdjg fol ,sùu idudkHfhka isÿ flf¾'
tfia u" fofla mdofhka yd oyfha mdofhka ,shd we;s ixLHd fjka fjkaj
y`ÿkd.ekSu myiq ùu iòyd" oyfha mdofha ixLHdjkays o ol=Kq miska l=vdjg oyh
f,i fuu mdvfï" wjYH ;ekays§" ,shd oelafjkq we;' ksoiqkla f,i" 603oyh f,i
oelafjkafka wm idudkHfhka y`ÿkk oyfha mdofhka ,shd we;s 603hs'
;j;a ksoiqkla i,ld n,uq' oyfha mdofhka ,shd we;s 20oyh hkak fofla mdofhka
,shuq'
fï iòyd" 2ys n, ms<snò u;lfhka"
20 = 16 + 4
= 24 + 22
= 1 × 24 + 0 × 23 + 1 × 22 + 0 × 21 + 0 × 20
f,i ,súh yels h'
tuksid"
20oyh = 10100fol
f,i ,súh yels h'

18
fuys § b;d jeo.;a fohla lsj hq;= h' ´kE u ixLHdjla" 20, 21, 22 wdÈ foflys
n,j, tl;=jla f,i ^tla n,hla tla jrla muKla fhdod .ksñka& ,súh yelafla
tla wdldrhlg muKs' ksoiqkla f,i" 20 hkak 16 + 4 f,i ,súh yels h' ta wkqj"
20 = 24 + 22 fõ' tkï 20 foflys fjkia n, foll tl;=jla f,i ,shd we;' th"
fjk;a wdldrhlg fjkia fofla n,j, tl;=jla f,i ,súh fkdyels h' tfia
,sùug Tn W;aidy l<fyd;a tfia ,súh fkdyels nj Tng ta;a;= hkq we;' tfia
u" ´kE u ixLHdjla fofla n,j, tl;=jla f,i ,súh yels h' úúO ixLHd fofla
n,j,ska ,sùfuka Tng fuh jgyd .; yels jkq we;'
we;a; jYfhka u" oyfha mdofha ixLHdjla fofla mdofhka oelaùfï § by;
wkq.ukh l< l%uh" tkï fofla n,j, tl;=jla f,i ,sùu" t;rï ksYaÑ;
l%uhla f,i .; fkdyels h' thg fya;=j iuyr úYd, ixLHd tfia tl;=jla f,i
,súh yels wdldrh is;d .ekSu wiSre ùuhs' ksoiqkla f,i" 3905oyh hkak fofla
ljr n,j,ska ,shkafka o hkak is;d .ekSu wiSre úh yels h' tuksid" ´kE u
wjia:djl § fhdod .; yels ;j;a l%uhla oeka i,ld n,uq'
ksoiqkla f,i" 22 oyh fofla mdofhka ,sùu iòyd uq,ska u l< hq;af;a 22 foflka
fn§uhs' túg b;sß jk .Kk o igyka lr .; hq;= h'
2 22
11 b;ssß 0
bka miq" 22 hkak 2ka fnod ,efnk ,íêh jk 11 kej; 2ka fnÈh hq;= h'
2 22
2 11 b;ssß 0
5 b;ssß 1
fufia" ,íêh 2ka kej; kej;" b;sßh o olajñka" fnÈh hq;= h' wjidkfha §
,íêh f,i 0 yd fYaIh f,i 1 ,efnk f;la fnÈh hq;= h' iïmQ¾K fn§u my;
oelafõ'
2 22
2 11 b;sß 0
2 5 b;sß 1
2 2 b;sß 1
2 1 b;sß 0
0 b;sß 1
1 0 1 1 0 fol
fuys" fldgq lr olajd we;s b;sß w.hka" w. isg uq,g ,shd oelajQ úg wjYH lrk
fofla mdofhka oelafjk ixLHdj ,efí' tkï"
22oyh = 10110fol
19
fufia ,enqKq fofla mdofha ixLHdj" by; uq,ska idlÉPd l< 2ys n,j, tl;=jla
f,i ,sùfuka i;Hdmkh l< yels oehs n,uq'
22 = 16 + 4 + 2 = 24 + 22 + 21 = 1 × 24 + 0 × 23 + 1 × 22 + 1 × 21 + 0 × 20
tkï 22oyh = 10110fol f,i ,súh yels nj meyeÈ,s h' fuhska wjYH i;Hdmkh
isÿ fõ'
ksoiqk 1
my; tla tla ixLHd fofla mdofhka ,shd olajkak'
i. 32oyh 2 32 ii. 154oyh 2 154
2 16 0 2 77 0
2 8 0 2 38 1
2 4 0 2 19 0
2 2 0 2 9 1
2 1 0 2 4 1
0 1 2 2 0
2 1 0
32oyh = 100000fol 0 1
154oyh = 10011010fol
2.1 wNHdih
my; oelafjk oYuh ixLHd ôyfha mdofha ixLHd&" oaúuh ixLHdj,g ^fofla
mdofha ixLHdj,g& yrjkak'
a. 4 b. 9 c. 16 d. 20
e. 29
f. 35 g. 43 h. 52 i. 97 j. 168
2'2 oaúuh ixLHd oYuh ixLHd f,i oelaùu

by; 2.1 fldgfia § oYuh ixLHd oaúuh ixLHd f,i olajk ,È' fuu fldgfia §
tys úf,dauh" tkï oaúuh ixLHd oYuh ixLHd f,i olajk wdldrh i,ld n,uq'
fuh b;d myiqfjka isÿ l< yels h' ksoiqkla weiqfrka th yodruq'
by; 2.1 fldgfia § 13 hk oYuh ixLHdj fofla mdofhka ,shQ úg 1101fol ,eìKs'
fuys 1, 1, 0 yd 1 hk ixLHdxlj,ska oelafjkafka fudkjd±hs u;la lr .ksuq'
1 1 0 1

23 22 21 20
tajd tajd tajd tajd
.Kk .Kk .Kk .Kk
20
fï wkqj" 1101fol ys we;s ish¨ fofla n,j, w.hka tl;= l< úg wjYH oYuh
ixLHdj ,efí' tkï"
1 × 23 + 1 × 22 + 0 × 21 + 1 × 20 = 1 × 8 + 1 × 4 + 0 × 2 + 1 × 1
= 8 + 4 + 1 = 13
f,i iq¿ l< úg wjYH oYuh ixLHdj jk 13 ,efí'
ksoiqk 1
101100fol oyfha mdofhka ,shd olajkak'

fuys uq,ska u oelafjk ixLHdxlfhka 25 oelafjk nj uq,ska u ksÍlaIKh l< hq;=
h' túg" 5 isg o¾Ylh tlska tl wvq lrñka" 2ys n, ,shd" wod< ix.=Klfhka .=K
fldg tl;= lsÍfuka wjYH ixLHdj ,efí'
101100fol = 1× 25 + 0 × 24 + 1 × 23 + 1 × 22 + 0 × 21 + 0 × 20
= 25 + 23 + 22 = 32 + 8 + 4
= 44oyh
tuksid" 101100fol oyfha mdofhka ,shQ úg ,efnkafka 44oyh hs'
igyk: 44oyh hkak kej; oaúuh ixLHdjlg fmr<d" ms<s;=f¾ ksjerÈ nj mÍlaId
l< yels h'
2.2 wNHdih
1. my; oelafjk oaúuh ixLHd oyfha mdohg ôYuh ixLHd njg& yrjkak'
a. 101fol b. 1101fol c. 1011fol d. 1100fol

e. 11111fol
f. 100111fol g. 110111fol h. 111000fol i. 111110fol j. 110001fol
2'3 oaúuh ixLHd tl;= lsÍu

oaúuh ixLHd .Kl rduqjl ksrEmKh lsÍfï § tla .Kl l+rl ;sìh yels Wmßu
.Kl .Kk 1 neúka ixLHd f.dvke.Sfï § lsishï .Kl l+rl .Kl folla
fhdokq fjkqjg" Bg jï mi we;s l+rg tla .Klhla fhÈh hq;= h'
oaúuh ixLHd folla tl;= lsÍu .Kl rduq folla weiqfrka meyeÈ,s lr .ksuq'
21
101fol + 10fol iq¿ lruq'
22 21 20 + 22 21 20 = 22 21 20
101fol 10fol 111fol

A B C
A yd B .Kl rduq fofla ixLHd tl;=fjka ,efnk ixLHdj" .Kl rduqjl olajd
th C u.ska ksrEmKh lruq' .Kl rduq fofla
20 l+rej, we;s .Klj, tl;=j 1 hs'

tneúka 101fol + 10fol = 111fol
oeka 101fol + 1fol ys w.h .Kl rduq weiqfrka ,nd .ksuq'
22 21 20 + 22 21 20 = 22 21 20
A B C
A ys 20 l+f¾ .Klh yd B ys 20 l+f¾ .Klh C ys 20 l+rg oeñh fkdyels h' Bg
fya;=j tys .Kl 2la ;sìh fkdyels ùuhs' ta fjkqjg" Bg jï mi l+rg .Kl 1la
oeñh hq;=hs' th C .Kl rduqfõ 21 l+frys oelafõ'
tneúka 101fol + 1fol = 110fol fõ'

th my<g tl;= l< úg fuh ;jÿrg;a meyeÈ,s fõ'
101fol
+ 1fol
110fol

ol=K;a mi isg ju;a mig tl;= lsÍu; uq,ska u
20 tajd 1 + 20 tajd 1 = 21 tajd 1 iy 20 tajd 0
B<`.g 21 tajd 1 + 21 tajd 0 = 21 tajd 1.
wjika jYfhka 22 tajd 1 + 22 tajd 0 = 22 tajd 1.
22
ksoiqk 1
w.h fidhkak'
i. 11101fol + 1101fol ii. 1110fol + 111fol
11 1 11
11101fol 1110fol
+ 1101fol + 111fol
101010fol 10101fol
igyk: fofla mdofha ixLHd tl;= lsÍfï §

1fol + 0fol = 1fol
1fol + 1fol = 10fol
1fol + 1fol + 1fol = 11fol
o jk nj ksÍlaIKh lrkak'
2.3 wNHdih
1. w.h fidhkak'
a. 111 b. 10111 c. 1011

fol fol
+ 11101fol
fol
+ 101fol + 1011fol

d. 11101fol + 1110fol e. 11011fol + 11fol f. 100111fol + 11fol + 1fol

g. 11fol + 111fol + 1111fol h. 11110fol + 1110fol + 110fol
2. my; oelafjk tla tla tl;= lsÍïj, ysia fldgq ;=<g iqÿiq b,lalu fhdokak'
a. 11fol b. 1 10 fol c. 10 0 1fol
+ 1 fol + 1 1fol + 1 fol
1 1fol 1 10 0fol 00 0fol
d. e. f.
1 1 1 0fol 1 1 fol 1 1 1 fol
+ 1 fol
+ 1 1 fol + 1 1 1 0 fol
10 0 1fol 1 0 0 0 fol 1 1 fol

23
2.4 oaúuh ixLHd wvq lsÍu
oaúuh ixLHd tl;= lsÍfï § ol=K;a mi ia:dkfha tl;=j 2la jQ ieu úg u ta
fjkqjg Bg jfuka msysá ia:dkh tlla jQ nj wms oksuq'
101fol
+ 1fol
ôl=K;a mi ;Srej 1fol + 1fol = 10fol &
110fol
oeka 110fol− 1fol ys w.h fidhuq' by; tl;= lsÍu wkqj ms<s;=r úh hq;= jkafka
101fol ' tu ms<s;=r ,efnk wdldrh meyeÈ,s lr .ksuq'
22 21 20
1 1 0 fol
− 1 fol
1 0 1 fol
ol=K;a mi uq,a u ;Srefõ 0ka 1la wvq l< fkdyels ksid hdno ju;a mi 21
;Srefjka 1la .ksuq' túg tys w.h 20 ;Srefõ § 2la fõ' túg 2ka 1la wvq l< úg
1 ,efí' 21 ;Srefõ oeka we;af;a 1 fjkqjg 0ls'
tneúka 110fol− 1fol = 101fol fõ'
ksoiqk 1
1101fol
− 111fol
110fol
ms<s;=f¾ ksjerÈ;dj 110fol+ 111fol u.ska n,uq'
110fol+ 111fol = 1101 fol

igyk: wvq lsÍfuka miq ,efnk ms<s;=f¾ ksjerÈ nj" tl;= lsÍu u.ska mÍlaId
lsÍug yqre ùu b;d jeo.;a fõ'
24
2.4 wNHdih
1. w.h fidhkak'
a. b. 10fol c. 101fol d. 101

11fol fol
− 1fol − 1fol − 1fol − 11fol
e. 111fol − 11fol f. 110fol − 11fol g. 1100fol − 111fol h. 10001fol

− 111fol
i. 100000 j. 100011 k. 11000fol− 1111fol l. 101010fol− 10101fol

fol fol
− 11011fol − 10001fol
2'5 oaúuh ixLHd Ndú;h

oaúuh ixLHd moaO;sfha uQ,sl ixLHdxl jkafka 0 yd 1 fõ' 0 yd 1ka oelafjk
wjia:d fol úÿ,sh yd iïnkaO lr .ksñka úoHq;a mßm:hlska Odrdj ,eîu 1
o fkd,eîu 0 o f,i i,ld th oaúuh ixLHd f,i wdfoaY lr f.k äðg,a
WmlrK idod we;'
ta wkqj ixfla;h úÿ,s Odrdjla ,eîu o fkd,eîu o jQ úg u.ska
ksrEmKh jkafka 1001folhs' fuu ixl,amh fhdod .ksñka .Klh yd mß.Klh
;=< ixLHd ms<snò o;a; .nvd lsÍu yd .Kkh lsÍu isÿ lrkq ,efí' tfiau" fofla
mdofha ixLHd moaO;sh f.dvke`.+ wdldrhg u fjk;a ´kE u mdohla hgf;a ixLHd
moaO;shla f.dvke`.sh yels h' tfia fjk;a mdohla hgf;a f.dvk`.k ,o ixLHd
moaO;s weiqfrka o o;a; .nvd lsÍu jeks ld¾hhka iòyd fhdod .efka'
igyk: y;f¾ mdofhka ixLHd moaO;shla f.dvke`.=j fyd;a tys Ndú; l< yels
uQ,sl ixLHdxl jkafka 0, 1, 2 yd 3 muKs'
ta wkqj 10y;r jkafka 4oyh hs'
mfya mdofhka kï uQ,sl ixLHdxl 0, 1, 2, 3 yd 4 jk w;r 10my hkq 5oyh hs'
25
ñY% wNHdih
1. w.h fidhkak'
a. 1101fol + 111fol − 1011fol b. 11111fol − (101fol+ 11fol)
c. 110011fol − 1100fol − 110fol

2. 1fol, 11fol, 111fol, 1111fol, 11111fol, 111111fol hk tla tla ixLHdjg 1lska
jeä B<`. ixLHd fjk fjk u ,shkak'
3. oyfha mdofha 42 ys w.h fofla mdofha ixLHdjla f,i olajkak'
4. i. 49oyh − 32oyh hkak iq¿ lr ms<s;=r fofla mdohg yrjkak'
ii. 49oyh yd 32oyh hkak uq,ska u fofla mdohg yrjd bkamiq wvq lr" (i)
fldgfia ms<s;=r u ,efí oehs mÍlaId lrkak'
idrdxYh
² fofla mdofha ixLHd moaO;sfha uQ,sl b,lalï 0 yd 1 fõ'

² oaúuh ixLHd moaO;sfha ia:dkSh w.hhka 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25 yd 26 ...wdÈ fõ'
26
3 Nd.
²² zkaZ fhÿu we;=<;a Nd. iys; m%ldYk iq¿ lsÍug
²² jryka we;=<;a Nd. iys; m%ldYk iq¿ lsÍug
²² BODMAS l%uh y`ÿkd.ekSug yd Nd. wdYs%; .eg¨ úi`§ug
yelshdj ,efnkq we;'
Nd.
óg by; fYa%Ksj, § Nd. ms<snòj wm Wf.k we;s lreKq isysm;a lr .ksuq'
my; oelafjk jD;a;h iudk fldgia 5lg fnod" thska fldgia ;=kla w`ÿre fldg
olajd we;'
fuu w`ÿre fldg we;s fmfoi uq¿ fmfofika 3 la f,i oelaúh yels h'
5
jD;a;fha j¾.M,h weiqfrka o fuh m%ldY l< yels h' tkï" w`ÿre fldg we;s
j¾.M,h" rEmfha uq¿ j¾.M,fhka 3 ls' uq¿ j¾.M,h tall tlla f,i .;
5
fyd;a" w`ÿre fldg we;s j¾.M,h tall 3 f,i o oelaúh yels h'
5
tallhla iudk fldgiaj,g fn¥ úg bka fldgila fyda fldgia lsysmhla fyda
Nd.hla f,i oelaúh yels h' iuQyhlska hï fldgila o Nd.hla f,i oelaúh yels
h' ksoiqkla f,i" msßñ <uhs ;=ka fofkl= yd .eyekq <uhs fofokl= isák mia
fokl=f.ka hq;a lKavdhula ie,l+ úg" msßñ <uhs .Kk tu lKavdhfuka 3 la
5
f,i oelaúh yels h' fuys §" uq¿ lKavdhu u tla tallhla f,i ie,l=j fyd;a"
msßñ <uhs 3 la f,i oelaúh yels h'
5
27
ìkaÿj;a tl;a w;r mj;sk 3 , 1 , 2 jeks Nd." ;;H Nd. f,i ye`Èkafjk nj
4 2 3
Tn óg fmr Wf.k we;'
ñY% ixLHd yd úIu Nd. ms<snò u;lh o wjÈ lr .ksuq' my; oelafjk rEmfha
we;s iudk jD;a; foflka tla rEmhla iïmQ¾Kfhkq;a wfkflka fldgia ;=kl=;a
(iudk fldgiaj,g fnod) w`ÿre fldg we;'
tla jD;a;hla tla tallhla f,i ie,l=j fyd;a w`ÿre fldg we;s Nd.h jkafka
1 + 3 h' fuh fláfhka 1 3 f,i ,shd oelafõ' th ñY% ixLHdjlaa f,i
8 8
oelaùuls' ^ —ñY% Nd.˜ hkakg —ñY% ixLHd˜ hkak Ndú; fõ&' fuh 11 f,i o
8
oelaúh yels h' th úIu Nd.hla f,i oelaùuls' fuu ñY% ixLHd yd úIu Nd.
hk fol u olajd we;af;a tla jD;a;hla tallhla f,i .ekSfuka nj kej; u;la
lr .ekSu jeo.;a h'
ta wkqj ksoiqka f,i"
1 1 , 3 2 , 2 3 hkq ñY% ixLHd lsysmhls'

2 5 7
3 , 8 , 11 hkq úIu Nd. lsysmhls' 3 , 5 , 1 jeks tlg iudk jk Nd. o úIu

2 5 4 3 5 1
Nd. f,i ie,fla'
ñY% ixLHd úIu Nd. f,i ksrEmKh lsÍug;a" úIu Nd. ñY% ixLHd f,i ksrEmKh
lsÍug;a Tn Wf.k we;'
ta wkqj"
i. 1 1 = 3 o
2 2
ii. 5 = 1 2 o fõ'
3 3
Nd.hl ,jh;a" yrh;a tl u ixLHdjlska ^Y+kH fkdjk& .=K lsÍfuka fyda
fn§fuka m<uqjk Nd.hg ;=,H jQ Nd.hla ,nd .; yels fõ'
28
ksoiqka f,i"
2 2×2 4
= =
5 5 × 2 10
8 8÷4 2
12 = 12 ÷ 4 = 3 oelaúh yels h'
Nd. tl;= lsÍfï § iy wvq lsÍfï § yrhka iudk jk úg tajd iq¿ lsÍu b;d
myiq h' ksoiqka f,i"
1 4 2
i. + −
5 5 5
1 4 2 1+4−2
+ − =
5 5 5 5
3
=
5
Nd.j, yr wiudk jk úg fmdÿ yrhla ,efnk mßÈ ;=,H Nd. ,shkq ,efí'
ksoiqkla f,i"
1 2 5
ii. + −
4 3 6
1 2 5 1×3 2×4 5×2
+ − = 4×3 + 3×4 − 6×2
4 3 6
3 8 10
= 12 + 12 − 12
3 + 8 − 10
=
12
1
= 12
• Nd. folla .=K lsÍfï § ,efnk Nd.fha ,jh" Nd. fofla ,jhkaf.a .=Ks;h
fõ' yrh; Nd. fofla yrhkaf.a .=Ks;h fõ'
ksoiqk 1

2 1
×
5 3
2 1 2×1
× =
5 3 5×3
2
= 15
29
ksoiqk 2
1 3
1 ×1
3 4
1
1 3 4 7 ^ñY% ixLHd" úIu Nd. njg m;a lsÍu&
1 ×1 = ×
3 4 3 41
7
=
3
1
=2 3
• ixLHd foll .=Ks;h 1 fõ kï" bka tla ixLHdjla wfkla ixLHdfõ mriamrh
f,i ye`Èkafõ'
ta wkqj"
1
2× = 1 neúka
2
1 1
2 ys mriamrh 2 o 2 ys mriamrh 2 o fõ'
Nd.hl ,jh yd yrh ms<sfj<ska yrh yd ,jh f,i udre lr ,sùfuka tu ixLHdfõ
mriamrh ,nd.; yels nj Tn Wf.k we;'
a
tkï" a ys mriamrh b fõ ^tfia u" b ys mriamrh
b a a b fõ&'
• ixLHdjla ;j;a ixLHdjlska fn§u hkq m<uqjk ixLHdj fojk ixLHdfõ
mriamrfhka .=K lsÍu nj 8 fYa%Ksfha § Tn Wf.k we;' th ksoiqka lsysmhlska
mqkÍlaIKh lr .ksuq'
ksoiqk 3 ksoiqk 4
4÷2
3 2 1
17 ÷ 12
2
4÷2= 4 × 1
3 3 21 2 1 9 3
17 ÷ 12 = 7 ÷ 2
2
=3 3
9 2
= ×
7 31
6
=7
Nd. ms<snò W.;a lreKq ;jÿrg;a u;la lr .ekSu iòyd my; iòyka mqkÍlaIK
wNHdifha fhfokak'
30
mqkÍlaIK wNHdih
1. my; iòyka tla tla Nd.h iòyd ;=,H Nd. fol ne.ska ,shkak'
i. 2 ii. 4 iii. 4 iv. 16

3 5 8 24
2. my; iòyka tla tla ñY% ixLHdj" úIu Nd.hla f,i olajkak'
i. 1 1 ii. 2 3 iii. 3 2 iv. 5 7

2 4 5 10
3. my; iòyka tla tla úIu Nd.h" ñY% ixLHdjla f,i olajkak'
i. 7 ii. 19 iii. 43 iv. 36

3 4 4 7
4. w.h fidhkak'
7
i. 3 + 2 ii. 5 − 2 iii. 12 + 3 − 2
7 7 6 3 4 3
iv. 1 1 + 2 1 v. 3 5 − 1 2 vi. 1 1 + 2 1 − 1 2
2 4 6 3 2 4 3
5. iq¿ lrkak'
3 3 1 3
i. 1 × 4 ii. 2 × 5 × iii. 1 5 × 2 2 iv. 3 × 2 1 × 42
2 7 3 8 10 10 3 7
6. my; oelafjk tla tla ixLHdfõ mriamrh ,shkak'
i. 1 ii. 1 iii. 3 iv. 5 v. 2 3

3 7 8 5
7. iq¿ lrkak'
9 1
i. 6 ÷ 3 ii. 8 ÷ 4 iii. ÷3 iv. 5 1 ÷ 6 v. 1 ÷2 1
7 5 28 7 5 7 2 4
31
3.1 zkaZ fhÿu we;=<;a Nd. iys; m%ldYk iq¿ lsÍu
remsh,a 100ka 1 hkq remsh,a 50 nj wms oksuq'

2
fuh remsh,a 100ka wvla nj;a" th re 100, 2ka fn§fuka ,nd .; yels nj;a oksuq'
th remsh,a 100 ÷ 2 f,i ,súh yels fõ'
tkï" remsh,a 100 × 1 fõ' ^mriamrfhka .=K lsÍu&
2
50
ta wkqj 100ka 1 = 100 × 1 = 50
2 2
by; lreKq wkqj 100ka 1 = 100 × 1 f,i ,súh yels fõ'
2 2
fï wdldrhg lsf,da.a?ï 20 ka 1 la fldmuK oehs úuiuq'

5
fuu m%udKh" tkï lsf,da.a?ï 20 iudk fldgia 5 g fnod bka fldgila fõ'
th 20 ÷ 5 f,i ,súh yels fõ'
tkï" 20 × 1 fõ' ^mriamrfhka .=K lsÍu&

5
4
ta wkqj" 20 ÷ 5 = 20 × 1 = 4 fõ'
5
by; lreKq wkqj 20ka 1 = 20 × 1 f,i ,súh yels h'
5 5
by; wjia:d wkqj fmkShkafka zkaZ fhÿu fjkqjg z.=Ks;hZ hk .Ks; l¾uh
Ndú; l< yels njhs'
remsh,a 100ka 1 = remsh,a 100 × 1

2 2
lsf,da.a?ï 20ka 1 = lsf,da.a?ï 20 × 1

5 5
oeka wms" 1 ka 1 hkq fl;rï m%udKhla oehs úuiuq'

3 2
fuh my; wdldrhg rEm u.ska olajuq'
tallhla iudk fldgia ;=klg fn¥ úg bka tla fldgila 1 fõ'
3
fuu m%udKh tallh f,i .;a úg bka 1 l m%udKh my;

3
oelafõ'
32
1
3
1
fuu w`ÿre l< fldgiska la fjka lr olajuq'
2
1
2
fï wkqj"
1 1 1 1
3 3 ka 2 " tkï 6
1 1 1
rEmhg wkqj 3 ka 2 hkq 6 nj meyeÈ,s fõ'
1 1
jvd;a ksjerÈj lsjfyd;a" hï tallhlska 1 f.k" tu 3 ka 2 la .; fyd;a ,efnk
1 3
fldgi" uq,a tallfhka 6 lg iudk fõ'
1 1 1
tfy;a" Nd. .=K lsÍu ms<snò j wm Wf.k we;s mßÈ" 3 × 2 = fõ'
6
1 1 1 1
fï wkqj 3 ka 2 = 3 × 2 f,i m%ldY l< yels h'
4 1
;j;a ksoiqkla f.k fuh ;yjqre lr .ksuq' ta iòyd 5 ka 3 fidhuq'
fï iòyd tallhla f,i my; oelafjk RcqfldaKdi%ldr fmfoi i,luq'
4 4
5 15
4 ka 1
5 3
4 1 4
rEmhg wkqj 5 ka 3 hkq 15 nj meyeÈ,s fõ'
33
4 1 4
;j o 5 × 3 = 15 fõ'
4 1 4 1
fï wkqj 5 ka 3 = 5 × 3 f,i ,súh yels fõ'
1 1 4 1
3 ka 2 , 5 ka 3 hkafkys zkaZ fhÿu u.ska m%ldY jk foa fjkqjg .=K lsÍfï
.Ks; l¾uh fhdod w.h ,nd .; yels nj meyeÈ,s fõ'
ksoiqk 1 ksoiqk 2
2 1 4 2
1 5 ka 3 la fldmuK o@
3 ka 2 ys w.h fidhkak'
2 1 12 1 4 2 3 9 2
1 5 ka 3 =
3 ka 2 = 3 × 2 1 ^ zkaZ fjkqjg × fh§u& 5 × 31
1 6
= 3 = 5
1
= 15
ksoiqk 3
ógr 500 ka 3 la ógr fldmuK o@

5
100
500 ka 3 = 500 × 3
5 51
= 300 m
3'1 wNHdih
1. iq¿ lrkak'
9
i. 4 ka 2 ii. 1 ka 6 iii. 5 ka 2 iv. ka 5
5 3 3 7 8 5 11 6
3 4
v. 1 3 ka 2 vi. 2 5 ka 1 1 vii. 5 1 ka 1 viii. 1 5 ka 5
4 7 8 3 2 11 9
34
2. w.h fidhkak'
i. remsh,a 64 ka 3 la remsh,a fldmuK o@
4
ii. 400g ka 2 la hkq .a?ï fldmuK o@
5
1
iii. 6 ha ka la hkq fylaghdr lSh o@
3
1
iv. 1km ka la hkq ógr fldmuK o@
8
3. bvulska 3 la whs;s whl= bka 1 la ;u ÿjg ÿka úg" ÿjg ,enqKq bvï fldgi
5 3
uq¿ bvfuka ljr Nd.hla o@
4. ksu,af.a udisl wdodhu remsh,a 40 000la fõ' Tyq tu uqo,ska 1 la .uka
8
úhoï iòyd jeh lrhs' tu uqo, fldmuK o@
3.2 jryka iys; m%ldYk BODMAS wkqms<sfj< wkqj iq¿ lsÍu

ixLHd iys; m%ldYkhl ^fyda ùÔh m%ldYkhl&" tl;= lsÍu" wvq lsÍu" fn§u" .=K
lsÍu" n,hg kexùu wdÈ .Ks; l¾u .Kkdjla ;sìh yels h' tjeks wjia:djl
§ .Ks; l¾u isÿ lrk wdldrh ms<snò fmdÿ iïuq;shl=;a" tu iïuq;sh úoyd
oelafjk kS;s ud,djl=;a ;sîu wjYH h' óg fmr tjeks kS;s ms<snò j ;rula
ÿrg Tn Wf.k we;' BODMAS hk ixfla; kdufhka ,shd oelafjk kS;s ud,dj
ms<snò j oeka úuid n,uq'
BODMAS ixfla; kdufha we;s wl=rej,ska oelafjkafka ms<sfj<ska" jryka
(brackets), ka / n,h (of / order), fn§u (division), .=K lsÍu (multiplication), tl;=
lsÍu (addition) yd wvq lsÍu ( subtraction) hkakhs' m%ldYk iq¿ lsÍfï § fuu
wl=rej,ska oelafjk wkqms<sfj<g uQ,sl;ajh foñka .Ks; l¾u isÿ fldg iq¿
lsÍu isÿ l< hq;= kuq;a" iuyr .Ks; l¾u iòyd uQ,sl;ajh iudk fõ; .=K
lsÍug yd fn§ug iudk uQ,sl;ajh we;s w;r tl;= lsÍug yd wvq lsÍug o iudk
uQ,sl;aj we;' fï wkqj" my; oelafjk wkqms<sfj<g m%ldYk iq¿ l< hq;= h'
1. m<uqj" jryka iys; m%ldYk we;s kï tajd iq¿ l< hq;= h'
2. fojkqj" zkaZ .Ks; l¾uh fyda n," uQ, ^tkï o¾Yl iys; m%ldYk& we;s kï
th iq¿ l< hq;= h'
∗ n, iys; m%ldYk iq¿ lsÍu úIh ks¾foaYhg wh;a fkdfõ'
3. ;=kajkqj" fn§u yd .=K lsÍu isÿ l< hq;= h' fuys § fn§ug yd .=K lsÍug
iudk uQ,sl;aj we;s w;r tu .Ks; l¾u fol u we;a kï uQ,sl;ajh
,efnkafka jfï isg ol=Kg iq¿ lrf.k hEfï § uq,ska yuq jk .Ks; l¾u
iòyd h'
4. isõjkqj" tl;= lsÍu yd wvq lsÍu isÿ l< hq;= h' fuys § fuu .Ks; l¾u
folg u iudk uQ,sl;aj we;s w;r ta folg u uQ,sl;ajh ,efnkafka" by;
35
3ys mßÈ u" jfï isg ol=Kg iq¿ lrf.k hEfï § uq,ska yuqjk .Ks; l¾u
iòyd h'
fuu BODMAS kS;s ud,dj Nd. iys; m%ldYk iq¿ lsÍu iòyd o fhdod .; yels
h' Nd. iys; m%ldYkj, zkaZ fhdod .kakd wjia:d o we;' ksoiqkla f,i"
6 ka 5

25 12
oelaúh yels h' tu m%ldYfhka woyia jkafka
6 5
×
25 12
6
hkakhs' ;rula ixlS¾K m%ldYkhla jk 2 ÷ ka 5 × 1 hkak iq¿ l< yels
3 25 12 2
wdldrh ms<snò fmdÿ tl`.;djla wjYH h' tys §" zkaZ hkakg ÷ yd × g jvd jeä
uQ,sl;ajhla fokq ,efí'
6 6
igyk: — ka 5 ˜ hkak bx.S%is niska ,shkq ,nkafka — 5 of ˜ f,i h'
25 12 12 25
—n,hg kexùu˜ yd zkaZ hk .Ks; l¾uj,g iudk uQ,sl;ajhla we;s
ksid" BODMASys we;s O wl=r u.ska —of ˜ yd —Order ˜hk .Ks; l¾u
fol u oelafj;ehs fndfyda úg ie,fla' kuq;a fuu úIh ks¾foaYh ;=<
O wl=r u.ska —of ˜ hkak muKla Ndú; fõ'
1 + 5 × 1 ÷ 3 ka 4 hk Nd. iys; m%ldYkh iq¿ lsÍu iòyd BODMAS kS;s

4 6 2 2 3
ud,dj fhdod.kakd wdldrh úuid n,uq'
1 + 5 × 1 ÷ 3 ka 4 = 1 + 5 × 1 ÷ 3 × 4 ( uq,ska isÿ l< hq;= zkaZ iòyd
4 6 2 2 3 4 6 2 2 3 × fhdod th
uq,ska isÿ l< hq;= nj oelaùug jryka fh§fuka)
=1+ 5 × 1 ÷2
4 6 2
=1+ 5× 1 ÷ 2 (B<`.g isÿ l< hq;= .Ks; l¾uh iòyd jryka fh§fuka)
4 6 2
5
= 1 + 12 ÷ 2
4
5
= 1 + 12 × 1 (foflka fn§u fjkqjg 1 ka .=K lsÍfuka)
4 2 2
=1+ 5×1 (uq,ska isÿ l< hq;= .Ks; l¾uh oelaùug jryka fh§fuka)
4 12 2
36
5
= 1 + 24
4
6 5
= 24 + 24 (Nd. fol u fmdÿ yrhla iys;j ,sùfuka)
11
= 24
igyk: we;a; jYfhkau" m%ldYkhl jryka fhdod .Ks; l¾u isÿ l< hq;=
wdldrh myiqfjka oelaúh yels h'
5 × 3 − 1 ka 1 ÷ 2 ÷ 8
4 4 5 3 3 9
hkak BODMAS kS;s ud,dj wkqj isÿ l< hq;= wdldrh fufia jryka iys;j
oelaúh yels h'
1 ka 1 8
5×3 − ÷2 ÷
4 4 5 3 3 9
jryka fh§fuys wjdis o we;' jryka fh¥ úg ,efnk m%ldYkh §¾> jk w;r
th ixlS¾K f,i o fmfka' .Kl hka;%hla Ndú;fhka fujeks m%ldYkhla iq¿
lsÍfï § fuu jryka fh§u m%fõYfuka l< hq;= w;r w;miqùï ùug we;s yelshdj
o jeä h' fujeks fndfyda lreKq ksid" jryka fkdue;sj m%ldYk ,shd we;s úg tajd
iq¿ lrk wdldrh ms<snò iïuq;shlg t<öu b;d jeo.;a fõ' úfYaIfhka mß.Kl
uDÿldx." .Kl hka;% uDÿldx. wdÈh ksIamdokh lsÍfï § fujeks iïuq;shla
jeo.;a fõ' lreKq tfia jqj;a" uq¿ f,dj u ms<s.kakd fmdÿ iïuq;shla fï jk
;=re fkdue;' f,dalfha úúO rgj,a úiska fhdod .kakd iïuq;Ska lsysmhla u we;'
tfia u" ksoiqkla f,i" úúO .Kl hka;% ksIamdok iud.ï úiska úúO iïuq;Ska
;u .Kl hka;% m%l%ukfha § fhdod .efka'
BODMAS iïuq;sh fhdod .ksñka Nd. iys; m%ldYk iq¿ lrk whqre ;j;a ksoiqka
lsysmhla weiqfrka úuid n,uq'
ksoiqk 1
1 + 1 ka 4 iq¿ lr ms<s;=r ir, wdldrfhka ;nkak'

6 4 10
1 + 1 ka 4 = 2 + 3 ka 4
6 4 10 12 12 10
5 4 1
= 12 × 10 = 6
37
ksoiqk 2
2 − 1 ka 1 2 ÷ 2 1 iq¿ lrkak'
3 2 5 3
2 − 1 ka 1 2 ÷2 1 = 4 − 3 ka 7 ÷7
3 2 5 3 6 6 5 3
1
1 7 3
= 6 ka 5 × 7
1
1×31
=
62 5
1
=
10
3'2 wNHdih
1. iq¿ lr ms<s;=r ir, u wdldrfhka olajkak'
i. 1 + 2 × 5 ii. 3 1 ÷ 2 1 ka 1 iii. 3 × 1 + 1
2 3 6 3 6 4 5 3 2
iv. 3 1 ÷ 2 1 ka 1 v. 3 3 ÷ 2 1 + 3 1 vi. 12×3 + 3+1

3 6 4 4 2 4 3 5 4 2
1 7
vii. 2 2 × 1 1 − ÷2 1 viii. 2 × 3 ka 5 ÷
3 4 12 3 3 4 6 18
2. mqoa.,hl= ;u wdodhfuka 1 la wdydr iòyd o 1 la jHdmdr iòyd o wfkla

4 2
fldgi b;sß lsÍu iòyd o fjka lrhs' b;sß lrk fldgi uq¿ wdodhfuka ljr
Nd.hla o@
3. l=uqÿkS .ukla hEfï § uq¿ ÿfrka 1 la mhska o 2 la ÿïßfhka o b;sß ÿr m%udKh

8 3
nifhka o .uka l<d h'
i. mhska iy ÿïßfhka .uka l< ÿr uq¿ ÿfrys Nd.hla f,i olajkak'

ii. nifhka .uka l< ÿr m%udKh uq¿ ÿfrys Nd.hla f,i olajkak'
4. mshl= ;u mq;dg bvfuka 1 la o ÈhKshg bvfuka 1 la o ÿkafka h' mq;d" ;u

2 3
fldgfika 1 la o ÈhKsh ;u fldgfika 2 la o mqKH wdh;khlg mß;Hd.
5 5
l<y' mqKH wdh;kh ,o uq¿ bvfuka yß wvl f.dvke.s,a,la bÈ lsÍug
;SrKh lf<a h' f.dvke.s,a, bÈ flfrk bvï fldgi uq¿ bvfuka fldmuK
o@
38
wu;r oekqug
8 − 3 × (4 + 1) + 12 ÷ 3 × 32 ÷ 4 jeks ixLHd;aul m%ldYkhla iq¿ lsÍu iòyd o
BODMAS kS;s ud,dj fhdod .efka' ksoiqkla f,i BODMAS wkqms<sfj< wkqj
n, iys; fuu m%ldYkh iq¿ lrk whqre úuid n,uq'
Tnf.a wu;r ±kqug jk w;r we.hSu iòyd fhdod fkd.efka'

8 − 3 × (4 + 1) + 12 ÷ 3 × 32 ÷ 4
² uq,ska u" jryk ;=< we;s 4 + 1 m%ldYkh iq¿ l< hq;= h' th 5 fõ' túg"
8 − 3 × 5 + 12 ÷ 3 × 32 ÷ 4 ,efí'
² bka miq" 32 kue;s n,h iq¿ l< hq;= h' th 9 fõ' túg"

8 − 3 × 5 + 12 ÷ 3 × 9 ÷ 4 ,efí'
² bka miq" .=K lsÍï yd fn§ï jfï isg ol=Kg tlska tl l< hq;= h' uq,ska u
we;af;a 3 × 5 h' th 15 fõ' túg"
8 − 15 + 12 ÷ 3 × 9 ÷ 4 ,efí'
² bka miq" 12 ÷ 3 iq¿ l< hq;= h' th 4 fõ' túg"
8 − 15 + 4 × 9 ÷ 4 ,efí'
² bka miq 4 × 9 iq¿ l< hq;= h' th 36 fõ' túg"
8 − 15 + 36 ÷ 4 ,efí'
² bka miq" 36 ÷ 4 iq¿ l< hq;= h' th 9 fõ' túg"
8 − 15 + 9 ,efí'
² oeka" tl;= lsÍug yd wvq lsÍug iudk uQ,sl;aj we;s ksid jfï isg ol=Kg .Ks;
l¾u isÿ flf¾'
−7+9
² wjidk jYfhka" − 7 + 9 = 2 f,i ,efí'
fï wkqj" BODMAS kS;s ud,dj wkqj iq¿ lsÍfuka"
8 − 3 × (4 + 1) + 12 ÷ 3 × 32 ÷ 4 = 2 ,efí'
39
wu;r oekqug
Tnf.a wu;r ±kqug jk w;r we.hSu iòyd fhdod fkd.efka'
2 msgqfõ we;s rEmh Tfí u;lhg k.d .kak'
fuys tla jD;a;hla tla tallhla f,i ie,l+ úg w`ÿre lr we;s fldgiska
ksrEmKh jk Nd.h 1 3 nj wms oksuq' th 11 fõ'
8 8
kuq;a fuu jD;a; folu tla tallhla f,i ie,l=jfyd;a w`ÿre fldg we;s
Nd.h jkafka ;;H Nd.hla jk 11 h'
16
;j;a wjia:djla i,luq'

fuys tla iup;=ri%hla tla tallhla f,i ie,l+ úg w`ÿre l< Nd.h jkafka
2 3 h' tkï" 11 h'
4 4
a. iup;=ri% ;=ku tla tallhla f,i f.k w`ÿre fldg we;s Nd.h l=ulao@
b. fuys iup;=ri%hlska wvla tla tallhla f,i ie,l+ úg w`ÿre l< Nd.h
1
l=ulao@ ms<s;=re a. 11 b. 5
12 2
idrdxYh
Nd. iq¿ lsÍfï§ uQ,sl .Ks; l¾u yiqrejk wkqms<sfj, fufia h'
² jryka ;=< fldgia - B - Brackets

² zkaZ iïnkaO fldgi - O - Of
² fn§u yd .=K lsÍu - D - Division
^jfï isg ol=Kg& - M - Multiplication
² tl;= lsÍu - A - Addition
² wvq lsÍu - S - Subtraction
40
4 m%;sY;
²² fjf<|dï lsÍfï § ,efnk ,dNh fyda w,dNh m%udKd;aulj fiùug
²² ,dNfha fyda w,dNfha m%;sY;h .Kkh lsÍug yd ta wdYs%; .eg¨ úi`§ug
²² jÜgï yd fldñia hkq l=ula oehs y÷kd.ekSug
²² jÜgï yd fldñia wdYs%; .Kkh lsÍï isÿ lsÍug
yelshdj ,efí'
4.1 ,dNh iy w,dNh

wm tÈfkod Ôú;fha mßyrKh lrk fndfyda foa fjf<|fmd<ska ñ, § .;a øjHh
fõ' tu øjHh úl=Kkq ,nk mqoa.,hka fjf<kaoka f,i;a tu øjHh ñ, § .kq
,nk mqoa.,hka mdßfNda.slhka f,i;a ye¢kafõ'
fjf<`ÿka úl=Kkafka ;uka ksIamdokh l< fyda fjk;a whl=f.ka ñ, § .;a

NdKav h' tfia ñ, § .ekSfï § fyda ksIamdokh lsÍfï§ hï úhoula oeÍug isÿ fõ'
tfia úhoula ord ,nd .;a NdKavhla idudkHfhka úl=Kkq ,nkafka tu oeÍug
isÿ jQ úhoug jvd jeä ñ,lg h' tfia úlsKSfï § fjf<kaodg tu fjf<òdfuka
,dNhla ,efí hehs lshkq ,efí'
ieu úg u fjf<kaodg ;u NdKav ,dN iys;j úlsKSug yels fkdfõ' ksoiqka

f,i NdKav m¿ÿ ùu fyda l,a bl=;a ùug wdikak ùu ksid tu NdKav i|yd
úhoï jQ uqo,g jvd wvq uqo,lg úlsKSug isÿ úh yels h' tfia úlsKSfï § tu
fjf<òdfuka fjf<kaodg w,dNhla isÿ fõ hehs lshkq ,efí'
fjf<kaodg hï NdKaavhla ,nd .ekSu iòyd fhojQ uqo,g u tu NdKavh úlsKqj

fyd;a tys § ,dNhla fyda w,dNhla isÿ ù ke;'
41
ta wkqj"
úl=Kqï ñ, > úhoï jQ uqo,
kï túg ,dNhla ,efnk w;r
,dNh = úl=Kqï ñ, − úhoï jQ uqo,
f,i w¾: ±lafõ' tfia u
úhoï jQ uqo, > úl=Kqï ñ,
kï túg w,dNhla isÿjk w;r
w,dNh = úhoï jQ uqo, − úl=Kqï ñ,
f,i w¾: ±lafõ'
ksoiqk 1
mdjyka ksIamdokh lrk wdh;khlg mdjyka hq.,la ksIamdok lsÍu i|yd
re 1000la úhoï fõ' tu wdh;kh mdjyka hq.,la re 2 600 ne.ska úl=Khs' tla
mdjyka l=Ügula úlsKSfuka tu wdh;kh ,nk ,dNh fidhkak'
mdjyka hq.,l ksIamdok úhou = re 1 000
úl=Kqï ñ, = re 2 600
∴ ,nk ,dNh = re 2 600 – 1 000
= re 1 600

ksoiqk 2
fjf<kafola tlla remsh,a 45 ne.ska ñ, § .;a fmd,a f.ä 50l f;d.hla" tlla
remsh,a 60 ne.ska úl=Kkq ,enqfõ kï tu fjf<òdfuka Tyq ,enQ ,dNh .Kkh
lrkak'
I l%uh
fmd,a f;d.h .;a ñ, = re 45 × 50
= re 2 250
fmd,a f;d.h úlsKSfuka ,o uqo, = re 60 × 50
= re 3 000
∴ fmd,a f;d.h úlsKSfuka ,o ,dNh = re 3 000 – 2 250
= re 750
II l%uh
fmd,a f.ähla .;a ñ, = re 45
fmd,a f.ähla úl=KQ ñ, = re 60
fmd,a f.ähla úlsKSfuka ,o ,dNh = re 60 – 45
= re 15
fmd,a f;d.h úlsKSfuka ,o ,dNh = re 15 × 50
= re 750
42
ksoiqk 3
fjf<kafola tlla remsh,a 20 ne.ska ñ, § .;a wU 100l f;d.hla m%jdykh lsÍfï
§ ;e<Su ksid tlla remsh,a 18 ne.ska úlsKSug ;SrKh lrk ,È' fjf<kaodg isÿ
jQ w,dNh .Kkh lrkak'
I l%uh
wU f;d.h .;a ñ, = re 20 × 100
= re 2 000
wU f;d.h úlsKSfuka ,o uqo, = re 18 × 100
= re 1 800
wU úlsKSfuka isÿ jQ w,dNh = re 2 000 – 1 800
= re 200
II l%uh
wU f.ähla .;a ñ, = re 20
wU f.ähl úl=Kqï ñ, = re 18
wU f.ähla úlsKSfï § isÿ jk w,dNh = re 20 – 18
= re 2
wU f;d.h úlsKSfï § isÿ jk w,dNh = re 2 × 100
= re 200
ksoiqk 4
fjf<kafola u`Coaf`Codlald lsf,da.a?ï 60la lsf,da.a?uhla re 50 ne.ska f.dúhl=f.

ka ñ, § .;af;a h' fjf<kaod uq,ska u lsf,da.a?ï 20la re 70 ne.ska úl=Kqfõ
h' b;sßfhka lsf,da.%Eï 15la lsf,da.a?uhla re 60 ne.ska o ;j;a lsf,da.a?ï 5la
lsf,da.a?uhla re 50 ne.ska o ;j;a lsf,da.%Eï 10la lsf,da.a?uhla re 40 ne.ska
o úlsKQ w;r b;sß lsf,da.a?ï 10 úlsKSug fkdyels j bj; oeóug isÿ úh'
fjf<kaod u`Coaf`Codlald fjf<odfuka ,enqfõ ,dNhla o w,dNhla o hkak ks¾Kh
lr tu ,dNh fyda w,dNh fldmuK ±hs fidhkak'
u`Coaf`Codlald ñ, § .ekSug jeh jQ uqo, = re 50 × 60
= re 3 000
uq,a 20kg úlsKSfuka ,o uqo, = re 70 × 20
= re 1 400
B<`. 15kg úlsKSfuka ,o uqo, = re 60 × 15
= re 900
= re 250
= re 400 43
uCoafCodlald úlsKSfuka ,o uq¿ uqo, = re 1400 + 900 + 250 + 400
= re 2 950
3000 > 2950 ksid fjf<kaod w,dNhla ,nd we;'
fjf<kaodg isÿ jQ w,dNh = re 3000 − 2950
= re 50
4.1 wNHdih
1. § we;s f;dr;=re wkqj my; j.=fõ ysia;eka mqrjkak'
.;a ñ,$ úl=Kqï ñ, ,dN$w,dN ,dN$w,dNh

NdKavh ksIamdok úhou ^re& nj ^re&
^re&
w;a Trf,daiqj 500 750 .............................. ..............................
mdi,a nE.h 1 200 1 050 .............................. ..............................
.Kl hka;%h .............................. 1 800 ,dNh 300

îu fnda;,h .............................. 750 w,dNh 175
j;=r fnda;,h 350 .............................. w,dNh 50
ljlgq fmÜáh 275 .............................. ,dNh 75
l=vh .............................. 450 w,dNh 100
fifrmamq .............................. 700 ,dNh 150
l=Ügu
2. my; § we;s fjf<òdï hq.,h w;ßka jeä ,dNhla iys; fjf<òdu l=ula oehs
f;darkak'
i. remsh,a 50 ne.ska ñ, § .;a wU remsh,a 60 ne.ska úlsKSu'
remsh,a 50 ne.ska ñ, § .;a fodvï remsh,a 55 ne.ska úlsKSu'
ii. remsh,a 40 ne.ska ñ, § .;a fmd,a remsh,a 60 ne.ska úlsKSu'
remsh,a 50 ne.ska ñ, § .;a fo,a remsh,a 60 ne.ska úlsKSu'
iii. remsh,a 10g ñ, § .;a mEkla remsh,a 15g úlsKSu'
remsh,a 25g ñ, § .;a fmd;la remsh,a 28g úlsKSu'
3. fjf<kafola remsh,a 3 ne.ska rUqgka f.ä 100la ñ, § .;a w;r bka f.ä
10la krla ù we;s ksid bj;a lr b;sß tajd f.ähla remsh,a 5 ne.ska úlsKqfõ
h' fjf<òdfuka Tyq ,nkafka ,dNhla o w,dNhla o hkak ks¾Kh lr" tu
,dNh fyda w,dNh fldmuK ±hs fidhkak'
44
4. fjf<kafola lsf,da.a?ï 1la remsh,a 60 ne.ska fndaxÑ 50 kgla ñ, § .kshs'
m<uqjk Èk lsf,da.a?ï 1la remsh,a 75 ne.ska fndaxÑ lsf,da.a?ï 22la o
fojk Èk lsf,da.a?ï 1la remsh,a 70 ne.ska b;sß fndaaxÑ f;d.h o úlsKqfõ
h'
i. fjf<kaod tla tla Èkfha ,enQ ,dNh fidhd" jeä ,dNhla ,enqfõ l=uk
Èkfha oehs ;SrKh lrkak'

ii. fjf<kaod Èk fofla § u ,enQ uq¿ ,dNh fidhkak'
5. fõje,a mqgqjl ksIamdok úhou remsh,a 650la fõ' ksIamdolfhla tjeks mqgq
20la ksIamdokh lf<a h' tu mqgq ish,a, úlsKSfuka remsh,a 7000l ,dNhla
,eîug Tyq wfmalaId lrhs' ta i|yd Tyq mqgqjla úlsKsh hq;= uqo, fldmuK o@
6. f;d. fjf<kaol=f.ka wem,a ñ, § f.k tajd ud¾.h wi, ;nd f.k wf,ú
lrk fjf<kafola" tla;rd Èkl wem,a f.ä 200la" tlla remsh,a 25 .Kfka
ñ,g .kshs' tajd ish,a, úlsKSfuka remsh,a 1000l ,dNhla tÈk ,eîug Tyq
n,dfmdfrd;a;= fõ' ta i|yd" wem,a f.ähla úlsKsh hq;= uqo, fidhkak'
7. fjf<kafola ¿EKq lsf,da.a?ï 50la" lsf,da.a?uhla remsh,a 60 .Kfka ñ,g
.;a w;r thska lsf,da.a?ï 30la" lsf,da.a?uhla remsh,a 80 .Kfka úlsKqfõ
h' b;sß ¿EKq m%udKh krla ùug wdikakj ;snQ ksid wvq uqo,lg úl=KQ w;r
wjidkfha § fuu ¿EKq fjf<odfuka ,dNhla fyda w,dNhla fjf<kaodg isÿ
fkdù h' fjf<kaod b;sß jQ ¿EKq f;d.h úlsKqfõ lsf,da.a?uhla lSh ne.ska
±hs fidhkak'
4.2 ,dN w,dN m%;sY;

rfïYa yd iqf¾Ya fjf<kafoda fofofkls' rfïYa weÿï fjf<|i,la mj;ajd f.k
hk w;r Tyq remsh,a 800g ñ, § .;a l,siula remsh,a 900g úl=Khss' iqf¾Ya úÿ,s
WmlrK fjf<|i,la mj;Ajd f.k hk w;r Tyq remsh,a 2500g ñ,§ .;a úÿ,s
fla;,hla remsh,a 2600g úl=Khs'

fuys § rfïYa yd iqf¾Ya úiska úl=Kkq ,nk øjH tlsfklg fjkia jk w;r
tajdfha .;a ñ, yd úl=Kqï ñ, o iudk fkdjk nj fmfka' tfy;a fuu fjf<kaoka
fofokd u by; NdKavj,ska tl ne.ska úlsKSfuka ,nk ,dN uqo,a iudk fõ'
tkï"
45
rfïYa l,siula úlsKSfuka ,nk ,dNh = re 900 – 800
= re 100

iqf¾Ya úÿ,s fla;,hla úlsKSfuka ,nk ,dNh = re 2600 – 2500
= re 100

rfïYa iy iqf¾Ya <`. remsh,a 5000 ne.ska we;ehs is;uq'
ta wkqj fuu fjf<kaoka fofokd w;ßka jvd zjdisodhlZ fjf<òdfï ksr; jk
mqoa.,hd ljqre ±hs Tng lsj yels o@
rfïYa yd iqf¾Ya by; fjf<òdu u.ska ,nk ,dN uqo,a iudk kuq;a tu ,dN uqo,a
,eîu i|yd tla tla mqoa.,hd jeh lrk uqo,a m%udKh iudk fkdjk nj meyeÈ,s
fõ' jvd zjdisodhlZ fjf<òdu ;SrKh lsÍu i|yd tla tla mqoa.,hd fhojQ uqo, o
ie,ls,a,g .; hq;= h' th ;SrKh lsÍu i|yd my; wdldrfha .Kkh lsÍula isÿ
l< yels h'
rfïYa remsh,a 800la úhoï lsÍfuka ,nk ,dNh = re 100
100
rfïYa ,nk ,dNh" Tyq úhoï l< uqof,a Nd.hla f,i =
800
iqf¾Ya remsh,a 2500la úhoï lsÍfuka ,nk ,dNh = re 100
100
iqf¾Ya ,nk ,dNh" Tyq úhoï l< uqof,a Nd.hla f,i =
2500
100 100
fuu Nd. f,i oelajQ yd hk Nd. fol ixikaokh lsÍu myiq h' thg
800 2500
fya;=j tajdfha ,jhka iudk ùuhs'
,jhka wiudk jk úg o jdisodhl fjf<òdu fidhkafka fï wdldrhgu h' túg
Nd. ikaikaokh wiSre úh yels ksid" tu Nd. m%;sY; f,i ±laùu fndfyda úg
isÿ fõ' tu m%;sY; fufia .Kkh lruq'
100
rfïIa ,nk ,dNh jeh l< uqof,a Nd.hla f,i jk ksid
800
100
rfïYa ,nk ,dN m%;sY;h = × 100%
800
= 12.5%

ta wkqj" rfïYa remsh,a 100la úhoï lsÍfuka ,nk ,dNh remsh,a 12.50la nj
meyeÈ,s h'
100
iqf¾Ia ,nk ,dNh jeh l< uqof,a Nd.hla f,i jk ksid
2500
100
iqf¾Ya ,nk ,dN m%;sY;h = × 100%
2500
46 = 4%
ta wkqj" iqf¾Yaa remsh,a 100la úhoï lsÍfuka ,nk ,dNh remsh,a 4.00la nj
meyeÈ,s h'
12.5% > 4% ksid rfïYaf.a fjf<odu jvd;a jdisodhl hehs ;SrKh lrkq ,efí'
fuu m%;sY;j, w¾:h fufia oelaúh yels h'
100
× 100 hkq rfïYa remsh,a 100la úhoï l< fyd;a ,efnk ,dNhhs'
800
100
× 100 hkq iqf¾Ya remsh,a 100la úhoï l< fyd;a ,efnk ,dNhhs'
2500
ta wkqj NdKavhl .;a ñ,/ksIamdok úhou remsh,a 100la jk úg tu NdKavh
úlsKSfuka ,nk ,dNh ^fyda w,dNh&" ,dN ^fyda w,dN& m%;sY;h f,i ye¢kafõ'
tneúka lsishï fjf<òdul § ,efnk ,dNh fyda w,dNh .;a ñf,ys/ksIamdok
úhofuys Nd.hla f,i ±laùfuka yd tu Nd.h 100%ka .=K lsÍfuka ,dNfha fyda
w,dNfha m%;sY;h .Kkh l< yels h'
,dNh
,dN m%;sY;h = × 100%
.;a ñ,^fyda ksIamdok úhou&
w,dNh
w,dN m%;sY;h = × 100%
ksoiqk 1
fjf<kaol= remsh,a 25 ne.ska ñ, § .;a wNHdi fmd;a remsh,a 30 ne.ska úl=Khs

kï" wNHdi fmd;la úlsKSfuka ,nk ,dN m%;sY;h .Kkh lrkak'
,dNh = re 30 – 25
= re 5
5
,dN m%;sY;h = 25 × 100%
= 20%
ksoiqk 2
we÷ï fjf<kaol= re 500lg ñ, § .;a l,siula tys we;s möaola ksid remsh,a
450lg úl=Kqfõ kï" w,dN m%;sY;h fidhkak'
w,dNh = re 500 – 450
= re 50
50
w,dN m%;sY;h = 500 × 100%
= 10%
47
ksoiqk 3
jvq ld¾ñlhl= remsh,a 4000la úhoï fldg ;ekQ
fïihla remsh,a 5600g úlsKQ w;r f,day ld¾ñlfhla
remsh,a 250la úhoï fldg ;ekQ msyshla remsh,a 360lg
úl=Khs' fuys § jvd jdisodhl fj<odfï ksr; jQfha
ljqreka±hs ks¾Kh lrkak'
1600
jvq ld¾ñlhd ,enQ ,dNh fhojQ uqof,a m%;sY;hla f,i = × 100% = 40%
4000
110
f,day ld¾ñlhd ,enQ ,dNh fhojQ uqof,a m%;sY;hla f,i = × 100% = 44%
250
tuksid" fuys § jvd jdisodhl fjf<òdfï ksr; jQfha f,day ld¾ñlhd h'
ksoiqk 4
fjf<kafola re 30 000lg ñ, § .;a ,S w,audßhla 15%l ,dN

m%;sY;hla ^.;a ñf,ka& ,efnk fia úl=Khs kï ,S w,audßfha
úl=Kqï ñ, fidhkak'
I l%uh
fuys" ,dN m%;sY;h 15% hkafkka woyia jkafka" remsh,a
100la fhojq fyd;a" remsh,a 15l ,dNhla ,efí hkakhs' fjk;a whqrlska mejiqj
fyd;a" remsh,a 100la fhojqjfyd;a remsh,a 115g úl=Kkq ,efí hkakhs'
115
tuksid" remsh,a 30 000la fhojQ úg úl=Kk ñ, = 100 × 30 000
= re 34 500
II l%uh
by; I l%ufha § ÿgq mßÈ u"
remsh,a 100la úhoï l< úg ,efnk ,dNh remsh,a 15 ksid"

15
remsh,a 30 000la úhoï l< úg ,efnk ,dNh = 100 × 30 000
= re 4 500
tuksid" NdKavfha úl=Kqï ñ, = úhoï l< ñ, + ,dNh
= 30 000 + 4 500
= re 34 500
48
ksoiqk 5
fjf<kafola re 1 500lg ñ, § .;a mdjyka l=Ügula 2%l w,dNhla iys;j úl=Khs
kï" mdjyka l=Ügfï úl=Kqï ñ, lSh o@
I l%uh
2% l w,dNhla iys; fyhska
re 100l NdKavhl úl=Kqï ñ, = re 98
98
re 1 500l NdKavhl úl=Kqï ñ, = re 100 × 1 500
= re 1 470
II l%uh
2
isÿ jQ w,dNh = re 1 500 × 100
= re 30
úl=Kqï ñ, = re 1 500 – 30
= re 1 470
ksoiqk 6
fjf<kaol= rEmjdyskS hka;%hla re 22 000g úlsKSfuka 10%l ,dNhla ,nhs kï
fjf<kaod tu rEmjdysksh .;a ñ, fidhkak'
I l%uh
.;a ñ, re 100 jk úg 10% l ,dNhla ,eîu msKsi úlsKsh hq;= ñ, re 110 ls'
∴re 110g 15% l ,dNhla iys; úl=Kk NdKavhl .;a ñ, = re 100
100
15% l ,dNhla iys; j re 22 000g úl=Kk NdKavhl .;a ñ, = re 110 × 22 000
= re 20 000
II l%uh
NdKavfha .;a ñ, remsh,a x kï
10
,efnk ,dNh = re x × 100
x
= re
10
x
NdKavfha úl=Kqï ñ, = re x +
x 10
∴x+ = 22 000
10
10x + x
= 22 000
10
11x 49
= 22 000
10
10
x = 22 000 ×
11
x = 20 000
tuksid" rEmjdysksh .;a ñ, re 20 000ls'
III l%uh
110
úl=Kqï ñ, = re x × 100
110
∴ x × 100 = 22 000
x = 20 000
tuksid" rEmjdysksh .;a ñ, re 20 000ls'
ksoiqk 7
lSv
% d NdKavhla úlsKf a dok fodaIhla ksid fjf<kaol=g re 6 800g
S ï § tys we;s ksIm
úlsKSug isÿ ùfuka 15% w,dNhla isÿ úh' Tyq lS%vd NdKavh .;a ñ, fidhkak'
I l%uh
.;a ñ, re 100 jQ NdKavhla 15% l w,dNhla iys;j úl=Kqï ñ, re 85ls'
15% l w,dNhla iys;j re 85g úl=Kk NdKavhl .;a ñ, = re 100
100
15% l w,dNhla iys;j re 6 800g úl=Kk NdKavhl .;a ñ, = re 85 × 6 800
= re 8 000
II l%uh
15
isÿ jQ w,dNh = re x × 100
3x
= re 20
3x
NdKavfha úl=Kqï ñ, = re x − 20
3x
túg x − 20 = 6 800
20x −3x
= 6 800
20
17x
20 = 6 800 20
x = 6 800 ×
17
x = 8 000 ∴ .;a ñ, re 8000 fõ'
50
4.2 wNHdih
1. ysia;eka mqrjkak'
.;a ñ, úsl=Kqï ñ, ,dNhla o w,dNhla o ,dNh$ ,dN$ w,dN

^re& ^re& hk j. w,dNh ^re& m%;sY;h
i. 400 440 ,dNhls 40 10%
ii. 600 720 ............... ............... ...............
iii. 1500 1200 ............... ............... ...............
iv. 60 ............... ,dNhls ............... 60%
v. 180 ............... ,dNhls ............... 30%
vi. 150 75 w,dNhls ............... ...............
vii. 200 ............... w,dNhls ............... 10%
2. we÷ï fjf<kaol= re 500g ñ, § .;a l,siula re 650g úl=Khs kï

fjf<kaod ,nk"
i. ,dNh fidhkak'
ii. ,dN m%;sY;h fidhkak'
3. re 2 500la jákd úÿ,s bia;s%lalhla re 2 300g úlsKSfuka"
i. isÿ jk w,dNh fidhkak'
ii. w,dN m%;sY;h fidhkak'
4. fjf<kafola f.ähla remsh,a 18 ne.ska wU f.ä 100la ñ, § .kshs' krla

ùu ksid" wUf.ä 20la bj;a l< w;r b;sß wU f;d.h tlla re 30 ne.ska
úl=Khs'
fuu fjf<òdfuka Tyq ,enqfha ,dNhla o@ w,dNhla o hkak kS¾Kh lr"
Tyq ,enQ"
i. ,dNh$ w,dNh
ii. ,dN$ w,dN m%;sY;h .Kkh lrkak'
5. we÷ï uikakl= we÷ï j¾. lsysmhla ksu lsÍug jeh lrk uqo,a m%udK yd
tajdfha úl=Kqï ñ, .Kka my; j.=fõ olajd we;'
we÷ï j¾.h tla tallhl úl=Kqï ñ,

ksIamdok úhou ^re& ^re&
<ud lñi 300 350
<ud l,siï 400 450
.jqï 500 575
jeys lnd 1000 1150
51
i. by; tla tla foa úlsKSfuka ,efnk ,dNh yd ,dN m%;sY;h fjk fjku
fidhkak'
ii. jvd ,dNodhS jkafka l=uk we`ÿï j¾.h ksIamdokh lsÍuoehs fya;= iys;j
,shkak'
6. fmd;a fjf<kaol= re 300la jákd kjl;d fmd;la 25%l ,dNhla ,efnk

fia úl=Khs kï kjl;d fmdf;ys úl=Kqï ñ, lSh o@
7. remsh,a 12 000la jákd md meÈhla 10%l w,dNhla iys;j úlsKSug isÿ jQfha
kï mdmeÈfha úl=Kqï ñ, fidhkak'
8. .Dy NdKav ksIamdolfhla mqgqjla ksIamdokh lsÍu i|yd remsh,a 1800la jeh
lrhs' ksIamdolhd 20%l ,dN m%;sY;hla iys;j tu mqgq ;j;a .Dy NdKav
fjf<kaol=g úl=Kk w;r fjf<kaod 20%l ,dN m%;sY;hla iys;j th
mdßfNda.slhl=g úl=Khs'
i. fjf<kaod mqgqjla ñ, § .ekSug jeh lrk uqo, fldmuK o@
ii. mqgqjla ñ, § .ekSfï § mdßfNda.slhdg f.ùug isÿ jk uqo, fldmuK o@
iii. jvd jeäs ,dNhla ,nkafka ksIamdolhdg o tfia;a ke;a kï fjf<kaodg
o hkak fya;= iys; j ,shkak'
9. YS;lrKhla re 33 000g úlsKSfuka fjf<kaol= 10%l ,dNhla ,nhs kï

YS;lrKh .;a ñ, fidhkak'
10. úÿ,s W÷kla re 28 500g úlsKSfuka fjf<kaol= 5%l w,dNhla ,nhs kï
úÿ,s W÷k .;a ñ, fidhkak'
11. NdKav lSmhla úlsKSfuka fjf<kaol= ,enQ ,dN fyda w,dN m%;sY;h iy
úl=Kqï ñ, my; j.=fõ § we;' tu NdKavj, .;a ñ, fjk fjku fidhkak'
NdKavh úl=Kqï ñ, ^re& ,dN m%;sY;h w,dN m%;sY;h

ì;a;s Trf,daiqj 3 240 8% -
úÿ,s W÷k 7 500 25% -
leurdj 12 048 - 4%
52
4.3 jÜgï yd fldñia
jÜgï
fmd;a ñ, § .kakd ieug 20% l

jÜgula
NdKavhla úlsKSfï § tu NdKavh úlsKsug n,dfmdfrd;a;= jk ñ, tu NdKavfha

,l=Kq l< ñ, f,i ye`Èkafõ' mdßfNda.sl mk; wkqj úlsKsu iòyd we;s NdKavj,
ñ, iòyka lr ;sìh hq;= h'
rEmfhka oelafjkafka fmd;a idmamqjl m%o¾Ykh lr ;snQ oekaùuls' bka lshefjkafka

fmd;la ñ, § .ekSul § 20%l jÜgula ysñ jk nj h' tys woyi jkafka úlsKSu
i|yd fmdf;a i|yka fldg we;s ñf,ka 20%la wvq lr fmd; úl=Kkq ,nk njhs'
tfia wvq lrk uqo, jÜgu (Discount) f,i ye¢kafõ' tu jÜgu" NdKavfha ,l=Kq
fldg we;s ñf,ka m%;sY;hla f,i ±laùu fnfyda úg isÿ fõ'
mdßfNda.slhka fndfyda úg jeä u jÜgula ysñ jk lv idmamqj,ska NdKav ñ, §
.ekSug fm,fUk ksid tjeks ia:dkj, NdKav wf,úh o jeä fõ' fï fya;=fjka
fjf<kaodf.a ,dNh o by< hEu isÿ fõ' NdKav wf,ú lsÍfï § jÜgï §u uÕska
mdßfNda.slhdg Rcq jdis ysñjkjd fukau tuÕska fjf<kaodg o §¾> ld,Skj jdis
/ila ysñ fõ'
ksoiqk 1
lùY 20% l jÜgula ,ndfok fmd;a idmamqjlska remsh,a 1500la jákd fmd;a ñ,
§ .kshs' lùYg ,efnk jÜgu fidhkak'
20
,efnk jÜgu = re 1 500 × 100
= re 300
53
ksoiqk 2
cx.u ÿrl:khl ksIamdok úhou remsh,a 9 000 fõ' remsh,a 3000l ,dNhla
,efnk fia tys ñ, ,l=Kq lr we;' tfy;a úlsKSfï § ,l=Kq l< ñf,ka 10%l
jÜgula fokq ,efí kï NdKavfha úl=Kqï ñ, fidhkak'
I l%uh
,l=Kq l< ñ, = re 9000 + 3000
= re 12 000
10
ysñjk jÜgu = re 12 000 × 100
= re 1 200
úlsKqï ñ, = re 12 000 – 1 200
= re 10 800
II l%uh
10%l jÜgula iys;j re 100l NdKavhla úl=Kk ñ, re 90la jk ksid
10%l jÜgula iys;j re 100l NdKavhl úl=Kqï ñ, = re 90
90
tuksid" 10%l jÜgula iys;j re 12 000l NdKavhl = re 100 × 12 000
úl=Kqï ñ,
= re 10 800
igyk( fuys § fojk l%uhg .eg¨j úi£u jvd flá jk w;r tu flá l%uhg
.eg¨ úi£ug mqreÿ ùu b;d jeo.;a h'
ksoiqk 3
remsh,a 2 000l w;a Trf,daiqjla w;amsg uqo,g úlsKSfï § remsh,a 250la wvq lr
úl=Kkq ,nhs kï ,efnk jÜgï m%;sY;h fidhkak'
250
jÜgï m%;sY;h = 2000 × 100%
= 12.5%
54
ksoiqk 4
8% l jÜgula iys;j l;d fmd;la úl=Kkq ,nkafka re 460g kï l;d fmd;
úlsKSug ,l=Kq lr we;s ñ, fldmuK o@
,l=Kq lr we;s ñ, = re 460 × 100

92
= re 500
fldñia
wvqu
fldñia
rEmfhka oelafjkafka bvï" jdyk yd ksjdi úl=Kd .ekSu i|yd myiqlï imhk
wdh;khl oekaùuls' tjeks wdh;k uÕska by; i|yka wdldrfha úlsKSï i|yd
.eKqïlrejka fidhd fok w;r tu úlsKSï isÿ jQ miq .kqfokqfõ jákdlñka
lsishï m%;sY;hla wh lr .kS' tjeks wdh;k ;e/õlrejka (Brokerage) f,i
o ye¢kafõ' ;e/õlrejka uÕska lsishï úlsKSula i|yd myiqlï iemhSfï § tu
úl=Kqï uqof,kaa lsishï m%;sY;hla f,i wh lr .kakd uqo, fldñia uqo,a f,i
ye¢kafõ'
ksoiqk 5
5%l fldñia m%;sY;hla wh lrk wdh;khla uÕska remsh,a 3 000 000la jákd
fudag¾ r:hla úl=Kd §u i|yd wh lrk fldñia uqo, fldmuK o@
5
wh lrk fldñia uqo, = re 3 000 000 × 100
= re 150 000
ksoiqk 6
foam< fjf<òdï iud.ula re 1 200 000la jákd bvula úl=Kd§u i|yd
re 36 000 l uqo,la wh lrhs' wh lrk fldñia m%;sY;h .Kkh lrkak'
36 000
fldñia m%;sY;h = 1 200 000 × 100%
= 3%
55
4.3 wNHdih
1. re 25 000la f,i ñ, ,l=Kq lr we;s rEmjdyskshla úlsKSfï§ 5% l

jÜgula msßkukq ,efí'
i. msßkeuQ jÜgu fldmuK o@
ii. rEmjdyskfha úl=Kqï ñ, fidhkak'
2. 5%l jÜgula ysñ jk frÈ fjf<|i,lska re 1 500la f,i ñ, ,l=Kq l<

l,siula yd re 1 200la f,i ñ, ,l=Kq l< lñihla ñ, § .;a ksïÈhg ta
i|yd f.ùug isÿ jk uqo, fldmuK o@
3. W;aij iufha tl u j¾.fha mdjyka úlsKSug we;s mdjyka fjf<|i,a

foll w,jd ;snQ oekaùï folla my; oelafõ'
A fjf<òi, B fj<òie,
iEu ñ, § .ekSul § u re 1000lg jvd ´kE u ñ, §
8% l jÜgula .ekSul § re 100l ñ, wvq lsÍula
i. remsh,a 1500la f,i ñ, ,l=Kq lr we;s mdjyka hq.,hla A fjf<|if,ka

ñ, § .ekSfï § f.úh hq;= uqo, fldmuK o@
ii. remsh,a 1500la f,i ñ, ,l=Kq lr we;s mdjyka hq.,la B fjf<|if,ka
ñ, § .ekSfï § f.úh hq;= uqo, fldmuK o@
iii. B fjf<|if,ka tu mdjyka hq.,h ñ, § .ekSfï § ,efnk jÜgï
m%;sY;h fldmuK o@
iv. mdjyka hq., ljr fjf<|i,lska ñ, § .ekSu jvd jdisodhl o@
4. mdmeÈ wf,úlrejl=" re 8000lg ñ, § .;a mdmeÈhla" .;a ñf,ka 25%l

,dNhla ,efnk mßÈ úlsKSu i|yd ñ, kshu fldg we;' w;amsg uqo,g ñ,
§ .kafka kï 10%l jÜgula fokq ,efí'
i. mdmeÈh úlsKSug ,l=Kq fldg we;s ñ, fidhkak'
ii. jÜgula ÿka miq mdmeÈfha ñ, fidhkak'
iii. mdmeÈ wf,úlre mdmeÈh ñ, § .;a uqo,ska 20%l ,dN m%;sY;hla
,efnk fia ñ, ,l=Kq l< fyd;a túg mdmeÈfha úl=Kqï ñ, fidhkak'
5. fjf<kafola lsishï NdKavhla wf,úfhka 10%la ,dN ,efnk fia ñ,

,l=Kq lrhs' ,l=Kq l< ñf,ka 10%l jÜgula §ug o Tyq woyia lrhs'
fuu fjf<òdfuka Tyqg ,efnk ,dNh fyda isÿ jk w,dNh úia;r lrkak'
56
6. tla;rd ;e/õ iud.ula bvula úl=Kd §u i|yd 3%l fldñia uqo,la wh
lrhs' remsh,a 5 000 000la jákd bvula úlsKSfï §"
i. f.ùug isÿ jk fldñia uqo, fldmuK o@
ii. fuu .kqfokqfjka bvï ysñhdg ,efnk uqo, fldmuK o@
7. ;e/õlrejl= úiska remsh,a 300 000la jákd úÿ,s ckk hka;%hla úl=Kd
§u i|yd fldñia uqo,a jYfhka re 25 000l uqo,la wh lrkq ,eìKs kï" ta
i|yd wh lr we;s fldñia m%;sY;h .Kkh lrkak'
8. jdykhla wf,ú lsÍfï § ;e/õlrejl=g re 30 000l uqo,la f.ùfuka miq

jdykfha whs;slreg ,enqK uqo, remsh,a 570 000la kï"
i. jdykfha úl=Kqï ñ, fldmuK o@
ii. wh lr we;s fldñia m%;sY;h fldmuK o@
9. mqoa.,hl= ksjila ñ, § .ekSfï § 3%l fldñia uqo,la f.jhs' ta wkqj Tyq

fldñia f,i f.jQ uqo, re 54 000 kï ksji .;a ñ, fidhkak'
ñY% wNHdih
1. liqka ;u bvfuka m¾pia 10la úlsKSug ;SrKh l< w;r m¾pihla
re 300 000 ne.ska úlsKSug woyia lrhs' .ekqïlrejka fidhd .ekSu iòyd
Tyq ;e?õlrejl=f.a fiajh ,nd .kakd w;r Tyqg 3%l fldñia uqo,la
Tyqg §ug fmdfrdkaÿ úh' bvu úlsKSfï § 1%l jÜgula Tyq .ekqïlreg
,nd ÿkafka kï bvu úlsKSfuka Tyq ,nk wdodhu fidhkak'
2. jdyk ñ,§ f.k úlsKSfï jHdmdrhl ksr; jk wu,a re 5 000 000lg

jdykhla ñ, § .kS' ñ, § .ekSfuka miq jdykh re 6 000 000lg úlsKSug
Tyq woyia lrhs' kuq;a Tyq .ekqïlreg 3%l jÜgula ,nd ÿka w;r úlsKSfï
§ fldñia f,i ;e/õlreg 2%l fldñia uqo,la ,nd ÿkafka h' wu,a ,o
,dNh fidhkak'
idrdxYh
² ,dNh = úl=Kqï ñ, − úhoï jQ uqo,

² w,dNh = úhoï jQ uqo, − úl=Kqï ñ,
,dNh
,dN m%;sY;h = × 100%
w,dNh
w,dN m%;sY;h = × 100%
57
5 ùÔh m%ldYk
²² iÈY ixLHd wdfoaYfhka ir, ùÔh m%ldYkj, w.h fiùug
²² (x ± a) (x ± b) wdldrfha oaúmo m%ldYk foll .=Ks;h m%idrKh lsÍug
²² j¾.M, weiqfrka oaúmo m%ldYk foll .=Ks;fha m%idrKh i;Hdmkh lsÍug
yelshdj ,efí'
ùÔh m%ldYk
8 fYa%Ksfha § ùÔh m%ldYk ms<sn| Wf.k .;a lreKq kej; isysm;a lr .ekSu
i|yd my; § we;s mqkÍlaIK wNHdifha fhfokak'
mqkÍlaIK wNHdih
1. m%idrKh lrkak'
a. 5 (x + 2) b. 3 (y + 1) c. 4 (2m + 3)
d. 3 (x – 1) e. 4 (3 – y) f. 2 (3x – 2y)
g. – 2 (y + 3) h. – 3 (2 + x) i. – 5 (2a + 3b)
j. – 4 (m – 2) k. – (5 – y) l. – 10 (–3b – 2c)
2. m%idrKh lrkak'
a. x (a + 2) b. y (2b – 3) c. a (2x + 3y)
d. 2a (x + 5) e. 2b(y – 2) f. 3p (2x – y)
g. (–3q) (p + 8) h. (–2x) (3 – 2y) i. (– 5m) (x – 2y)
3. x = 3 o y = – 2 o úg my; § we;s tla tla m%ldYkfha w.h fidhkak'

a. x + y b. x – y c. 3x – 2y
d. – 2x + y e. 2(x + y) f. 3 (2x– y)
4. my; § we;s tla tla m%ldYkh m%idrKh lr iq¿ lrkak'
a. 3 (x + y) + 2 (x – y) b. 5(a + b) + 4 (a + c)
c. 4 (a + b) + 3 (2a – b) d. 2(a – b) + (2a – b)
e. 5 (m + n) + 2 (m + n) f. 3(m + n) – (m – n)
g. 5 (x – y) – 3 (2x + y) h. 2(3p – q) – 3 (p – q)
i. – 4 (m + n) + 2 (m + 2) j. – 4 (a – b) – 2 (a – b)
58
5.1 wdfoaYh
ùÔh m%ldYkhl wvx.= w{d; i|yd ksÅ, wdfoaY lsÍfuka" tu ùÔh m%ldYkhg
ixLHd;aul w.hla ,nd .ekSug Tn 8 fYa%Ksfha § Wf.kf.k we;' iÈY ixLHd
wdfoaYfhka ùÔh m%ldYkhl w.h fidhk wdldrh fuu fldgiska úuid n,uq'
♦ úfkdao pdßldjlg jeäysáfhda 20fofkla yd <uhs 16fofkla iyNd.S jQy' tys §
WoEik wdydrh i|yd jeäysáfhl=g ,ndÿka mdka m%udKh x o <uhl=g ,ndÿka
mdka m%udKh y o fõ' Tjqka i|yd wjYH jQ uq¿ mdka m%udKh ùÔh m%ldYkhla
f,i ,shd olajuq'
jeäysáhka 20fofkla i|yd ,nd ÿka mdka m%udKh = 20 x

<uhska 16fofkla i|yd ,nd ÿka mdka m%udKh = 16 y
fnod fok ,o uq¿ mdka m%udKh = 20x + 16y
jeäysáhl=g mdka nd.hla o" <uhl=g mdka ld,la o ,nd ÿkafka kï fnod § we;s
uq¿ mdka m%udKh fidhuq'
1 1 1
túg x = 2 yd y = 4 fõ' fnod ÿka uq¿ mdka m%udKh fiùu iòyd x = 2 yd
1
y = 4 w.hka 20x + 16y m%ldYkfha wdfoaY l< hq;= h'
1 1
ta wkqj" fnod ÿka uq¿ mdka f.ä .Kk = 20 × 2 + 16 × 4
= 10 + 4
= 14
ksoiqk 1
1
a = 2 jk úg my; oelafjk tla tla ùÔh m%ldYkfha w.h fidhkak'
i. 2a + 3 ii. 6 – 4a iii. 3a – 1
1 1 1
2a + 3 = 2 × 2 + 3 6 – 4a = 6 – 4 × 2 3a – 1 = 3 × 2 – 1
3
=1+3 =6–2 = 2 –1
3–2 =4
=4
=
2

1
= 2
59
ksoiqk 2
b = – 2 jk úg my; oelafjk tla tla ùÔh m%ldYkfha w.h fidhkak'

3
1
i. 3b + 5 ii. 5 – 6b iii. 2b + 3
1
3b + 5 5 – 6b 2b + 3
–2 2 –2 1
=3× 3 +5 = 5 – 6 × (– ) =2×( 3 ) + 3
3
2 –4 1
= (–2) + 5 = 5 + (– 6) × ( – ) = 3 + 3
3
=3 =5+4
–3
=9 = 3
=–1
ksoiqk 3
1 1
x= yd y = – 4 jk úg my; oelafjk tla tla ùÔh m%ldYkfha w.h fidhkak'
2
i. 2x + 4y ii. 2x – 2y
–
2x + 4y = 2 × 1 + 4 × 1 2x – 2y = 2 × 1 – 2 × – 1
2 4 2 4
=1–1
=1+ 1
= 0 2
= 1 1
2
iii. 4xy iv. – 2xy
– 1 –1
4xy = 4 × 1 × 1 – 2xy = – 2 ×
2
× 4
2 4
–1 1
= = 4
2

60
5.1 wNHdih
1. x = 1 jk úg my; oelafjk tla tla ùÔh m%ldYkfha w.h fidhkak'

4
i. 4x ii. 2x iii. 3x iv. – 8x
–1
2. y = 3 jk úg my; oelafjk tla tla ùÔh m%ldYkfha w.h fidhkak'
i. 3y ii. 2y iii. – 6y iv. – 4y

1
3. a = – 2 o b = 2 o jk úg my; oelafjk tla tla ùÔh m%ldYkfha w.h
fidhkak'
i. a + 2b ii. 4b – a iii. 3a + b
2 3
4. x = 3 o y = 4 o jk úg my; oelafjk tla tla ùÔh m%ldYkfha w.h
fidhkak'
i. 3x + 4y ii. 3x – 2y iii. 8y – 6x
5. p = – 1 o q = – 3 o jk úg my; oelafjk tla tla ùÔh m%ldYkfha w.h

2
fidhkak'
i. 2p + q ii. 4p – q iii. 6pq – 2

5.2 oaúmo m%ldYk foll .=Ks;h
uq,ska u" ùÔh ixfla;" ùÔh mo" ùÔh m%ldYk yd oaúmo m%ldYk hkafkka woyia
jk oE ms<snòj kej; u;la lr .ksuq' x, y, z, a, b, c, wdÈ bx.S%is wl=rej,ska ùÔh
ixfla; oelafõ'
x, y, z, wdldrfha ùÔh ixfla; ùÔh mo f,i .efka'

2x, 5y, –2a, x f,i" ùÔh ifla;hla ;j;a ixLHdjlska .=K ù fyda fn§ we;s úg
3
o th ùÔh mohla f,i ye`Èkafõ' tfiau" xy, ay, b f,i" ùÔh ixfla;hla ;j;a
z
ùÔh ixfla;hlska .=K ù fyda fn§ we;s úg o th ùÔh mohla f,i ye`Èkafõ' ta
wdldrfhka u" 2xy, –3zab, 2 xy wdÈ f,i ùÔh mo yd ixLHd .=K ù fyda fn§ we;s
5
úg o tajd ùÔh mo f,i ye`Èka fõ' fujeks ùÔh mo ùÔh m%ldYk ^tla mohla
muKla we;s& f,i o ie,fla' 61
ùÔh moj, tl;=jla fyda wka;rhla ye`Èkafjkafka o ùÔh m%ldYkhla f,i h'
ksoiqka f,i" x + y, 2a + xyz, 4xy2 – yz yd – 2x + 3xy ùÔh m%ldYk fõ' tfia u"
ùÔh ixfla;hlg fyda mohlg ixLHdjla tl;= ù fyda wvq ù we;s úg o th ùÔh
m%ldYkhla f,i ye`Èkafõ' ksoiqkla f,i" x + 4 yd 1 – 3ab hkq ùÔh m%ldYk fõ'
fuf;la oelajQ iEu ùÔh m%ldYkhl u we;af;a mo folls' mo folla muKla tl;=
lsÍulska fyda wvq lsÍulska iïnkaO ù we;s m%ldYkj,g zoaúmo ùÔh m%ldYkZ
^fyda" ir,j zoaúmo m%ldYkZ& hehs lshkq ,efí'
kuq;a ùÔh m%ldYkhl mo ´kE u .Kkla ;sìh yels h' ksoiqkla f,i"
3 + ax –2xyz + xy hkq mo 4la iys; ùÔh m%ldYkhls' tys ùÔh mo ;=kla yd
ixLHdjla ^ksh; mohla& we;' fuu mdvfï § wms yodrkafka oaúmo m%ldYkj,
.=Ks; ms<snòj h'
oaúmo m%ldYk foll .=Ks;h ms<snò j úuid n,uq'
rEmfha oelafjk iup;=ri%dldr u,a md;a;sfha me;a;l È. tall x hehs i,luq' tu

u,a md;a;sfha tla me;a;l È. tall 3lska o wfkla me;af;a È. tall 2lska o jeä
lr" jvd úYd, RcqfldaKdi%dldr u,a md;a;shla ;kkq ,nhs kï" tu úYd, u,a
md;a;sfha j¾.M,h i|yd ùÔh m%ldYkhla x weiqfrka f.dvk.k wdldrh i,ld
n,uq'
x 3
x
x × x = x2 x × 3 = 3x
x
x x × x = x2
x × 2 = 2x 3×2=6
2
úYd, u,a md;a;sfha È. tall = x + 3

úYd, u,a md;a;sfha m<, tall = x + 2
rEmhg wkqj"
úYd, u,a md;a;sfha j¾.M,h = È. × m<, = j¾. tall (x + 3) (x + 2) (1)
wdldrhg ,shd oelaúh yels h'
62
(x + 3) (x + 2) hkak oaúmo m%ldYk foll .=Ks;hla nj ksÍlaIKh lrkak'
fuu úYd, u,a md;a;sfha j¾.M,h fjk;a wdldrhlg o fiúh yels h' ta th ie§
we;s l=vd fldgia y;frys j¾.M, tl;= lsÍfuks' tu fldgia y;r jkafka uq,ska
;snQ iup;=ri%dldr fldgi yd rEmfha oelafjk l=vd RcqfldaKdi%dldr fldgia
;=khs' ta wkqj"
úYd, u,a md;a;sfha j¾.M,h = l=vd fldgia y;frys j¾.M,h
= j¾. tall x2 + 2x + 3x + 6
= j¾. tall x2 + 5x + 6 (2)
hï m%foaYhl j¾.M,h l=uk wdldrhg fijQj;a tajd tlsfklg iudk úh hq;=

ksid"
(1) yd (2) wkqj" ;yjqre jkafka my; iudk;djhs'
(x + 3) (x + 2) = x2 + 5x + 6

oeka fuu iudk;dj" by; wdldrfha rEmhla fkdue;sj ,nd .; yelafla flfia
oehs úuid n,uq'
ta iòyd" uq,ska u we;s jryk ;=< we;s ish¨ moj,ska fojeks jryk ;=< we;s ish¨
mo .=K lruq'
(x + 3) (x + 2) = (x + 3) (x + 2)
= x (x + 2) + 3 (x + 2)
= x2 + 2x + 3x + 6
= x2 + 5x + 6
ta wkqj" rEm fkdue;sj by; wdldrhg oaúmo m%ldYk foll .=Ks;h ,nd .;
yels h'
tjeks u ;j;a ls%hdldrlula fj; wfma wjOdkh fhduq lruq'
l%shdldrlu 1
§ we;s f;dr;=re wkqj iqÿiq mßÈ ysia;eka mqrjkak'
me;a;l È. fikaáógr x ne.ska jQ iup;=ri%dldr ;yvqjla I rEmfha oelafõ' tys

tla me;a;lska tall 2la o wfkla me;af;ka tall 3la o jk mßÈ má folla lmd
bj;a lr we;s wdldrh II rEmfhka oelafõ'
63
x x–2 2
x–3
x x×x=x 2
I rEmh II rEmh

b;sß jQ RcqfldaKdi%dldr ;yvqfõ j¾.M,h = (x – 2) (x – 3) 1
II rEmhg wkqj"
iup;=ri%dldr RcqfldaKdi%dldr
b;sß jQ RcqfldaKdi%dldr ;yvqfõ j¾.M,h = ;yvqfõ – fldgia ;=fka
j¾.M,h j¾.M,h 2
1 yd 2 ka = x2 – 2 (.........) – ... (x – 2) – 2 × 3
ta wkqj" (x – 2) (x – 3) = x2 – 2(.........) –...(x – 2) – 2 × 3

= ..........................
= ...................
oaúmo m%ldYk foll .=Ks;h ,nd.kakd wdldrh ;j;a fyd¢ka meyeÈ,s lr .ekSu
i|yd ksoiqka lSmhla i,ld n,uq'
ksoiqk 1 ksoiqk 2

(x + 5) (x + 3) (x + 5) (x – 3)
(x + 5) (x + 3) = x (x + 3) + 5 (x + 3) (x + 5) (x – 3) = x (x – 3) + 5 (x – 3)
= x2 + 3x + 5x + 15 = x2 – 3x + 5x – 15
= x2 + 8x + 15 = x2 + 2x – 15

ksoiqk 3 ksoiqk 4

(x – 5) (x + 3) (x – 5) (x – 3)
(x – 5) (x + 3) = (x
x (x + 3) – 5 (x + 3) – 5) (x – 3) = x (x – 3) – 5 (x – 3)
= x2 + 3x – 5x – 15 = x2 – 3x – 5x + 15
= x2 – 2x – 15 = x2 – 8x + 15

64
ksoiqk 5

x = 5 jk úg (x + 8) (x – 3) = x2 + 5x –24 nj fmkajkak'
j'me = (x + 8) (x – 3) o'me = x2 + 5x –24
x = 5 jk úg x = 5 jk úg
j'me = (5 + 8) (5 – 3) o'me = 25 + 25 –24
= 13 × 2 = 26
= 26
j'me = o'me
∴ (x + 8) (x – 3) = x2 + 5x –24
5.2 wNHdih
1. my; oelafjk tla tla oaúmo m%ldYk foflys .=Ks; m%idrKh lr iq¿
lrkak'
a. (x + 2) (x + 4) b. (x + 1) (x + 3) c. (a + 3) (a + 2)
d. (m + 3) (m + 5) e. (p – 4) (p – 3) f. (k – 3) (k – 3)
2. (1) ys a, b yd e fldgiaj, § we;s tla tla oaúmo m%ldYk foflys .=Ks;h

i|yd RcqfldaKdi%hla we|" ta weiqfrka (1) ys ,nd.;a ms<s;=re i;Hdmkh
lrkak'
3. my; oelafjk tla tla oaúmo m%ldYk foflys .=Ks;h m%idrKh lr iq¿
lrkak'
a. (x + 2) (x – 5) b. (x + 3) (x – 7) c. (m + 6) (m – 1)
d. (x – 2) (x + 3) e. (x – 5) (x + 5) f. (m – 1) (m + 8)
g. (x – 3) (x – 4) h. (y – 2) (y – 5) i. (m – 8) (m – 2)
j. (x – 3) ( 2 – x ) k. (5 – x) (x – 4) l. (2 – x) (3 – x)
4. A fldgfiys we;s tla tla m%ldYkh iq¿ lsÍfuka ,efnk m%ldYkh B

fldgfia we;s ksjerÈ ms<s;=rg hd lrkak'
A B
(x + 2) (x + 1) x2 + 3x – 10
(x + 3) (x – 4) x2 – 25
(x + 5) (x – 2) x2 – 6x + 9
(x – 3) (x – 3) x2 + 3x + 2
(x – 5) (x + 5) x2 – x – 12
65
5. (x + 5) (x + 6) = x2 + 11x + 30 nj my; oelafjk tla tla wjia:dj iòyd
i;Hdmkh lrkak'
i. x = 3 ii. x = – 2
6. (x – 2) (x + 3) = x2 + x – 6 nj my; oelafjk tla tla wjia:dj iòyd
i;Hdmkh lrkak'
i. x = 1 ii. x = 4 iii. x = 0
7. (2 – x) (4 – x) = x2 – 6x + 8 nj my; oelafjk tla tla wjia:dj iòyd

i;Hdmkh lrkak'
i. x = 2 ii. x = 3 iii. x = – 2
8. ieris,a,la iòyd lmd .kakd ,o RcqfldaKdi%dldr lvodishl È. 15 cm o
m<, 8 cm o fõ' È. me;af;ka yd m<, me;af;ka ógr x ne.ska má folla
lmd bj;a lrkq ,efí' b;sß jk fldgfia j¾.M,h iòyd m%ldYkhla rEm
weiqfrka ,nd .kak' ^fuys x < 8 cm nj i,lkak&'
9. È. ógr x o m<, ógr 2 o jQ RcqfldaKdi%dldr u,a md;a;shla rEmfha oelafõ'
tys È. me;af;ka ógr 2la wvq lr" m<, me;a; ógr x m%udKhlska Èla lrk
,È' oeka ;sfnk md;a;sfha j¾.M,h iòyd m%ldYkhla rEm Ndú;fhka x
weiqfrka f.dvk.kak ^fuys x > 2 m nj i,lkak&'
x
ñY% wNHdih
1. § we;s rEmfha w`ÿre lr we;s j¾.M,h iòyd m%ldYkhla ,shd iq¿ lr
olajkak'
x+8
x+2
x+3
x+1 x+5
x+2
x+2 x+1
2. (x + a) (x + 4) = x2 + bx + 12 kï a yd bys w.h fidhkak'
66
6 ùÔh m%ldYkj, idOl
²² fmdÿ idOl oaúmo jQ mo 4la iys; ùÔh m%ldYkj, idOl fiùug"
²² x2 + bx + c wdldrfha ;s%mo j¾.c m%ldYkj, idOl fiùug"
²² j¾. foll wka;rhla f,i ,shd we;s ùÔh m%ldYkj, idOl fiùug
yelshdj ,efí'
ùÔh m%ldYkj, idOl

by; 5 jk mdvfï § ùc .Ks;hg wod< mo fndfyda .Kkl f;areu myod fok
,È' fuu mdvfï § ùÔh m%ldYkhl ^fyda ùÔh mohl& idOl hkafkka woyia jk
oE úuid n,uq'
2xy hk ùÔh moh ie,l+ úg" th iE§ we;af;a 2" x yd y hk mo ;=k .=K ùfuks'
tuksid 2, x yd y hk ;=k u tys idOl fõ'
2x + 2y hkq oaúmo m%ldYkhls' th" ùÔh mo foll tl;=jla fõ' fuys 2 yd x hkq
2x mofhys idOl fõ' tfiau" 2 yd y hkak 2y mofhys idOl fõ' ta wkqj" 2x yd 2y
hk mo folgu 2 hkak fmdÿ idOlhls' tu fmdÿ idOlh weiqfrka" fuu oaúmo
m%ldYkh 2(x + y) f,i o ,súh yels nj Tn 8 fY%aKsfha § Wf.k we;' tkï,
2x + 2y = 2(x + y)
f,i ,súh yels h' fufia ,sùfï we;s úfYaI;ajh jkafka" 2x yd 2y moj, tl;=jla
f,i olajd we;s ùÔh m%ldYkh" 2 yd x + y j, .=Ks;hla f,i oelaù ;sîuhs' túg"
fuu 2 yd x + y g 2x + 2y ys idOl hehs lshkq ,efí' fjk;a whqrlska lsj fyd;a"
2x + 2y hk ùÔh m%ldYkh" 2 yd x + y j, .=Ks;hla f,i ,súh yels h'
by; 2x + 2y ys tla idOlhla 2 kue;s ixLHdj jk w;r wfkla idOlh x + y

kue;s ùÔh m%ldYkh fõ' tfy;a" idOl ùÔh mo fyda ùÔh m%ldYk fyda úh yels
h' ksoiqkla f,i" xy + 5xz hkak x(y + 5z) f,i ,súh yels ksid" x yd y + 5z tys
idOl fõ'
67
by; 5 jk mdvfï § W.;a lreKq wkqj" x(y + 5z) f,i .=Ks;hlska ,shd we;s ùÔh
m%ldYkh m%idrKh l< úg ,efnkafka xy + 5xz hk" ftlHhlska ±lafjk ùÔh
m%ldYkhhs' fuu mdvfï § wm n,dfmdfrd;a;= jkafka" tu 5 jk mdvfï § isÿ l<
l%shdj,sh miq mig isÿ lrkafka flfia o hkak yeoEÍuhs' tkï" ùÔh m%ldYkhla
§ we;s úg th idOlj, .=Ks;hla f,i ,shk whqre yeoEÍuhs'
8 jk fY%aKsfha § Wf.kf.k we;s mßÈ my; oelafjk m%ldYk idOlj, .=Ks;hla

f,i ,shd we;s whqre ksÍlaIKh lrkak'
²² 3x + 12 = 3 (x + 4)
²² 6a + 12b –18 = 6 (a + 2b – 3)
²² – 2x – 6y = –2 (x + 3y)
²² 3x – 6xy = 3x (1 – 2y)
by; ksoiqkaj, fojkqjg we;s 6a +12b −18ys moj, fmdÿ idOlh jkafka 6 h' th
6" 12" 18 hk ixLHdj, uyd fmdÿ idOlh nj ksÍlaIKh lrkak' ixLHdjla
fmdÿ idOlhla jk úg" iEu úg u uyd fmdÿ idOlh ie,lsh hq;= h' tfia u"
ùÔh m%ldYkj, idOl fiùfï§ ixLHdj, idOl fjka lsÍu wkjYH h' ksoiqkla
f,i" 6x + 6y hkak 6(x + y) f,i ñi" 2 × 3 (x + y) f,i ,sùu wkjYH h'
tu lreKq ;j ÿrg;a ;yjqre lr .ekSug my; mqkÍlaIK wNHdifha fhfokak'
mqkÍlaIK wNHdih
my; oelafjk tla tla ùÔh m%ldYkh idOlj, .=Ks;hla f,i ,shd olajkak'
a. 8x + 12y b. 9a + 18y c. 3m + 6
d. 20a – 30b e. 4p – 20q f. 12 – 4k
g. 3a + 15b – 12 h. 12a – 8b + 4 i. 9 – 3b – 6c
j. – 12x + 4y k. – 8a – 4b l. – 6 + 3m
m. ab + ac n. p – pq o. ab + ac – ad
p. 3x + 6xy q. 6ab – 9bc r. 4ap + 4bp – 4p
s. x3 + 2x t. 3m – 2nm2 u. 6s – 12 s2t
6.1 mo y;rla iys; ùÔh m%ldYkj, idOl

A, B, C yd D f,i kï lr we;s RcqfldaKdi% fldgia y;rlska ieÿï,;a úYd,
RcqfldaKdi%hl rEm igykla my; oelafõ'
68
a b
x A B
y C D
tla tla RcqfldaKdi%fha j¾.M,h" olajd we;s x, y, a yd b ùÔh ixfla; weiqfrka

fidhuq'
A fldgfia j¾.M,h = a × x = ax
B fldgfia j¾.M,h = b × x = bx
C fldgfia j¾.M,h = a × y = ay
D fldgfia j¾.M,h = b × y = by
oeka" úYd, RcqfldaKdi%fha j¾.M,h fidhuq'

úYd, RcqfldaKdi%fha È. = a + b
úYd, RcqfldaKdi%fha m<, = x + y
tuksid" úYd, RcqfldaKdi%fha j¾.M,h = (a + b) ( x + y)
oeka" l=vd RcqfldaKdi% 4ys j¾.M,h = úYd, RcqfldaKdi%fha j¾.M,h jk ksid
ax + ay + bx + by = (a + b) (x + y) fõ'
fuu mdvug fmr mdvfï § wOHhkh l< wdldrhg (a + b)(x + y) hk oaúmo
m%ldYk foflys .=Ks;h m%idrKh lsÍu u.ska" by; iudk;djfha i;H;dj kej;
úuid ne,sh yels h' th fufia m%idrKh lr n,uq'
(a + b)(x + y) = a (x + y) + b (x + y)
= ax + ay + bx + by
tkï" iudk;djfha i;H;dj ;yjqre fõ ^tkï" i;Hdmkh fõ&'
fuu mdvfï § wm n,dfmdfrd;a;= jkafka ax + ay + bx +by wdldrfha m%ldYkhla
§ we;s úg" th (a + b) (x + y) wdldrhg idOl foll .=Ks;hla f,i ,súh yels
l%uhla yeoEÍug hs' uq,ska u ksÍlaIKh l< hq;= jkafka" ax, ay, bx yd by hk mo
y;rgu fmdÿ jQ idOlhla fkdue;s njhs' tuksid fmdÿ idOl msg;g .ekSfï
l%uh fuys § tla jr u l< fkdyels h' tfy;a" fuys mo fol ne.ska .;a úg my;
oelafjk mßÈ fmdÿ idOl msg;g f.k ,súh yels h'
69
ax + bx + ay + by = (ax + bx) + (ay + by)
= x (a + b) + y (a + b)
oeka" wjidkhg ,eî we;s m%ldYkh" x(a + b) yd y(a + b) hk ùÔh m%ldYk
foflys tl;=jla fõ' fuu x (a + b) yd y (a + b) hk m%ldYk folg u" (a + b)
hkak fmdÿ idOlhla nj ksÍlaIKh lrkak' tuksid" tu fmdÿ idOlh msg;g
f.k" (a + b) (x + y) f,i th ,súh yels h' tkï,
ax + bx + ay + by = x (a + b) + y (a + b)
= (a + b) (x + y)
f,i idOl foll .=Ks;hlska oelaúh yels h'
ksoiqk 1
3x + 6y + kx + 2ky ys idOl fidhkak'
3x + 6y + kx + 2ky = 3 (x + 2y) + k (x + 2y)
= (x + 2y) (3 + k)
ksoiqk 2
a2 – 3a + ab – 3b ys idOl fidhkak'
a2 – 3a + ab – 3b = a (a – 3) + b (a – 3)
= (a – 3) (a + b)
ksoiqk 3
x2 + xy – x – y ys idOl fidhkak'
x2 + xy – x – y = x2 + xy – 1 (x + y)
= x (x + y) – 1 (x + y)
= (x + y) (x – 1)
6.1 wNHdih
my; § we;s tla tla ùÔh m%ldYkfha idOl fidhkak'
a. ax + ay + 3x + 3y b. ax – 8a + 3x – 24
c. mp – mq – np + nq d. ak + al – bk – bl
e. x2 + 4x – 3x – 12 f. y2 – 7y – 2y + 14
g. a2 – 8a + 2a – 16 h. b2 + 5b – 2b – 10
i. 5 + 5x – y – xy j. ax – a – x + 1
70
6.2 x2 + bx + c wdldrfha ;s%mo j¾.c m%ldYkj, idOl
(x + 3) yd (x + 4) hk oaúmo m%ldYk foflys .=Ks;h ,nd.;a wdldrh kej;
u;lhg k.d .ksuq'
(x + 3) (x + 4) = x (x + 4) + 3 (x + 4)
= x2 + 4x + 3x + 12
= x2 + 7x + 12
(x + 3) yd (x + 4) ys .=Ks;h u.ska x2 + 7x + 12 ,eî we;s ksid (x + 3) yd

(x + 4) hk oaúmo m%ldYk fol x2 + 7x + 12 hk ùÔh m%ldYkfha idOl fõ'
x2 + 7x + 12 wdldrfha j¾.c mohla iys; mo ;=kla we;s fujeks m%ldYk ;s%mo
j¾.c m%ldYk f,i ye`Èkafõ'
igyk:
fuys§ wm i,lkq ,nk ;%smo j¾.c m%ldYkhla idOdrK jYfhka x2 + bx + c
f,i oelaúh yels h' fuys b yd c hkq ixLHd fõ' ksoiqkla f,i" x2 + 7x + 12
hkq b = 7 yd c = 12 úg ,efnk ;%smo j¾.c m%ldYkhhs' ;j o bx g ueo moh
hhs o c g ksh; moh hehs o idudkHfhka jHjydr fõ' by; olajd we;s whqßka
x2 + 7x + 12 hkak (x + 3) (x + 4) f,i idOl foll .=Ks;hlska oelaúh yels h'
tfy;a" tfia idOl foll .=Ks;hlska oelaúh fkdyels ;%smo j¾.c m%ldYk o
we;' ksoiqkla f,i x2 + 3x + 4 hk ;%smo m%ldYkh idOl foll .=Ks;hla f,i
±laúh fkdyels h'
fuys § wm i,ld n,kqfha" tfia idOlj, .=Ks;hla f,i ±laúh yels m%ldYkj,
idOl fidhkafka flfia o hkakhs'
j¾.c m%ldYkhla oaúmo idOl foll .=Ks;hla f,i ,súh yelafla flfiao hkak
úuid ne,Sug oaúmo m%ldYk foll .=Ks;h ,nd .ekSug fhdod .;a mshjr w. isg
uq,g úYaf,aIKh lr n,uq'
• x2 + 7x + 12 wdldrhg we;s ;s%mo j¾.c m%ldYkfha ueo moh jk 7x, mo foll

tl;=jla f,i tkï 3x + 4x f,i olajd we;'
7x hkak mo foll tl;=jla f,i ,súh yels wdldr fndfyda we;' ksoiqkla
f,i" 7x = 5x + 2x yd 7x = 8x + (−x ) oelaúh yels h' tfy;aa" 3x yd 4x moj, we;s
úfYaI;ajh my; oelafjk mßÈ úia;r l< yels h'
• 3x yd 4x moj, .=Ks;h = 3x × 4x = 12x2 fõ'
• ;j o x2 + 7x + 12 jQ ;s%mo j¾.c m%ldYkfha uq, yd w. moj, .=Ks;h 12x2 fõ'
ta" x × 12 = 12x2 f,i h'
71
by; úYaf,aIKfhka ,o ksÍlaIK ;s%mo j¾.c m%ldYkj, idOl fiùug fhdod.;
yels h' tkï, ueo moh" mo foll tl;=jla f,i ,súh hq;= h' tfia ,shk ,o mo
foflys .=Ks;h" m%ldYkfha uq,a yd wjidk mo foflys .=Ks;hg iudk úh hq;= h'
ksoiqkla f,i x2 + 6x + 8 ys idOl fjka lruq' fuys ueo moh 6x fõ' th mo foll
tl;=jla f,i ,súh hq;= h' tfia u tu mo foflys .=Ks;h x2 × 8 = 8x2 úh hq;= h'
ta wkqj .=Ks;h 8x2 o tl;=j 6x o jk mo hq.,h fidhuq' my; j.=fjys ±lafjkafka"
.=Ks;h jk 8x2 hk moh" talc mo foll (x iys;) .=Ks;hla f,i ,súh yels
wdldr lsysmhls'
mo hq.,h .=Ks;h tl;=j
x, 8x x × 8x = 8x2 x + 8x = 9x
2x, 4x 2x × 4x = 8x2 2x + 4x = 6x
j.=j wkqj" ueo moh jk 6x ,eî we;af;a 2x + 4x u.sska nj meyeÈ,s h' ta wkqj
by; § we;s x2 + 6x + 8 m%ldYkfhys idOl fidhuq'
x2 + 6x + 8 = x2 + 2x + 4x + 8
= x (x + 2) + 4 (x + 2)
= (x + 2) (x + 4)
∴ x2 + 6x + 8 ys idOl x + 2 yd x + 4 fõ'
by; x2 + 6x + 8 ys ueo moh 2x + 4x fjkqjg 4x + 2x f,i ,shd idOl fijQ úg
wjidk idOl fjkia fõ oehs n,uq'
x2 + 6x + 8 = x2 + 4x + 2x + 8
= x (x + 4) + 2 (x + 4)
= (x + 4) (x + 2)
túg o tu idOl hq.,h u ,eî we;' tneúka f;dard .;a mo hq.,h ,shk wkqms<sfj<
wjidk idOl flfrys n, fkdmdhs'
ksoiqk 1
x2 + 5x + 6 ys idOl fjka lrkak'
m%ldYkfha"
uq, yd w. moj, .=Ks;h = x2 × 6 = 6x2
ueo moh = 5x
2x + 3x = 5x ksid;a" (2x) (3x) = 6x2 ksid;a" my; oelafjk mßÈ idOl fiúh yels h'
72
x2 + 5x + 6 = x2 + 2x + 3x + 6
= x (x + 2) + 3 (x + 2)
= (x + 2) (x + 3)
ksoiqk 2
x2 – 8x + 12 ys idOl fjka lrkak'
m%ldYkfha uq, yd w. moj, .=Ks;h = x2 × 12 = 12x2 o ueo moh = (– 8x) o fõ'
fuys RK iys; mohla o we;' my; oelafjk j.=fõ" .=Ks;h 12x2 jk mßÈ x
iys; mo folla f;drd .; yels wdldr olajd we;'
x, 12x
2x, 6x
3x, 4x
−2x, −6x
−3x, −4x
−x, −12x
j.=j wkqj"– 8x = (−2x) + (−6x) f,i ,shQ úg" (−2x)(−6x) = 12x2 ,efí'
tuksid" x2 – 8x + 12 = x2 – 2x – 6x + 12
= x (x – 2) – 6 (x – 2)
= (x – 2) (x – 6)
ksoiqk 3
y2 + 2y – 15 ys idOl fjka lrkak'
m%ldYkfha uq, yd w. moj, .=Ks;h = y2 × – 15 = – 15y2 o ueo moh = 2y o fõ'

–15y2 = (5y) (−3y) f,i ,súh yels w;r (5y) + (−3y) = 2y f,i ueo moh ,efí'
tuksid" y2 + 2y – 15 = y2 – 3y + 5y – 15
= y (y – 3) + 5 (y – 3)
= (y – 3) (y + 5)
73
ksoiqk 4
a2 – a – 20 ys idOl fjka lrkak'
m%ldYkfha uq, yd w. moj, .=Ks;h = a2 × (– 20) = – 20a2 o ueo moh (– a) o fõ'

– 20a2 = (– 5a) (4a) o (– 5a) + (4a) = − a o ksid" my; oelafjk mßÈ idOl
fiúh yels h'
a2 – a – 20 = a2 + 4a – 5a – 20
= a (a + 4) – 5 (a + 4)
= (a + 4) (a – 5)
6.2 wNHdih
my; oelafjk j¾.c m%ldYkj, idOl fjka lrkak'

a. x2 + 9x + 18 b. y2 + 11y + 30 c. a2 + 10a + 24
d. b2 – 8b + 15 e. x2 – 5x + 6 f. m2 – 12m + 20
g. a2 + a – 12 h. p2 + 5p – 24 i. p2 + 6p – 16
j. x2 – x – 12 k. a2 – 3a – 40 l. r2 – 3r – 10
m. y2 + 6y + 9 n. k2 – 10k + 25 o. 4 + 4x + x2
p. 36 + 15x + x2 q. 30 – 11a + a2 r. 54 – 15y + y2
igyk(
;%smo m%ldYkj, idOl fiùfï § ueo moh" iqÿiq mo foll tl;=jla f,i ,shd
.ekSu jeo.;a mshjrls' tu mo fol fidhd .; yels ksYaÑ; l%uhla by; úia;r
lr we;;a" fndfyda úg myiq jkafka" ueo moh" mo foll tl;=jla f,i ,shd
tys .=Ks;fhka" uq,a yd wjidk moj, .=Ks;h ,efí o hkak mÍlaId lsÍuhs'
fuu l%shdj,sh mqyqKq jQ úg ufkdaufhka l< yels h' fufia mo fol ,shQ miq
iq¿ lsÍfï § m%fõiï úh hq;=h' úfYaIfhka by; ksoiqk 4ys −5a −20ys fmdÿ
idOlh f,i −5 bj;g .;a úg" −5(a + 4) ,efí' th −5(a − 4) f,i ,sùu
fndfyda úg isÿjk w;ajeroaols'
6.3 j¾. foll wka;rhla f,i ,shd we;s m%ldYkhl idOl

(x – y) yd (x + y) hk oaúmo m%ldYk foflys .=Ks;h i,lkak'
(x – y) (x + y) = x (x + y) – y (x + y)
= x2 + xy – xy – y2
= x2 – y2
74
fï wkqj (x + y) (x – y) hkak x2 – y2 m%ldYkhg iudk ù we;' x2 – y2 m%ldYkh j¾.
foll wka;rhla f,i ye`Èkaúh yels h'
(x + y) (x – y) = x2 – y2 hkak u`.ska meyeÈ,s jkqfha x2 – y2 m%ldYkfha idOl f,i

x + y yd x – y ,shd oelaúh yels njhs'
x2 – y2 hkak xys j¾.c m%ldYkhla f,i i,ld tys idOl fiúh yels oehs n,uq'
tu m%ldYkfha ueo moh 0 f,i fhdod f.k xys ;s%mo j¾.c m%ldYkhla wdldrhg
tkï x2 + 0 – y2 f,i ,súh yels h' oeka tu m%ldYkfha idOl fjka lrk wdldrh
i,ld n,uq'
m%ldYkfha uq, yd w. moj, .=Ks;h = x2 × (– y2) = – x2 y2 o ueo moh 0 o fõ'
– x2 y2 = (– x y) × (x y) iy – x y + xy = 0 ksid
x2 + 0 – y2 = x2 – xy + xy – y2
= x (x – y) + y (x – y)
= (x – y) (x + y)
fuu`.ska o x2 – y2 = (x – y) (x + y) f,i ,efí'
rEm igykla weiqfrka o j¾. foll wka;rfha idOl fiùu ms<snò j úuid n,uq'
me;a;l È. tall a ne.ska jQ iup;=ri%hla i,lkak'
fuhska me;a;l È. tall b ne.ska jQ iup;=ri%hla lmd bj;a lrkak'
b b
a b
b
a
b;sß fldgfia j¾.M,h jkafka j¾. tall a2 – b2 fõ'
75
b;sß fldgi my; wdldrhg ms<sfh< lruq'
a– b
b
a
a– b a– b a– b
a a b
I rEmh II rEmh
b;sß fldgfia j¾.M,h rEmh II g wkqj (a – b) (a + b) fõ'
ta wkqj a2 – b2 = (a – b) (a + b)
oeka j¾. foll wka;rhla f,i ,shd we;s m%ldYk lSmhl idOl fiùfï ksoiqka
i,ld n,uq'
ksoiqk 1 ksoiqk 2

x2 – 25 ys idOl fidhkak' 9 – y2 ys idOl fidhkak'
x2 – 25 = x2 – 52 9 – y2 = 32 – y2

= (x – 5) (x + 5) = (3 – y) (3 + y)

ksoiqk 3 ksoiqk 4

4a2 – 49 ys idOl fidhkak' 1 – 4b2 ys idOl fidhkak'
4a2 – 49 = 22a2 – 72 1 – 4b2 = 12 – 22b2
= (2a – 7) (2a + 7) = (1 – 2b) (1 + 2b)

ksoiqk 5 ksoiqk 6

2x2 – 72 ys idOl fidhkak' 332 – 172 ys w.h fidhkak'
2x2 – 72 = 2 (x2 – 36) 332 – 172 = (33 + 17) (33 – 17)
= 2 (x2 – 62) = 50 × 16
= 2 (x – 6) (x + 6) = 800
76
ksoiqk 7 ksoiqk 8

x2
1 9x2
− ys idOl fidhkak' 1− ys idOl fidhkak'
4 9 16
x2 1 x2 1 9x2 3x 2
− = 2 − 2 1− = 12 −
4 9 2 3 16 4
x 1 x 1 3x
= + − = 1− 3x 1+
2 3 2 3 4 4

6.3 wNHdih
my; § we;s m%ldYkj, idOl fidhkak'
a. x2 – 100 b. m2 – 36 c. p2 – 81
d. 4 – b2 e. 16 – a2 f. 64 – y2
g. x2 – 4y2 h. 9a2 – 16b2 i. 100x2 – 1
j. 25m2 – n2 k. 49 – 81p2 l. 25a2b2 – 9c2
ñY% wNHdih
1. iqÿiq f,i mo udre lsÍfuka idOl fidhkak'
i. ax + by – ay – bx ii. 9p – 2q – 6q + 3p
iii. x – 12 + x2 iv. 4 – k2 – 3k
2. idOl fidhkak'
i. 8x2 – 50 ii. 3x2 – 243

iii. a3 b3 – ab iv. 3 – 12q2
3. w.h fidhkak'
i. 232 – 32 ii. 452 – 52 iii. 1022 – 22
77
4. A ;Srfha we;s tla tla m%ldYkhg iudk m%ldYkh B ;Srfhka f;darkak'
A B
x x
x2 – x – 6 −1 +1
5 5
x2 + 5x – 3x – 15 2x (x – 2) (x + 2)
2x – 8x (x – 3) (x + 5)
3

4x2 – 9m2 (x – 3) (x + 2)
x 2
(2x – 3m) (2x + 3m)
–1
25

78
7 m%;HlaI
²² .Ks;fhys tk uQ,sl m%;HlaI 5la y÷kd .ekSug;a
²² fuu m%;HlaI 5 weiqfrka cHdñ;sl iïnkaO;d f.dvke`.Sug;a" .Kkh lsÍï
wdYs%; .eg¨ úi£ug;a
yelshdj ,efí'
m%;HlaI
Tmamq lsÍulska f;drj ks;ekska u i;H hehs yef`.k m%ldY m%;HlaI f,i
ye¢kafõ' .Ks;fha § ;¾ldkql+,j lreKq úia;r lsÍug" iïnkaO;d f.dvke`.Sug
yd ks.ukj,g t<öug m%;HlaI Ndú; fõ'
cHdñ;sfha mshd f,i ie,flk ls%'mQ' 300 § muK .S%isfha úiQ hqla,sâ kï .‚;{hd
úiska ,shk ,o zElementsZ kue;s fmdf;a .‚; úIh g iïnkaO m%;HlaI bÈßm;a
lr we;' tAjd w;=ßka iuyrla cHdñ;shg úfYaI fõ' wfkla m%;HlaI tfia iSud
fkdjk fmdÿ m%;HlaI jk w;r tajd ùc .Ks;h jeks wxYj, fukau .Ks;fhys
wfkla fldgiaj, o Ndú; l< yels h' tu fmdÿ m%;HlaI 5la fuu mdvfï §
i,ld n,uq' tu m%;HlaI 5 fláfhka fufia oelaúh yels h'
1. tl u rdYshlg iudk jk rdYs tlla wfklg iudk fõ'
2. iudk rdYsj,g iudk rdYs tl;= lsÍfuka ,efnk rdYs o iudk fõ'
3. iudk rdYsj,ska iudk rdYs wvq lsÍfuka ,efnk rdYs o iudk fõ'
4. iudk rdYsj,ska iudk rdYs .=K lsÍfuka ,efnk rdYs o iudk fõ'
5. iudk rdYs ksYaY=kH iudk rdYskaf.ka o fn¥ úg ,efnk rdYs o iudk fõ'
fuys zrdYsZ hkafkka ye`Èkaajkafka È." j¾.M,h" mßudj" ialkaOh" fõ.h"

fldaKj, úYd,;aj wdÈhhs'
fuu m%;HlaI my Ndú;fhka ùc .Ks;fha yd cHdñ;sfha fndfyda m%;sM, ,nd .;
yels ksid tajd b;d jeo.;a fõ' tu m%;HlaI jvd;a iúia;rd;aulj úuid n,uq'
m%;HlaIh 1
tl u rdYshlg iudk jk rdYs" tlla wfklg iudk fõ'
fuu m%;HlaIh fufia o ,shd oelaúh yels h'
b = a yd c = a kï túg b = c
79
fuu m%;HlaIh wkqj"
—yis;af.a jhi liqkaf.a jhig iudk kï yd y¾If.a jhi liqkaf.a jhig iudk
kï túg yis;af.a jhi y¾If.a jhig iudk fõ'˜
m%;HlaIh 1 cHdñ;sl m%;sM, ,nd .ekSfï § fhfok wdldrh my; oelafjk ir,
ksoiqfkka úoyd oelafõ'
my; oelafjk ABCD p;=ri%fha BC = AB iy CD = AB fõ'
B
C
D
A
túg" by; m%;HlaIhg wkqj"

BC = CD'
ksoiqk 1
ABC ;s%fldaKfha AB = AC iy AB = BC fõ' AC = 5 cm kï ABC ;s%fldaKfha mßñ;sh

fidhkak'
A
B C
AC = 5 cm yd AC = AB ksid m%;HlaIh 1g wkqj AB = 5 cm fõ'

AB = 5 cm yd AB = BC ksid m%;HlaIh 1g wkqj BC = 5 fõ'
ABC ;s%fldaKfha mßñ;sh = AC + BC + AB
= 5 cm + 5 cm + 5 cm
= 15 cm
80
ksoiqk 2
my; oelafjk rEmfha XBY = ABX iy XBY = CBY fõ' ABX iy CBY w;r
iïnkaOh fidhkak'
X
A
B
C
XBY = ABX ^§ we;&
XBY = CBY ^§ we;&
∴ m%;HlaIh 1 wkqj ABX = CBY
7'1 wNHdih
1. AB iy CD ir, f¾Ld XysÈ fþokh fõ' rEmfha DXB = BXY fõ' AXC = 70o
kï BXY úYd,;ajh fidhkak'
D
X
A B
C Y
2. PQRS iudka;rdi%fha PQ = PR, PQ = PS fõ' mdo wkqj PSR l=uk j¾.fha

;s%fldaKhla oehs i|yka lrkak'
P Q
S R
3. O flakaøh jQ jD;a;h u; A yd B ,laIH msysgd we;af;a OA = AB jk mßÈ h'

ABO mdo wkqj l=uk j¾.fha ;s%fldaKhla oehs i|yka lrkak'
81
O
A B
m%;HlaIh 2
iudk rdYsj,g iudk rdYs tl;= lsÍfuka ,efnk rdYs o iudk fõ'
fuu m%;HlaIh my; wdldrhg ,shd oelaúh yels h'
a = b kï túg a + c = b + c fõ'
fuu m%;HlaIh ;j;a wdldrhlg ,súh yels h'
x = y iy p = q kï túg x + p = y + q.
fuu m%;HlaIh wkqj"
—t<j¿ ñ, § .ekSug .sh úhou lsß ñ, § .ekSug .sh úhoug iudk kï yd
m,;=re ñ, § .ekSug .sh úhou ì;a;r ñ, § .ekSug .sh úhoug iudk kï túg"
t<j¨ yd m,;=re ñ, § .ekSug .sh uq¿ úhou lsß yd ì;a;r ñ, § .ekSug .sh
uq¿ úhoug iudk fõ'˜
fuu m%;HlaIh fhdod f.k ,nd .; yels ir, cHdñ;sl m%;sM,hla i,ld n,uq'
rEmfha oelafjk AB f¾Ldj u; X ,laIHh msysgd we;' AXD = BXC fõ'
D C
A B
X
AXD = BXC (§ we;)
m%;HlaIh 2g wkqj AXD + CXD = BXC + CXD

}
}
AXC = BXD
82
ksoiqk 1
my; rEmfha oelafjk ABD = PQS iy CBD = RQS fõ' ABC = PQR nj fmkajkak'
A P
D
S Q
B
C R
ABD = PQS " CBD = RQS
∴ m%;HlaIh 2 wkqj ABD + CBD = PQS + RQS
∴ ABC = PQR
7'2 wNHdih
Z
1. XYZ ;s%fldaKfha XY mdoh u; O ,laIHh msysgd
we;af;a OZ = OY jk mßÈ h' XY = OZ + OX nj
fmkajkak'
Y X
O
2. ABC ;s%fldaKfha AC mdoh u; D ,laIHh msysgd we;' ABD = BCD

iy CBD = BAD kï BAD + BCD = ABC nj fmkajkak'
D
B C
A X
3. ABCD p;=ri%fha AB mdoh u; X yd CD mdoh u; Y msysgd B
we;af;a AX = CY iy BX = DY jk mßÈ h' AB = CD nj
fmkajkak'
C
D Y
83
m%;HlaIh 3
iudk rdYsj,ska iudk rdYs wvq lsÍfuka ,efnk rdYss o iudk fõ'
fuu m%;HlaIh fufia ,shd oelaúh yels h'

a = b kï túg a - c = b - c.
fuu m%;HlaIh ;j;a wdldrhg ,súh yels h'
a = b yd c = d kï túg a - c = b - d.
fuu m%;HlaIh fhdod f.k ,nd .; yels ir, cHdñ;sl m%;sM,hla fufiah'
my; oelafjk rEmfha AD = CB fõ'
A C D B
AD = CB
m%;HlaIh 3g wkqj AD - CD = CB - CD
∴ AC = DB
ksoiqk 1
X
AB iy CD ir, f¾Ld PysÈ fþokh fõ' XPD = BPY fõ' A D
i. APX = CPY nj fmkajkak'
ii. APD = 95o iy XPD = 20o kï CPY w.h fidhkak' P
C B
i. APD = BPC ^m%;suqL fldaK& Y
XPD = BPY ^§ we;&
APD − XPD = BPC − BPY ^m%;HlaIh 3 wkqj&

}
}
∴ APX = CPY
ii. APX = APD - XPD

APX = 95o - 20o
APX = 75o
∴ CPY = 75o
84
7'3 wNHdih
1. XY f¾Ldj u; A iy B ,laIH msysgd we;af;a XB = AY jk mßÈ h' XY = 16 cm
iy BY = 6 cm kï ABys È. fidhkak'
A B
X Y
E D
2. AC f¾Ldj u; B ,laIHh msysgd we;' ABD = CBE
fõ' ABE = CBD nj fmkajkak'
A B C
3. PQRS p;=ri%fha SPR = PRQ fõ' QPS = PRX yd P Q

SPR = QRX kï QPR = QRX nj fmkajkak'
S R X
4. my; oelafjk rEmfha PQY = XQR fõ' PQR = 110o" Q

PQX = 35o kï"
i. RQYys w.h fidhkak'
ii. XQYys w.h fidhkak'
P X Y R
m%;HlaIh 4
iudk rdYsj,ska iudk rdYs .=K l< úg ,efnk rdYs o iudk fõ'
fuu m%;HlaIh fláfhka fufia o ,shd oelaúh yels h'

a = b kï túg ca = cb'
85
fuu m%;HlaIh cHdñ;sfha § fhdod .; yels wjia:djla uq,ska u i,ld n,uq'
rEmfha oelafjk mßÈ XY f¾Ldj u; XA = AB = BC = CD = DY jk fia
A,B,C yd D ,laIH msysgd we;' PQ f¾Ldj u; PK = KL =LM = MN = NQ
jk fia K, L, M iy N ,laIH msysgd we;' ;j o XA = PK nj § we;ehs o .ksuq.
Q
N
M
A B C D
X Y L
K
túg" XY = PQ nj fmkajuq'
uq,ska u" XA = AB = BC = CD = DY ksid
5 XA = XY f,i ,súh yels nj meyeÈ,s h'
tfia u" PK = KL = LM = MN = NQ ksid
5PK = PQ nj o meyeÈ,s h'
tfy;a" XA = PK ksid
m%;HlaIh 4 wkqj
5XA = 5PK fõ'
tkï" XY = PQ.
m%;HlaIh weiqfrka m%;sM, ,efnk wdldrh f;areï .ekSu jeo.;a jqj;a" fndfyda
úg" m%;HlaI ms<snò jeä úia;rhla iòyka fkdlr u m%;sM, ,shd oelaùu idudkH
isß;hs' thg fya;=j" m%;HlaI hk jpkfhka u meyeÈ,s jk mßÈ" tu m%;sM,j,
i;H;dj hul=g myiqfjka jgyd .ekSug yels ùuhs'
fuu m%;HlaIh ùc .Ks;fha fhfok wdldrh i,ld n,uq'
x = 5 yd y = 2x kï yys w.h fidhuq'

x = 5 ksid" by; m%;HlaIh wkqj" 2ka .=K lsÍfuka" 2x = 2 × 5 ,efí'
tfy;a" 2 × 5 = 10 ksid" by; 1 jk m%;HlaIh wkqj"
y = 10.
ksoiqk 1
ABC ;s%fldaKfha AB mdoh u; AX = XY = YB jk fia X iy Y ,laIH o AC mdoh

u; AP = PQ = QC jk fia P iy Q ,laIH o msysgd we;' AX = AP kï AB iy AC
w;r iïnkaOh fidhkak'
86
AX = XY = YB ^§ we;&
A
∴ AB = 3AX
AP = PQ = QC ^§ we;& X P
∴AC = 3AP
AX = AP ^§ we;& Y Q
m%;HlaIh 4 wkqj
B C
3AX = 3AP
∴ AB = AC
m%;HlaIh 5
iudk rdYs ksYaY=kH iudk rdYshkaf.ka fn¥ úg ,efnk rdYs o iudk fõ'
fuh" fláfhka fufia oelaúh yels h'
a = b kï a = b fõ'
c c
fuys c hkq Y+kH fkdjk ixLHdjls' Y+kHfhka fn§u w¾: fkdoelafjk ksid tu
wjia:dj fuys § i,lkq fkd,efí'
rEmfha oelafjk AB yd CD f¾Ld LKavj, È. iudk fõ ^tkï" AB = CD&'
AB f¾Ldj u; AX = XY = YB jk fia X,Y ,laIH msysgd we;' CD f¾Ldj u;
CP = PQ = QD jk fia P yd Q ,laIH msysgd we;'
A
C
X
P Q D
Y
B
túg" AX = CP nj fmkajuq'
AB
AX = XY = YB ksid = AX fõ'
3
C P = PQ = QD ksid CD = CP fõ'
3
A B = CD ksid m%;HlaIh 5 wkqj
AB CD
=
3 3
∴ AX = CP fõ'
87
ksoiqk 1
§ we;s rEm igyfka AOB = BOC iy COD = DOE fõ' AOC = COE kï"
i. AOB iy DOE w;r iïnkaOh fidhkak' A B
ii. BOC = 35o kï DOE w.h fidhkak' C
i. AOB = BOC ^§ we;&

D
∴ AOB = AOC O
2
COD = DOE ^§ we;& E
∴ DOE = COE
2
AOC = COE ^§ we;&

m%;HlaIh 5 wkqj AOC = COE
2 2
∴ AOB = DOE
ii. AOB = BOC ^§ we;&

m%;HlaIh 1g wkqj
AOB = 35o.
AOB = DOE îdOkh lr we;&
m%;HlaIh 1g wkqj
DOE = 35o.
7'4 wNHdih
1. ABCD iup;=ri%fha yd PQRS frdïnifha AB = PQ fõ' 4 jk m%;HlaIh Ndú;
lr"
i. ABCD iup;=ri%fha mßñ;sh" PQRS frdïnifha mßñ;shg iudk nj fmkajkak'
ii. AB = 7 cm kï PQRS frdïnifha mßñ;sh fidhkak'
A B P Q
D C S R

88
2. my; § we;s ABC ;s%fldaKfha BAX = XAY = CAY fõ' KLMNO mxpdi%fha"
MON = LOM = KOL fõ' BAC = KON kï"
i. XAY = MOL nj fmkajkak'
ii. XAY = 30o kï KONys úYd,;ajh fidhkak'
A O
N
K
C
B X Y M L
3. PQRS p;=ri%fha PQ = QR = SP iy 2PQ = RS fõ' ABCDE iúê mxpdi%fha

mßñ;sh PQRS p;=ri%fha mßñ;shg iudk fõ'
i. PQ iy AB w;r iïnkaOh fidhkak'
ii. AB = 8 cm kï PQRS p;=ri%fha mßñ;sh fidhkak'
A
P Q
E B
S
R
D C
ùc.Ks;fha§ m%;HlaI Ndú;h
ksoiqk 1
m%;HlaI Ndú;fhka my; oelafjk iólrKh úiòkak'
2x + 5 = 13
fuys §" iólrKhla úi`§u hkafkka woyia jkafka xys w.h fiùuhs'
uq,ska u" 2x + 5 hk rdYsh 13 hk rdYshg iudk ksid" ;=kajk m%;HlaIh wkqj" tu
rdYs foflka 5la wvq l< úg ,efnk rdYs o iudk ksid"
2x + 5 − 5 = 13 − 5.
89
fuh iq¿ lsÍfuka"
2x = 8 ,efí'
oeka 2x hk rdYsh 8 hk rdYshg iudk ksid" tu rdYs 2ka fn¥ úg ,efnk rdYs o
8
iudk fõ' tuksid" 2x = ,efí'
2 2
fuh iq¿ l< úg" x = 4 f,i ,efí' tkï, iólrKfha úi`ÿu 4 h'
ñY% wNHdih
1. ABCD p;=ri%fha AD = AC, BC = AC, AB = BC iy A
B
AD = CD fõ'
ABCD frdïnihla nj fmkajkak'
D
C
2. rEmfha oelafjk wdldrhg PRS = SQR iy QRS = PQS jk fia S ,laIHh

msysgd we;' m%;HlaI weiqfrka"
P
i. PRQ = PQR nj fmkajkak'
ii. RPQ = PRQ kï PQR ;s%fldaKfha fldaK ish,a,
tlsfklg iudk nj fmkajkak'
S
R Q
3. by; rEmfha oelafjk mßÈ AD, BE, CF ir, f¾Ld O B

C
,laIHfha § tlsfkl yryd hhs' DOE = AOF kï" BOD
= DOF nj fmkajkak'
O D
A
F E
A

4. ABCDE iúê mxpdi%fha EAD = DAC = BAC iy
E B
BCA = ACE = DCE fõ'
i. BCA = BAC nj fmkajkak'
ii. BAC = 36o kï CDEys w.h fidhkak'
D C
90
E D
5. AB ir, f¾Ldj u; X ,laIHh msysgd we;'
AXE = EXD yd BXC = CXD fõ' CXE w.h C
fidhkak'
A B
X
idrdxYh
²² tl u rdYshlg iudk jk rdYs tlla wfklg iudk fõ'

²² iudk rdYsj,g iudk rdYs tl;= lsÍfuka ,efnk rdYs o iudk fõ'
²² iudk rdYsj,ska iudk rdYs wvq lsrSfuka ,efnk rdYs o iudk fõ'
²² iudk rdYsj,ska iudk rdYs .=K lsÍfuka ,efnk rdYs o iudk fõ'
²² iudk rdYs ksYaY=kH iudk rdYskaf.ka fn¥ úg ,efnk rdYs o iudk fõ'
91
8 ir, f¾Ld yd iudka;r f¾Ld wdY%s; fldaK
fuu mdvu wOHkh lsÍfuka Tng"

²² tla ir, f¾Ldjla" ;j;a ir, f¾Ldjla yuq ùfuka fyda ;j;a ir, f¾Ldjla
iu. fþokh ùfuka iEfok noaO fldaK" m%;suqL fldaK we;=<;a m%fïhhka
y`ÿkd .ekSug" i;Hdmkh lsÍug yd tajd Ndú; lrñka .eg¨ úi`§ug
²² ir, f¾Ld folla ;S¾hla f¾Ldjlska fþokh jQ úg iEfok fldaK y`ÿkd
.ekSug
²² ir, f¾Ld folla ;S¾hla f¾Ldjlska fþokh jQ úg iEfok fldaK we;=<;a
m%fïhhka y`ÿkd .ekSug" i;Hdmkh lsÍug yd tajd Ndú; lrñka .eg¨
úi`§ug
yelshdj ,efnkq we;'
ye`Èkaùu
uq,ska u" cHdñ;shg wod< j óg fmr fY%aKsj, § W.;a uQ,sl lreKq lsysmhla kej;
u;la lr .ksuq'
noaO fldaK
A D C
B

>
>
by; rEmfha oelafjk ABD yd DBC fldaK folg u fmdÿ YS¾Ihla we;' tu
fmdÿ YS¾Ih B fõ' tajdg fmdÿ ndyqjla o we;' th BD fõ' fmdÿ ndyqj fomi
>
>
ABD yd DBC fldaK hq.,h msysgd we;' tjeks fldaK hq.," noaO fldaK hq.,
f,i ye`Èkafõ'
>
>
ABD yd DBC noaO fldaK hq.,hls'

>
>
tfy;a" ABD yd ABC noaO fldaK hq.,hla fkdfõ' thg fya;=j" fï fldaK
fol fmdÿ ndyqj jk AB fomi fkdmsysàuhs'
92
wkqmQrl fldaK

A
P
R
C R
o
40 o
50 30
o
B Q P o
60
Q S
I rEmh II rEmh
>
>
>
>
m<uq rEmfha" ABC + PQR = 40o + 50o = 90o ksid ABC yd PQR fldaK hq., fol
wkqmQrl fõ'
>
>
fojk rEmfha" PQR yd RQS noaO fldaK hq.,hls' ;j o" PQR + RQS = 90o
>
>
>
>
jk ksid tu fldaK hq.,h wkqmQrl o fõ' tneúka PQR yd RQS wkqmQrl noaO
fldaK hq.,hls'
mßmQrl fldaK
K
M D
P
o
40 140
o
o
120 60o
L Q R A C B
I rEmh II rEmh

>
>
>
>
m<uq rEmfha KLM + PQR = 180o ksid KLM yd PQR fldaK hq.,h mßmQrl fõ'
>
>
>
>
fojk rEmfha" ACD yd BCD noaO fldaK hq.,hls' ;j o" ACD + BCD = 180o
>
>
jk ksid tu fldAK hq.,h mßmQrl o fõ' tneúka ACD yd BCD mßmQrl noaO
fldaK hq.,hls'
93
m%;suqL fldaK
P R
S Q
>
>
PQ yd RS ir, f¾Ld fol T ysÈ tlsfkl fþokh ùfuka iEfok" PTR yd STQ
fldaK hq.,h m%;suqL fldaK fõ'
>
>
tfia u PTS yd RTQ o ;j;a m%;suqL fldaK hq.,hls'

m%;suqL fldaK úYd,;ajfhka tlsfklg iudk fõ'
>
>
>
>
tneúka PTR = STQ yd PTS = RTQ.
iudka;r f¾Ld B
tlsfkl fþokh fkdjk tlu ;,hl msysá ir, D
f¾Ld" iudka;r ir, f¾Ld fõ' iudka;r f¾Ld
w;r mr;rh iEuúg u ksh; j mj;S' rEmfha olajd A
we;s mßÈ iudka;r nj B;, u.ska olajkq ,efí' ;j C
o AB yd CD iudka;r nj oelaùug AB CD hk
wxlkh o Ndú; flf¾'
fï lreKq ms<snò oekqu ;jÿrg;a ;yjqre lr .ekSug my; oelafjk wNHdifha

fhfokak'
mqkÍlaIK wNHdih
1. my; oelafjk fldaK w;ßka wkqmQrl fldaK hq., ish,a, ,shd olajkak'
E I J
A G K
o
70 80
o
o
B 35 o
C 55
D F
H
L
o M T
20 o
O 40
P 10
o
M
N
R S
U
94
P
60x
2. rEmfha oelafjk tla tla fldaKfha úYd,;ajh wkqj
i. wkqmQrl fldaK hq., y;rla
ii. wkqmQrl noaO fldaK hq., folla
iii. mßmQrl fldaK hq., folla ,shd olajkak'
60x 60x
Q 30x 30x S
120x
R
3. rEmfha AB, CD yd EF ir, f¾Ld LKav tl u ,laIHhl § fþokh fõ' tys"
§ we;s f;dr;=re wkqj"
E
A C
i. a u.ska oelafjk w.h fidhkak'
a b
ii. b = d ùug fya;=j olajkak'
d c
iii. d u.ska oelafjk w.h fidhkak' d
30
o
iv. b yd c u.ska oelafjk w.hhka fidhkak' B

D
F
A B
4. § we;s rEmfha oelafjk iudka;r f¾Ld hq., ;=kla kï
lrkak'
E D C
8.1 ir, f¾Ld wdYs%; fldaK
AB ir, f¾Ldj u; O ,laIHh msysgd we;ehs is;uq'
A B
O
>
fuúg" AOB hkq AO yd OB ndyq f,i we;s fldaKhla f,i ie,lsh yels h' tjeks
fldaKhlg ir, fldaKhla hehs lshkq ,efí'
>
AOB
A B
O
fldaK uekSu iòyd Ndú; jk wxYl f;dardf.k we;af;a ir, fldaKhl w.h
>
180o la jk mßÈ h' tneúka" AOB = 180o f,i ,shd oelaúh yels h'
95
>
AOB = 180o
A B
O
fï wkqj" ir, fldaKhl w.h 180o ls'

my; oelafjkafka AB ir, f¾Ldjla u; msysá O ,laIHhl § fldaK folla weò
we;s wjia:djls'
C
A O B
>
>
>
fuys AOC yd BOC fldaK fol noaO fldaK hq.,hls' fujeks msysgqul § AOC
>
yd BOC noaO fldaK fol AB ir, f¾Ldj u; msysgd we;ehs lshkq ,efí' ;j o"
>
o
AOB = 180 ksid"
>
>
o
AOC + BOC = 180
>
>
nj meyeÈ,s h' tkï" AOC yd BOC fldaK fol mßmQrl noaO fldaK hq.,hls'
fuu idlÉPd l< lreKq fufia m%fïhhla f,i oelaúh yels h'

m%fïhh(
tla ir, f¾Ldjla ;j;a ir, f¾Ldjlg yuqùfuka iEfok noaO fldaK
fofla ftlHh RcqfldaK follg iudk fõ'
by; idlÉPd l< lreKq ;jÿrg;a idOdrKj bÈßm;a l< yels h' ksoiqkla f,i"
my; oelafjkafka AB ir, f¾Ldjla u; msysá O ,laIHhl § fldaK y;rla weò
we;s wjia:djls'
bo
co
ao do
A B
O
tu fldaKj, w.hka wxYlj,ska a, b, c yd d f,i olajd we;'
fujeks msysgqul § tu fldaK ish,a, AB ir, f¾Ldj u; msysgd we;ehs lshkq
>
o
,efí' ;j o AOB = 180 ksid"
96
a + b + c + d = 180o nj meyeÈ,s h'
fuu iïnkaO;dj fldaK ´kE u .Kkla iòyd i;H nj o meyeÈ,s h' tkï"

ir, f¾Ldjla u; msysá fldaKj, tl;=j 180o ls'
oeka" fuu m%fïhh Ndú;fhka .eg¨ úiòk whqre ksoiqka weiqfrka úuid n,uq'
ksoiqk 1
my; oelafjk tla tla rEm igyfka PQR tlu ir, f¾Ldjla kï x u.ska oelafjk
w.h fidhkak'
>
>
o
PQD + DQR = 180 ^PQR ir, f¾Ldj u; msysá D
fldaK&
o o
100 + x = 180
x = 180o – 100o
= 80o
100x x
P Q R
S
>
>
>
o
PQS + SQT + TQR = 180 ^PQR ir, f¾Ldj u;
msysá fldaK&
o o P
x + 2x + 30 = 180
3x + 30o = 180o
3x = 180o – 30o x 2x
T
3x = 150o
o
Q 30
x = 50o

R
ksoiqk 2
B A
>
>
rEmfha AQR = 70ola o PQA ys iuÉfþolh QB o fõ' PQR

>
ir, f¾Ldjla kï AQB ys w.h fidhkak'

o
70
P Q R
97
PQR tlu ir, f¾Ldjla ksid"
>
>
o
PQA + AQR = 180 ^PQR ir, f¾Ldj u; msysá fldaK&
>
o o
PQA + 70 = 180
...
>
o o
PQA = 180 – 70
= 110o
>
PQA ys iuÉfþolh BQ ksid"

1
>
>
>
PQB = AQB = PQA
o
2
... AQB = 110
>

2
= 55o

8.1 wNHdih
1. my; oelafjk tla tla rEmfha AB ir, f¾Ldjla fõ' § we;s f;dr;=re wkqj"
l=vd bx.%Sis wlaIrfhka olajd we;s fldaKfha w.h fidhkak'
D C K
i. ii. A P B iii.
108 b
o
a c
A B 20
o
B
C
Q D
A
L
v. vi. A
iv. P R
A 2x O
xx x
M
o
x 80 x o
P
A Q B 30 B
m
Q R
B
>
>
2. rEmfha ABC ir, f¾Ldjla fõ' DBC = 36okï ABD ys D

>
w.h DBC ys w.h fuka y;r .=Khla nj fmkajkak'

o
36
A B C
98
3. ABC ir, f¾Ldjla fõ' rEmfha oelafjk f;dr;=re wkqj P
A
>
PBR RcqfldaKhla nj fmkajkak' Q
xx y
B y R
>
>
4. rEmfha ABC ir, f¾Ldjls' PBC = CBQ fõ'
P
>
>
ABP = ABQ nj fmkajkak'

C
B Q
8.2 m%;suqL fldaK

C
A

D B
rEmfha oelafjk AB yd CD ir, f¾Ld fol O ysÈ tlsfkl fþokh fõ'

>
>
AOC yd DOB m%;suqL fldaK hq.,hla f,i ye`Èkafõ'

>
>
ta wdldrhg u O YS¾Ifhka tla me;a;l AOD ;a Bg úreoaO me;af;a BOC ;a msysgd

we;s w;r O YS¾Ih tu fldaK folg u fmdÿ fõ'
>
>
tneúka AOD yd BOC o m%;suqL fldaK hq.,hls'

fï wkqj" ir, f¾Ld folla fþokh ùfuka m%;suqL fldaK hq., folla iEfok
nj meyeÈ,s h'
m%;suqL fldaK iïnkaO m%fïhhla ms<snò i,ld n,uq'

m%fïhh(
ir, f¾Ld folla tlsfkl fþokh ùfuka iEfok m%;suqL fldaK iudk fõ'
zm%;suqL fldaK iudk fõZ hk lreK rEmh foi neÆ ieKska u Tng m%;HlaI jk
99
njg ielhla ke;' tfia kuq;a" wm fuu mdvfï § by; W.;a zir, f¾Ldjla u;
fldaKj, tl;=j 180o fõZ hk lreK;a by; mdvul § idlÉPd l< m%;HlaI
ms<snò oekqu;a fhdod f.k fuu m%fïhh idOkh lrk whqre oeka i,ld n,uq'
C
A
D B
o;a;h: AB yd CD ir, f¾Ld O ysÈ tlsfkl fþokh fõ'

>
>
idOkh l< hq;a;: AOC = BOD nj yd

>
>
AOD = BOC nj
idOkh(
AB tlu ir, f¾Ldjla neúka"
>
>
o
AOC + BOC = 180 ÂOB ir, f¾Ldj u; msysá fldaK&
tfia u" CD o tlu ir, f¾Ldjla neúka"
>
>
o
BOC + BOD = 180 ^COD ir, f¾Ldj u; msysá fldaK&
. . . AOC + BOC = BOC + BOD ^m%;HlaI&
>
>
>
>

>
fomiska u BOC wvq lsÍfuka"

>
>
>
>
>
>
AOC + BOC – BOC = BOC – BOC + BOD

>
>
AOC = BOD
>
>
fï wdldrhg u" AOD + AOC = 180o ^CD ir, f¾Ldj u; msysá fldaK&
>
>
o
AOC + BOC = 180 ÂB ir, f¾Ldjla ksid&
... AOD + AOC = AOC + BOC ^m%;HlaI&
>
>
>
>
>
iólrKfha fomiska u AOC wvq lsÍfuka

>
>
AOD = BOC
fuu m%fïhh weiqfrka wNHdij, fh§ug my; ksoiqka fj; wjOdkh fhduq
lrkak'
100
ksoiqk 1
§ we;s rEmfha AB, CD yd EF ir, f¾Ld O ysÈ tlsfkl C

A
fþokh fõ' rEm igyfka oelafjk f;dr;=re u; fya;=
olajñka
i. DOB ys w.h> E F
o o
> 57
O 43
ii. AOC ys w.h
fidhkak'
D B
i. EOF ir, f¾Ldjla ksid"

>
>
>
o
EOD + DOB + BOF = 180 îr, f¾Ldjla u; msysá fldaKj, ftlHh&
>
57o + DOB + 43o = 180o

>
o o

DOB = 180 – (57 + 43o)
... DOB = 80o
>

>
>
(ii) AOC = DOB ^m%;suqL fldaK&

>
o
DOB = 80 ^l,ska fmkajd we;&
... AOC = 80o
>

8.2 wNHdih
1. rEmfha AB yd CD ir, f¾Ld O ysÈ tlsfkl fþokh
C
fõ' A
>
>
i. AOC = 80o kï" BOD ys w.h fidhkak'

>
ii. AOD g iudk fldaKhla kï lrkak' O
D B
2. rEmfha oelafjk AB, CD yd EF ir, f¾Ld O ysÈ

fþokh fõ' § we;s f;dr;=re wkqj my; oelafjk A
fldaKj, w.hka fidhkak' F
C 100
o
>
i. AOC O 30
o
D
>
ii. BOE E
>
iii. COE B
101
3. my; oelafjk tla tla rEm igyfka oelafjk f;dr;=re u;" l=vd bx.%Sis
wlaIrfhka oelafjk fldaKfha w.hhka fidhkak'
i. ii.
P
A C
R a U S
bb 38
o
o x
100 35
o
Q
B T
D
AB yd CD ir, f¾Ld fõ' PQ yd RS ir, f¾Ld fõ'

E
iii. C iv.
A
A D
p 2p
E G 2p F m
m f
n
D B
C
B
rEmfha AB, CD yd EF ir, f¾Ld G § we;s rEmfha AB yd CD ir, f¾Ld fõ'

ysÈ fþokh fõ'
4. § we;s rEmfha" AB, CD, DE yd BF ir, f¾Ld fõ' ;j a = d fõ' ysia;eka
iïmQ¾K lrkak'
F
a = b (................) D c
d E
d = ..... (................)
kuq;a ..... = ..... (o;a;h)
... b = c A a
b
B
C
5. § we;s AB, CD yd EF ir, f¾Ld fõ' ;j o rEmfha" E

D
p = r fõ' s = q nj idOkh lrkak' r
s
A q F
p
B
C
102
8.3 wkqrEm fldaK" taldka;r fldaK yd ñ;% fldaK

A E
a1
c1 b1
d1
G
B
a2 b2 H D
C c2 d2
rEmfha AB yd CD ir, f¾Ld fol" EF f¾Ldfjka ms<sfj<ska G yd H ysÈ fþokh

fõ' fuu EF f¾Ldj y`ÿkajkafka ;S¾hla f¾Ldjla f,ihs'
ir, f¾Ld folla fyda jeä .Kkla" lemS hk fia w`Èkq ,nk f¾Ldjla
;S¾hla f¾Ldjla f,i ye`Èkafõ'
by; rEmfha G ,laIHh jgd fldaK y;rla o" H ,laIHh jgd fldaK y;rla o
;sfí' fuu fldaK msysgd we;s wdldrh wkqj tajd hq., jYfhka úfYaI kïj,ska
y`ÿkajkq ,efí'
wkqrEm fldaK
my; oelafjk fldaK hq., y;r i,lkak'
(i) a1 yd a2 (ii) b1 yd b2 (iii) c1 yd c2 (iv) d1 yd d2
fuu iEu fldaK hq.,la u wkqrEm fldaK hq.,la fõ' wkqrEm fldaK hq.,la ùu
iòyd my; oelafjk ,laIK" fldaK folg ;sìh hq;= h'
1. fldaK fol u ;S¾hla f¾Ldfjka tl u mi ;sìh hq;= h'
§ we;s rEmh wkqj" a1 yd a2 fldaK fol u msysgkafka ;S¾hla f¾Ldfjka jï mi h'

tfia u" b1 yd b2 fldaK fol u msysgkafka ;S¾hla f¾Ldfjka ol=Kq mi h' tfia u"
c1 yd c2 fldaK fol u ;S¾hla f¾Ldfjka jï mi;a d1 yd d2 fldaK fol u ;S¾hla
f¾Ldfjka ol=Kq mi;a msysghs'
2. fldaK fol u ir, f¾Ld fol wkqnoaOfhka tl u ÈYdfjka msysáh
hq;= h'
§ we;s rEmh wkqj a1 yd a2 fldaK msysgkafka ms<sfj<ska AB yd CD f¾Ldj,g
by,sks' tfia u" b1 yd b2 fldaK o ms<sfj<ska AB yd CD f¾Ldj,g by<ska msysghs'
103
c1 yd c2 fldaK ms<sfj<ska AB yd CD f¾Ldj,g my<ska msysgk w;r d1 yd d2 fldaK
o ms<sfj<ska AB yd CD f¾Ldj,g my<ska msysghs'

>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
rEmfha AGE yd CHG , BGE yd DHE , AGH yd CHF , BGH yd DHF hk
fldaK hq., 4 wkqrEm fldaK fõ'
taldka;r fldaK

E E
A A
G G
d1 c1
B B
a2 D b2 D
C H C H
F F
my; oelafjk fldaK hq., taldka;r fldaK hq., f,i ye`Èkafõ'

i. a2 yd d1
ii. c1 yd b2
fuu fldaK hq.,la y`ÿkd.ekSug we;s fmdÿ ,laIK fufia h'
1. fldaK fol ;S¾hla f¾Ldfjka fomi ;sìh hq;= h'
§ we;s rEmh wkqj" a2 yd d1 fldaK fol msysgkafka ;S¾hla f¾Ldfjka fomi h' tfia
u" c1 yd b2 fldaK fol msysgkafka o ;S¾hla f¾Ldfjka fomi h'
2. ir, f¾Ld fol w;r msysá ;S¾hla f¾Ld LKavh fldaK folg u fmdÿ
ndyqjla úh hq;= h'
§ we;s rEmh wkqj GH f¾Ld LKavh" a2 yd d1 fldaK fol iòyd;a tfia u c1 yd b2

fldaK fol iòyd;a fmdÿ ndyqjls'
>
>
>
>
rEmfha BGH yd GHC fldaK hq., iy AGH yd GHD fldaK hq.,

taldka;r fldaK hq., fõ'
104
ñ;% fldaK

E E
A A
G G
c1
d1
B B
b2 D a2 D
C H C H
F F
fuu rEmfha my; § we;s fldaK hq., fol ñ;%fldaK fõ'
i. c1 yd a2
ii. d1 yd b2
fuu rEmfha o ir, f¾Ld folla ;S¾hla f¾Ldjlska fþokh ù we;' tys AB yd
CD ir, f¾Ld fol w;r EF ;S¾hla f¾Ldfjka tlu me;af;a msysá fldaK hq.,"
>
>
i. AGH yd CGH hq.,h

>
>
ii. BGH yd DHG hq.,h
fuu fldaK y;rg u GH ndyqj fmdÿ fõ'
AB yd CD ir, f¾Ld fol w;f¾ yd GH fmdÿ ndyqfõ tlu me;af;a msysá fldaK
hq.,la ñ;% fldaK hq.,la f,i ye`Èkafõ' ta wkqj"
>
>
>
AGH yd CHG fldaK hq.,h ñ;% fldaK hq.,la jk w;r BGH yd

>
DHG fldaK hq.,h o ñ;% fldaK hq.,la fõ'
105
8.3 wNHdih
1. my; oelafjk rEm i,lkak'
a
c f
b e
d
I jk rEmh II jk rEmh III jk rEmh

tla tla rEmj, l=vd bx.%Sis wl=rej,ska olajd we;s fldaK i,lñka my; oelafjk
jdlHj, ysia;eka iïmQ¾K lrkak'
i. m<uqjk rEmfha a yd b u.ska olajd we;af;a '''''''''''''''''''''''''''' fldaK hq.,hls'

ii. fojk rEmfha c yd d u.ska olajd we;af;a '''''''''''''''''''''''''''' fldaK hq.,hls'
iii. ;=kajk rEmfha e yd f u.ska olajd we;af;a '''''''''''''''''''''''''''' fldaK hq.,hls'
2. my; oelafjk rEmh i,lkak' l=vd bx.%Sis wl=rej,ska tys fldaK olajd
;sfí'
C
E
A a b e f
c d g h B
D F
i. rEmfha ;S¾hla f¾Ldj f,i .; yels f¾Ldj kï lrkak'

ii. ;S¾hla f¾Ldfjka fþokh jk ir, f¾Ld fol kï lrkak'
iii. tla wkqrEm fldaK hq.,hla a yd e fõ' ta wdldrhg u" b;ssß wkqrEm fldaK
hq.,a ;=k o ,shd olajkak'
iv. ñ;% fldaK hq., fol l=vd bx.%Sis wl=re weiqfrka olajkak'
v. taldka;r fldaK hq., fol l=vd bx.%Sis wl=re weiqfrka olajkak'
106
3. § we;s rEmhg wod< j my; oelafjk fldgiaj, g ms<s;=re imhkak'
D
R
C
P S
A
Q
>
i. ABP g wkqrEm fldaKh kï lrkak'

>
ii. BCS g a. ñ;% fldaKh kï lrkak'

b. taldka;r fldaKh kï lrkak'
c. wkqrEm fldaKh kï lrkak'
>
>
iii. RCD yd PBC l=uk j¾.fha fldaK hq.,hla o@

>
>
iv. PBC yd BCR l=uk j¾.fha fldaK hq.,hla o@
8'4 iudka;r f¾Ld wdY%s; fldaK

rEmfha mßÈ PQ ;S¾hla f¾Ldfjka AB yd CD ir, f¾Ld fol ms<sfj<ska R yd
S ysÈ fþokh fõ' túg my; oelafjk tla tla wjia:d iòyd AB yd CD f¾Ld
foflys msysàu mÍlaId lruq'
³ wkqrEm fldaK iudk jk úg
³ taldka;r fldaK iudk jk úg
³ ñ;% fldaK hq.,fha ftlHh 180o jk úg
P
R B
A
C
S
Q D
fï iòyd my; ls%hdldrlfuys fhfokak'

107
l%shdldrlu 1
mshjr 1: A4 fld<hla u; rEmfha oelafjk P

wdldrhg tlsfkl O ysÈ fþokh
>
jk mßÈ yd POB = 70o la jk mßÈ
R
AB yd PQ ir, f¾Ld folla weò.
kak' OP u; R ,laIHhla ,l=Kq
lrkak'
o
70
A B
O
mshjr 2: fldaKudkh Ndú;fhka" rEmfha P

oelafjk wdldrhg" R ysÈ úYd,;ajh
o
R 70
>
>
70o la jk PRC wòskak' fuys POB C

>
iy PRC wkqrEm fldaK hq.,la nj

^PQ f¾Ldj RC yd AB f¾Ld fþokh
lrk ;S¾hla f¾Ldj f,i ie,l+ úg&
ksÍlaIKh lrkak'
o
70
A B
O
mshjr 3: úys; p;=ri%hla yd ir, odrhla

Ndú;fhka AB yd RC f¾Ld iudka;roehs mÍlaId lr n,kak'
>
mshjr 4: POB ys w.h fjkia lrñka by; mshjr ;=k lsysm j;djla lr ,efnk
f¾Ld iudka;roehs mÍlaId lr n,kak'
108
mshjr 5 : by; wkqrEm fldaK iòyd isÿ l< mshjr P
taldka;r fldaK iòyd o isÿ lrkak' tu
mshjr iïmQ¾K lsÍfï § fuys oelafjk C 70 R
o
wdldrfha rEmhla Tng ,efnkq we;'
o
70
A B
O
P
mshjr 6 : by; mshjr,§ wkqrEm fldaK iòyd isÿ l<
mshjr ñ;%fldaK iòyd o isÿ lrkak' R C
fuys§ by; mshjr 2ys we`È f¾Ldj we`Èh o
110
hq;af;a fuys we;s rEmfha oelafjk
>
wdldrhg CRO = 180o − 70o = 110o jk

mßÈ h' o
70
A B
O
by; ls%hdldrlfï§ Tn we`È

i. wkqrEm fldaK hq., iudk jk úg fyda
ii. taldka;r fldaK hq., iudk jk úg fyda
o
iii. ñ;%fldaK hq.,j, tl;=j 180 jk úg fyda
AB yd RC f¾Ld iudka;r jk nj Tn ksÍlaIKh lrkakg we;' fuu m%;sM,h

idOdrKj i;H jk w;r th m%fïhhla f,i fufia m%ldY l< yels h'
m%fïhh : ir, f¾Ld folla ;S¾hla f¾Ldjlska fþokh ùfuka iEfok

i. wkqrEm fldaK hq., iudk fõ kï fyda
ii. taldka;r fldaK hq., iudk fõ kï fyda
iii. ñ;%fldaK hq.,j, tl;=j RcqfldaK folla fõ kï
fyda tu f¾Ld fol iudka;r fõ'

109
ksoiqk 1
E D
A
o
20
o o
115 45
B C
rEmfha oelafjk f;dr;=re wkqj" AB yd DC iudka;r nj fmkajkak' AB yd DC
>
>
ir, f¾Ld fol BC ;S¾hla f¾Ldfjka lemS .sh úg iEfok ABC yd BCD ñ;%
fldaK hq.,hls'
>
o
ABC = 115
>
>
>
o o

BCD = BCE + ECD = 45 + 20 = 65
...
>
>
o o o
ABC + BCD = 115 + 65 = 180
>
>
o
ABC yd BCD ñ;% fldaK hq.,fha tl;=j 180 ksid AB yd DC iudka;r fõ'
iudka;r f¾Ld wdYs%; ;j;a m%fïhhla fj; wjOdkh fhduq lruq'
l%shdldrlu 2
mshjr 1 : A4 fld<hla u; rEmfha oelafjk wdldrhg

P
AB yd CD iudka;r ir, f¾Ld foll=;A
S
^úys; p;=ri%hla yd ir, odrhla C D
fhdodf.k iudka;r f¾Ld we`Èh yels
h& tajd ms<sfj<ska R yd S ysÈ fþokh jk R
A B
mßÈ PQ ;S¾hla f¾Ldjl=;a w`Èkak'
Q
110
mshjr 2 : fldaKudkhla wdOdrfhka
>
>
i. SRB yd PSD wkqrEm fldaK hq., uek w.hka igyka lr f.k
tajd iudkoehs n,kak' wfkla wkqrEm fldaK hq., o tfia uek"
tajd o iudk oehs n,kak'
>
>
ii. CSR yd SRB taldka;r fldaK hq., uek w.hka igyka lr f.k
tajd iudkoehs n,kak'
wfkla taldka;r fldaK hq.,h tfia uek tajd o iudkoehs
n,kak'
>
>
iii. DSR yd SRB ñ;%fldaK hq., uek w.hka igyka lrf.k tajd
mßmQrloehs n,kak' wfkla ñ;%fldaK hq.,h o tfia uek tajd o
mßmQrloehs n,kak'
mshjr 3 : PQ ;S¾hla f¾Ldfõ wdk;sh fjkia lrñka by; mshjr fol kej;
lsysm j;djla isÿ lrkak'

by; ls%hdldrlfï§" iudka;r f¾Ld folla ;S¾hla f¾Ldjlska fþokh jk úg

Tn ñkQ
i. wkqrEm fldaK hq., iudk jk nj;a
ii. taldka;r fldaK hq., iudk jk nj;a
iii. ñ;%fldaK hq.,j, ftlHh 180o nj;a
Tn ksÍlaIKh lrkakg we;' fuu m%;sM,h idOdrKj i;H jk w;r th m%fïhhla

f,i fufia m%ldY l< yels h'
m%fïhh : iudka;r ir, f¾Ld folla ;S¾hla f¾Ldjlska fþokh ùfuka

iEfok
i. wkqrEm fldaK iudk fõ
ii. taldka;r fldaK iudk fõ
iii. ñ;% fldaK hq.,hl ftlHh RcqfldaK follg iudk fõ'
fuu by; m%fïhh uq,ska W.;a m%fïhfha úf,dauh nj ksÍlaIKh lrkak'
111
ksoiqk 6
A
25x
> B
C 75x D
>

rEmfha AB iy CD f¾Ld iudka;r fõ ^th AB//CD f,i olajkq ,efí&
>
>
o o
BDC = 75 o BAD = 25 o fõ'
>
i. ABE ys w.h fidhkak' ms<s;=rg fya;= olajkak'

>
ii. ADB ys w.h fidhkak' ms<s;=rg fya;= olajkak'

>
o
i. BDC = 75 ô;a;h&
>
>
BDC = ABE ^wkqrEm fldaK" AB//CD&

...
>
o
ABE = 75

>
o
ii. BAD = 25 ô;a;h&
>
>
BAD = ADC ^taldka;r fldaK" AB//CD&

...
>
o
ADC = 25
>
>
>
kuq;a ADB = BDC – ADC

= 75o – 25o
= 50o
8.4 wNHdih
P
>
1. A
o
rEmfha AB//CD fõ' PRB = 50okï"
50
>
>
>
>
R > i. RSD ii. ARS iii. CSQ iv. QSD

C B úYd,;ajh fidhkak'
S >
D
Q
112
2. my; oelafjk tla tla rEmfha we;s f;dr;=re wkqj" AB yd CD f¾Ld iudka;r
fõoehs fya;= olajñka fmkajkak'
i. P ii. C iii. C
A P
A 80
o
80
o
A
o Q
75
B P Q o
75 R S
C 80
o
o
100
R
D D
S
B D B
S
A P
iv. B v. vi. A
P
o
120 C Q
Q o S o
D 80 55
95
o R C
A
o
60 Q o B
R P 130
C B R
S S D
D
3. my; oelafjk tla tla rEmfha l=vd bx.%Sis wl=re u.ska oelafjk fldaK
w.hhka fidhkak'
i. A ii. E
110
o a B
B
>
A >
>
25 o 20
o
b
F o
D E C 130
C > D
iii. C F iv. P
A > B
>
e f
d
A c
>
o o
60 45 D
C >
o D Q S
55 R T
E
B
113
A
E

4. rEmfha oela f jk f;dr;= r e u;
AB//CE nj fmkajkak'
o o
45 70
o
45
B C D
ñY% wNHdih
1. my; oelafjk tla tla rEmfha l=vd bx.%Sis wl=rej,ska oelafjk fldaKj,
úYd,;aj fidhkak'
i. A ii. G
A
C 2x > D >
3p
> E
E F
> F
3x >
B 130
o
2p
B D C
2. D E rEmfha x, y yd z u.ska oelafjkafka tla tla

fldaKfha úYd,;ajh fõ'
x + z = y kï" y u.ska oelafjk w.h fidhkak'
x yz B
A C
3. A D rEmfha oelafjk f;dr;=re u;"

2x
>
>
i. DCE yd ACD ys w.hhka x weiqfrka olajkak'

ii. x u.ska oelafjk w.h fidhkak'
>
>
B
3x 4x
E iii. ;%sfldaKfha tla tla fldaKfha w.hhka
C
fidhkak'
B F
4. § we;s rEmfha we;s iudka;r f¾Ld hq., 15
o
o
G
45
25 o
ish,a, ,shd olajkak' Tfí f;dard .ekSug H

o
fya;=j o olajkak' A o 30
40 o
15
C D
E
114
C E
A
>
>
5. rEmfha ABC = p o CDE = q o f,i olajd we;s
úg p = q nj fmkajkak'
>
>
>>
>>
p q
B D
idrdxYh
² tla ir, f¾Ldjla ;j;a ir, f¾Ldjlg yuqùfuka iEfok noaO fldaK
fofla ftlHh RcqfldaK follg iudk fõ'
² ir, f¾Ld folla tlsfkl fþokh ùfuka iEfok m%;suqL fldaK iudk
fõ'
² ir, f¾Ld folla ;S¾hla f¾Ldjlska fþokh ùfuka iEfok
i. wkqrEm fldaK hq., iudk fõ kï fyda
ii. taldka;r fldaK hq., iudk fõ kï fyda
iii. ñ;%fldaK hq.,j, tl;=j RcqfldaK folla fõ kï
fyda tu f¾Ld fol iudka;r fõ'
² iudka;r ir, f¾Ld folla ;S¾hla f¾Ldjlska fþokh ùfuka iEfok
i. wkqrEm fldaK iudk fõ"
ii. taldka;r fldaK iudk fõ"
iii. ñ;% fldaK hq.,hl ftlHh RcqfldaK follg iudk fõ'
115
9 øj ñkqï
²² øj mßud uksk tall f,i
ñ,s,Sgr (ml) yd >kfikaáógr (cm3) w;r
,Sgr (l) yd >kfikaáógr (cm3) w;r
,Sgr (l) yd >kógr (m3) w;r
iïnkaO;d fiùug
²² øj mßud uksk tall we;=<;a .eg¨ úi`§ug
yelshdj ,efnkq we;'
mßudj yd Odß;dj

hï >k jia;=jla fyda øjhla fyda wjldYfha w;a lr .kakd bv m%udKh tu >k
jia;=fõ fyda øjfha mßudj f,i ye¢kafjk nj wms oksuq'
>k jia;=jlg iaÓr yevhla yd iaÓr mßudjla ;sfí' tfy;a øjhlg iaÓr mßudjla
we;;a" iaÓr yevhla fkdue;' øjhla iEu úg u th ord isák Ndckfha yevh .kS'
my; rEmfha oelafjkafka ñ,s ,Sgr 200l îu m%udK úúO yevfha Ndckj,g oud
we;s wdldrhhs'
200 ml 200 ml 200 ml 200 ml
tu îu m%udK úúO yevj, Ndckj,g oeuQ úg" tu øjfha yevh" Ndckj, yevh
.kakd kuq;a 200 ml îu mßudj fjkia fkdfõ' by; m<uqjk rEmfha we;s îu
ñ,s ,Sgr 200ka uq¿ Ndckhu msÍ we;' fuys §" tu Ndckfha Odß;dj ñ,s ,Sgr
200la f,i o oelaúh yels h' tkï" Ndckhl Odß;dj hkafkka woyia jkafka tu
Ndckhg w,a,k Wmßu mßudjhs'
116
mßudj yd Odß;dj we;=<;a óg fmr W.;a lreKq u;la lr .ekSug my; mqkÍlaIK
wNHdifha fhfokak'
mqkÍlaIK wNHdih
1. 1 l =1000 ml fõ' th Ndú; lrñka my; j.=j iïmQ¾K lrkak'
ml l yd ml l ôYu ixLHdjla f,i&
l ml
2500 2 500 2.5
........... 3 000
3500 3
........... 4 500 4.5
........... 0 500
200
50
........... 3.25
........... 0 25
........... 0.005
2. my; rEmj, oelafjk >klfha yd >kldNfha mßudj .Kkh lr we;s wdldrh
wkqj Bg my<ska oelafjk j.= fol iïmQ¾K lrkak'
5 cm 5 cm 4 cm
10 cm
5 cm
5 cm
mßudj = 5 cm 5 cm 5 cm = 125 cm3 mßudj = 10 cm 5 cm 4 cm = 200 cm3
i. >klh ii. >kldNh
me;a;l mßudj ^cm3& È. ^cm& m<, ^cm& Wi ^cm& mßudj ^cm3&
È. (cm) 3 2 2 ... ... ... = ...
2 .... .... .... = .... 5 3 4
4 8 6 5
6 10 5 10
7 10 5 6
8 12 10 8
10 12 6 5
12 15 8 10
20 7 8
117
3. rEmfha oelafjk Ndckfha we;=<; È. 30 cm o m<, 10 cm o Wi 12 cm o
fõ' tys 7 cm Wilg c,h mqrjd we;'
12 cm
7 cm
10 cm
30 cm
my; oelafjk oE fidhkak'

i. Ndckfha Odß;dj
ii. Ndckh iïmQ¾Kfhka u msrùug wjYH c, mßudj
iii. Ndckfha 7 cm Wig muKla c,h mqrjd we;a kï tu c, mßudj
iv. Ndckfha 7 cm Wig c,h msÍ ;sìh § ldkaÿùula ksid" mehla we;=<; c,
uÜgfï Wi 5 cm f;la my; jegqK fyd;a tu meh ;=< ldkaÿ jQ c, mßudj
9.1 >k fikaáórh yd ñ,s ,Sgrh w;r iïnkaO;dj
rEmfha oelafjkafka ffjoHjreka Ndú;d lrk isßkachl rEmhls' frda.shl=g

tkak;a lrk Èhr T!IO m%udKh" tys iòyka mßudKh Ndú;fhka y`ÿkd .;
yels h'
cc/ ml f,i tys ñkqï tall iòyka lr ;sfí'
cc hkq z>k fikaáógrhZ hkakhs' th bx.%Sisfhka Cubic Centimetre hkqfjka
olajk ksid tu mo fofla uq,a wl=rej,ska cc hkak ,eî we;' >k fikaáógrhla
hkq me;a;l È. fikaáógr 1la jk >klhl mßudjhs'
cc/ ml we, br jk / u.ska woyia jkafka zfydaZ hkakhs' tkï T!IO m%udKh cc fyda
ml f,i oelaúh yels njhs' túg wmg u;=jk m%Yakh jkafka >k fikaáógrhla
ñ,s,Sgrhlg iudk fõo hkakhs' fuá%la tAll l%ufha §" ñ,s ,Sgrhl m%udKh
w¾: olajd we;af;a th >k fikaáógrhl m%udKhg iudk jk mßÈ h' fï wkqj"
>k fikaáógr 1 = ñ,s ,Sgr 1
1 cm3 = 1 ml
118
fuu lreK ;jÿrg;a mÍlaId lsÍug my; l%shdldrlfuys ksr; jkak'
l%shdldrlu 1
ml
100
90
80
70
1 cm
60
2 cm 50
5 cm 40
Ndckh ;ekSu iòyd m;frdu >kldN yeve;s Ndckh 30
mßudj 10 cm3 20
ñkqï irdj 10
² by; oelafjk rEmh wkqj ;=kS ma,diaálaj,ska ^fyda transparent sheet j,ska)
lmd.;a m;frdulska 5 cm 2 cm 1 cm m%udKfha >kldNh yeve;s Ndckhla
;kd .kak ^c,h ldkaÿ fkdjk fia iqÿiq ue,shï fyda fif,dafÜmaj,ska odr
fyd`Èka w,jd .kak&'
² úoHd.drfhka 100 ml m%udKfha ñkqï irdjla o imhd .kak'
² my; oelafjk wdldrhg j.=jla wNHdi fmdf;a igyka lr .kak'
>kldN yeve;s Ndckfhka ñkqï irdfõ tl;= jk c,fha mßudj

ñkqï irdjg c,h tla lrk >kldN Ndckh ñkqï irdj wkqj
jdr .Kk wkqj cm j,ska
3
ml j,ska
10
20
30
40
50
² >kldN yeve;s Ndckh c,fhka iïmQ¾Kfhka mqrjñka ñkqï irdjg tu c,h

oukak'
² ñkqï irdjg c,h tla lsÍfuka miq ñkqï irdfõ mdGdxlh igyka lr .kak'
² fufia jdr lsysmhla lrñka mdGdxl igyka lr .kak'
² Ndckfha mßudfõ tall jk cm3 yd ñkqï irdfõ mßudfõ tall jk ml w;r
iïnkaOla f.dvk`.kak'
119
l%shdldrlu wkqj"
10 cm3 = 10 ml
20 cm3 = 20 ml
wdÈ jYfhka iudk;d ,efnkq we;'
1 cm3 = 1 ml hk iïnkaOh" Ndckj, wvx.= øj mßud we;=<;a .eg¨ úi`§u iòyd
fhdod .; yels h'
ksoiqk 1
we;=<; È. 20 cm" m<, 15 cm yd Wi 10 cm jQ >kldN yeve;s ùÿre Ndckhl
fnfy;a Èhr j¾.hla wiqrd we;'
i. Ndckfha mßudj >k fikaáógrj,ska fidhkak'

ii. Ndckfha Odß;dj ,Sgrj,ska fldmuK o@
iii. Ndckfha wvx.= Èhrh" 50 ml ne.ska l=vd k,j, wiqrkq ,efí kï" uq¿ Èhr
m%udKh u tfia weisÍug wjYH l=vd k, .Kk fidhkak'
i. Ndckfha mßudj = 20 cm 15 cm 10 cm
= 3000 cm3
ii. Ndckfha Odß;dj = 3000 ml
= 3 l
iii. uq¿ Èhr m%udKh = 3000 ml
50 ml ne.ska weisßh yels l=vd k, .Kk = 3000 . 50

.
= 60
ksoiqk 2
m;=f,a È. 2 m yd m<, 1 m jQ >kldN yeve;s fldkalS%Ü gexlshlg c,h 800 lla

mqrjd ;sfí' Ndckfha fldf;la Wig c,h msÍ mj;S oehs fidhkak'
gexlsfha c,h fikaáógr x Wilg we;ehs f.k iólrKhla f.dvk.d" th
úi£fuka c,h msÍ we;s Wi fidhuq'
tA i|yd ish¨ u ñkqï fikaáógrj,g yrjd .ksuq'
gexlsfha È. = 2 m = 200 cm
gexlsfha m<, = 1 m = 100 cm
x Wilg c,h we;a kï c, mßudj = 200 cm 100 cm x cm
= 20 000 x cm3
120
tfy;a gexlsfha we;s c, mßudj 800l nj § we;s ksid
gexlsfha we;s c, mßudj = 800 l
= 800 000 ml
= 800 000 cm3
by; wdldr foflkau tl u c, mßudj oelafjk ksid
∴ 20 000 x = 800 000
800 000
x=
20 000
= 40
.
. . gexlsfha 40 cm Wig c,h msÍ mj;S'
9'1 wNHdih
1. A fldgqfõ oelafjk mßudjg iudk mßudj B fldgqfjka f;dard hd lrkak'
A B
1000 cm3 25 ml
10 cm3 25 l
3000 cm3 1l
1500 cm3 10 ml
25000 cm3 1.5 l
25 cm3 3l
2. >kldN yeve;s Ndck lsysmhl ñkqï my; j.=fõ oelafõ' tu j.=j iïmQ¾K
lrkak'
È. (cm) m<, (cm) Wi (cm) Odß;dj
cm 3
ml l
20 10 5
40 20 10
35 12 10
50 35 12
40 35 25
25 20 18
3. m;=f,a j¾.M,h 240 cm2 jQ >kldN yeve;s Ndckhl 12 cm Wig c,h msÍ
;sfí' c,fha mßudj
i. cm3 j,ska ii. ml j,ska iii. l j,ska
fidhkak'
121
4. iup;=ri% yeve;s m;=,la iys; >kldNyeve;s Ndckhl" m;=f,a j¾.M,h
225 cm2 fõ' tys c,h 3.6 lla mqrjd ;sfí'
i. c, uÜgfï Wi fidhkak
ii. Ndckfha Wi 24 cm kï" tys Odß;dfjka 2 la c,fhka msÍ we;s nj
3
fmkajkak'
5. we;=<;ska me;a;l È. 10 cm jQ >kl yeve;s Ndckhla iïmQ¾Kfhka øjfhka

mqrjd" 15 jdrhla tu øj m%udK oeófuka 15 l Odß;dj we;s Ndckhla msrúh
yels nj fmkajkak'
9.2 ,Sgrh yd >k ógrh w;r iïnkaO;dj

f;,a .nvd lrk úYd, gexls" msyskqï ;gdl jeks úYd, øj mßudjla /ia lrk
wjia:djkays È" tys mßudj iòyka lsÍu iòyd ml fyda l hk tallj,g jvd úYd,
tallhl wjYH;dj u;= fõ' ta iòyd >k ógrh kï úYd, tallhla Ndú; lrhs'
>k ógrh y`ÿkd .ekSug me;a;l È. 1 m jQ >kl yeve;s Ndckhl Odß;dj
.Kkh lruq'
1m
1m
1m
rEmfha oelafjk Ndckfha Odß;dj = 1 m 1 m 1 m = 1 m3
kuq;a" 1 m = 100 cm ksid
Ndckfha Odß;dj jk 1 m3 = 100 cm 100 cm 100 cm
= 1 000 000 cm3
= 1 000 000 ml (1 cm3 = 1 ml ksid)
= 1000 000 l (1000 ml = 1 l ksid)

1000
= 1 000 l
fï wkqj"
>k ógrhla hkq ,Sgr 1 000ls'
1 m3 = 1000 l

122
ksoiqk 1
ksjil Èkm;d Ndú;h iòyd wjYH c,h /ia lrk >kldN yeve;s gexlshl
we;=<; È. 1.5 m" m<, 1 m yd Wi 1 m fõ'
i. gexlsfha Odß;dj ,Sg¾ lSh o@
ii. ksjeishka Èklg c,h ,Sgr 300 la mßfNdackh lrkq ,efí kï" iïmQ¾Kfhka
mqrjd we;s gexlsh Tjqkag Èk lShlg iEfya o@
i. gexlsfha Odß;dj = 1.5 m 1 m 1 m

= 1.5 m3
= 1 500 l (1 m3 = 1000 l ksid)
ii. Èklg mdúÉÑ flfrk c, mßudj = 300 l

gexlsfha mssÍ we;s c, mßudj = 1 500 l
. . . iEfyk Èk .Kk = 1 500
300
= Èk 5
9'2 wNHdih
1. j.=j iïmQ¾K lrkak'

>kldN yeve;s gexlsfha we;=<; ñkqï gexlsfha Odß;dj
È. (m) m<, (m) Wi (m) m3 l
2 2 1 ..... .....
2 1.5 1 ..... .....
1 1 0.5 ..... .....
4 1 ..... 8 .....
..... 1.5 3.0 ..... 9000
..... ..... 1 1.5 .....
2. msyskqï ;gdlhl È. 50 m" m<, 25 m yd .eUqr 3 m fõ'

i. mskskqï ;gdlfha Odß;dj fidhkak'
ii. ;gdlfha 1.2 m Wig c,h mqrjd ;sfí kï tys wvx.= c, mßudj ,Sg¾ lSh o@
iii. msyskqï ;gdlh iïmQ¾Kfhka u c,fhka msrùug ;j;a fldmuK c,
m%udKhla wjYH o@
123
3. Odß;dj 6.5 m3 f,i iòyka lr we;s f;,a njqirhla iïmQ¾Kfhka u f;,aj,ska
mqrjd we;' fuu njqirhg f;,a msrjqï fmd< 8lg tla ia:dkhlg 850 l ne.ska
f;,a ksl=;a lsÍug kshñ;j ;sfí' njqirfha .nvd lr we;s f;,a m%udKh
kshñ; msrjqï fmd< wgg ksl=;a lsÍug m%udKj;a fõ o@ Tfí ms<s;=rg fya;=
olajkak'
4. Èklg tla mqoa.,hl=g wju jYfhka c,h ,Sgr 150la wjYH fõ' we;=<; È.
1
1 m m<, 1 m yd Wi 1 m m%udKfha >kldN yeve;s gexlshla c,fhka msÍ
2
;sfí kï" tu c, m%udKh mqoa.,hska Wmßu lS fofkl=g Èklg iEfya o@
5. >kl yeve;s gexlshl we;=<; ñkqï ógr 1 ne.ska fõ' fuu gexlsh iïmQ¾Kfhka
c,fhka msÍ mj;S' gexlsfhka c,h msg lrk lrduhla újD; l< úg bka c,h
msg jkafka ñks;a;=jg 50 ll tAldldr fõ.fhka kï fuu lrduh újD; lr
fldmuK ld,hlg miq gexlsh iïmQ¾Kfhka ysia fõ oehs fidhkak'
ñY% wNHdih
1. úYd, m%udKfha meKs îu fnda;,hl Odß;dj 1.5 l fõ' W;aij wjia:djl §

fuu îu j¾.fhka ix.%y lsÍug ta iòyd fhdod .kakd l=vd m%udKfha ùÿrejlg
150 mll m%udKhla îu oeóug o n,dfmdfrd;a;= fõ' W;aijh iòyd 225
fofkl= iyNd.S fõ kï Tjqkag ix.%y lsÍu iòyd wjYH jk úYd, m%udKfha
îu fnda;,a wju .Kk fidhkak'
2. ksfjiaj, c,h .nvd lrk Odß;d" 500 l, 1000 l, 2000 l jk j;=r gexls ñ,
§ .ekSug fjf<òfmdf<a ;sfí' mia fokl=f.ka hq;a mjq,l m%Odksfhla ;u
ksfjig c,h /ia lr ;nd .ekSu iòyd c, gexlshla ñ, § .ekSug woyia lrhs'
Èklg tla mqoa.,hl=g c,h 150 l m%udKhla Wmßu jYfhka wjYH jk w;r
f.orfodf¾ wfkl=;a lghq;=j,g 200 lla wu;rj wjYH jk nj o ;SrKh lrk
f.ysñhd Èklg tla jrla muKla gexlsh c,fhka msrùug n,dfmdfrd;a;= fõ'
fuu ;SrK wkqj tu ksfji iòyd iqÿiq jkafka ljr m%udKfha gexlshla oehs
ks¾Kh lrkak'
idrdxYh
² 1 cm3 = 1 ml
² 1 m3 = 1000 l
124
m<uq jdr mqKÍlaIK wNHdih
I fldgi
1. 5, 8, 11, 14, ... ixLHd rgdfõ fmdÿ moh ,shd olajkak'
2. 10011fol − ........ fol = 0011fol kï ysia;ek iïmQ¾K lrkak'
3. uqo,lska 1 l jákdlu re 800la fõ' tu uqo,ska 3 l jákdlu fldmuKfõ o@

3 4
4. NdKavhla re 1500g úlsKSfuka re 300l ,dNhla ,nhs kï ,dN m%;sY;h
fldmuKo@
D C
5. ABCD RcqfldaKdi%fha j¾.M,h x weiqfrka
(x + 1) cm
m%ldY lrkak'
A (x + 3) cm B
6. idOl fidhkak' 2x2 − x − 6

A P
7. rEmfha § we;s f;dr;=re weiqfrka m%;HlaI

T Ndú; lr
(i) AC = PQ nj
(ii) BC = QR nj fmkajkak'
B Q C R
A B
x
x x
8. AB yd CD f¾Ld iudka;r ù g yys w.h fidhkak'
60o y
C E F D
9. (x + 4) (x − 3) = x2 + bx + c kï b yd cys w.h fidhkak'
125
x
10. xys w.h fidhkak'
80o
130o
11. Odß;dj 2l jQ A Ndckfha 3 la msrùug Odß;dj

4
2l 50ml lajQ B Ndckfhka fldmuK jdr.Kkla
50 ml c,h j;a l< hq;= o@
A B
12. bvula úlsKSfï § 3% l fldñia uqo,la wh lrhs' fldñia f.ùfuka miq bvï
ysñhdg re 9 700 000 ,enqfKa kï bvu úl=Kd ,o jákdlu fidhkak'
13. 1 3 l=uk Nd.fhka .=K l< úg 3 3 ,efío@

4 4
1101fol
14. +
1111fol ysia;eka iïmQ¾K lrkak'
............ −
101fol
............
D
M
>
>
15. ABD yd DBC fldaKj, iuÉfþol

ms<sfj,ska BM yd BN w.h fõ'
N
>
>
ABN + CBN ys w.h fidhkak'
A B C
126
II fldgi
1.
uq,a lj ;=fka ks,a n,an .Kk 3, 5, 7 o r;= n,an .Kk 2, 4, 6 jYfhka jk mßÈ
úÿ,s n,an fhdodf.k ilia lrk ,o ieris,a,la uq,a wjia:d ;=k by; rEmfha
fmkajd we;'
(i) y;rjk yd miajk wjia:djkag Wmfhda.S lrf.k we;s ks,a n,an .Kk yd
r;= n,an .Kk ms<sfj,ska ,shd olajkak'
(ii) fuys § wjia:dj wkqj fhdodf.k we;s ks,a n,an yd r;= n,an j, rgdj
y`ÿkdf.k n jk wjia:dj ieliSug wjYHjk ks,a n,an .Kk yd r;= n,an
.Kk n weiqfrka fjk fjku m%ldY lrkak'
(iii) n jk wjia:dj ieliSug wjYH jk uq¿ n,an .Kk by; (ii) ,nd .;a
m%ldYk weiqfrka m%ldY lrkak'
(iv) 10 jk wjia:djg ieliSug wjYH jk ks,a n,an .Kk yd r;= n,an .Kk
by; (ii) ys ,nd .;a m%ldYk Ndú;fhka fidhkak'
(v) uq¿ n,an 61la Ndú; lr ilia l< yelafla lSfjks rgdjo@ tys we;s ks,a
n,an .Kk fidhkak'
2. (a) iq¿ lrkak
(i) 2 1 + 1
5 2
3
10
(ii) (1 1 ka 1 1 ) ÷ 2 1
3 8 2
127
(b) (i) bvulska 1 l N+ñ m%udKhl wU j.d lr we;akï b;sß N+ñ m%udKh
4
fldmuKo@
(ii) b;sß N+ó m%udKfhka 1 l flfi,a j.d lr we;s N+ñ m%udKh uq¿ bv
3
fuka Nd.hla f,i m%ldY lrkak'
(iii) wU yd flfi,a j.dl< bv m%udKh uq¿ bvfuka l=uk Nd.hlao@
(iv) by; j.djka isÿ fkdl< bv m%udKh fylagdr 3la kï bvfï uq¿
N+ó m%udKh fldmuKo@
3. (a) re 8000lg ñ, § .;a NdKavhla 25%l ,dNhla ;ndf.k ñ, ,l=Kq lrhs'
th w;amsg úlsKSfï§ 10%l jÜgula ,nd foa kï .kqfokqfjka fjf<kaod
,nk ,dNfha m%;sY;h fidhkak'
(b) mqoa.,hl= NdKavhla 15%la ,dN ,efnk fia ñ, ,l=Kq lrhs' th 20%la
,dN ,efnk fia úl=Kqfõ kï ;j re 200l uqo,la jeämqr ,eìh yelsj
;snqKs' NdKavh .;añ, yd úl=Kqï ñ, fidhkak'
4. (a) a = −2 yd b = 3 úg my; m%ldYkj, w.h fidhkak'

a
(i) 2a + 3b (ii) b − 2a (iii) 3 − b
2
S R
(b) D (2x + 3) C ABCD u.ska ±lafjkqfha RcqfldaKdi%dldr
yev;s mska;+rhla h' tys È.
(x + 2)
x (2x + 3) cm o m<, (x + 2) cm o fõ'
A x B
P Q
(i) ABCD fldgfia j¾.M,h iòyd x weiqfrka m%ldYkhla ,nd .kak'
(ii) mdgl< fldgiska oelafjkqfha ABCD msg;ska x cm m<, we;s j¾K
;Srejla w,jd we;s wdldrhhs' PQRS RcqfldKdi%dldr fldgfia j¾.M,h
fidhd by; (i)ys ,nd.;a m%ldYh weiqfrka mdglrk ,o fldgfia
j¾.M,h x weiqfrka m%ldY lrkak'
(iii) x = 3 cm kï mdgl< fldgfia j¾.M,h .Kkh lrkak'
(c) idOl fidhkak'

(i) 5x2 + 12y2 − 4xy −15xy
(ii) 6 (x − 1) + 3x − 3
(iii) t2 − 8t + 15
(iv) 3k2 − 12k
128
5. (a) rEmigykaj, § we;s o;a; Wmfhda.S lrf.k yd m%;HlaI Ndú;fhka my;
m%;sM, ,nd .kak'
A Y D
>
>
(i) AYB = DXC nj fmkajkak'
B X C
A
C
>
>
(ii) F BAE = FDC nj fmkajkak'
E
B D
q s
(iii) p − s = r − q nj fmkajkak'
>
>
>
>
p r
(b)
A G F E
o
(i) 80 x ys w.h fidhkak'
x o
120
B C D
o o
2x +30
o
(ii) 100 x ys w.h fidhkak'
x
129
M K
(c) a PQ yd RS iudka;r f¾Ld
P
c
b Q hq.,h MN yd KL ;S¾hla
f¾Ld u.ska rEmfha
fmfkk mßÈ fþokh
fõ' § we;s o;a; weiqfrka
t d h f
R e g S
N
L
o
(i) fldaKj, ftlHh 180 jk wjia:d ish,a, ,shd olajkak'
(ii) ñ;% fldaK hq.,hka ,shd olajkak'
(iii) fya;= iys;j tlsfkl iudk jk fldaK ish,a, ,shd olajkak'
o
(iv) a + e = 180 fõ o@ meyeÈ,s lrkak'
>
>
(v) m%;HlaIh Ndú;fhka t − f = h − d nj fmkajkak'

o o
(vi) e = 140 , f = 110 kï l=vd bx.S%is wlaIrj,ska olajd we;s fldaK
ish,a,f.au w.h fidhkak'
6. ksjil we;s c, gexlsfha È." m<, yd Wi ms<sfj,ska 2m, 1.5m, yd 1m fõ'
(i) fuu c, gexlsfha Odß;dj ,Sgrj,ska m%ldY lrkak'

(ii) tla mqoa.,fhl=g Èklg c,h ,Sg¾ 150la wjYH fõ kï y;r
fofkl= isák ksjilg Èklg wjYH c, m%udKh ,Sg¾ fldmuKo@
(iii) by; c, gexlsfha we;s uq¿ c, m%udKh mqoa.,hska y;r fokfg Èk
lShlg m%udKj;a fõ o@
(iv) ñks;a;=jlg 100 l l c, iemhqula Ndú; l<fyd;a ysia jQ by; gexlsh
msrùug fldmuK ld,hla .; fõo@\
(v) c, gexlsh iïmQ¾Kfhkau msÍ mej;S Èkl§ c, gexlshg iïnkaO N+.;
k,hl isÿ jQ ydkshla fya;=fjka c,h 900l l m%udKhla wmf;a hk
,oafoa kï b;sß jQ c, m%udKfha Wi fldmuK fõo@
130
w
w,dNh el;lk; Loss
wkqrEm fldaK xj;jNfhzq;fs; Corresponding angles
wvq lsÍu fopj;jy; Subtraction
t
tl;= lsÍu $l;ly; Addition
taldka;r fldaK xd;Wtpl;lNfhzq;fs; Alternate angles

l
fldñia juF (fkp\d;) Commission
;
;e/õlrejd jufu; Broker
o
oaùuh ixLHd Jtpj vz;fs ; Binary numbers
O
Odß;dj nfhs;ssT Capacity
k
ksÅ, epiwntz;fs; integers
m
mo w;r fjki cWg;Gf;fSf;fpilNaahdtpj;jpahrk; Difference of terms

mßudj fdtsT Volume
mßj¾;kh khw;wy; Conversion
m<uqjk moh Kjyhk; cWg;G 1st term
mdoh mb Base
fmdÿ idOl nghJf;fhuzpfs; Common factors
m%;suqL fldaK Fj;njjpu;f;Nfhzq;fs; Vertically opposite angles
m%fïhh Njw;wk; Theorem
131
n
n,h tY Power
N
Nd. gpdd; qf; s; Fractions
u
ñ;% fldaK Neaf;Nfhzq;fs; Allied angles

,
,l=Kq l< ñ, Fwpj;j tpiy Marked Price
,dNh ,yhgk;; Profit
j
jÜgu fopT Discount
jryka milg;G Brackets
úl=Kqï ñ, tpw;wtpiy Selling Price
úf,dauh kWjiy Converse
ùÔh mo ml;rufzpj cWg;G Algebraic term
ùÔh m%ldYk ml;rufzpjf; Nfhitfs; Algebraic expressions
úoHd;aul wxlkh tpQ;QhdKiwf; Fwpg;gPL Sciencetific notation
i
ixLHd wkql%u vz; njhlup Number sequence
idOdrK moh nghJ cWg;G General term

ia:dkSh w.h ,lg;ngWkhdk; Place Value

132
mdvï wkql%uh
fm<fmdf;a mßÉfþoh ld,Éfþo .Kk
1 jdrh
1. ixLHd rgd 03
2. oaúuh ixLHd 03
3. Nd. 05
4. m%;sY; 06
5. ùÔh m%ldYk 05
7. m%;HlaI 04
8. ir, f¾Ld" iudka;r f¾Ld wdY%s; fldaK 07
9. øj ñkqï 03
2 jdrh
10. wkqf,dau iudkqmd; 06
11. .Klh 02
12. o¾Yl 03
13. jgehSu yd úoHd;aul wxlkh 05
14. m: yd ks¾udK 09
15. iólrK 06
16. ;%sfldaKhl fldaK 09
17. iQ;% 02
18. jD;a;hl mßêh 05
19. ffm;.ria iïnkaOh 04
20. m%ia;dr 04
3 jdrh
21. wiudk;d 03
21. l=,l 07
23. j¾.M,h 05
24. iïNdú;dj 05
25. nyq-wi%j, fldaK 05
26. ùÔh Nd. 03
27. mßudK rEm 08
28. o;a; ksrEmKh yd w¾:l:kh 10
133
134
.Ks;h
9 fYa%Ksh
II fldgi
i
m<uqjk uqøKh - 2017
fojk uqøKh - 2018
f;jk uqøKh - 2019
y;rjk uqøKh - 2020
ish¨ ysñlï weúßKs'
ISBN 978-955-25-0364-1

fkd' 110" mdf.dv mdr" msgfldaÜfÜ"
isidrd m%skaÜfõ m%hsjÜ ,sñgâys
uqøKh lrjd m< lrk ,È'
Published by : Educational Publications Department

Printed by : Sisara Printway (Pvt) Ltd.
ii
Y%S ,xld cd;sl .Sh
Y%S ,xld ud;d

wm YS% ,xld" kfuda kfuda kfuda kfuda ud;d
iqkaor isßnßkS" iq/òs w;s fidanudk ,xld
OdkH Okh fkl u,a m,;=re msß ch N+ñh ruHd
wmyg iem isß fi; iokd Ôjkfha ud;d
ms<s.kq uek wm Nla;s mQcd
kfuda kfuda ud;d
Tn fõ wm úoHd - Tn u h wm i;Hd
Tn fõ wm Yla;s - wm yo ;=< Nla;s
Tn wm wdf,dafla - wmf.a wkqm%dfKa
Tn wm Ôjk fõ - wm uqla;sh Tn fõ
kj Ôjk foñfka ks;sk wm mqnqÿ lrka ud;d
{dk ù¾h jvjñk /f.k hkq uek ch N+ñ lrd
tl ujlf. ore le, neúkd
huq huq ù fkdmud
fm%au jvd ieu fNao ÿ/r Þ kfuda kfuda ud;d
iii
tl ksjfiys fjfikd
wm lh ;=< ÿjkd

tl f,i tys jefvkd

fj<S iu.s oñkS
lsis l, fkdu Èrkd
wdkkao iurfldaka
iv
fmrjok
ÈhqKqfõ ysKsfm; lrd .uka lrkd j;auka f,djg" ks;e;skau wjeis jkqfha jvd;a
kjH jQ wOHdmk l%uhls' tu`.ska ks¾udKh l< hq;af;a ukq.=Koï imsreKq yd
l=i,;dj,ska hqla; oremrmqrls' tlS W;a;=x. fufyjrg cj n,h imhñka" úYaùh
wNsfhda. iòyd Èßfhka uqyqK Èh yels isiq mrmqrla ks¾udKh lsÍu iòyd iydh ùu
wmf.a mru j.lSu jkafka h' bf.kqï wdOdrl iïmdok ld¾hh fjkqfjka il%Sh
f,i ueÈy;a fjñka wm fomd¾;fïka;=j ta fjkqfjka odhl;ajh ,nd fokafka
cd;sfha oreoeßhkaf.a keK myka o,ajd,Sfï W;=ï wÈgfkks'
fm<fmd; úfgl oekqï fldaIG a d.drhls' th ;j;a úfgl wm úkaokd;aul f,djlg o
leòjdf.k hhs' tfiau fï fm<fmd;a wmf.a ;¾l nqoaêh jvjd,kafka wfkalúO
l=i,;d mqnqÿ lrjd.kakg o iqúi,a t<s oyrla fjñks' úÿìfuka iuq.;a Èkl
jqj wmßñ; wdorfhka iaurKh l< yels u;l" fm<fmd;a msgq w;r oejà Tn
iu`.ska w;aje,a neò tkq fkdwkqudk h' fï fm<fmd; iu`.u ;j ;j;a oekqï
wjldY msß biõ fj; ks;s mshuksñka mßmQ¾K;ajh w;a lr.ekqug Tn ieu
ksr;=rej wem lem úh hq;= h'
ksoyia wOHdmkfha uydk¾> ;Hd.hla fia fï mqia;lh Tn foda;g msßkefï'
fm<fmd;a fjkqfjka rch jeh lr we;s iqúi,a OkialkaOhg w¾:iïmkak w.hla
,nd Èh yelafla Tng muKs' fuu mdGH .%ka:h ukdj mßYS,kh lrñka keK .=K
msß mqrjeishka ù wkd.; f,dj taldf,dal lrkakg oefha ish¨ ¥ orejka fj; Èßh
iúh ,efíjdhs yoj;ska iqn m;ñ'
fm<fmd;a iïmdok ld¾hh fjkqfjka wm%udK jQ iïm;Aodhl;ajhla iemhQ f,aLl"
ixialdrl yd we.hqï uKav, idudðl msßjrg;a wOHdmk m%ldYk fomd¾;fïka;f= õ
ld¾h uKav,fha ieug;a udf.a yomsß m%Kduh mqolrñ'
mS' tka' whs,mafmreu

wOHdmk m%ldYk flduidßia ckrd,a
biqremdh
n;a;ruq,a,
26'06'2020
v
kshdukh yd wëlaIKh
fufyhùu
iïnkaëlrKh
^2020 kej; uqøKh&
ixialdrl uKav,h
f,aLl uKav,h
NdId ixialrKh
fidaÿm;a lshùu
- mß.Kl iydhl" wOHdmk m%ldYk fomd¾;fïka;=j
msgljr ks¾udKh
vi
mgqk
msgqj

11. .Klh 12
12. o¾Yl 20
15. iólrK 71
16. ;s%fldaKhl fldaK 81
17. iQ;% 95
19.
mhs;.ria iïnkaOh 113
20. m%ia;dr 123
mqkÍlaIK wNHdi 142
mdßNdIsl Yío ud,dj 148
mdvï wkql%uh 150
g'''
vii
iïmdol uKav, igyk

rpkd lr we;'


úia;r lsÍï" ls%hdldrlï" iy ksoiqka jeks úúO l%u wkq.ukh lf<uq' ;j


ta ta m¾Éfþofha tk mqkÍlaIK wNHdi lsÍfuka" fï fmd; Ndú;fhka
iïmdol uKav,h
viii
10
wkqf,dau iudkqmd;
²² wkqf,dau iudkqmd; y÷kd.ekSug
²² talSh l%uh Ndú;fhka wkqf,dau iudkqmd; iïnkaO .eg¨ úi£ug
²² w¾: oelaùu Ndú;fhka wkqf,dau iudkqmd; iïnkaO .eg¨ úi£ug
²² wkqf,dau f,i iudkqmd;sl rdYs folla w;r iïnkaOh y = kx wdldrhg ,shd
oelaùug
²² wkqf,dau iudkqmd; ms<sn| oekqu fhdod .ksñka úfoaY uqo,a mßj¾;kh
iïnkaO .eg¨ úi£ug
yelshdj ,efnkq we;'
10.1 wkqf,dau iudkqmd; ye¢kaùu

tla;rd j¾.hl mEka .Kk;a Bg wod< ñ,;a fjkiajk wdldrh my; j.=fõ
oelafõ'

mEka .Kk ñ, (re)
1 15
2 30
3 45
4 60
5 75
6 90
by; j.=jg wkqj mEka .Kk jeä jk úg Bg wkqrEm ñ, o jeä jk nj fmfka'

mEka .Kk yd tajdfha ñ," rdYska folla f,i i,luq'
fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu i|yd h' 1

by; ksoiqkg wkqj" mEka m%udKfha w.hka folla yd Bg wkqrEm ñ, .Kka fol
w;r wkqmd; lsysmhla my; j.=fõ oelafõ' tu wkqmd; iudk nj ksÍlaIKh
lrkak'
mEka .Kk w;r Bg wkqrEm ñ, .Kka

wkqmd;h w;r wkqmd;h
1:2 15 : 30 = 1 : 2
1:3 15 : 45 = 1 : 3
2:3 30 : 45 = 2 : 3
3:5 45 : 75 = 3 : 5
2:5 30 : 75 = 2 : 5
tlsfklg fjkia rdYs folla tlu wkqmd;hlska jeäfõ kï fyda

wvqfõ kï tu rdYs wkqf,dau iudkqmd; f,i ye`Èka fõ'
wkqf,dau iudkqmd; jk rdYs foflka tla rdYshla jeäjk úg wfkla rdYsh o Bg

iudk wkqmd;hlska jeä jk nj Tng ksÍlaIKh l< yels h'
tfia u wkqf,dau iudkqmd; jk rdYs foflka tla rdYshla wvqjk úg wfkla rdYsh
o Bg iudk wkqmd;hlska wvq fõ'
10'1 wNHdih
1. my; tla tla wjia:dfõ § we;s rdYs fol wkqf,dau jYfhka iudkqmd; fõ o
fkdfõ o hkak ,shd olajkak'
a. fmd;a .Kk yd tajdfha ñ,

b. taldldr fõ.fhka p,kh jk jia;=jla .uka l< ÿr yd ta i|yd .; jQ
ld,h
c. fudag¾ r:hl fõ.h yd lsishï ÿrla .uka lsÍug .;jk ld,h
d. iup;=ri%hl me;a;l È. yd tys mßñ;sh
e. iup;=ri%hl me;a;l È. yd tys j¾.M,h
f. jevla ksu lsÍu i|yd fhoúh hq;= ñksiqka .Kk yd ta i|yd .;jk
Èk .Kk
g. ksjil mßfNdackh lrk úÿ,s tall .Kk yd udisl ì,
2
10.2 talSh l%uh Ndú;fhka wkqf,dau iudkqmd; iïnkaO .eg¨
úi£u
tl u j¾.fha inka leg 3l ñ, remsh,a 120la nj § we;s úg tu j¾.fha inka
leg 5l ñ, fiùug we;ehs is;uq'
fuys § inka leg 1l ñ, fidhd ta weiqfrka inka leg 5l ñ," Tn óg fmr
fYa%Ksj, § Wf.k we;s mßÈ" myiqfjka fiúh yels h'
inka leg 3l ñ, = re 120

inka leg 1l ñ, = re 120 ÷ 3
= re 40
inka leg 5l ñ, = re 40 × 5
= re 200
fuu .Kkh lsÍu isÿ l< wdldrh fufia o úia;r l< yels h'
fuys rdYs 2la we;' tajd kï inka leg .Kk yd ñ,hs' uq,ska u isÿ fldg we;af;a
tla inka leghl ñ, fiùuhs' th remsh,a 40 fõ' inka leg 5l ñ, fiùu iòyd
fuu tla inka leghl ñ, 5ka .=K fldg we;' fuys tla inka leghl ñ, hkq
ksh; w.hla jk
inka legj, ñ,
inka leg .Kk
hk Nd.fha w.hhs'
tallhl w.h mokï lrf.k .eg¨j úi£fï l%uh talSh l%uh kñka y÷kajhs'
talSh l%uh Ndú;fhka wkqf,dau iudkqmd; wdYs%; .eg¨ úi|k wdldrh my;
ksoiqka uÕska ;j ÿrg;a wOHhkh lruq'
ksoiqk 1
tl u fõ.fhka weúo hk mqoa.,fhla ñks;a;= 5la ;=< weúo hk ÿr ógr 800la
kï" ñks;a;= 12la ;=< Tyq weúo hk ÿr .Kkh lrkak'
ñks;a;= 5§ weúo hk ÿr ógr = 800

ñks;a;= 1§ weúo hk ÿr ógr = 800 ÷ 5
= 160
ñks;a;= 12§ weúo hk ÿr ógr = 160 × 12
= 1 920
∴ ñks;a;= 12§ weúo hk ÿr 1920 m fõ'
3
ksoiqk 2
ls%lÜ lS%vdj i|yd fhdod .kakd tl iudk mkaÿ 10l ialkaOh lsf,da.a?ï 3la kï
tjeks mkaÿ 3l ialkaOh fldmuK o@
mkaÿ 10l ialkaOh lsf,da.a?ï = 3

mkaÿ 1l ialkaOh .a?ï = 3000 ÷ 10
= 300
mkaÿ 3l ialkaOh .a?ï = 300 × 3
= 900
mkaÿ 3l ialkaOh 900 g fõ'
talSh l%uh Ndú;fhka my; wNHdij, fhfokak'
10'2 wNHdih
1. fodvï f.ä 8l ñ, remsh,a 320la kï fodvï f.ä 5l ñ, fidhkak'
2. Ö;a; frÈ ógr 5l ñ, remsh,a 750la kï Ö;a; frÈ ógr 12l ñ, fidhkak'
3. wem,a f.ä 15la wvx.= md¾i,hl ialkaOh lsf,da.a?ï 3.6la kï wem,a

f.ä 8la wvx.= md¾i,hl ialkaOh fidhkak'
4. uqøK hka;%hlska ñks;a;= 5la ;=< msgm;a 240la uqøKh l< yels kï ñks;a;=
12la ;=< uqøKh l< yels msgm;a .Kk fidhkak'
5. taldldr fõ.fhka .uka .kakd fudag¾ r:hla ñks;a;= 15la ;=< lsf,daógr
12 l ÿrla .uka lrhs kï ñks;a;= 40§ .uka .kakd ÿr .Kkh lrkak'
6. h;=remeÈhla bkaOk ,Sgr 2lska lsf,daógr 90l ÿrla Odjkh l< yels kï
bkaOk ,Sgr 5lska Odjkh l< yels ÿr m%udKh fidhkak'
7. taldldr fõ.fhka c,h .,d tk fmdïmhlska ,Sgr 1000l Odß;djla iys;

gexlshla msrùug .;jk ld,h ñks;a;= 5la kï ,Sgr 1600l Odß;dfjka hq;a
gexlshla msrùug .;jk ld,h ;;amrj,ska fidhkak'
4
10.3 w¾: oelaùu Ndú;fhka wkqf,dau iudkqmd; iïnkaO .eg¨ úi£u
wkqf,dauj iudkqmd;sl rdYs follska m<uqjk rdYsfha ´kE u w.h folla w;r
wkqmd;h" wfkla rdYsfha Bg wkqrEm w.h foflys wkqmd;hg iudk jk nj fuu
mdvfï m<uq mßÉfþofha § meyeÈ,s flßKs' th my; mßÈ ùÔhj o oelaúh yels h'
lsishï øjHh a m%udKhl ñ, remsh,a u o tu øjHfha u b m%udKhl ñ, remsh,a
v o f,i ie,l=j fyd;a
a u
b v

túg a : b = u : v f,i ,shd oelaúh yels h'
Nd. wdldrfhka oelajqjfyd;a" ab = vu ( fyda b = uv ) f,i oelaúh yels h'

a
yria .=Ks;fhka a × v = b × u f,i ,súh yels h'
fuu ,laIKh Ndú;fhka wkqf,dau iudkqmd; iïnkaO .eg¨ úi|k wdldrh
my; ksoiqka u.ska wOHhkh lruq'
ksoiqk 1
wU f.ä 5l ñ, remsh,a 75la kï wU f.ä 8l ñ, fidhkak'
wU f.ä 8l ñ, x f,i .ksuq' túg" my; mßÈ B igyklska fuu f;dr;=re

oelaúh yels h'
wU f.ä .Kk ñ, ^re&
5 75
8 x
fuu f;dr;=re mokï lrf.k" my; oelafjk mßÈ ùÔh iólrKhla ,shd" th
úi`§fuka xys w.h" tkï wU f.ä 8l ñ, fidhuq'
5 : 8 = 75 : x
5 75
8 = x
tuksid"
5x = 75 × 8
75 × 8
x=
5
x = 120
fï wkqj" wU f.ä 8l ñ, remsh,a 120ls'
5
ksoiqk 2
remsh,a 500g .;a NdKavhla 15%l ,dNhla ,efnk fia úlsKsh hq;= ñ, fidhkak'
fuys §" .eg¨fjys § we;s f;dr;=re iudkqmd; fhdod .ekSug yels jk mßÈ ilia
fldg fufia ,shuq' —remsh,a 100lg ñ, § .;a NdKavhl úl=Kqï ñ, remsh,a 115
kï ^,dNh 15% ksid& remsh,a 500g ñ, § .;a NdKavhl úlsKqï ñ, fidhkak'
remsh,a 500 g ñ, § .;a NdKavhl úlsKqï ñ, remsh,a x hehs is;uq'
.;a ñ, ^re& úl=Kqï ñ, ^re&
100 115
500 x
100 : 500 = 115 : x
100 115
=
500 x
100 x = 115 × 500
115 × 500
x=
100
x = 575
fï wkqj" úlsKsh hq;= ñ, remsh,a 575ls'
10'3 wNHdih
1. my; § we;s tla tla iudkqmd;fha ysia;ekg .e<fmk w.h ,shd olajkak'
a. 2 : 5 = 8 : ...... b. 3 : 4 = ...... : 20
c. 5 : 3 = 40 : ...... d. 4 : 1 = ...... : 8
e. 8 : ...... = 24 : 15 f. ...... : 6 = 35 : 30
2. my; i|yka tla tla .eg¨j" uq,ska B igykla weò bkamiq ùÔh iólrKhla
,shd iudkqmd; Ndú;fhka úi|kak'
a. iy,a lsf,da.a?ï 10l ñ, remsh,a 850la kï iy,a lsf,da.a?ï 7l ñ,
fidhkak'
b. f,day j¾.hl 9 cm3l ialkaOh .a?ï 108la kï tu f,day j¾.fha
12 cm3l ialkaOh fidhkak'
6
c. taldldr fõ.fhka .uka lrk h;=re meÈlrejl= meh 4l § .uka lrk ÿr
lsf,daógr 240la kï meh 3l § .uka lrk ÿr fidhkak'
d. NdKavhla úlsKSfï § 3% l jÜgula fokq ,nk fj<|i,lska remsh,a

800la jákd NdKavhla ñ,§ .ekSug wjYH uqo, fidhkak'
e. NdKavhla úlsKSfï § 12% l fldñia uqo,la fokq ,efí kï remsh,a

15 000la jákd NdKavhla iòyd ,efnk fldñia uqo, fldmuK o@
f. mekai,a 4l ñ, remsh,a 48 kï remsh,a 132lg .; yels mekai,a .Kk

fidhkak'
g. fnda;,a 12l ñ, remsh,a 4800 kï remsh,a 6000lg .; yels fnda;,a .Kk
fidhkak'
10.4 úÔh wdldrhg ,sùfuka wkqf,dau iudkqmd; iïnkaO .eg¨ úi£u
mEka 1l ñ, remsh,a 15la fõ kï"
² mEka 2l ñ, remsh,a 30la fõ'

by; wjia:d y;f¾ § u" tla tla wjia:dfõ § jehjk uqo, Bg wkqrEm mEka
.Kkska fn¥úg ,efnk w.h iEu úg u ksh; w.hla fõ'
jeh jQ uqo,
tkï" = ksh; w.hls'
mEka .Kk
tu ksh; w.h mEkl ñ, fõ' ta wkqj x mEka .Kkla iòyd jehjk uqo, y kï"
y
x = k f,i ,súh yels h; fuys k hkq ksh;hls'
tu iólrKh y = kx f,i o ,shd oelaúh yels h'
fuu ùÔh iólrKh Ndú;fhka wkqf,dau iudkqmd; iïnkaO .eg¨ úi|k

wdldrh my; ksoiqka uÕska wOHhkh lruq'
7
ksoiqk 1
wNHdi fmd;a 3l ñ, remsh,a 75la kï tjeks wNHdi fmd;a 5l ñ, fidhkak'
wNHdi fmd;a .Kk x f,i;a ñ, y f,i;a .;aúg"
y = kx f,i ,súh yels h; fuys k hkq ksh;hls' .eg¨fõ § we;s f;dr;=re weiqfrka
fuu k ys w.h fiúh yels h' wNHdi fmd;a 3l ñ, remsh,a 75 ksid x = 3 jk úg
y = 75 fõ'
fuu w.hka" iólrKfha wdfoaYfhka" 75 = k × 3 fõ'

fuh úi`§fuka k = 25 ,efí'
fuu kys w.h uq,a iólrKfha wdfoaYfhka" y = 25x f,i" x yd y w;r iïnkaOh
,efí'
oeka" fuu iólrKh Ndú;fhka" ´kE u x w.hlg wkqrEm y w.h fyda ´kE u y
w.hlg wkqrEm x w.h fiúh yels h'
.eg¨fõ" wNHdi fmd;a 5l ñ, fiúh hq;= ksid" x = 5 úg y fiúh hq;= h'
fï iòyd" y = 25x iólrKfha x = 5 wdfoaYfhka"

y = 25 × 5
= 125
f,i ,efí'
fï wkqj" wNHdi fmd;a 5l ñ, remsh,a 125ls'
ksoiqk 2
fjf<kafola 20% l ,dNhla iys;j remsh,a 500lg ñ,§ .;a NdKavhla úl=Kk
ñ, fidhkak'
y
NdKavfha .;a ñ, remsh,a x f,i;a úl=Kk ñ, y f,i;a .;aúg = k f,i
x
oelaúh yels h'
120
.;a ñ, remsh,a 100 jk úg úl=Kqï ñ, remsh,a 120 jk ksid = k
100
.;a ñ, remsh,a 500 jk úg úl=Kqï ñ, remsh,a y hehs .ksuq' túg
y
500 = k hk iólrKh ,efí'
8
k ksh; w.hla jk ksid
y 120
=
500 100 f,i ,súh yels h'
120 × 500
túg y = 100
y = 600
NdKavfha úl=Kqï ñ, remsh,a 600la fõ'
10'4 wNHdih
fuu wNHdifha .eg¨ úi`§u iòyd ùÔh iólrK l%uh Ndú; lrkak'
1. lñi 3l ñ, remsh,a 1200la kï tjeks lñi 5l ñ, fidhkak'
2. iudk fõ;k ,nk lïlrejka wg fokl=g Èklg f.jQ l=,sh remsh,a 7 200la
kï lïlrejka ;=kafofkl=g Èklg f.úh hq;= l=,sh fidhkak'
3. mßudKhg w¢k ,o is;shul fikaáógr 5lska ógr 25l ÿrla oelafõ kï
fikaáógr 8lska oelafjk ÿr m%udKh fidhkak'
4. isis,a îu ksIamdokd.drhl we;s hka;%hlska meh 5l § îu fnda;,a 7 500la
ksIamdokh flf¾ kï meh 7l § ksIamdokh flfrk fnda;,a .Kk fidhkak'
5. fmd;a fj<|ie,l iEu ñ,§ .ekSul § u 8%l jÜgula ysñ fõ kï
remsh,a 1 200l fmd;a ñ, § .kakd mqoa.,fhl= úiska fmd;a iòyd f.jkq
,nk uqo, fidhkak'
10'5 úfoaY uqo,a

tla tla rgj, Ndú; lrk uqo,a tallhla we;s nj;a tla rgl uqo,a tallhl
jákdlu ;j;a rgl uqo,a tallh iuÕ yqjudre lr .kakd wkqmd;h tlsfklg
fjkia nj;a wms oksuq' tla rgl uqo,a tallhla iuÕ ;j;a rgl uqo,a tallhla
yqjudrejk wkqmd;h oelaùfï § úksuh wkqmd;slh hk jok Ndú; fõ' tu
wkqmd;slh ksYaÑ; w.hla fkdjk w;r úúO fya;+ka u; úksuh wkqmd;slh
Èkm;d by< my< hdu idudkHfhka isÿ fõ'
rgj,a lSmhl Ndú; jk uqo,a tall yd tu uqo,a tall i|yd tla;rd Èkhl
úksuh wkqmd;sl YS% ,xld remsh,g idfmalaIj my; olajd we;'
fuys úksuh wkqmd;slh f,i oelafjkafka wod< úfoaY uqo,a tall tll YS% ,xld
remsh,aj,ska jákdluhs'
9
rg úfoaY uqo,a tallh úksuh wkqmd;slh
^remsh,a&
weußldj weußlka fvd,¾ 151.20
tx.,ka;h iag¾,ska mjqï 185.90
hqfrdamh hQfrda 160.60
cmdkh fhka 1.33
bkaÈhdj bka§h remsh,a 2.26
fi!È wrdìh fi!È ßhd,a 40.32
isx.mamQrej isx.mamQre fvd,¾ 107.30
^2017-03-05 Èk wka;¾cd,h weiqfrka&
iudkqmd; ms<snò oekqu Ndú;fhka úksuh wkqmd;sl iïnkaO .eg¨ úiòk

wdldrh oeka i,ld n,uq'
ksoiqk 1
weußlka fvd,rhl úksuh wkqmd;slh remsh,a 151la jQ Èkl weußlka fvd,¾
50l uqo,la YS% ,xld remsh,aj,g yqjudre lr.;a mqoa.,hl=g ysñjk uqo, YS% ,xld
remsh,a lShla fõ o@
weußlka fvd,¾ 1l jákdlu = re 151

weußlka fvd,¾ 50l jákdlu = re 151 × 50
= re 7550
ksoiqk 2
tx.,ka;fha ixpdrhl fhfok mqoa.,fhla iag¾,ska mjqul úksuh wkqmd;shl
remsh,a 185la jQ Èkl remsh,a 74 000l uqo,la iag¾,ska mjqïj,g udrelr .kshs'
Tyqg ysñjk iag¾,ska mjqï .Kk fldmuK o@
remsh,a 185l jákdlu = iag¾,ska mjqï 1
1
remsh,a tll jákdlu = iag¾,ska mjqï
185
1
remsh,a 74 000l jákdlu = iag¾,ska mjqï × 74 000
185
= iag¾,ska mjqï 400
1
^fuys § oYu wdldrhg fkdyrjd ;nd .;a úg iq¿ lsÍu myiq fõ&'
185
tuksid" ysñjk iag¾,ska mjqï .Kk 400ls'
10
10'5 wNHdih
by; j.=fõ oelafjk úksuh wkqmd;sl Ndú;fhka my; wNHdifha fhfokak'
1. úfoaY rgl fiajfha fhfok mqoa.,fhl=f.a udisl jegqm weußlka fvd,¾
1500la kï Tyqg ysñjk jegqm" YS% ,xld remsh,aj,ska fldmuK o@
2. cmdkfhka wdkhkh lrk rEmjdyskS hka;%hl ñ, fhka 12 500la kï
rEmjdyskS hka;%fha jákdlu YS% ,xld remsh,aj,ska fldmuK o@
3. jeäÿr wOHdmkh iòyd tlai;a rdcOdkshg hk YsIH;ajOdßfhl=g uilg
,efnk §ukdj iag¾,ska mjqï 2500 kï tu uqo, YS% ,xld remsh,aj,ska fidhd
olajkak'
4. ;Sre nÿ rys; fj<òie,l úlsKSug ;snQ hQfrda 750la jákd lS%vd NdKavhla
ñ, § .ekSu iòyd f.úh hq;= uqo, YS% ,xld remsh,aj,ska fldmuK o@
5. bkaÈhdfõ ixpdrfha fhfok jkaokdlrefjl= YS% ,xld remsh,a 56 500la

bkaÈhdkq remsh,aj,g udre lrkq ,nhs kï Tyqg ysñjk bka§h remsh,a .Kk
fldmuK o@
6. YS% ,xldfjka isx.mamQrejg wmkhkh l< remsh,a 600 880la jákd ksñ we`ÿï
f;d.hla iòyd ,efnk isx.mamQre fvd,¾ .Kk fldmuK o@
11
11 .Klh
²² úoHd;aul .Kl hka;%fha =, %, x2 yd x hk h;=re y`ÿkd f.k Ndú;
lsÍug yelshdj ,efí'
.Klh
wd§ ld,fha isg u .Kkh lsÍï iòyd ñksid úiska úúO WmlrK Ndú; lr we;'
tf`âr hq.fha § ;ud i;= i;=ka ixLHdj .Kka .ekSu iòyd .,aleg fhdodf.k
we;' miqj bß we`§u u.ska tu ld¾hh lr we;' fï iòyd ueámqjre fhdodf.k we;s
njg idlaIs we;' ls%'mQ' 1000 § muK Bðma;= cd;slhka úiska .Kkh lsÍï iòyd
wenlih kï WmlrKhla fhdodf.k we;' 15jeks ishjfia § oekg Ndú; lrk
wdldrfha wenlih Ök cdlslhka úiska ksmojd we;' 17jeks ishjfia úiQ fcdaka
fkamsh¾ úiska ixLHd ;Sre iys; WmlrKhla ksmoúh' th zzfkamsh¾ ;SreZZf,i
ye`Èkafõ'

mqrdK Bðma;= wenlih kQ;k wenlih
m%xY cd;sl íf,aia meial,a (Blaise Pascal 1623 - 1662) úiska hdka;s%lj ls%hd lrk
.Kl hka;%hla ksmoù h' 1833 j¾Ifha § bx.S%is cd;sl pd,aia nefíÊ (1791 - 1871)
úiska jvd ÈhqKq .Kl hka;%hla y`ÿkajd fok ,È' fuu hka;%h mokï lr.ksñka
úÿ,sn,fhka ls%hd;aul jk mß.Klh ìys úh' bf,lafg%dksl úoHdfõ ÈhqKqj;a
iu. j¾;udkfha Ndú; jk l=vd m%udKfha .Kl hka;% ksmoùu werôKs'

Blaise Pascal Charles Babbage

12
j¾;udkfha idudkH .Kl hka;% iy úoHd;aul .Kl hka;% kñka wdldr
follska .Kl hka;% ksmo fõ' idudkH .Kl hka;% u.ska tl;= lsÍï" wvq lsÍï"
fn§u" .=KlsÍu wd§ idudkH .Ks; l¾u muKla isÿ l< yels h' úoHd;aul .Kl
hka;% u.ska x2, x3 x y , 10 x wdÈ .Ks; l¾u o isÿ l< yels h'
úoHd;aul .Kl hka;%h

úoHd;aul .Kl hka;%hla" idudkH .Kl hka;%hla fuka" o;a; we;=<;a lsÍu
iòyd jk h;=re mqjrejlska yd o¾Yk ;srhlska iukaú; fõ' kuq;a" úoHd;aul
.Kl hka;%hl we;s h;=re" o¾Yk ;srfha oelaúh yels b,lalï .Kk;a" b,lalï
fma<s .Kk;a" idudkH .Kl hka;%hlg jvd jeä h'
úoHd;aul .Klhl h;=re mqjrefõ h;=re y`ÿkd .ksuq'
ON - hka;%h
x 2
- ixLHdjl j¾.h ils%h
,nd .ekSu lsÍu
OFF - hka;%h
- ixLHdjl wls%h
j¾.uQ,h lsÍu
,nd .ekSu
AC - o¾Yk
;srh yd
1 2 3 4 5 6 u;lh
7 8 9 0 . kej;
ixLHdxl yd oYu ;s; ieliSu
+ – × ÷
uQ,sl .‚; l¾u
% - m%;sY; ,nd .ekSu
= - wjidk ms<s;=r ,nd .ekSu
13
11.1 .Klh Ndú; lr .Kkh lsÍï lsÍu
.Klh Ndú;fhka .Kkh lsÍï isÿ lsÍfï § kshñ; wkqms<sfj<lg h;=re
ls%hd;aul l< hq;= h'
ksoiqk 1
27 + 35 ys w.h ,nd .ekSug h;=re ls%hd;aul l< hq;= ms<sfj< fufia h'
ON 2 7 + 3 5 = 62
ksoiqk 2
208 – 159 ys w.h ,nd .ekSug h;=re ls%hd;aul l< hq;= ms<sfj< fufia h'
ON 2 0 8 – 1 5 9 = 49
ksoiqk 3
5.25 × 35.4 ys w.h ,nd .ekSug h;=re ls%hd;aul l< hq;= ms<sfj< fufia h'
ON 5 . 2 5 × 3 5 . 4 = 185.85
ksoiqk 4
5.52 ÷ 6 ys w.h ,nd .ekSug h;=re ls%hd;aul l< hq;= ms<sfj< fufia h'
ON 5 . 5 2 ÷ 6 = 0.875
.Kkh lsÍula wjidkfha ms<s;=r ,nd.ekSfuka miq .Klh wls%h lsÍu iòyd OFF
h;=r ls%hd;aul l< hq;= h' ke;fyd;a fjk;a .Kkh lsÍula wdrïN l< hq;=
wjia:djl § AC h;=r ls%hd;aul lsÍfuka uq,a .Kkh lsÍfï f;dr;=re ish,a,
uld oeñh yels h'
ksoiqk 5
my; oelafjk iq¿ lsÍï iòyd h;=re ls%hd;aul l< hq;= wkqms<sfj< olajkak'
i. 53 + 42 – 25 ii. 35 × 45 ÷ 21
ON 5 3 + 4 2 − 2 5 = 70
AC 3 5 × 4 5 ÷ 2 1 = 75
14
11'1 wNHdih
h;=re ls%hd;aul l< hq;= wkqms<sfj< olajñka .Klh Ndú;fhka iq¿ lrkak'
a. 45 + 205 e. 3.52 + 27.7 i. 12.5 ÷ 50 × 4.63

b. 350 − 74 f. 43.5 − 1.45 j. 15.84 − 6.75 × 3.52
c. 824 × 95 g. 7.35 × 6.2 k. 120.82 ÷ 0.0021 × 5
d. 3780 ÷ 35 h. 134.784 ÷ 31.2 l. 0.006 ÷ 0.33 × 0.12
idudkH .Klh yd úoHd;aul .Klh Ndú;fhka iq¿ lsÍu

.Ks; l¾u tllg jvd jeäfhka we;s wjia:dj, § .Klh Ndú;fhka iq¿ lrk
whqre oeka i,ld n,uq'
idudkH .Klhla Ndú;fhka 75 + 6 ÷ 3 iq¿ lsÍfï §
ON 7 5 + 6 ÷ 3 =
wkqms<sfj<g o;a; we;=,;a l<
úg o;a; ,nd fok wkqms<sfj<g .Ks; l¾u isÿ ù ms<s;=r jYfhka 27 ,efí'
tkï" 75 + 6 ÷ 3 = 81 ÷ 3 = 27 f,i jerÈ ms<s;=rla ,efí'
(BODMAS kS;s ud,djg wkqj fuu ms<s;=r jerÈ h).
úoHd;aul .Klhg tu wdldrhg u o;a; we;=<;a l< úg iïu; wkqms<sfj< wkqj

.Ks; l¾u isÿlr ms<s;=r jYfhka 77 ,nd fohs'
ta 75 + 6 ÷ 3 = 75 + 2 = 77 f,i .Kkh lrñks'
iq¿ lsÍfï § wm iïuq;sh f,i fhdod .kakd BODMAS kS;s ud,djg wkqj fuu
ms<s;=r ksjerÈ h'
igyk : idudkH .Kl hka;%hlska .Kkh lsÍï lrk úg o;a; we;=<;a lrk
wkqms<sfj< ms<snò j ie,ls,su;a úh hq;= h' kuq;a úoHd;aul .Kl hka;%fha §
;sfnk ms<sfj<g o;a; we;=<;a lr ksjerÈ ms<s;=r ,nd .; yels h' kuq;a fuys
§ úfYaIfhka lsjhq;= lreKla we;' fndfyda .Kl hka;% ksmojk iud.ï ;u
ksIamdok m%luKh lsÍfï § BODMAS kS;s ud,dj wkq.ukh l<;a Bg uola
fjkia wdldrhg .Kkh lsÍï isÿ flfrk .Kl hka;% o oelsh yels h' tjeks
.Kl hka;%j,g o;a; we;=<;a l< hq;= whqre tajd iu. tk Wmfoia m;s%ldj,
wvx.= fõ' tjeks Wmfoia m;s%ldjla fkdue;s wjia:djl § ir, iq¿ lsÍï
lsysmhla isÿ fldg .Kl hka;%h .Kkh lrk wdldrh .ek wjfndaOhla ,nd
.; yels h' tfia;a ke;skï" uq,ska isÿ l< hq;= m%ldYk jryka fhdod fjka l<
hq;= h' ksoiqkla f,i" 1 − 5 + 12 / 3 × 2 hk m%ldYkh § we;s ms<sfj<g we;=<;a
l<fyd;a" iuyr .Kl hka;% u.ska" fn§ug fmr .=K lsÍu isÿ lrkq ,nhs'
kuq;a" BODMAS kS;s ud,dj wkqj fn§ug yd .=K lsÍug iudk m%uqL;ajh
we;s ksid" jï mi isg ol=Kg hdfï § uq,ska fn§u isÿ l< hq;= h'
15
11.2 úoHd;aul .Klfha % h;=r Ndú; lsÍu
m%;sY; .Kkh lsÍfï § % h;=r Ndú; fõ' fndfyda .Klj, = h;=r u; u
% igykaj we;s w;r SHIFT h;=r ls%hd;aul lr = h;=r tîfuka % h;=r
ils%h fõ'
ksoiqk 1
480lska 25% la fiùug my; ms<sfj<g h;=re ls%hd;aul l< hq;= h'
%
ON fyda AC 4 8 0 × 2 5 SHIFT = = 120
ksoiqk 2
2 m%;sY;hla f,i olajuq' ta iòyd my; ms<sfj<g h;=re ls%hd;aul l< hq;= h'
8
%
ON 2 ÷ 8 SHIFT = = 25
ksoiqk 3
re 2500 lska 35%la fiùug my; ms<sfj<g h;=re ls%hd;aul l< hq;= h'
%
ON 2 5 0 0 × 3 5 SHIFT = = 875
ksoiqk 4
.ul ck.ykh 550la fõ' bka 66 fofkl= mdi,a <uqka h' mdi,a hk <uqka .Kk
.fï uq¿ ck.ykfha m%;sY;hla f,i fiùug my; ms<sfj<g h;=re ls%hd;aul
l< hq;= h'
%
ON 6 6 ÷ 5 5 0 SHIFT = = 12
11'2 wNHdih
1. h;=re ls%hd;aul l< hq;= wkqms<sfj< olajñka .Klh Ndú;fhka iq¿ lrkak'
a. 350 × 3% b. 7520 × 60% c. 75.3 × 5%

2. .Klh Ndú;fhka m%;sY;hla f,i olajkak'
12 7
a. 1 b. 25 c. 20
5
my; oelafjk 3 isg 7 olajd jk .eg¨j, úi`ÿï fiùug .Klh Ndú; lrkak'
3. re 450la jehfldg ksIamdokh l< mqgqjla úl=Kd 22% ,dN ,nhs' Tyq ,enQ
,dNh fldmuK o@
16
4. mdi,l uq¿ <uqka .Kk 750ls' bka 20% nifhka mdi,g meñfKa' nifhka
mdi,g meñfKk <uqka .Kk fldmuK o@
5. ksu,af.a udisl jegqm remsh,a 35000la fõ' bka re 7000la b;sß lsÍfï .sKqul
;ekam;a lrhs' Tyq b;sß l< uqo, jegqfmka fldmuK m%;sY;hla o@
6. <uqka 650la bf.k .kakd mdi,l <uqka 143la ix.S;h yodrhs' ix.S;h bf.k
.kakd <uqka m%udKh mdif,a YsIH ixLHdfõ m%;sY;hla f,i olajkak'
7. ù f;d.hl ;sfnk fnd,a ù m%udKfha m%;sY;h 2%lg wvq nj mjihs' 350kg ù

m%udKhl ;snQ fnd,a ù m%udKh 6kg úh' by; m%ldYh i;H o@
11.3 úoHd;aul .Kl hka;%fha x2 h;=r Ndú;fhka .Kkh lsÍï

lsÍu
22, 52, 3.212 jeks ixLHdj, ^fofla o¾Ylh we;s n,j,& w.h fiùu iòyd x2
h;=r Ndú; fõ'
ksoiqk 1
32 ys w.h ,nd .ekSug h;=re ls%hd;aul l< hq;= wkqms<sfj<
ON 3 x2 = 9
ksoiqk 2
4.12 ys w.h ,nd .ekSug h;=re ls%hd;aul l< hq;= wkqms<sfj<
AC 4 . 1 x2 = 16.81
ksoiqk 3
52 × 122 ys w.h ,nd .ekSug h;=re ls%hd;aul l< hq;= wkqms<sfj<
AC 5 x2 × 1 2 x2 = 3600
ksoiqk 4
mdohl È. 6cm jQ iup;=ri%hl j¾.M,h fiùu iòyd h;=re ls%hd;aul l< hq;=
wkqms<sfj< ,shkak'
iup;=ri%fha j¾.M,h = 6 × 6 cm2 ksid
ON 6 x2 = 36
iup;=ri%fha j¾.M,h = 36 cm2

17
11'3 wNHdih
1. h;=re ls%hd l< hq;= wkqms<sfj< olajñka my; oelafjk n, .Klh Ndú;fhka
fidhkak'
a. 22 b. 82 c. 1272
d. 35322 e. 3.52 f. 6.032
2. h;=re ls%hd l< hq;= wkqms<sfj< olajñka .Klh Ndú;fhka w.h fidhkak'
a. 3 × 52 b. 32 × 42 c. 3.52
d. 42 + 32 e. 102 − 62 f. 102 − 32 × 5
11.4 úoHd;aul .Klfha h;=r Ndú;fhka .Kkh lsÍï lsÍu
ixLHdjl j¾.uQ,h fiùu iòyd h;=r fhdod .efka'

ksoiqk 1
25 ys w.h ,nd .ekSug h;=re ls%hd;aul l< hq;= wkqms<sfj<'

ON 2 5 = 5
ksoiqk 2
44 521 ys w.h ,nd .ekSug h;=re ls%hd;aul l< hq;= wkqms<sfj<'
ON 4 4 5 2 1 = 211
ksoiqk 3
5.29 ys w.h ,nd .ekSug h;=re ls%hd;aul l< hq;= wkqms<sfj<'
ON 5 . 2 9 = 2.3
18
11'4 wNHdih
1. h;=re ls%hd l< hq;= wkqms<sfj< olajñka úoHd;aul .Klh Ndú;fhka my;
oelafjk ixLHdj, j¾.uQ,h fidhkak'
a. 64 b. 81 c. 2704
d. 3356 e. 3500 f. 362404

2. h;=re ls%hd l< hq;= wkqms<sfj< olajñka my; ixLHdj, w.hka fidhkak'
a. 49 b. 121 c. 625
d. 20.25 e. 5.76 f. 0.1225
wu;r oekqug
42 + 32 ys w.h ,nd .ekSu iòyd h;=re ls%hd;aul l< hq;= wkqms<sfj<
ON ( 4 x2 + 3 x2 ) = 5
ñY% wNHdih
1. h;=re ls%hd l< hq;= wkqms<sfj< olajñka úoHd;aul .Klh u.ska iq¿ lrkak'
a. 5+6÷2+4×5 b. 2 562 + 37 × 0.25 c. 42.48 ÷ 5.31

d. 428 + 627 × 5 % e. 5.32 ÷ 6.01 f. 7 × 2 % + 560
130

2. iuka ;jdka l< îc 35lska 21 me<úh' me< jQ îc m%udKh ;jdka l< îc
m%udKfhka fldmuK m%;sY;hla o hkak úoHd;aul .Klh fhdod .ksñka
fidhkak'
3 isg 5 olajd .eg¨j,g úi`ÿï fiùug .Klh Ndú; lrkak'
3. ksu,af.a jegqm 12%lska jeä lrk ,È' jeä lsÍug fmr ksu,af.a jegqm
re 45200la kï jeä l< miq ksu,af.a jegqm fldmuKo@
4. a = 1.332 fõ kï a ys w.h fidhkak'
5. p = 18.49 − 2 fõ kï p ys w.h fidhkak'

19
12 o¾Yl
fuu mdvu wOHhkh lsÍfuka Tng
² n, .=K lsÍu" n, fn§u yd n,hl n,h hk tla tla wjia:djg wod< o¾Yl
kS;s y`ÿkd .ekSug
² by; o¾Yl kS;s Ndú; lr" ùÔh m%ldYk iq¿ lsÍug
² Y+kH o¾Ylh yd RK o¾Ylh y`ÿkd .ekSug yd Bg wod< ùÔh m%ldYk iq¿
lsÍug
yelshdj ,efnkq we;'
o¾Yl
Tn óg by; fYa%Ksj, § 21, 22, 23 wdÈ ixLHdj, n, ms<snò j Wf.k we;' tajdfha
w.hka fufia fiúh yels h'
21 = 2
22 = 2 2 = 4
2.
3
= 2 2 .2 = 8
. ..
.
tfia u" x1, x2, x3 wdÈ ùÔh ixfla; iys; n, ms<snòj;a Wf.k we;' tajd o my;
mßÈ úysÿjd ,súh yels h'

x1 = x
x2 = x x
x. .
3
=x x x
. .
. .
tfia u" ixLHd yd ùÔh moj, n, .=K ù we;s úg o tajd úysÿjd ,súh yels wdldrh
Tn Wf.k we;' ksoiqkla f,i"
52 a3 b2 = 5 5 a a a b b f,i ,súh yels h'
tfia u" (xy)2 wdldrfha .=Ks;hl n,h" x2 y2 f,i n,j, .=Ks;hlska oelaúh yels
nj;a xy wdldrfha fn§ul n,h xy f,i oelaúh yels nj;a Tn Wf.k we;'
2 2
tu lreKq ;jÿrg;a u;la lr .ekSug § we;s mqkÍlaIK wNHdifha fhfokak'
20
mqkÍlaIK wNHdih
1. w.h fidhkak'
i. 25 ii. (– 3)2 iii. (– 4)2
2 2
iv. 3 v. (– 3)3 vi. (– 4)3
2. ysia;eka iïmQ¾K lrkak'

i. (xy)2 = (xy) ...... ii. ( pq)3 = ...... ...... ......
= ...... ...... x y = p q ...... ...... ...... ...
= x x ...... ...... = p p p ..... ..... .....
= x2 y2 = p3 q3

iii. (2ab)2 = ...... ...... iv. 9p2q2 = ......2 p2 q2

= ...... ...... b ...... ...... b = .... .... p p .... ....
= 2 2 ...... ...... ...... ...... = (3 p q) (..... ..... .....)
= 4a b2 2
= (3pq)2
3. my; oelafjk tla tla m%ldYkh" .=Ks;hla fia úysÿjd ,shkak'

i. 2a2 ii. 3x2y2 iii. – 5p2q
iv. (– 3)5 v. (ab)3 vi. x4 y4
12'1 iudk mdo iys; n, .=K lsÍu

23 yd 25 hkq mdo iudk jQ n, folls'
23 = 2 2 2 o
25 = 2 2 2 2 2 o f,i úysÿjd ,súh yels h'
fuu n, foflys .=Ks;h ,nd .ksuq'

23 25 = (2 2 2) (2 2 2 2 2)
=2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
= 28
2 ys 2 kej; kej;;a ;=kajdrhla o"
3
25 ys 2 kej; kej;;a miajdrhla o .=K jk ksid" tajd .=K ùfï § 2 kej; kej;;a
3 + 5 = 8 jdrhla .=K fõ'
ta nj fufia ,shd oelaúh yels h'
23 25 = 23 + 5 = 28.
21
n, folla .=K lsÍfï § tu n, foflys o¾Yl fol tl;= l< yels jkafka" .=K
lsÍug kshñ; n, fol u tl u mdofhka mj;sk úg nj isys ;nd .ekSu jeo.;a
h' iq¿ ù ,efnk ;ks n,fhys mdoh o tu fmdÿ mdoh u fõ'
ta wkqj" x3 x5 ys .=Ks;h ,nd .ksuq'
x3 yd x5 tl u mdohla hgf;a mj;sk ksid" .=Ks;h ,nd .ekSug o¾Yl tl;= l<
yels h'
x3 x5 = x3 + 5

= x8
fuh o¾Yl kS;shla f,i fufia oelaúh yels h'
am an = am + n
fuu kS;sh ´kE u n, .Kklg úia;SrKh l< yels h' ksoiqkla f,i
am an ap = am + n + p
fuu kS;sh" m%ldYk iq¿ lsÍfï § fhdod .kakd whqre fuu ksoiqkaj,ska meyeÈ,s
lr .ksuq'
ksoiqk 1
iq¿ lrkak'
(i) x2 x5 x (ii) a2 b2 a2 b3 (iii) 2x2 3x5
i. ii.
x
2
x
5
x=x 2+ 5+1 ^x = x ksid&
1 a2 b2 a2 b3 = a2 a2 b2 b3
= x8 = a2 + 2 b2 + 3

= a4 b5

= a4 b5
iii.
2x2 3x5 = 2 x2 3 x5
= 2 3 x2 x5

= 6x2 + 5

= 6x7
n, .=K lsÍfï § o¾Yl kS;sh fhdod .ksñka my; wNHdifha ksr; jkak'
12'1 wNHdih
1. ysia;eka iïmQ¾K lrkak'

i. 25 22 ii. x4 x2 iii. a3 a4 a
25 22 = 2.... + .... x4 x2 = x.... + .... a3 a4 a = a... + .... + ....

= 2.... = x .... = a ....
22
iv. 5p3 3p v. x2 y3 x5 y5
= 5 .... 3 .... = x .... x .... y .... y....
= 15p .... + .... = x .... + .... y .... + ....
=15.... = ........ .... ....
2. A ;Srfha we;s tla tla m%ldYkfha .=Ks;hg iudk m%ldYkh B ;Srfhka f;dard
hd lrkak'
A B
x3 x7 x7
x5 x2 x x8
x7 x x9
x2 x2 x6 x10
x2 x3 x2 x

3. iq¿ lr w.h fidhkak'
a. 35 35
b. 72 73 7
4.
iq ¿ lrka
k'
i. x3 x6 v. 5p2 2p3
ii. x2 x2 x2 vi. 4x2 2x 3x5
iii. a3 a2 a4 vii. m2 2n2 m n
iv. 2x3 x5 viii. 2a2 3b2 5a 2b3
5. xm xn = x8 hk iólrKh i;H ùu iòyd mg yd ng .; yels tla w.h hq.,hla
3 yd 5 fõ' tjeks Ok ksÅ,uh w.h hq., ish,a, u ,shkak'
6. a2 + a3 = a5 hk m%ldYkh" wi;H jk ays w.hl=;a" i;H jkafka kï i;H jk
ays w.hl=;a ,shd olajkak'
12.2 iudk mdo iys; n, fn§u

iudk mdo iys; n, .=K lsÍfï § fuka u" fn§fï § o o¾Yl w;r iïnkaO;djla
;sfí oehs n,uq'
x5 . x2 hkak x2 f,i o ,súh yels h'
5
.
x
x x x x x
túg" x2 =
5
x x x
=x x x
= x3
23
. . . x2 = x3 fõ' ,jfha we;s n,fha o¾Ylh 5 o" yrfha we;s n,fha o¾Ylh 2 o jk
5
x
úg" fn§fuka ,efnk ms<s;=f¾ x mdoh hgf;a u o¾Ylh 5 – 2 = 3 fõ'
tneúka x5 . x2 = x5 – 2
.
= x3
f,i myiqfjka iq¿ l< yels h'

iudk mdo iys; n, fn§fï § Ndclfha o¾Ylfhka" NdcHfha o¾Ylh wvq lr tu
mdoh hgf;a u olajkq ,efí'
a . a = a
m n m –n
.
fuh o o¾Yl ms<snò kS;shla f,i isys ;nd .ekSu jeo.;a h' m%ldYk iq¿ lsÍu
iòyd fuu kS;sh fhdod .kakd whqre ksoiqka u.ska úuid n,uq'
ksoiqk 1
iq¿ lrkak'
c. a a
3 2
a. x5 x2 . x3 b. 4x8 . 2x2 a
.
2
(x5 x2) . x3 = x5 + 2 . x3 4x8 a3 a2 = a3 + 2 – 1
.
8 .
4x 2x = 2
2
.
= x7 – 3 1
2x a

= x4 = a4
= 2x8 – 2

= 2x6
oeka" my; wNHdifha fhfokak'
12'2 wNHdih
1. o¾Yl kS;s fhdod .ksñka iq¿ lrkak'
x7
i. a5 . a3 ii. 2 iii. 2x8 . x3 iv. 4p6 . 2p3
.
v. 10m2 vi. x 3x viii. 2x 2x

5 2 4 3

vii. n5 . (n2 n)
.
2m x 4x
ix. x 7x 22x x. a 2 b2 xi. 2p 2q

5 2 6 5 3 4 3

x x a b p q
24
2. am . an = a8 hk iólrKh i;H ùu iòyd m yd ng .; yels Ok ksÅ,uh
.
w.h hq., myla ,shkak'
3. A ;Srh ;=< we;s tla tla ùÔh m%ldYkhg iudk jk ùÔh m%ldYkh B ;Srfhka
f;dard m%ldYk fol u ' = ' ,l=Kq fhdod kej; ,shkak'
A
B
2a5 . 2a2
.
a
a6 . a4
.
a2
a7 a2
a6
a3
a3
a
4a5 a
4a3

12.3 RK o¾Yl
x5 . x2 = x3 nj fmr fldgfia § wms y`ÿkd .;af;uq'
.
1 1
th x x x x x = x3 f,i úysÿjd ,sùfuka o ,efnk nj oksuq'
x1 x1
ta wdldrhg x2 . x5 iq¿ lruq'
.
i. úysÿjd ,sùfuka ii. o¾Yl kS;s weiqfrka

1 1
x x
x5 = 1 1 x5 = x2 – 5
2 2
x x x x x x x
= 1 3 = x – 3
x
x2 . x5 iòyd (i) yd (ii) l%u foflka u ,eî we;s W;a;r fol iudk úh hq;= h'
.
tuksid" 1 3 = x – 3 úh hq;= h' fuys § yrfha we;s n,fha o¾Ylfha ,l=K fjkia ù
x
,jhg meñK we;s nj wjfndaO lr .kak'
fuh" o¾Yl iïnkaO jeo.;a ,laIKhls' n,hl mj;sk RK o¾Ylhla" Ok

o¾Ylhla f,i ,shd .ekSug wjYH úg § fuu ,laIKh fhdod .; yels h'
25
1
ta wdldrhg u x3 = f,i o ,súh yels h' fuu kS;sh fufia oelaúh yels h'
x –3
1
xn = –n
x
ta wkqj
a –m = 1m am = 1–m a–m = an (n, folg u by; ,laIKh
a a a–n am tljr fh§fuka)
úÔh m%ldYk iq¿ lsÍu iòyd o¾Ylj, fuu ,laIKh fhdod .; yels h' th my;
ksoiqkaj,ska oelafõ'
ksoiqk 1
w.h fidhkak'
i. 2–5
ii. 1–2
5
1 1
i. 2–5 = ii. = 52
25 5–2
1
= = 25
2 2 2 2 2
1
= 32
ksoiqk 2
iq¿ lrkak' 2x – 42x

–2 3
2x
2x – 2 2x3 = 2 x – 2 2 x3
2x – 4 2 x –4
1
= 2 x 2 2 x ^ x – 2 = 1 2 yd 1– 4 = x 4 f,i .ekSfuka&
4 3

21 x x x
2x7
=
x2
= 2x7 – 2

= 2x5
26
12.3 wNHdih
1. Ok o¾Yl iys; j ,shkak'
i. 3– 4 ii. x – 5 iii. 2x – 1 iv. 5a – 2 v. 5p2q –2
a m
vi. 1– 5 vii. 3– 2 viii. x2x– 4 ix. 2b– 3 x. (2n)– 2
x a
p x –2 –2
xi. t xiv. 2x
–2
xii. xiii.
m q –2 2y –2 3y
2. w.h fidhkak'
i. 2– 2 ii. 1– 2
iii. 2 – 7 iv. (– 4)– 3 v. 3–2
4
3– 2
vi. 5– 2 vii. 10 – 3 viii. 4– 2
5
3. iq¿ lr ms<s;=re Ok o¾Yl iys; j ,shd olajkak'
a2
i. a – 2 a – 3 ii. a2 a –3 iii. a–5 a–8 iv. 2a– 4 3a2 v. 3x – 2 4x – 2
vi. 10x2
–5
viii. (2p) 4(2p)
–2 3
vii. 4x 2 x
–3 –5
5x 2x (2p)
12.4 Y=kH o¾Ylh

o¾Ylh 0 jQ n,hla Y=kH o¾Ylh iys; n,hla hehs lshkq ,efí' 20 tjeks Y=kH
o¾Ylhla iys; n,hls'
x5 . x5 o¾Yl kS;s u; iq¿ l< úg"
.
x5 . x5 = x5 – 5 = x0
.
th úysÿjd ,shd iq¿ l< úg" x5 . x5 = x x x x x

.
x x x x x
= 1
x5 . x5 l%u folg u iq¿ l< úg ,efnk W;a;r iudk úh hq;= ksid x0 = 1 fõ'
.
x Y=kH fkdjk úg" x0 = 1 fõ'

ùÔh m%ldYk iq¿ lsÍfï §" fuh Ndú;hg .kq ,efí'
27
ksoiqk 1
iq¿ lrkak'
0
i. x 2x ii. x x
0 7 5 2
x a
0
x x = 1 x7 ÷ x2
0 7 x x2
5
=1 ^jryka ;=< we;s uq¿ m%ldYkh u
x2 a mdoh ù tys o¾Ylh 0 ksid tys
= 1 x7 – 2 w.h 1 fõ&

= x5
Y=kH o¾Ylh we;=<;a n, iys; m%ldYk iq¿ lsÍu" my; oelafjk wNHdih u.ska
;yjqre lr .ksuq'
12.4 wNHdih
1. iq¿ lrkak'
iii. a a3
2
i. x8 . x8
ii. (2p)4 (2p)– 4
.
a a4
p3 p5 p x x –4 x6
iv. y 6y
4 2 –2
v. vi.
y p p
6 3
y –2 y8 y – 6
2. w.h fidhkak'
0 2 0
i. 20 3 ii. (– 4)0 iii. x + 1 iv. x 2 v. 50 + 1
y y
0
vi. 2 vii. (2ab)0 – 20 viii. (abc)0
3
12.5 n,hl n,h

(x2)3 hkq x2 hk n,fhys ;=kajk n,hhs' tjeks n,j,g n,hl n, hehs lshkq
,efí'
th fufia iq¿ l< yels h' (x2)3 = x2 x2 x2
(x2)3 = (x x) (x x) (x x)
=x x x x x x
= x6
tneúka (x2)3 = x6 fõ'
fuu 6 ,efnkqfha 2 tajd 3lska nj" tkï 2 × 3 ka nj ksÍlaIKh lrkak' tkï"

(x2)3 = x2 3 = x6 f,i ,súh yels h'
28
n,hl n,hla f,i mj;sk m%ldYkhla iq¿ lsÍfï § tajdfha o¾Yl tlsfkl .=K
lrkq ,efí' fuh o o¾Yl kS;shla f,i ie,fla'
tkï" (am)n = am n
= amn
ksoiqk 1
iq¿ lrkak'
i. (a5)2 a ii. (p3)4 (x2)0 iii. (2x2y3)2
(i) (a5)2 a = a5 2 a (ii) (p3)4 (x2)0 = p3 4 x2 0 (iii) (2x2y3)2 = ( 2 x2 y3)2

= a10 a1 = p12 x 0 = 22 x4 y 6

=a 10 + 1
= p 1
12
= 4 x4 y 6

= a11 = p12
n,hl n,h we;=<;a m%ldYk iq¿ lsÍu my; oelafjk wNHdih u.ska ;yjqre lr
.ksuq'
12.5 wNHdih
1. w.h fidhkak'
i. (24)2 ii. (32)–1 iii. (23)2 + 20

1
iv. (52)–1 + v. (40)2 1 vi. (102)2
5
2. iq¿ lrkak' ^ms<s;=re Ok o¾Yl iys;j ,shd olajkak'&
i. (x3)4 ii. (p–2)2 iii. (a2 b2)2 iv. (2x2 )3
v. x 2 vi. a 2
53 3 2
vii. m 2
3 –2

viii. (p –2)– 4
x b n
ix. (a0)2 a
29
ñY% wNHdih
1. w.h fidhkak'
i. 53 52 ii. 53 . 52 iii. 50 × 5 × 52
.
vi. 5 2 52
3 –1
iv. (5–1)2
v. {(52)0}4
(5 )
vii. 52 . 102
viii. 5 10 5 10
2 3 –1 –2
.
2. iq¿ lrkak'
(4p2)3
i. (2x5)2 ii. (2ab2)3 iii. 2x (3x2)2 iv.
(2p2q)2
v. (2p ) vi. (2a2)2 (3b2)2
2 3
3pq 5b3 2a
idrdxYh
² am an = am + n
² am . an = am – n
.
1
² xn = –n
x
² (am)n = am n = amn
² x Y=kH fkdjk úg" x0 = 1 fõ'
30
13 jgehSu yd úoHd;aul wxlkh
²² úoHd;aul wxlkh y`ÿkd .ekSug yd ñ,shk l,dmh f;la ixLHd úoHd;aul
wxlkfhka ,sùug
²² úoHd;aul wxlkfhka oelafjk ixLHdjla idudkH wdldrhg yrjd ,sùug
²² ixLHdjla jgehSfï § Ndú; lrkq ,nk kS;s y`ÿkd .ekSug
²² fok ,o ixLHdjla wdikak oyhg" wdikak ishhg" wdikak oyig iy fok
,o wdikak oYuia:dkhlg jgehSug
²² jgehSu wdYs%; .eg¨ úi`§ug
yelshdj ,efnkq we;'
ye`Èkaùu
 vhsfkdairhka óg wjqreÿ 140 000 000lg muK by; mDÓúh u; Ôj;a jQ
i;a;aj úfYaIhla nj úoHd{hkaf.a u;hhs'

 yhsv%cka mrudKqfõ mrudKql wrh 0.000 000 000 053 m fõ'
 iQ¾hhdf.a isg mDÓúhg we;s ÿr 149 600 000 000 m muK fõ'

 wdf,dalh .uka .kakd fõ.h ;;amrhg óg¾ 299 790 000 la muK fõ'
by; oelafjkafka f;dr;=re oelaùfï § ixLHd fhdod f.k we;s wjia:d y;rlss'
tajdhska wjidk f;dr;=re foflka" iQ¾hhdf.ka ksl=;a jk wdf,dal lsrKhla
mDÓúhg <`.d ùug .; jk ld,h .Kkh lruq'
tu ld,h = ;;amr 149 600 000 000 ÷ 299 790 000
31
fuu tla tla ixLHdfõ we;s b,lalï .Kk jeä ksid th È.ska o jeä h' tu ksid
tajd ,shd oelaùug jeä bvla hkakd fiau by; .Kkh lsÍu o wiSre fõ' .Kl
hka;%hla Ndú; lsÍfï § mjd tys o¾Yk ;Srfha oelaúh yels b,lalï .Kk iSñ;
neúka fuu .Kkh lsÍu iòyd idudkH .Kl hka;%hla fhdod .ekSu o wmyiq
fõ' tneúka fujeks ixLHd ,shd oelaùug yd tajd we;=<;a .Kkh lsÍï myiq lr
.ekSug tajd fjk;a wdldrhlg ,sùfï wjYH;djla u;= fõ'
fuu mdvfuka" fujeks ixLHd Ndú;hg myiq wdldrfhka ,súh yels l%uhla
ms<snòj bf.k .ksuq' ta iòyd" óg fmr W.;a" Bg wod< lreKq u;la lr .ekSu
msKsi my; mqkÍlaIK wNHdifha fhfouq'
mqkÍlaIK wNHdih
1. my; j.=j iïmQ¾K lrkak'
ixLHdj 10 ys n,hla f,i

1 1 = 100
10 10 = 101
100 10 × 10 = 10...
1000 ........ × ........ ×......... = 10...
10000 ....................... = 10...
100000 ....................... = ........
................... ................... = 106
...................... 10 × 10 × 10 × 10 × 10 × 10 × 10 = ............
2. my; oelafjk ixLHd" Bg my<ska we;s j.=fõ § we;s Wmfoiaj,g wkqj ta ;=<
we;=<;a lrkak'
5.37, 87.5, 0.75, 4.02, 1.01, 10.1, 4575, 0.07, 9, 12.3, 2.7, 9.9
1;a 10;a w;r ixLHd

1;a 10;a w;r fkdjk ixLHd
32
13.1 úoHd;aul wxlkh
fujr w'fmd'i' îd/fm<& úNd.hg fmkS isák YsIH ixLHdj

700 000 blaujhs'
- m%jD;a;shla
by; m%jD;a;sfha iòyka jk" b,lalï yhlska hq;a ixLHdj ,súh yels wdldr
lsysmhla my; oelafõ'
i. 700 × 1000 700 × 103
ii. 70 × 10 000 70 × 104
iii. 7 × 100 000 7 × 105
fuu wjia:dj,ska" wjidkhg ,shd we;s wdldrh" fndfyda úg fhdod .efka' th

fldgia foll .=Ks;hls' uq,a fldgi 1 fyda 1 ;a 10 ;a w;r ixLHdjla jk w;r
fojeks fldgi 10ys n,hls'
7 × 105
10ys n,h
1 fyda 1;a 10;a w;r
ixLHdj
fï wdldrhg 1 fyda 1 iy 10 w;r ixLHdjl yd 10ys n,hl .=Ks;hla f,i ,shd
oelaùu úoHd;aul wxlkh f,i ye`Èkafõ'
A hkq 1 fyda 1 iy 10 w;r ixLHdjla o" n hkq ksÅ,hla o fõ kï

A × 10n u.ska úoHd;aul wxlkfhka ,shd we;s ixLHdjla oelafõ
(fuys 1 ≤ A < 10 fõ)'
280 000, úoHd;aul wxlkfhka ,shuq'
280 000 ys uq,a b,lalï fol 1;a 10;a w;r ixLHdjla f,i ,shQ úg" 2.8 ,efí'
∴ 280 000 = 2 80000.

= 2.8 × 100 000
= 2.8 × 105
túg 280 000 úoHd;aul wxlkfhka 2.8 × 105 fõ'
33
ksoiqk 1
my; oelafjk ixLHd úoHd;aul wxlkfhka ,shkak'
i. 20 000 ii. 4240 iii. ñ,shkh iv. 3.47 v. 34.7
vi. 6 vii. 289.325 iv. 2491.32
i. 20 000 = 2.0 × 10 000 ii. 4240 = 4.24 × 1000

= 2 × 104 = 4.24 × 103

iii. ñ,shkh = 1000 000 iv. 3.47 = 3.47 × 1

= 1 × 106 = 3.47 × 100 (1 = 100 ksid )
v. 34.7 = 3.47 × 10 vi. 6 = 6 × 1

= 3.47 × 101 = 6 × 100

vii. 289.325 = 2.89325× 100
viii. 2491.32
= 2.89325 × 102
2491.32 = 2.49132 × 103
oYu ;s; ia:dk 3la ju;a mig
hñka 2.49132 × 103 ,efí'

13.1 wNHdih
1. § we;s ksoiqka wkqj j.=j iïmQ¾K lrkak'
ixLHdj 1 fyda 1;a 10;a w;r ixLHdj × oyfha úoHd;aul
n,h wxlkh
48 4.8 × 10 4.8 × 101
a. 8
b. 99
c. 78
548 5.48 × 100 5.48 × 102
d. 999
e. 401
f. 111
34 700 3.47 × 10000 3.47 × 104
g. 54 200
h. 49 40000
i. 10 00000
34
2. my; oelafjk ixLHd" úoHd;aul wxlkfhka ,shkak'
a. 200
f. 340 000
b. 254
g. 6581200
c. 1010
h. 7.34
d. 5290
i. 18.5
e. 74300 j. 715.8
3. YS% ,xldj ms<snòj jeo.;a lreKq lsysmhla my; oelafõ' tu lreKqj,g wod<
ixLHd" úoHd;aul wxlkfhka olajkak'
msÿre;,d., lkafoa Wi óg¾ 2524ls'
isxyrdc jkdka;rfha j¾.M,h fylagdr 9300ls'
uyje,s .f`.a È. lsf,daóg¾ 335ls'
YS% ,xldfõ N+ñ m%udKh j¾.lsf,daógr 65610ls'
13.2 0 ;a 1 ;a w;r ixLHdjla úoHd;aul wxlkfhka oelaùu

my; oelafjk rgdj foi Tfí wjOdkh fhduq lrkak'
10 000 = 104
1000 = 103
100 = 102
10 = 101
1 = 100
1 1
0.1 = 10 = 101 = 10−1
1 1 0.1 hkak 10ys n,hla f,i ,shQ úg o¾Ylh −1 o

0.01 = 100 = 102 = 10−2
0.01 hkak10ys n,hla f,i ,shQ úg o¾Ylh −2 o
1 1
0.001 = = 103 = 10−3
1000
0.001 hkak10ys n,hla f,i ,shQúg o¾Ylh −3 o
jk nj meyeÈ,s h'
0.75, 1g wvq ixLHdjls' th 1;a 10;a w;r ixLHdjla weiqfrka ,shd oelaùfï § 7.5
f,i ,shd 10ka fnÈh hq;= h' th isÿ lrk wdldrh" .Ks;dkql+,j fufia ,shd
oelaúh yels h'
35
0.75 × 10 = 7.5 ksid
7.5
0.75 = 10
7.5
= 101 (10 = 101 ksid)
1
= 7.5 × 10−1 ( 101 = 10−1 ksid)
fï wkqj" 0.75 ixLHdj" 1 fyda 1;a 10;a w;r ixLHdjl;a" 10ys n,hl;a .=Ks;hla
f,i ,shd olajd we;'
∴ 0.75 úoHd;aul wxlkfhka ,shQ úg 7.5 × 10−1 ,efí'

ta wdldrhg u 0.0034 úoHd;aul wxlkfhka olajuq'
0.0034 × 1000 = 3.4 ksid
3.4
0.0034 =
1000
3.4
=
103
= 3.4 × 10−3
igyk: 0;a 1;a w;r ixLHdjla úoHd;aul wxlkfhka ,sùfï §" 10ys n,fha
o¾Ylh jkafka RK ksÅ,hls'
ksoiqk 1
my; oelafjk ixLHd úoHd;aul wxlkfhka ,shkak'
a. 0.8453 b. 0.047 c. 0.000017
a. 0.8453 = 8.453 ÷ 10 b. 0.047 = 4.7 ÷ 100 c. 0.000017

8.453 4.7
= = = 1.7 ÷ 100000
10 100
8.453 4.7 1.7
= = =
101 102 105
−2 −5
= 8.453 × 10−1 = 4.7 × 10 = 1.7 × 10
36
13.2 wNHdih
1. my; § we;s j.=j msgm;a lr f.k iïmQ¾K lrkak'
1g wvq ixLHdj 1;a 10;a w;r ixLHdjla úoHd;aul wxlkh
weiqfrka ,shQ úg
4.1 4.1 4.1 × 10−2
a. 0.041 100 = 102
b. 0.059
c. 0.0049
1.35 1.35 ......... × 10−4
d. 0.000 135 10000 = 104
e. 0.000 005
f. 0.000 003 9
g. 0.111345
2. my; oelafjk ixLHd" úoHd;aul wxlkfhka ,shkak'

a. 0.08 b. 0.543 c. 0.0004
d. 0.0019 e. 0.00095 f. 0.000 000 054

3. my; oelafjk ixLHd úoHd;aul wxlkfhka olajkak'
mrudKqjl wrh 0.000 000 01 cm fõ'
jd;h >k fikaáógrhl ialkaOh .a?ï 0.00129 fõ'
yhsv%cka >k fikaáógrhl ialkaOh .a?ï 0. 000 088 9 fõ'
13.3 úoHd;aul wxlkfhka oelafjk ixLHd" idudkH wdldrhg

mßj¾;kh lsÍu
ksoiqkla f,i" 5.43 × 104 f,i úoHd;aul wxlkfhka ,shd we;s ixLHdj idudkH
wdldrhg mßj¾;kh lruq'
I l%uh II l%uh
5.43 × 104 = 5.43 × 10000 5.43 hkak 104 ka tkï 10 000 ka .=K
= 54 300 jk ksid" oYu;s; ia:dk y;rla
∴ 5.43 × 10 = 54 300
4
ol=K;a mig hñka 54 300 ,efí'
54 300

= 54 300
37
my; oelafjkafka ;j;a ksoiqkls' th" 10ys n,fha o¾Ylh RK ixLHdjla f,i
we;s wjia:djls'
I l%uh II l%uh
1
5.43 × 10−4 = 5.43 × 104 104 ka fnok ksid 5.43 ys oYu ;s; ju;a
= 5.43 ÷ 10000 mig ia:dk y;rla hñka 0.000 543 ,efí'
= 0.000543
0 .000543
ksoiqk 1
my; oelafjk ixLHd idudkH wdldrhg yrjkak'
i. 8.9 × 103 ii. 8.9 × 10−3
1
i. 8.9 × 103 = 8.9 × 1000 ii. 8.9 × 10−3 = 8.9 × 103
= 8900 8900. = 0.0089 0.0089
fuys §" ksoiqkla f,i 8.9 × 103 hkak tla jru 8900 f,i ,súh yels h' fuys §
l< hq;af;a .=K lsÍfï §" 10 n,fhys o¾Ylh f,i Ok ixLHdjla we;s úg" tu
ixLHdjg iudk ia:dk .Kkla oYu ;s; ol=Kq mig f.k hEuhs' ^wjYH kï ìkaÿ
o fhdoñka&' .=K lsÍfï§ 10 n,fhys o¾Ylh f,i iDK ixLHdjla we;s úg" tu
ixLHdjg iudk ia:dk .Kkla oYu ;s; jï mig f.k hd hq;=h'
13.3 wNHdih
1. úoHd;aul wxlkfhka olajd we;s my; oelafjk ixLHd idudkH wdldrhg
mßj¾;kh lsÍug wod<j ysia;eka iïmQ¾K lrkak'
1
i. 5.43 × 103 = 5.43 × ........ iv. 5.99 × 10−2 = 5.99 × 10...
= ............
5.99
=
.......
ii. 7.25 × 105 = ........ × ........ = 0.0599
= ............
iii. 6.02 × 101 = ........ × ........ v. 1.06 × 10−6 = 1.06 × ........

1.06
= ............ =
.......
= ............
38
2. my; oelafjk ixLHd" idudkH wdldrhg mßj¾;kh lrkak'
a. 8.9 × 102 f. 7.2 × 10−1

g. 8.34 × 10−3
b. 1.05 × 104
h. 5.97 × 10−4
c. 7.994 × 105
d. 8.02 × 103
i. 9.12 × 10−5
e. 9.99 × 107
j. 5.00 × 10−6
3. tla tla ixLHd hq.,fhka jvd úYd, ixLHdj f;darkak'
a. 2.1 × 104 , 3.7 × 104 d. 2.1 × 104 , 2.1 × 10−4

b. 2.1 × 104 , 3.7 × 103 e. 2.1 × 104 , 3.7 × 10−3
c. 2.1 × 104 , 3.7 × 105 f. 2.1 × 10−4 , 3.7 × 10−3
4. my; oelafjk ixLHd idudkH wdldrfhka ,shkak'
mDÓúfha f.dvìï m%udKh j¾.lsf,daógr 1.488 × 108 ls'

mDÓúfha id.rj,ska jeiS we;s j¾.M,h j¾.lsf,daógr 3.613 × 108 ls'
mDÓúfha uq¿ mDIaG j¾.M,h j¾.lsf,daógr 5.101 × 108 ls'

ixLHd jgehSu
iriaj;S Yd,dfõ mej;s fmd;a m%o¾Ykh keröug i;s wka;fha

krUkakka 2500la muK meñKs nj jd¾;d fõ'
- m%jD;a;shla
m%jD;a;sfha iòyka m%o¾Ykh keröug i;s wka;fha meñKs msßi iòyd ksl=;a l<
m%fõY m;% .Kk 2483ls' ta wkqj" m%o¾Ykh kerUQ ksjerÈ krUkakka ixLHdj
2483ls' m%jD;a;sfha iòyka jk 2500 hk ixLHdj 2483g wdikak yd myiqfjka u;l
;nd .; yels fuka u hï úfYaI;ajhla we;s w.hla jk w;r th ikaksfõokfha
§ m%udKj;a fõ'
ixLHd;au; w.hla jgehSu hkafkka woyia jkafka tu ixLHd;aul w.h Bg
wdikak jYfhka iudk jk ir," jd¾;d lsÍug myiq fyda hï úfYaI;ajhla we;s
fjk;a w.hlska ksrEmKh lsÍuhs' ixLHd jghk wdldr yd úê .Kkdjla we;'
bka lsysmhla ms<snò oeka wjOdkh fhduq lruq'
39
13.4 wdikak 10g jgehSu
hï ixLHdjla" Bg wdikak u 10fha .=Kdldrfhka ksrEmKh lsÍu ye`Èkafjkafka
zzwdikak 10g jgehSuZZ hkqfjks' fï ms<snò j Tn 6 fYa%KSfha § Wf.k we;'
by; iòyka m%o¾Ykhg meñKs krUkakka .Kk jk 2483, wdikak 10g jghuq'
2483 ixLHdj 2480 yd 2490 hk 10fha .=Kdldr fol w;r msysgk w;r th jvd;a
wdikak jkafka 2480gh' ta wkqj" 2483 hkak wdikak 10g jgehQ úg ,efnkafka
2480hs'
fuh jvd;a idOdrK f,i i,ld fufia úia;r l< yels h'
2481, 2482, 2483 yd 2484 hk ixLHd wdikak 10g jeghQ úg ,efnkafka 2480hs'
thg fya;=j" tu ixLHd ish,a,gu jvd;a wdikak 10fha .=Kdldrh 2480 ksid h'
tfia u" 2486, 2487, 2488 yd 2489 hk ixLHd wdikak 10g jeghQ úg ,efnkafka
2490hs' thg o fya;=j by; wdldrfha u h'
b;sß ù we;s 2485 ixLHdj 2480 yd 2490 hk 10fha .=Kdldr folg u iuÿßka
msysáh;a" th wdikak 10g jgehQ úg th" Bg jeä wdikak w.h jk 2490 f,i
iïuq;shla jYfhka .kq ,efí'
wjidk jYfhka" 2480 wdikak 10g jgehQ úg th 2480 u nj;a 2490 iòyd th
2490 u nj;a meyeÈ,s h'
ksoiqk 1
i. 273 ii. 1428 iii. 7196 w.h wdikak oyhg jghkak'
i. 270 ii. 1430 iii. 7200
13.4 wNHdih
1. my; ±lafjk tla tla ixLHdj wdikak 10g jghkak'
a. 33 b. 59 c. 85
d. 247 e. 306 f. 1514
g. 1895 h. 3008 i. 4010
j. 12 345 k. 234 532 l. 997 287
2. msÿre;,d., lkafoa Wi 2524 m fõ' fuu ixLHdj wdikak 10g jghkak'
40
3. wdikak 10g jgehQ úg 140 ,efnk ish¨ u mQ¾K ixLHd ,shkak'
4. wdikak 10g jgehQ úg 80 ,efnk"

ish¨ u mQ¾K ixLHd ,shkak
l=vd u mQ¾K ixLHdj l=ula o@
úYd, u mQ¾K ixLHdj l=ula o@
5. hï mQ¾K ixLHdjla wdikak 10g jgehQ úg 260 ,efí' tu ixLHdjg ;sìh

yels wju w.h;a Wmßu w.h;a fjk fjku fidhkak'
²² wdikak 100g yd 1000g jgehSu

zwdikak 100gZ yd zwdikak 1000gZ jgehSu o w¾: oelafjkafka by; zwdikak
10gZ w¾: oelajQ wdldrhgu h'
ksoiqkla f,i" 7346 ixLHdj 7300 yd 7400 hk 100fha .=Kdldr fol w;r
msysgk kuq;a th jvd;a wdikak jkafka 7300gh' tuksid" 7346 wdikak 100g
jgehQ úg 7300 ,efí' tfia u" 7675 wdikak 100g jgehQ úg ,efnkafka 7700hs'
fmdÿfõ ie,l+ úg" 7300 isg 7349 f;la ^tajd o we;=¿j& ixLHd wdikak 100g
jgehQ úg 7300 ,efnk w;r 7350 isg 7400 f;la ^tajd o we;=¿j& ixLHd wdikak
100g jgehQ úg 7400 ,efí'
ó<`.g" wdikak 1000g jgehSu i,ld n,uq' ksoiqkla f,i" 41 873 wdikak
1000g jgehQ úg 42 000 ,efí' thg fya;=j 41 873 hkak 41 000 g jvd 42 000
g jvd;a wdikak ùuhs'
jgehSfï § isÿ jkafka l=ulaoehs hkak oeka Tn yg meyeÈ,s h' ksoiqka lsysmhla
oeka i,ld n,uq'
²² 2425 wdikak 100g jghuq'
2425
2425 hkak 2400 yd 2500 hk ishfha .=Kdldr fol w;r msysghs' tu
.=Kdldr fol yßueo w.h jk 2450g jvd 2425 wvq h' tneúka 2425 jvd
wdikak jkafka 2400g f,i ie,lsh yels h'
ta wkqj 2425 wdikak 100g jgehQ úg 2400 ,efí'
41
2485
.=Kdldr fol yßueo w.h jk 2450g jvd 2485 jeä h' tneúka 2485
jvd;a wdikak 2500g f,i ie,lsh yels h'
2450 wdikak 100g jghuq'
2450
.=Kdldr fol yßueo w.h jkafka o 2450 h' jeghSfï § iïuq;shla f,i
yßueo w.h jeä .=Kdldrhg jghkq ,efí'

2485
2485 hkak 2000 yd 3000 hk oyfia .=Kdldr fol w;r msysghs' tu
.=Kdldr fol yßueo w.h jk 2500g jvd 2485 wvq h' tneúka 2485
jvd;a wdikak jkafka 2000g f,i ie,lsh yels h'
2754
2754 hkak 2000 yd 3000 hk oyfia .=Kdldr fol w;r msysghs'
tu .=Kdldr fol yßueo w.h jk 2500g jvd 2754 jeä h' tneúka 2754
jvd wdikak 3000g f,i ie,lsh yels h'
²² 12 500 wdikak 1000g jghuq'
12500
12 500 hkak 12 000 yd 13 000 hk oyfia .=Kdldr fol w;r msysghs'
tu .=Kdldr fol yßueo w.h jkafka o 12 500hhs' jeghSfï § iïuq;shla
f,i yßueo w.h jeä .=Kdldrhg jghkq ,efí'
ta wkqj 12500 wdikak 1000g jgehQ úg 13 000 ,efí'

42
13.5 wNHdih
1. my; oelafjk tla tla ixLHdj wdikak 100g jghkak'
a. 54 b. 195 c. 1009 d. 2985 e. 72324 f. 7550
2. my; oelafjk tla tla ixLHdj wdikak 1000g jghkak'
a. 1927 b. 2433 c. 19999 d. 45874 e. 38000 f. 90500
3. mdi,l isiqka ixLHdj 2059ls' fuu ixLHdj

i. wdikak 10g
ii. wdikak 100g
iii. wdikak 1000g jghkak'
4. ixLHdjla wdikak 100g jgehQ úg 4500 ,efí' tfia jk

i. l=vdu mQ¾K ixLHdj l=ulao@
ii. úYd,u mQ¾K ixLHdj l=ulao@

oYu ixLHd jgehSu
jhi wjqreÿ 5la jQ orejl=f.a ialkaOh ñkQ úg th lsf,da.a?ï 12.824 f,i igyka
úh' th .a?ïj,ska olajf;d;a 12 824g fõ' fhdod.;a ;rdÈh wdikak .a?ï .Kkg
ialkaOh ,nd fok ksid fuu w.h ,enqKs' tfy;a" m%dfhda.sl wjYH;dj, §" ialkaOh
wjYH jkafka wdikak lsf,da.a?uh g fyda ke;skï wdikak lsf,da.%Euhlska 10ka
mx.=jg fyda tfia ke;s kï wdikak lsf,da.a?uhlska 100ka mx.=jlg úh yels h'
§ we;s oYu ixLHdjla wdikak mQ¾K ixLHdjg" wdikak m<uq oYuia:dkhg"

wdikak fojk oYuia:dkhg" ''' jeghSug oek isàu m%fhdackj;a fõ' fuu mdvfï
§ wms oYu ixLHd jghk wdldrh ms<snò j W.ksuq'
uq,ska u" oYuia:dk tlla iys; ixLHdjla wdikak mQ¾K ixLHdjg jghk wdldrh
i,ld n,uq'
12.7 wdikak mQ¾K ixLHdjg jghuq'
12 12.1 12.2 12.3 12.4 12.5 12.6 12.7 12.8 12.9 13
yßueo
12.7 fomi msysá mQ¾K ixLHd 12 yd 13hs'
43
12.1, 12.2, 12.3 yd 12.4 hk ixLHd jvd;a wdikak jkafka 12g ksid" tu ixLHd
wdikak mQ¾K ixLHdjg jgehQ úg 12 ,efnk w;r 12.6, 12.7, 12.8, 12.9 jvd;a
wdikak jkafka 13g ksid" tu ixLHd wdikak mQ¾K ixLHdjg jgehQ úg 13 ,efí'
;j o by; fldgiaj, mßÈ u" 12.5 wdikak mQ¾K ixLHdjg jgehQ úg 13 f,i
iïuq;shla f,i ie,fla' ta wkqj 12.7 wdikak mQ¾K ixLHdjg jgehQ úg 13 fõ'
tfiau"
12.3 wdikak mQ¾K ixLHdjg jgehQ úg 12 o

12.5 wdikak mQ¾K ixLHdjg jgehQ úg 13 o ,efí'
fok ,o oYuia:dkhlg jgehSu
3.74 m<uq oYuia:dkhg jghkak'
fuys § jghk kS;sh o by; fldgiaj, mßÈu fõ' 3.71, 3.72, 3.73, 3.74 hk
ixLHd jvd;a wdikak jk oYuia:dk tlla iys; ixLHdj 3.7 ksid tu ixLHd tla
oYuia:dkhlg jgehQ úg th 3.7 fõ' tfia u" 3.75, 3.76, 3.77, 3.78, 3.79 ixLHd
oYuia:dkhlg jgehQ úg 3.8 fõ' fï wkqj" 3.74 m<uq oYuia:dkhg jgehQ úg
3.7 ,efí'
fjk;a oYuia:dkhlg jgehSfï § kS;sh ta wdldrfhka u h' my; oelafjk ksoiqk

i,ld n,uq'
ksoiqk 2
i. 3.784 ii. 3.796 fojk oYuia:dkhg jghkak'

fojk oYuia:dkhg jgehSfï § ;=kajk oYuia:dkfha we;s b,lalu ie,lsh
hq;= h'
i. 3.784 hkak 3.78 yd 3.79 w;r msysghs' 3.784 jvd wdikak 3.78 ksid fojk
oYuia:dkhg jgehQ úg 3.78 ,efí'
ii. 3.796 hkak 3.79 yd 3.80 w;r msysghs' 3.796 jvd wdikak 3.80g ksid
wdikak fojk oYuia:dkhg jgehQ úg 3.80 ,efí'
44
13.6 wNHdih
1. my; oelafjk tla tla ixLHdj wdikak mQ¾K ixLHdjg iy wdikak m<uq
oYuia:dkhg jghkak'
i. 5.86 ii. 12.75 iii. 10.43 iv. 123.79
v. 8.04 vi. 13.99 vii. 101.98 viii. 100.51
2. π ys w.h 3.14159... fõ' fuu w.h
i. wdikak mQ¾K ixLHdjg ii. wdikak m<uq oYuia:dkhg

iii. wdikak fojk oYuia:dkhg jghkak'
3. f.da,hl úIalïNh 3.741 cm fõ' tu w.h

i. wdikak m<uq oYuia:dkhg ii. wdikak fojk oYuia:dkhg jghkak'
4. bvï fldgil j¾.M,h 0.785 ha nj msUqf¾ iòyka fõ' tu m%udKh
i. wdikak m<uq oYuia:dkhg ii. wdikak fojk oYuia:dkhg jghkak'
5. i;a;aj f.dúm<l lsß ,nd .kakd ksfrda.S jeiaishlf.ka Èklg fodjd.kakd
lsß m%udKfha uOHkH 5.25 lls' tjeks i;=ka 45la isá;a kï Èklg ,efnk
lsß ,Sgr m%udKh
i. wdikak mQ¾K ixLHdjg
ii. wdikak m<uq oYuia:dkhg jghkak
ñY% wNHdih
1. my; oelafjk tla tla ixLHd ldKav wdfrdayK ms<sfj<g ,shkak'
i. 3.10 × 102 , 3.10 × 10−4 , 3.10 × 100 , 3.10 × 105

ii. 4.78 × 10−2 , 1.43 × 104 , 9.99 × 10−3 , 2.32 × 101
iii. 7.85 × 100 , 7.85 × 10−4 , 7.85 × 102 , 7.85 × 10−2
2. Èklg remsh,a 1230 ne.ska §ukd ,nk lïlrefjda 250la lïy,l fiajh
lr;s'
i. Tjqkaf.a §ukd fjkqfjka Èklg jeh jk uqo, fidhkak'
ii. 1230 yd 250 úoHd;aul wxlkfhka ,shkak'
iii. by; (ii) ys úoHd;aul wxlkfhka ,shk ,o ixLHd fhdod .ksñka Èklg
jeh jk uqo, fidhkak'
iv. by; (i) yd (iii) § ,o ms<s;=re iiòd n,kak'
45
3. f;a lïy,l Èkl ks I a m dokh 1500 kgls ' Èk 30l udihl ks I a m dokh
4.5 × 104 kg nj fmkajkak'
4. my; oelafjk j.= iïmQ¾K lrkak'
a.
m%ldYkh m%ldYkfha ixLHd wdikak jgehSfuka miq
mQ¾K ixLHdjg jgehQ úg m%ldYkfha wdikak
w.h
59.2 × 9.97 60 × 10 600
8.4 × 5.7 8×6 48
12.3 × 11.95 .......... ×........ .........
10.15 × 127.6 .......... ×........ .........
459.7 × 3.51 .......... ×........ .........
109.5 × 4.49 .......... ×........ .........
b.
m%ldYkh jgehSfuka f;drj wdikak mQ¾K ixLHdjg

.=Ks;h m%ldYkfha w.h jeghSfuka
59.2 × 9.97 590.224 590
8.4 × 5.7
12.3 × 11.95
10.15 × 127.6
459.7 × 03.51
109.5 × 04.49
idrdxYh
² úoHd;aul wxlkh hkq ixLHd ,shd oelaùfï l%uhls'

² hï ixLHdjla 1 fyda 1 yd 10 w;r ixLHdjla yd 10 ys n,hl .=Ks;hla f,i
,shd oelaùu úoHd;aul wxlkhhs'
46
14 m: yd ks¾udK
²² uQ,sl m: y;rla y`ÿkd .ekSug
²² f¾Ldjlg ,ïn f¾Ldjla ks¾udKh lsÍug
²² ir, f¾Ld LKavhl ,ïn iuÉfþolh ks¾udKh lsÍug
²² fldaK ks¾udKh lsÍug yd msgm;a lsÍug
²² m: yd ks¾udK wdY%s; .eg¨ úi`§ug
yelshdj ,efnkq we;'

m:
Tng ksÍlaIKh l< yels p,s; lSmhla my; olajd we;' tajdfha .uka u. ms<snò
j wjOdkh fhduq lrkak'
1' iq<f`.a mdfjk mq¿ka frdola

2' mshdir lrk l=re,af,la
3' ms;a;lska myr ,o mkaÿjla
4' .ilska .s¿yqKq f.ähla
5' l%shd;aul Trf,daiqjl lgqfõ ;=v
6' iSfida mÈk <ufhla
by; 1 yd 2 u.ska oelafjk p,s; ixlS¾K yd wúksYaÑ; jk kuq;a 3 isg 6

olajd iòyka p,s;j, hï ksYaÑ; njla Tng ksÍlaIKh l< yels h' fujeks
p,s;j, fhfok jia;+kaf.a .uka u. ms<snò j ukd wjfndaOhla ,nd .ekSu iòyd
cHdñ;sfha we;s m: ms<snò j yeoEÍu jeo.;a fõ'
hï wjYH;d tlla fyda lsysmhla imqrd,k mßÈ we;s ,laIH l=,lhg

m:hla hehs lshkq ,efí'
47
14.1 uQ,sl m:
oeka wms uQ,sl m: y;rla ms<snò j wjOdkh fhduq lruq'
1. wp, ,laIHhlg ksh; ÿrlska msysgk ,laIHj, m:h
l%shdldrlu 1
mshjr 1: fikaáógr 5la muK È. ldâfndaâ
;Srejl fofl<jrg wdikakj l=vd isÿre A O
folla ilia lr tajd O yd A f,i kï lr
.kak'

mshjr 2: lvodishla u; by; ldâfndaâ ;Srej

;nd O isÿre ;=<ska we,afmfk;s ;=vla A O
hjd ròjd .kak'

mshjr 3: A isÿrg mekai,l ;=v hjd we,afmfk;s ;=v

fkdfi,a fjk fia ;Èka w,a,d mekai,a ;=v
p,kh lrñka tys .uka u. i,l=Kq lr .kak' O
mshjr 4: ls%hdldrlu wjidkfha ,o m:h y`ÿkd .kak'
by; l%shdldrlfï § Tng jD;a;dldr .uka u.la ,efnkakg we;' ta wkqj
wp, ,laIHhlg ksh; ÿßka tlu ;,hl msysá ,laIHj, m:h jD;a;hls'
ksoiqk 1
l%shd;aul jk Trf,daiqjl nÜgdf.a my;au ,laIHfhys m:h o<

rEmhl olajkak'
fuu p,s;hg wod< m:h jkafka nÜgd iúlr we;s ,laIHh
flakaøh jk mßÈ" nÜgdf.a my;a u ,laIHhg we;s ÿr wrh jQ
jD;a;hl fldgils'
48

O
m:h

2. wp, ,laIH follg iuÿßka msysá ,laIHj, m:h
l%shdldrlu 2
mshjr 1: f;,a lvodishl$áIQ lvodishl 10 cmla muK È. f¾Ld LKavhla

weò th AB f,i kï lrkak'
A B
mshjr 2: A yd B ,laIH fol iïmd; jk mßÈ áIQ lvodish kud .ekSfuka

AB f¾Ldfõ iuñ;s wlaIh y`ÿkd f.k th leä brlska i<l=Kq lr
.kak'
A B
mshjr 3: leä br u; ´kE u ,laIHhla P1 f,i ,l=Kq lr P1 A yd P1 B f¾Ld

weò tu È. uek ,shkak'
P1
A B
49
mshjr 4: leä br u; fjk;a ´kE u ,laIH lSmhla ,l=Kq lr tu tla tla
,laIHhg A yd B ,laIHj, isg we;s ÿr uek ,shkak'
P1
P2
A B
P3
mshjr 5: A yd B ,laIHj, isg leä br u; jQ ´kE u ,laIhlg we;s ÿr iudk

jkafka oehs mÍlaId lr n,d ks.ukh ,shd olajkak'
by; A yd B iïmd; jk fia lvodish kejQ úg ,efnk kejqï f¾Ldj AB f¾Ldjg

,ïn nj;a th ABys uOH ,laIHh yryd .uka lrk nj;a wjfndaO lr.kak'
fuu f¾Ldjg AB f¾Ld LKavfha ,ïn iuÉfþolh hehs lshkq ,efí' ABys ,ïn
iuÉfþolh u; Tn f;dard.;a tla tla ,laIHfha isg Ag yd Bg we;s ÿr m%udK
iudk nj ksÍlaIKh lrkak'
,laIH follg iuÿßka msysá ,laIHj, m:h jkafka tu ,laIH fol hd

lrk f¾Ldfõ ,ïn iuÉfþolhhs'
ksoiqk 2
§ we;s P yd Q ,laIH folg iuÿßka jQ ,laIHhkaf.a msysgqu olajk m:h o<
rEmhl olajkak' ta u; jQ ,laIH 5la P1 , P2, P3 , P4 , P5 f,i kï lrkak'
P Q
m:h
P1
P2
P Q
P3
P4
P5

50
14'1 wNHdih
1. my; iòyka tla tla p,s;hg wod< m:h o< rEmhl olajkak'
a. 50 cmla È. ,Kqjl fl<jrlg rn¾ wenhla .eg .id"

,Kqfõ wfkla fl<jßka w,a,d" ,Kqj we§ ;sfnk
fia lrleùfï § rn¾ wenfhys .uka u.
b. l%shd;aul Trf,daiqjl lgqjl ;=fvys .uka u.
c.
§ we;s rEmfha we;af;a ;sria fmd<fõ
tlsfklg 50mla ÿßka jQ ksjdi folls'
ksjdi fol Â yd B ,laIH& w;r yß ueÈka A B
;dmamhla bÈ l< hq;= j we;' ;dmamh bÈ
l< hq;= ia:dkh o< rEmigykla weiqfrka
olajkak'
d. fmryerl .sks mkaoï lrljkafkl=f.a mkaofuys

we;s .sks fnda,hl .uka u. ^mkaoïlre .uka
fkdlrk úg §&
e. l;=re TkaÑ,a,djl .uka lrk mqoa.,fhl=f.a .uka u.

f. iSfidaj mÈk wjia:djl tys yria oKafâ fofl<jr jdä

ù isák <uhskaf.a .uka u.
51
2. § we;s rEmfha P yd Q hkq ;sria fmdf<dfõ
tlsfklg ógr 25la ÿßka jQ .ia folls'
i. tla tla .fia isg ógr 15la ÿßka c, lrduhla
P 25 m Q
iú l< hq;= j we;' m: oekqu wkqj lrduh
iúl< yels ia:dk o< rEmigykla weiqfrka olajkak'
ii. .ia fol w;r yß ueÈka ldKqjla lemSug wjYH kï ldKqfõ msysàu o<
rEmigyklska olajkak'
P
>
3. rEmfha mßÈ 50ol fldaKhla weò rEmfha mßÈ PQR f,i
kï lrkak'
Q yd Rg iuÿßka PQ ndyqj u; msysá ,laIHh
fidhd.kakd wdldrh Tnf.a m: ms<snò oekqu o
Ndú;fhka o< rEmigykl ,l=Kq fldg tu ,laIHh Q 50 R
S f,i kï lrkak'
4. A yd B hkq tlsfklg 10 mla ÿßka msysá

myka lKq folls'
i. Ag ógr 6la ÿßka o Bg óg¾ 8la ÿßka o

jk mßÈ
ii. A yd B lKq folg iuÿßka jk mßÈ 10 m
A B
C kï lKqjla isgúh hq;= h' C ys msysàu fjk fjk u o< rEm foll olajkak'
14.2 uQ,sl m: ;jÿrg;a

3. wp, f¾Ldjlg ksh; ÿrlska msysá ,laIHj, m:h
,laIHhl isg f¾Ldjlg we;s ÿr f,i i,lkq ,nkafka tu ,laIHfha isg f¾Ldjg
we`È ,ïn f¾Ldfõ È.hs' Q
fï wkqj AB f¾Ldjg
P

P isg we;s ÿr jkafka PL È.hs'
Q isg we;s ÿr jkafka QM È.hs'
A L M B
oeka wms f¾Ldjlg ksh; ÿrlska msysá ,laIHj, m:h fidhd ne,Su iòyd my;
l%shdldrlfuys ksr; fjuq'
52
l%shdldrlu 1
mshjr 1: wNHdi fmdf;a ir, f¾Ld LKavhla weò th AB f,i kï lrkak'

A B
mshjr 2: AB f¾Ldj u; ir, odrh ;nd thg iam¾Y jk fia úys; p;=ri%fha
odrhla my; rEmfha oelafjk mßÈ ;nkak' mßudKh weiqfrka ABg
fikaáógr 3la ÿßka jQ ,laIHh ,l=Kq lr th P f,i kï lr .kak'
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
P 2
1
A1 2 3 4 5 B 6 7 8 9 10 11
mshjr 3: úys; p;=ri%fha msysgqu fjkia lr ABg fikaáógr 3la ÿßka jQ ;j;a
,laIH lSmhla ,l=Kq lrkak'
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
P Q R 3
2
1
A1 2 3 4 5 B 6 7 8 9 10 11
mshjr 4: by; § ,l=Kq l< P, Q yd R ,laIH ish,a, ir, odrhla Ndú;fhka

hd lrkak'
mshjr 5: AB f¾Ldjg fikaáógr 3la ÿßka msysá ,laIHj, m:h l=ula oe hs

meyeÈ,s lrkak' tjeks ;j;a m:hla AB f.ka P msysá me;a;g úreoaO
me;af;ys o we`Èh yels nj ksÍlaIKh lrkak'
53
by; l%shdldrlu wkqj AB f¾Ldjg 3 cmla ÿßka jk ,laIHj, m:h jkafka ABg
3 cmla ÿßka jQ ABg iudka;r jk ir, f¾Ldjla nj meyeÈ,s fõ' tfuka u AB
f¾Ldjg fomiska fujeks m: 2la we`Èh yels fõ'

ir, f¾Ldjlg ksh; ÿßka msysá ,laIHj, m:h jkafka tu ir, f¾Ldjg
iudka;rj tu ksh; ÿßka ir, f¾Ldj fomi msysá ir, f¾Ld folls'
4. fþokh jk ir, f¾Ld follg iuÿßka msysá ,laIHj, m:h
l%shdldrlu 2
mshjr 1: úksúo fmfkk lvodishl ^f;,a lvodishla jeks& rEmfha mßÈ ir,
f¾Ld hq.,hla weò tajd OA yd OB f,i kï lrkak'
A
mshjr 2: OA yd OB f¾Ld iïmd; jk fia lvodish kjd keuqï f¾Ldj ;s;a

brlska i<l=Kq lr .kak' th OX f,i kï lrkak'
A
O X
B
mshjr 3: by; we`È ;s;a br u; ,laIHhla ,l=Kq lr th P1 f,i kï lrkak'
úys; p;=ri%h Ndú;fhka P1 isg OAg yd OBg ,ïn f¾Ld weò tu
,ïn f¾Ldj, È. uek ,shkak'
A
O X
P1
B

54
mshjr 4: OX f¾Ldj u; ;j;a ,laIH lSmhla my; rEmfha mßÈ ,l=Kq lr P2,
P3, ... wdÈ jYfhka kï lrkak' tu tla tla ,laIHfha isg OA yd OBg
,ïn f¾Ld weò tajdfha o È. uek ,shkak'
A
O X
P3 P2 P1
B
>
>
mshjr 5: AOX yd BOX uek OX f¾Ldj ms<snò j ,nd .; yels ks.ukh o ,shd
olajkak'
>
by; l%shdldrlu wkqj AOB iudk fldaK follg fjka lrk f¾Ldj OX nj;a"
OX f¾Ldj u; ´kE u ,laIHhl isg OA yd OB g we;s ÿr iudk nj;a meyeÈ,s
fõ'
>
>
;j o" OA yd OB f¾Ld iïmd; jk mßÈ lvodish keuQ ksid" AOX yd BOX fldaK
iudk fõ'
>
OX f¾Ldjg AOB ys fldaK iuÉfþolh hehs lshkq ,efí'

fþokh jk ir, f¾Ld follg iu ÿßka msysá ,laIHj, m:h jkafka
tu f¾Ld fol fþokh ùfuka iEfok fldaKj, fldaK iuÉfþolhs'
ksoiqk 1
P
OP yd OQ hkq O ykaÈfhka fomig úysfok ud¾.
folls' tu ud¾. folg iu ÿßka yd O ykaÈhg ógr
Q
20la ÿßka oekaùï mqjrejla iú l< hq;= j we;' m: O
ms<snò oekqu Ndú;fhka" oekaùï mqjrej iúl< hq;=
ia:dkh fidhd .kakd wdldrh rEm igyklska
olajkak'
oekaùï mqjrej iúl, hq;= ia:dkh N f,i olajuq'
P N
m
20
>
fuys § QOP ys fldaK iuÉfþolh u; N ,laIHh

msysáh hq;= fõ' ON = 20 m neúka O isg ógr 20la O Q
ÿßka fldaK iuÉfþolh u; N ,laIHh msysáh hq;=
fõ'
55
14'2 wNHdih
1. ir, f¾Ld LKavhla weò XY f,i kï lrkak' thg X
fikaáógr 4la ÿßka msysá ,laIHj, m:h o< rEmhl
olajkak' Y

2. isiqfjla ir, f¾Çh ud¾.hl ñgla .ik ,o úIalïNh
fikaáógr 20la jQ frdaohla lrljdf.k hhs' frdaofha
flakaøfha m:h o< rEmhl olajkak'
3. Trf,daiq uqyqK;l meh lgqj yd ñks;a;= lgqfõ msysàu" §

we;s rEmfha oelafõ' fï wjia:dfõ § ;;amr lgqj fuu
lgq folg iuÿßka msysáfha kï ;;amr lgqfõ msysàï m:
oekqu weiqfrka o< rEmigykl fjk fjk u olajkak'

4. bvul jQ ógr 50la È. PQ kï ldKqjla rEmfha oelafõ' PQ
ldKqjg ógr 10la ÿßka o" P yd Q fofl<jrg iu ÿßka o c,
lrduhla iúl< hq;= j we;' c, lrduh iú l< hq;= ia:dkh/
ia:dk o< rEmhl olajkak'
5. rEmfha oelafjkafka jD;a;dldr flala f.ählska lmk

,o flala lE,a,ls' th iudkj folg fnÈh hq;=j we;' ta
iòyd flala lE,a, lemsh hq;= whqre m: oekqu weiqfrka
rEmigykl olajkak'
6. RcqfldaKdi%dldr bvul udhsï folla PQ yd PS P 30 m Q

fõ' PQ udhsug ógr 8la ÿßka o" PS udhsug ógr
5la ÿßka o jk fia bvu ;=< .ila isgq ùug wjYHj 20 m
we;' .i isgqúh hq;= ia:dkh o< rEmhl olajd th
T f,i kï lrkak' S
14.3 fok ,o ir, f¾Ldjlg ,ïn f¾Ld ks¾udKh lsÍu

ks¾udKj, § nyq, jYfhka Ndú; jk jpk folla meyeÈ,s lr .ksuq' ljlgqj
Ndú;fhka jD;a; we`§fï § zzlsishï ,laIHhla flakaø lrf.k yd lsishï ÿrla
56
wrh f,i f.k˜ hk joka ud,d Ndú; fõ' ksoiqkla f,i" —A ,laIHh flakaø lr
f.k˜ hkafkka woyia jkafka ljlgqfõ ;=v A ,laIHh u; ;nd jD;a;h fyda
pdmh we`Èh hq;= njh; —AB wrh f,i f.k˜ hkafkka woyia jkafka ljlgq ;=v
yd mekai,a ;=v w;r ÿr AB È.g iudk úh hq;= njhs'
1. f¾Ldjlg ndysr j msysá ,laIHhl isg tu f¾Ldjg ,ïn f¾Ldjla ks¾udKh
lsÍu
l%shdldrlu 1
mshjr 1 : wNHdi fmdf;a ir, f¾Ld LKavhla weò th PQ f,i kï lrkak'
PQg msg;ska ,laIHhla ,l=Kq lr th L f,i kï lrkak'
L
P Q

mshjr 2 : L isg PQg we;s ÿrg jvd jeä ÿrla wrh f,i f.k L flakaø lrf.k
PQ f¾Ldj fþokh jk fia pdmhla w`Èkak' fþok ,laIH X yd Y
f,i kï lrkak'
L
P X Y Q

mshjr 3 : X yd Y ,laIH tl tlla flakaø lr .ksñka tlu wrhla we;s j"
tlsfkl fþokh jk fia ;j;a pdm folla rEmfha oelafjk mßÈ
w`Èkak' fþok ,laIHh M f,i kï lrkak'
L
P X Y Q
M

mshjr 4 : L yd M ,laIH hd lr tu hd lrk f¾Ldj PQ f¾Ldj fþok ,laIHh
>
D f,i kï lrkak' LDP ys úYd,;ajh uek w.h ,shkak'

L
P X D Y Q
M

57
>
by; ks¾udKh wjidkfha § LDP = 90o nj Tng ,efnkakg we;' tkï LD hkq
PQ f¾Ldjg L ,laIHfha isg we`È ,ïnh fõ'
2. f¾Ldj u; ,laIHhl isg tu f¾Ldjg ,ïn f¾Ldjla ks¾udKh lsÍu
l%shdldrlu 2
mshjr 1 : ir, f¾Ldjla weò th AB f,i kï lrkak' th u; ,laIHhla ,l=Kq
lr P f,i kï lrkak'
A P B

mshjr 2 : ljlgqjg PAg jvd wvq wrhla f.k P flakaø lrf.k PA yd PB f¾Ld
LKav lemS hk fia pdm folla w`Èkak' fþok ,laIH L yd M f,i
kï lrkak'
A L P M B

mshjr 3 : ljlgqjg" mshjr 2 § .;a wrhg jvd jeä wrhla f.k L yd M flakaø
lrf.k tlsfkl lemS hk fia pdm folla w`Èkak' ^fþok ,laIHh
N f,i kï lrkak'
A L P M B

>
mshjr 4 : NP hd lr NPA ys úYd,;ajh uek w.h ,shkak'
A L P M B
>
by; ks¾udKh wjidkfha § Tng NPA = 90o nj ,efnkakg we;' tkï AB

f¾Ldjg Pys § weò ,ïn f¾Ldj PN fõ'
58
3. ir, f¾Ld LKavhl wka; ,laIHhl isg tu f¾Ldjg ,ïn f¾Ldjla ks¾udKh
lsÍu

XY f¾Ld LKavhg X ys § ,ïn f¾Ldjla ks¾udKh lsÍug we;ehs is;uq'
X Y

YX f¾Ldj Èla lr by; § y`ÿkd .;a l%uhg u fuu ks¾udKh lrkak'
X Y

4. ir, f¾Ld LKavhl ,ïn iuÉfþolh ks¾udKh lsÍu
ir, f¾Ld LKavhl uOH ,laIHh yryd tu f¾Ld LKavhg ,ïnj jQ f¾Ldj" ,ïn
iuÉfþolh f,i wms ye`ÈkajQfhuq'

ir, f¾Ld LKavhla weò th XY f,i kï lrkak' fuu f¾Ldfõ ,ïn iuÉfþolh
ks¾udKh lsÍu iòyd my; mshjr Tiafia l%shdldrlfï ksr; fjuq'
l%shdldrlu 3
X Y
mshjr 1 : XY Èf.ka Nd.hlg jeä È.la wrh f,i f.k X yd Y tl tlla

flakaø f,i f.k tlsfkl fþokh jk fia pdm folla w`Èkak' ^wrh
fkdfjkia j ;nd .; hq;= h&' fþok ,laIHh P f,i kï lrkak'
P
X Y

mshjr 2 : by; mßÈ u X yd Y flakaø lr .ksñka ;j;a pdm folla tlsfkl
fþokh jk fia w`Èkak' fþok ,laIHh" XY f¾Ldfjka P msysá me;a;g
úreoaO me;af;ka ,nd .kak' fþok ,laIHh Q f,i kï lrkak'
59
P
X Y
Q

ie'hq' m<uqjk mshjf¾ § yd fojk mshjf¾ § wr iudkj .ekSu wjYH fkdfõ'
mshjr 3 : PQ f¾Ldj weò th XY fþokh jk ,laIHh M f,i kï lrkak' XM,

>
MY yd XMP uek ,shkak' PQ f¾Ldj ms<snò j ,nd .; yels ks.uk

fudkjd o@
P

X M Y
Q
>
by; ks¾udKh wkqj XM = MY nj;a XMP = 90o nj;a Tn y`ÿkd.kakg we;'

ta wkqj PQ hkq XY f¾Ldj ,ïnj iïÉfþo lrk f¾Ldjhs' tkï XY ys ,ïn
iuÉfþol f¾Ldj PQ fõ'
14'3 wNHdih
1. rEmfha oelafjk mßÈ ir, f¾Ldjla weò th BC f,i kï lrkak' A isg BCg
,ïn f¾Ldjla ks¾udKh lrkak'
B C
2. AB = 7 cm jk fia AB f¾Ldj w`Èkak' AP = 3 cm jk fia AB u; P ,laIHh

,l=Kq lr Pys § ABg ,ïn f¾Ldjla ks¾udKh lrkak'
A B
P
60
3. ´kE u iq¿ fldaKsl ;%sfldaKhla weò th PQR f,i kï lrkak'
i. P isg QR f¾Ldjg ,ïn f¾Ldjla ks¾udKh lrkak'
ii. Q isg PR f¾Ldjg ,ïn f¾Ldjla ks¾udKh lrkak'
iii. R isg PQ f¾Ldjg ,ïn f¾Ldjla ks¾udKh lrkak'
4. i. fldaKudkh Ndú;fhka 130ol fldaKhla weò rEmfha oelafjk mßÈ tys

ndyq 5 cm ne.ska jk fia XYZ ;%sfldaKh iïmQ¾K lrkak'
X
5 cm
130x
Y 5 cm Z

ii. Y isg XZ f¾Ldjg ,ïn f¾Ldjla ks¾udKh lr th XZ yuqjk ,laIHh
D f,i kï lrkak'
iii. XD yd ZD uek ,shkak'

5. È. 6 cm yd m<, 4 cm jk fia RcqfldaKdi%hla ks¾udKh lrkak'

6. a. PQ = 10 cm jk fia PQ ir, f¾Ld LKavhla w`Èkak'
b. PB = 2 cm jk fia PQ f¾Ldj u; B ,laIHh ,l=Kq lrkak'
c. Bys § PQg ,ïn f¾Ldjla ks¾udK lrkak'
d. BA = 6 cm jk fia by; we`È ,ïn f¾Ldj u; A ,laIHh ,l=Kq lr ABQ
;%sfldaKh iïmQ¾K lrkak'
e. BQ f¾Ldfõ ,ïn iuÉfþolh ks¾udKh lr th AQ fþokh lrk
,laIHh O f,i kï lrkak'
f. O ,laIHh flakaøh lr OA wrh we;s jD;a;h w`Èkak'
14.4 fldaK wdYs%; ks¾udKh

fldaK iuÉfþolh ks¾udKh lsÍu
fok ,o fldaKhla iudk fldaK follg fjka lr oelaùu iòyd w`Èkq ,nk
f¾Ldj tu fldaKfha fldaK iuÉfþolh f,i y`ÿkajkq ,efí'
>
´kE u fldaKhla weò th AOB f,i kï lrkak' fuu fldaKfha iuÉfþolh

we`§u iòyd my; mshjr wkq.ukh lrkak'
61
l%shdldrlu 1
mshjr 1 : OA yd OB ndyq lefmk fia O flakaø lrf.k pdmhla w`Èkak'

fþok ,laIH X yd Y f,i kï lrkak'
A
X
Y
B
mshjr 2 : ljlgqjg iqÿiq wrhla f.k X yd Y ,laIH flakaø lrf.k tlsfkl

fþokh jk fia pdm folla rEmfha oelafjk mßÈ w`Èkak' fþok
,laIHh P f,i kï lrkak'
A
X
O P
Y
B
>
>
mshjr 3 : OP hd lrkak' AOP yd BOP uek tajd iudk jkafka oehs mÍlaId
lrkak'
A
X

O
P
Y
B
>
>
by; l%shdldrlu wjidkfha § Tng AOP = BOP nj meyeÈ,s jkakg we;' tkï
>
OP hkq AOB ys fldaK iuÉfþolhhs'
62
14.5 fldaK ks¾udKh
fldaKudkh Ndú;fhka úúO fldaK we`§ug fï jk úg wms bf.k f.k we;af;uq'
tfy;a ir, odrh yd ljlgqj muKla Ndú; lr .ksñka úfYaI fldaK lSmhla
ks¾udKh l< yels h' 8 fYa%KSfha § ljlgqj Ndú;fhka iúê Ivi%hla ks¾udKh
l< whqre kej; u;la lr .ksuq'

B
fuys § weòSug wjYH Ivi%fha mdohl È.g iudk C
È.la wrh f,i f.k jD;a;hla weò th u; by;
wrh u we;sj pdm ,l=Kq lrk ,È'
tu pdm jD;a;h lmk ,laIH" jD;a;fha flakaøhg
rEmfha mßÈ hd lrk ,È' D O A
túg f.dvkef.k iumdo ;%sfldaKhl tla
fldaKhla 60o ls'
>
>
;j o" AOB = 60o yd AOC = 120o' E F

fldaK ks¾udKh lsÍu iòyd fuu ks¾udKfha §
fhdod .;a uQ,O¾u fhdod .ksuq'
1. 60ol fldaKh ks¾udKh lsÍu'
l%shdldrlu 2
OA ndyqjla jk fia Oys § 60ol fldaKhla ks¾udKh lsÍug we;ehs is;uq'
mshjr 1 : ir, f¾Ld LKavhla wNHdih fmdf;a weò th OA f,i kï lrkak'
O A

mshjr 2 : O flakaø lrf.k my; rEmfha oelafjk mßÈ OA fþokh jk fia
pdmhla w`Èkak' fþok ,laIHh X f,i kï lrkak'
O X A

mshjr 3 : ljlgqfõ by; wrh fjkia fkdlr X flakaø lrf.k m<uq pdmh lemS
hk fia ;j;a pdmhla w`Èkak' tu fþok ,laIHh Y f,i kï lrkak'
63
Y
O X A

>
mshjr 4 : O yd Y ,laIH hd lr wjYH mßÈ Èla lr .kak' AOY uek 60o oehs
mÍlaId lrkak'
O X A

by; ks¾udKfha § ,enqKq OXY ;s%fldaKh iumdo fõ' thg fya;=j fufia meyeÈ,ss
l< yels h'
OX yd OY hkq flakaøh O jk jD;a;fha wr ksid OX = OY fõ'
tfia u" XO yd XY hkq flakaøh X jk jD;a;fha wr ksid XO = XY fõ'
fï wkqj" OX = XY = OY fõ'
tkï" OXY ;s%fldaKh iumdo fõ'
tuksid" tys iEu fldaKhla u 60o ne.ska fõ'
>
tuksid" XOY = 60o fõ'

2. 120o l fldaKh ks¾udKh
l%shdldrlu 2
OA ndyqjla jk fia Oys § 120ol fldaKhla ks¾udKh lsÍug we;ehs is;uq'
mshjr 1 : ir, f¾Ld LKavhla weò th OA f,i kï lrkak'
O A
mshjr 2 : O flakaø lrf.k my; rEmfha oelafjk mßÈ OA fþokh jk fia

pdmhla w`Èkak' fþok ,laIHh P f,i kï lrkak'

O P A

64
mshjr 3 : ljlgqfõ by; wrh fjkia fkdlr P flakaø lrf.k" rEmfha
oelafjk mßÈ uq,a pdmh fþokh jk fia l=vd pdmhla weò tu fþok
,laIHh Q f,i kï lrkak' by; wrh fjkia fkdlr Q flakaø lr
;j;a l=vd pdmhla uq,a pdmh fþokh jk fia weò fþok ,laIHh R
f,i kï lrkak'
R Q
O P A

>
mshjr 4 : OR hd lr wjYH mßÈ Èla lrkak' AOR uek n,kak'
R Q
O P A
>
>
o
fuys § AOR = 120o ùug fya;=j fufia h' by; idlÉPd l< mßÈ AOQ = 60 fõ'
>
;j o QOR o iumdo ;s%fldaKhls' tuksid QOR = 60o fõ' ta wkqj"

>
>
>
AOR = AOQ + QOR

= 60o + 60o
= 120o
3. 30o" 90o" 45o fldaK ks¾udKh
iqÿiq mßÈ fldaK iuÉfþol ks¾udKh lsÍfuka 30o" 90o" 45o fldaK ks¾udKh
l< yels h' my; oelafjk f;dr;=re yd rEmigyka ksÍlaIKh lrñka § we;s
fldaK ks¾udKh lrkak'
30ol fldaKh
>
60ol fldaKhla ks¾udKh lr fldaK iuÉfþolh ks¾udKh lrkak' AOB = 30o

fõ'
B

O A
65
90ol fldaKh
P
I l%uh
AO f¾Ld LKavhg Oys È ,ïn f¾Ldjla ks¾udKh
>
lrkak' AOP = 90ols'
O A
II l%uh
B
120ol fldaKhla weò bka 60ol fldaKhla iuÉfþo

>
o
30 30o
lrkak' AOB = 90o fõ'
o
60
O A
45ol fldaKh ks¾udKh
I l%uh
>
90ol fldaKhla weò iuÉfþo lrkak' POQ = 45o fõ'
O P
II l%uh
60ol fldaKhla weò th iuÉfþo lrkak' túg ,efnk tla 30ol fldaKhla
kej; iuÉfþo lrkak'
>
POQ = 30o + 15o = 45o
66

Q
o
15
o
15
o
30
O P
fok
,o fldaKhla msgm;a lsÍu
>
§ we;s AOB g iudk fldaKhla § we;s PQ ndyqj u; P ys È msgm;a lsÍug we;ehs

is;uq' ta iòyd my; mßÈ l%shdldrlfuys ksr;jkak'
l%shdldrlu 3
B
A O Q P
>
>
mshjr 1 : ´kE u fldaKhla weò AOB f,i kï lr .kak' AOB msgm;a l< hq;=
PQ ndyqj o weò .kak'
mshjr 2 : O flakaøh lrf.k" rEmfha oelafjk mßÈ OA yd OB ndyq fol fþokh

jk mßÈ pdmhla weò ndyq fþokh jk ,laIH X yd Y f,i kï
lrkak' tu wrhu we;s j P flakaø lr PQ fþokh jk fia" by;
pdmfha m%udKhg jvd jeä È.la iys; pdmhla w`Èkak'
tu pdmfhka PQ fþokh jk ,laIHh K f,i kï lrkak'
B
Y
A X O Q K P
67
mshjr 3 : ljlgqjg XY ÿr wrh f,i f.k K flakaø lrf.k uq,a pdmh fþokh
jk fia l=vd pdmhla weò fþok ,laIHh L f,i kï lrkak'
L
Q K P
mshjr 4 : PL hd lr wjYH mßÈ Èla lrkak' fldaKudkh Ndú;fhka fyda ^fjk;a

>
>
l%uhlska& AOB yd QPL iudk oehs mÍlaId lrkak'
Q K P
14'4 wNHdih
1. i. fikaáógr 8la È. ir, f¾Ld LKavhla weò th PQ f,i kï lrkak'
ii. PQ ndyqjla jk fia Pys § 60ol fldaKhla ks¾udKh lrkak'
iii. QP ndyqjla jk fia Qys § 60o l fldaKhla ks¾udKh lrkak'
2. i. fikaáógr 6.5la È. ir, f¾Ld LKavhla weò th AB f,i kï lrkak'

ii. AB ndyqjla jk fia Ays § 90ol fldaKhla ks¾udKh lrkak'
iii. BA ndyqjla jk fia Byss § 30ol fldaKhla ks¾udKh lrkak'
iv. ks¾udK f¾Ld iqÿiq mßÈ Èla lsÍfuka tajdfha fþok ,laIHh C f,i kï
lr ABC ;%sfldaKh iïmQ¾K lrkak'
3. 15o " 75o hk úYd,;aj we;s fldaK fol ks¾udK lrkak'

4. rEmfha oelafjk ;%sfldaKh ks¾udKh lsÍu iòyd my; ks¾udK lrkak'
i. fikaáógr 7la È. ir, f¾Ld LKavhla weò th PQ f,i kï lrkak'
ii. PQ ndyqjla jk fia Pys § 30ol fldaKhla ks¾udKh lrkak'
iii. QP ndyqjla jk fia Qys § 45ol fldaKhla ks¾udKh lrkak'
>
iv. PQR ;%sfldaKh iïmQ¾K lr PRQ ys w.h uek ,shkak'
68
5. i. fikaáógr 10la È. OA ir, f¾Ld LKavhla w`Èkak'
>
ii. AOB uyd fldaKhla jk fia BO ndyqj w`Èkak'
iii. OP = 7 cm jk mßÈ OA u; P ,laIHh ,l=Kq lrkak'
>
>
iv. APC = AOB jk fia OA j,ska B msysá me;af;a u C msysgk mßÈ PC f¾Ld
LKavhla ks¾udKh lrkak'
B
O P A
K
>
6. i. ´kE u iq¿ fldaKhla weò th KLM f,i kï lrkak'
>
>
ii. KLM = LMN jk fia" N ,laIHh K msysá me;af;a u

L M
>
msysgk mßÈ L g iudk fldaKhla M ys msgm;a lrkak'

iii. LK yd MN f¾Ldj, fþok ,laIHh ^wjYH kï Èla lrkak& P f,i kï lr
PL yd PM È. uek ,shkak'
ñY% wNHdih
1. l¾udka; Yd,djl we;s" ógr 20la È.

mS,a,l iú l< fodUlrhl ndyqfõ È. 15 m
ógr 15ls' th mS,a, Èf.a tyd fuyd
f.k hd yels w;r mS,af,a fldka
fofla ,laIH jgd ;sria ;,hl N%uKh
20 m
lsÍug o yels fõ' fuu fodUlrfhka
nvq yqjudre l< yels ;sria ;,fha jQ
fmfoi ñkqï iys; j o< remhl olajkak'

2. rEmfha oelafjk ;%sfldaKh ks¾udKh lsÍu iòyd my; oelafjk mshjr

wkq.ukh lrkak'
i. PQ = 5 cm jk fia" PQ ir, f¾Ld LKavhla R P

w`Èkak'
ii. Pys § 90ol fldaKhla ks¾udKh lrkak' 5 cm
iii. Qys § 60ol fldaKhla ks¾udKh lrkak' 60x
>
iv. PQR ;%sfldaKh iïmQ¾K lr R uek ,shkak' Q
69
>
3. i. rEmfha oelafjk mßÈ ABP uyd fldaKhla weò .kak'
P
A B
>
>
ii. ABP = BPK jk fia yd tu fldaK taldka;r fldaK hq.,hla jk fia K

,laIHhla fidhd PK hd lrkak'

4. i. wrh fikaáógr 4la jk jD;a;hla weò tys flakaøh
B
O f,i kï lrkak'
ii. jD;a;h u; tlsfklg fikaáógr 6la ÿßka A yd B O
,laIH folla ,l=Kq lr AB f¾Ldj w`Èkak'
iii. O ,laIHfha isg ABg ,ïn f¾Ldjla ks¾udKh lr
th ABg yuqjk ,laIHh N f,i kï lrkak'
A
iv. AN yd BN È. uek ,shkak'
idrdxYh
² hï wjYH;d tlla fyda lsysmhla imqrd,k mßÈ we;s ,laIH l=,lhg m:hla
hehs lshkq ,efí'
uQ,sl m:
² wp, ,laIHhlg ksh; ÿßka tlu ;,hl msysá ,laIHj, m:h jD;a;hls'
² ,laIH follg iuÿßka msysá ,laIHj, m:h jkafka tu ,laIH fol hd
lrk f¾Ldfõ ,ïn iuÉfþolhhs'
² ir, f¾Ldjlg ksh; ÿßka msysá ,laIHj, m:h jkafka tu ir,

f¾Ldjg iudka;rj tu ksh; ÿßka ir, f¾Ldj fomi msysá ir, f¾Ld
folls'
² fþokh jk ir, f¾Ld follg iu ÿßka msysá ,laIHj, m:h jkafka
tu f¾Ld fol fþokh ùfuka iEfok fldaKj, fldaK iuÉfþolhs'
70
15 iólrK
² jryka iys; ir, iólrK úi`§ug
² Nd. iys; ir, iólrK úi`§ug
² tla úp,Hhl ix.=Kl iudk jQ iu.dó iólrK úi`§ug
yelshdj ,efnkq we;'
ir, iólrK
ir, iólrK úi`§u iïnkaOj Tn óg by; bf.k.;a lreKq kej; isysm;a lr
.ekSu iòyd my; wNHdifha fhfokak'
mqkÍlaIK wNHdih
my; oelafjk iólrK úiòkak'
a. x + 12 = 20 b. x – 7 = 2 c. 5 + m = 8
d. 2x = 16 e. – 3x = 6 f. 2p + 1 = 5
x 2p
g. 3b – 7 = 2 h. =3 i. =5
2 3
j. m – 1 = 8 k. 2 (x + 3) = 11 l. 3 (1 – x) = 9
5
15'1 jryka j¾. folla iys; ir, iólrK úi`§u

mqkÍlaIK wNHdifha we;s iuyr iólrKj, jryka o we;=<;a ù we;s nj Tn
ksÍlaIKh lrkakg we;' jryka j¾. folla iys; ir, iólrK úiòk whqre
wOHhkh lsÍu fuu mßÉfþoh ;=<ska wfmalaId flf¾' ta iòyd jryka lSmhla
iys; ir, iólrKhla f.dvk`.d úiòk whqre i,ld n,uq'
igyk: jryka Ndú;fha § fhdod .kakd jryka j¾. lSmhla we;'

^ & { } [ ]

iq¿ jryk i`., jryk fldgq jryk
jryka fhdod .ekSfï § uq,ska u iq¿ jryk;a fojkqj i`., jryk;a f;jkqj
fldgq jryk;a fhdod .ekSu fndfyda úg isÿ flf¾'
71
—lsishï ixLHdjlg ;=kla tl;= lr tys fo.=Kfhka tlla wvq lsÍfuka ,efnk
ixLHdfõ mia .=Khg folla tl;= l< úg 47g iudk fõ'˜, f,i § we;s f;dr;=re
weiqfrka iólrKhla f.dvk`.d úiòk wdldrh fidhd n,uq'
ixLHdj x f,i .;a úg"
tu ixLHdjg 3la tl;= l< úg ,efnk m%ldYkh
x + 3 fõ'
tu m%ldYkfha fo.=Kh iq¿ jryka Ndú;fhka
2 (x + 3) f,i ,súh yels h'
tu m%ldYkfhka 1la wvq l< úg ,efnk m%ldYkh
2 (x + 3) – 1 fõ'
túg ,eî we;s m%ldYkfha mia.=Kh ,sùu iòyd i`., jryk { } Ndú;
lsÍfuka
5{2 (x + 3) – 1} ,efí'
tu m%ldYkhg 2la tl;= l< úg 5{2 (x + 3) – 1} + 2 ,efí'
túg ,efnk m%ldYkh 47g iudk nj § we;s ksid"
5{2 (x + 3) – 1} + 2 = 47 ,efí'
oeka fuu iólrKh úiòd ixLHdfõ (xys) w.h fidhuq'
uq,ska u iq¿ jryk bj;a lsÍfuka
5{2x + 6 – 1} + 2 = 47
f,i ,efí' fuh iq¿ l< úg
5{2x + 5} + 2 = 47
oeka i`., jryk bj;a lsÍfuka
10x + 25 + 2 = 47
iólrKfha fomiska u 27 ne.ska bj;a lsÍfuka
10x + 27 – 27 = 47 – 27
tkï" 10x = 20 ,efí'
iólrKfha fomi u 10ka fn§fuka
10x 20
10 = 10
x = 2 ,efí'
fï wkqj wod< ixLHdj 2 fõ'
;jÿrg;a jryka iys; iólrK úi`§u wdY%s; úIh lreKq ;yjqre lr .ekSu iòyd
ksoiqka lSmhla wOHhkh lruq'
72
ksoiqk 1
2{3 (2x – 1) + 4} = 38 úiòkak'
2{3 (2x – 1) + 4} = 38
3 (2x – 1) + 4 = 19 ^fomiu 2ka fn§fuka&
6x – 3 + 4 = 19 îq¿ jryk bj;a lsÍfuka&
6x + 1 = 19
6x + 1– 1 = 19 – 1 ^fomiskau 1la wvq lsÍfuka&
6x = 18
6x 18
6 = 6 ^fomiu 6ka fn§fuka&
x=3
ksoiqk 2
5{4 (x + 3) – 2 (x – 1)} = 72 úiòkak'
5{4 (x + 3) – 2 (x – 1)} = 72
5{4x + 12 – 2x + 2} = 72 îq¿ jryk bj;a lsÍfuka&
5{2x + 14} = 72
10x + 70 = 72 î`., jryk bj;a lsÍfuka&
10x + 70 – 70 = 72 – 70 ^fomiska u 70 la wvqlsÍfuka&
10x = 2 ^fomiu 10ka fn§fuka&
10 10
1
x=
5
15.1 wNHdih
my; oelafjk iólrK úiòkak'
a. 2{2 (x – 1) + 2} = 18 b. 5{3 (x + 2) – 2 (x – 1)} = 60
c. 6 + 2 {x + 3 (x + 2)} = 58 d. 5{2 + 3 (x + 2)} = 10
e. 2 {3 (y – 1) – 2y} = 2 f. 7x + 5 {4 – (x + 1)} = 17
15.2 Nd. iys; ir, iólrK úi`§u

oeka wms Nd. iys; ir, iólrKhla f.dvk`.d úiòk whqre i,ld n,uq'
fjf<kafola úlsKSu iòyd f.k wd wU f;d.hlska krla jQ f.ä 10la bj;a lr
b;sß wU f.ä 5 ne.ska f.dvj,aj,g fjka lrk ,È' fjka lrk ,o f.dvj,a
.Kk 12 ls'
73
fuu f;dr;=re weiqfrka iólrKhla f.dvk.uq'
fjf<kaod úlsKSug f.k wd wU f.ä .Kk x kï"
krla jQ wU f.ä 10la bj;a l< úg b;sß wU f.ä .Kk x – 10 fõ'
tla f.dvlg wU f.ä 5 ne.ska b;sß wU f.ä .Kkska iEÈh yels f.dvj,a .Kk
x – 10 fõ'
5
fjka lrk ,o f.dvj,a .Kk 12la nj § we;s ksid
x – 10 = 12 f,i ,súh yels h'
5
oeka fuu iólrKh úiòd x ys w.h fidhuq'
x – 10 = 12
5
iólrKfha fomi u 5ka .=K lsÍfuka
5 x – 10 = 12 5
5
x – 10 = 60 ,efí'
iólrKfha fomig u 10 ne.ska tl;= lsÍfuka
x – 10 +10 = 60 +10
x = 70 ,efí'
fï wkqj fjf<kaod úlsKSug f.k wd wU f.ä .Kk 70 ls'
Nd. we;=<;a iólrK úiòk wdldrh ;jÿrg;a ;yjqre lr .ekSu iòyd ksoiqka
lsysmhla wOHkh lruq'
ksoiqk 1
x+3
2 = 15 úiòkak'
x+3
2 = 15
x+3
2 2 = 15 2 ^fomi u 2ka .=K lsÍu&
x + 3 = 30
x + 3 – 3 = 30 – 3 ^fomiska u 3la wvq lsÍu&
x = 27

74
ksoiqk 2
y y
– = 9 úiòkak'
2 3
y y
– =9
2 3
y y
6 –6 = 9 6 ^yrfha we;s 2 yd 3ys l=vd u fmdÿ .=Kdldrh jk 6ka
2 3
fomi u .=K lsÍu&
3y – 2y = 54
y = 54

ksoiqk 3
m
2 – 1 = 10 úiòkak'
3
m
2 – 1 = 10
3
2 m
= 10 ^fomi u 2ka fn§u&
2 3 –1

2
m
–1=5
3
m
– 1 + 1 = 5 + 1 ^fomig u 1la tl;= lsÍu&
3
m
=6
3
m
3
= 6 3 ^fomi u 3ka .=K lsÍu&
3
m = 18
igyk: iólrK úi`§fï § tla tla mshjf¾ l< iq¿ lsÍu by; mßÈ jryka ;=<
úia;r lr ,sùu wjYH fkdfõ'
15.2 wNHdih
my; iòyka tla tla iólrKh úiòkak'
y+8
a. x – 2 = 4 b. = 5 c. 2a
3 +1=7
5 3
5b – 3 = 2 2p + 3 3m – 2
d. 2 e. = 5 f. =4
4 7
g. 3x + x = 7 h. 2m – 3m = 1 i. 4 3x – 1 = 12
2 4 3 5 2
1 2a m–3 x+1 x
j. = 2 k. + 1 = 4 l. + 3 = 8
3 3 –3 2 2
y+1 y–3 1 x+3 x+1
m. + = n. – =2
2 4 2 2 3
75
15.3 iu.dó iólrK úi`§u
ir, iólrK úi`§fuka w{d; w.h fidhd .kakd wdldrh óg fmr fYa%KSj, §
fuka u by; fldgiaj, § o bf.k .;suq'
fuu mßÉfþofhka w{d; folla iys; iólrK úiòk wdldrh wOHhkh lruq'
ixLHd foll ftlHh 6 f,i § we;ehs is;uq'
tu ixLHd fol x yd y f,i .;fyd;a"
x + y = 6 f,i iólrKhla f.dvke`.sh yels h' kuq;a tu.ska x yd y ys w.hka
wkkHj lsj fkdyels jk w;r x yd y iòyd .e<fmk w.h hq., lsysmhla my;
j.=fõ oelafõ'
x y x+y
–1 7 6
0 6 6
1 5 6
2 4 6
3 3 6
4 2 6
5 1 6
6 0 6
by; j.=j ksÍlaIKh lsÍfuka" x + y = 6 iólrKh ;Dma; lrk w.hka wmßñ;

.Kkla we;s nj fmkS hhs' x yd y w;r ;j;a iïnkaOhla ,nd .;a miq tu
iólrK fol u tl úg úiòd x yd y ys w.hka fiúh yels h'
úYd, ixLHdfjka l=vd ixLHdj wvq l< úg 2 ,efnk nj § we;ehs o is;uq' túg"
úYd, ixLHdj x f,i f.k x – y = 2 f,i iólrKhla f.dvke`.sh yels h' kuq;a
tu iólrKh fjk u .;a úg th ;Dma; lrk w.hka o wmßñ; .Kkla we;s nj
my; j.=fjka ksÍlaIKh l< yels h'

x y x–y
6 4 2
5 3 2
4 2 2
3 1 2
2 0 2
1 –1 2
76
j.= wxl 01 yd 02 ksÍlaIKh lsÍfuka x + y = 6 yd x – y = 2 hk iólrK fol
u ;Dma; lrk w.h hq., we;af;a tlla muKla nj Tng oelsh yels jkq we;'
x = 4 yd y = 2 hk tu w.hka by; iólrKj, úi`ÿu f,i oelaúh yels h'
w{d; follska hq;a fujeks iólrK hq.,hla iu.dó iólrK hq.,hla f,i
ye`Èkafõ' iu.dó hkafkys woyi —tlúg isÿjk˜ hkakhs' iu.dó iólrK
hq.,hla úiòk fjk;a flá wdldr lSmhla ksoiqka u.ska ;jÿrg;a wOHhkh
lruq'
ksoiqk 1
x+y=6
x – y = 2 iu.dó iólrK hq.,h úiòkak'
úi`§u myiqlr .ekSu iòyd by; iólrK 1 yd 2 f,i kï lruq'
x+y=6 1
x–y=2 2
I l%uh
fuu l%uh —wdfoaY l%uh˜ f,i kï l< yels h'
2 iólrKfha x Wla; lsÍfuka
x = 2 + y f,i ,súh yels h'
fuu x ys w.h 1 iólrKhg wdfoaY lsÍfuka
2+y+y=6
2 + 2y = 6
fuh ir, iólrKhls' th úiòd yys w.h fidhuq'
2 – 2 + 2y = 6 – 2
2y = 4
2y 4
2 =2
y=2
oeka" by; ,nd.;a x = 2 + y ys y = 2 wdfoaYfhka xys w.h fiúh yels h'

x=2+2
x=4
77
II l%uh
fuu l%uh —tla úp,Hhla bj;a lsÍfï l%uh˜ f,i kï l< yels h'
x+y=6 1
x–y=2 2
m<uqj" 1 iólrKfha + y yd 2 iólrKfha − y we;s nj ksÍlaIKh lrkak' fuu

iólrK fol tl;= lsÍfuka fufia ,efí'
x+y+x–y=6+2
iólrK folla tl;= lsÍu hkq" —iudk rdYsj,g iudk rdYs tl;= lsÍfuka
,efnk kj rdYs o iudk fõ˜ hk m%;HlaIh Ndú; lsÍuhs' fuúg + y yd − y
wj,x.= ù x muKla iys; ir, iólrKhla ,efí' th úiòd x fidhuq'
2x = 8
2x 8
2 = 2
x=4

yys w.h fiùu iòyd x = 4, 1 g wdfoaYfhka"
4+ y = 6
4–4+y=6–4 x=4
y=2 y=2

by; iu.dó iólrK hq.,fha tla iólrKhl yys ix.=Klh 1 o wfkla
iólrKfha yys ix.=Klh −1 o úh' tkï" ix.=Klj, ixLHd;aul w.hka iudk
úh ^,l=K fkdie,l+ úg&' ;j;a ksoiqka lsysmhla i,ld n,uq' fuys § fojk
wdldrhg iólrK úiòk wdldrh muKla i,ld n,uq'
ksoiqk 2
2m + n = 10
m – n = 2 úiòkak'
2m + n = 10 1
m–n=2 2
1 + 2 ka, 2m + n + m – n = 10 + 2
3m = 12
3m 12
3 = 3
m=4

78
m = 4 1 g wdfoaYfhka"
2 4 + n = 10
8 + n = 10
n = 10 – 8 m=4
n = 2 n=2

ksoiqk 3
2a + b = 7
a + b = 4 úiòkak'
2a + b = 7 1
a+b=4 2
fuys b w{d;fhys ix.=Kl iudk fõ' túg" b rys; iólrKhla ,nd .ekSug kï
tla iólrKhlska wfkl wvq l< hq;= h'
1 – 2 , 2a + b – (a + b) = 7 – 4 ^fuys §" wvq lsÍula we;s ksid" (a + b) f,i jryka

fhdod ,sùu w;HjYHh&
2a + b – a – b = 3
a=3

a = 3, 2 g wdfoaYfhka"
3+b=4
b=4–3
b=1

ksoiqk 4
x + 2y = 11
x – 4y = 5 úiòkak'
x + 2y = 11 1
x – 4y = 5 2
fuys uq,ska we;s x w{d;fha ix.=Kl iudk fõ' tuksid" x bj;a jk mßÈ iólrK
fol wvq lruq'
1 – 2 , x + 2y – (x – 4y) = 11 – 5
x + 2y – x + 4y = 6
6y = 6
6y 6
6 = 6
y=1
79
y = 1 1 g wdfoaYfhka"
x + 2 1 = 11
x + 2 = 11
x + 2 – 2 = 11 – 2
x=9

15.3 wNHdih
1. my; oelafjk tla tla iu.dó iólrK hq.,h úiòkak'
a. a + b = 5 b. x + y = 8 c. m + 2n = 7
a – b = 1 2x + y = 2 m – n = 1
d. 4c – b = 7 e. 2a + 3b = 16 f. 3k + 4l = 4
4c – 2b = 2 4a + 3b = 26 3k – 2l = 16
g. x + 3y = 12 h. 3m – 2n = 10
– x + y = 8 – 3m + n = – 14

2. ixLHd foll ftlHh 10 o tu ixLHd fofla wka;rh 2 o kï tu ixLHd fol
x yd y f,i f.k iu.dó iólrK hq.,la f.dvk`.d úi`§fuka tu ixLHd
fol fjk fjk u fidhkak'
3. mEka folla yd mekai,la ñ,§ .ekSug hk úhou remsh,a 40la o" mEka folla
yd mekai,a ;=kla ñ,§ .ekSug hk úhou remsh,a 60la o fõ' mEkl ñ,
remsh,a p o mekai,l ñ, remsh,a q o f,i f.k iu.dó iólrK hq.,hla
,shd úi`§fuka mekai,l yd mEkl ñ, fjk fjk u fidhkak'
80
16 ;s%fldaKhl fldaK
o
²² —;s%fldaKhl wNHka;r fldaK ;=fkys ftlHh 180 fõ'˜ hk m%fïhh
Ndú;fhka ir, .eg¨ úi`§ug
²² —;s%fldaKhl mdohla Èla lsÍfuka iEfok ndysr fldaKh tys wNHka;r iïuqL
fldaK foflys ftlHhg iudk fõ˜ hk m%fïhh Ndú;fhka ir, .eg¨
úi`§ug
yelshdj ,efnkq we;'

ir, f¾Ld wdYs%;j óg fmr § Tn bf.k we;s cHdñ;sl m%;sM, lSmhla kej;
u;la lruq'
² ir, f¾Ldjla u; noaO fldaK mßmQrl fõ' P
a b
A B
O
AOB ir, f¾Ldjls.

∴ a + b = 180o.
² ,laIHhla jgd fldaKj, ftlHh 360o fõ' a
d b
c
a + b + c + d = 360o
² ir, f¾Ld folla fþokh ùfuka iEfok m%;suqL fldaK iudk fõ'
A C
D B
>
>
>
>
AB yd CD ir, f¾Ld fõ. AOC = BOD yd AOD = COB fõ.
81
² iudka;r f¾Ld wdYs%; fldaK
A
Q
a
d c b
C B
n k l
m
P
D
AB CD fõ'
² c = k yd d = l (taldka;r fldaaK)
² a = k, b = l, d = n, c = m (wkqrEm fldaaK)
² d + k = 180o yd c + l = 180o (ñ;% fldaK)
;j o" 8 fYa%Ksfha § ;s%fldaK yd p;=ri% mdvu hgf;a,

² ;s%fldaKhl wNHka;r fldaKj, ftlHh 180o nj;a p;=ri%hl wNHka;r
fldaKj, ftlHh 360o nj;a
a
q
p

s
b c r
a + b + c = 180o p + q + r + s = 360o
² ;s%fldaKhl ndysr fldaKj, tl;=j 360o nj;a p;=ri%hl ndysr fldaKj,

ftlHh 360o nj;a y`ÿkdf.k we;'
a q
r
p
c s
b
a + b + c = 360o p + q + r + s = 360o
82
by; § y`ÿkd.;a lreKq ;jÿrg;a ;yjqre lr.ekSu iòyd § we;s mqkÍlaIK
wNHdi ud,djg ms<s;=re imhkak'
mqkÍlaIK wNHdih
a. AOB ir, f¾Ldjls' xys w.h fidhkak'

i. ii.
o
o o o 110 o
120 x x x
A O B A O B
b. rEmfha ,l=Kq lr we;s f;dr;=re wkqj a, b yd x u.ska olajd we;s fldaK tl
tll úYd,;ajh fidhkak'
o
55 L
A a B
P x b
Q
M
O

>
>
>
c. AOB yd POQ ir, f¾Ld fõ' POB , QOB yd AOP fidhkak'

Q
A
o
o 45
55
O
B P

>
d. rEmfha olajd we;s f;dr;=re wkqj ABC ys w.h fidhkak'

A
o
70
B
o
85
D 80
o
C

83
e. rEmfha olajd we;s f;dr;=re wkqj xoys w.h fidhkak'
o
x
o
150
o
110
16.1 ;s%fldaKhl wNHka;r fldaK

C
C
b a
B A
rEmfha oelafjk ABC ;s%fldaKfha a, b, c f,i olajd we;s fldaK ;s%fldaKfha

wNHka;r fldaK fõ'
by; idlÉPd l< mßÈ" ;s%fldaKhl wNHka;r fldaKj, ftlHh 180ols' ta wkqj"
>
>
>
ABC + BCA + CAB = 180o'
by; iïnkaO;dj i;Hdmkh lsÍu iòyd my; ls%hdldrlfï ksr; fjuq'
l%shdldrlu 1
B
mshjr 1 :- wNHdi fmdf;a ´kE u ;s%fldaKhla weò ABC b
f,i kï lrkak' (tys wNHka;r fldaK
a, b, c f,i olajd we;')
a c
C
A
mshjr 2 :- wNHdi fmdf;a fjk;a ;ekl ir, f¾Ld

O P
LKavhla weò OP f,i kï lrkak'
84
Q
mshjr 3 :- OP ndyqjla jk mßÈ yd O Ys¾Ih jk fia
>
ljlgqj yd ir, odrh Ndú;fhka CAB
>
(a) Oys msgm;a lrkak' (POQ f,i
rEmfha olajd we;') a
P
O
Q
mshjr 4 :- OQ ndyqjla jk fia yd O Ys¾Ih jk R
>
fia ABC by; mßÈ Oys msgm;a

>
lrkak' (rEmfha QOR f,i olajd
we;') b
a
O P
Q
R
mshjr 5 :- OR ndyqjla jk fia yd O Ys¾Ih jk
>
fia ACB , Oys msgm;a lrkak'

>
(rEmfha ROS f,i olajd we;') b

c a
S O P
>
fldaKudkh Ndú;fhka POS fldaKh 180o nj ;yjqre lr .kak'

ta wkqj ABC ;s%fldaKfha wNHka;r fldaK ;=fkys ftlHh 180o nj ks.ukh l<
yels h'
th m%fïhhla f,i my; mßÈ oelaúh yels h'

m%fïhh: ;s%fldaKhl wNHka;r fldaK ;=fkys ftlHh 180o la fõ'
oeka fuu m%fïhh weiqfrka .eg¨ úiòk whqre úuid n,uq'
85
ksoiqk 1
B
2x
75
o
x
A C
>
>
rEmfha ,l=Kq lr we;s f;dr;=re wkqj ABC ;s%fldaKfha ACB yd ABC fidhkak'
75o + 2x + x = 180o
3x = 180o − 75o
3x = 105o
o
x = 105
3
= 35o
>
∴ ACB = x = 35o
>
ABC = 2x = 2 × 35o = 70o
ksoiqk 2
;s%fldaKhl wNHka;r fldaK 2: 3: 4 wkqmd;hg we;' tys fldaK ;=k fidhd th

l=uk j¾.fha ;s%fldaKhla oehs fya;= iys;j ,shkak'
fldaK w;r wkqmd;h = 2: 3: 4

2 3 4
∴ fldaKj,g wod< Nd.hka = 9 , 9 , 9
fldaK 3ys ftlHh = 180o
20
∴ l=vd u fldaKh = 180o × 2 = 40o
9
1
uOHu m%udKfha fldaKh = 180o × 3 = 60o

9
o 4 o
úYd, u fldaKh = 180 ×
9 = 80
ta wkqj" ;s%fldaKfha wNHka;r fldaK ;=k 40o, 60o yd 80o fõ' iEu fldaKhla u
90o g jvd l=vd neúka fuh iq¿ fldaKsl ;s%fldaKhls'
86
16.1 wNHdih
1. my; § we;s tla tla rEmfha ,l=Kq lr we;s f;dr;=re wkqj l=vd bx.S%is wlaIrh
îsïm,a wl=re& u.ska olajd we;s fldaKj, úYd,;ajh fidhkak'
i. ii.
o
60 a
o o
x o 25
o
110
70
iii. iv.

52o a
o
25
a
78o b
c
a 50
o
v. vi. vii.
o
m 65
105
o y
x
o
28 o
x 130
o
x 125
x x
y
B
A
>
>
>
>
2. § we;s rEmfha ABC = CBE fõ' BCE = 70o ls' DEF ys

w.h fidhkak'
o
70
C E D
87
P
3. PQR ;s%fldaKfha QR mdoh u; S ,laIHh msysgd
Q o
>
>
35 we;af;a QPS = RPS jk mßÈh' PQS = 35o yd
>
>
PRS = 55ols'
S
>
o (i) QPR ys úYd,;ajh fidhkak'
55
>
(ii) PSR ys úYd,;ajh fidhkak'
R
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
4. XYZ ;s%fldaKfha X + Y = 115o ls' Y + Z = 100o ls' X , Y yd Z ys úYd,;aj
fidhkak'
5. ;s%fldaKhl wNHka;r fldaK w;r wkqmd;h 1 : 2 : 3 fõ' tys tla tla fldaKfha
úYd,;ajh fidhd th fldaK wkqj l=uk j¾.fha ;s%fldaKhlaoehs fya;= iys;j
,shd olajkak'
6. ;s%fldaKhl tla wNHka;r fldaKhla 75o ls' b;srs fldaK fol w;r wkqmd;h
1 : 2 fõ' tu fldaK foflys úYd,;aj fjk fjk u fidhkak'
16.2 ;s%fldaKhl ndysr fldaK
B C D
rEmfha oelafjk ABC ;s%fldaKfha BC mdoh Èlalr ta u; D ,laIHh ,l=Kq lr

>
we;' túg ;s%fldaKhg msg;ska iEfok ACD fldaKh ;s%fldaKfha ndysr fldaKhla
f,i ye`Èkafõ'
>
>
ACD ndysr fldaKhg noaO fldaKh jkafka ACB h' ;s%fldaKh ;=< jQ" ndysr
fldaKhg noaO fkdjQ fldaK fol wNHka;r iïuqL fldaK f,i ye`Èkafõ'
>
ta wkqj fuu rEmfha ACD ndysr fldaKhg wkqnoaO jQ wNHka;r iïuqL fldaK
>
>
fol jkafka CAB yd ABC h'
88
oeka ;j;a wjia:djla i,ld n,uq'
Z

K

k
l m
X Y
L M
rEmfha oelafjk KLM ;s%fldaKfha wNHka;r fldaK k, l, m f,i olajd we;' tys
mdo Èla lsÍfuka ndysr fldaK ;=kla ,eî we;'
>
KMY ndysr fldaKhg wkqnoaOj wNHka;r iïuqL fldaK jkafka k yd l h'

>
MKZ ndysr fldaKhg wkqnoaOj wNHka;r iïuqL fldaK jkafka l yd m h'

>
XLK ndysr fldaKhg wkqnoaOj wNHka;r iïuqL fldaK jkafka k yd m h'

oeka wms ;s%fldaKhl ndysr fldaK yd wNHka;r iïuqL fldaK w;r iïnkaOhla
f.dv k.uq'
l%shdldrlu 1
mshjr 1: ì%iag,a fndaâ lene,a,l fyda ;rula .klï lvodishla u; rEmfha

mßÈ ;s%fldaKhla weò .kak' tys ndysr fldaKhla ,efnk fia mdohla
Èla lr tu ndysr fldaKhg wod< wNHka;r iïuqL fldaK hq.,h
,l=Kq lr w`ÿre lr .kak' ^rEmfha p yd q f,i olajd we;'&
P
p
q
Q R S

89
mshjr 2: by; § y`ÿkd.;a wNHka;r iïuqL fldaK" wdia;r f,i lemqï ;,hlska
lmd fjka lr .kak'
p
q

mshjr 3: lmd fjkalr.;a wNHka;r iïuqL fldaK wdia;r fol ndysr fldaKhg
iumd; jk mßÈ ;nd w,jd .kak'
P
p
p
q q
Q R S

mka;sfha hy¿jkaf.a ksuejqï iu. Tfí ksuejqu iiòd n,kak' ls%hdldrlfuka

t<ôh yels ks.ukh ,shd olajkak'
by; ls%hdldrlu wkqj ;s%fldaKhl ndysr fldaKh" wNHka;r iïuqL fldaK

hq.,fha ftlHhg iudk jk nj fmkS hhs'
iq¿ fldaKsl" RcqfldaKsl" yd uyd fldaKsl ;s%fldaKh ne.ska wNHdi fmdf;a
weò tajd tl tll ndysr fldaKhla yd Bg wkqrEm wNHka;r iïuqL fldaK
fol;a ,ndf.k fldaKudkfhka uek wNHka;r iïuqL fldaK fol tl;=
fldg" by; ,nd.;a iïnkaOh ;yjqre lr .kak'
fuu m%;sM,h my; mßÈ oelaúh yels h'
P
p

q m
Q R S
m
= p + q fõ'
>
>
>
tkï" PRS = RPQ + PQR fõ'
90
fuh m%fïhhla f,i my; mßÈ oelaúh yels h'
m%fïhh: ;s%fldaKhl mdohla Èla lsÍfuka iEfok ndysr fldaKh tys

wNHka;r iïuqL fldaK foflys ftlHhg iudk fõ'
oeka fuu m%fïhh weiqfrka .eg¨ úiòk whqre ksoiqka u.ska úuid n,uq'
ksoiqk 1
x
o
25
§ we;s rEmfha x f,i olajd we;s fldaKfha úYd,;ajh fidhkak'

x = 90o + 25o
= 115o
ksoiqk 2
§ we;s rEmfha x yd y f,i olajd we;s fldaKj, úYd,;aj fidhkak'
A B
O
P y 150
O
C x 20
Q D
x + 150o = 180o ( AB CD yd ñ;% fldaK mßmQrl ksid)

o o o
x = 180 − 150 = 30
y = x + 20o (PCQ ;s%fldaKfhys ndysr fldaKfha w.h = wNHka;r iïuqL fldaKj,
w.hkays ftlHh)
y = 30o + 20o
= 50o
91
16.2 wNHdih
1. my; oelafjk tla tla rEmfha bx.S%is wl=re u.ska olajd we;s fldaK w;ßka
;s%fldaKhl ndysr fldaK jk tajd f;dard ,shkak'
i. ii.
c tu
e b
d a
p
qx s
2. my; oelafjk tla tla rEmfha bx.S%is wlaIrj,ska olajd we;s fldaKj,
úYd,;aj fidhkak'
i. ii.
o o
70 75 138
o
o
x 53 a
iii. iv.
o
o
60
50 a o
135
m
x
v. vi
x a
b
o
78
o
35
o
52
92

vii. viii.
m y
n 80
o
o o
80 128
o
45
x
o
50
3. rEmfha § we;s ABC ;s%fldaKfha BC

mdoh u; P yd Q ,laIH msysgd A
>
>
we;af;a BAP = CAQ jk mßÈ h'

BA mdoh S olajd Èlalr ;sfí'
>
i. BAP fidhkak' o
o
80
>
ii. AQP fidhkak'

o
50 40
B P Q C
>
iii. SAQ fidhkak'

>
4. rEmfha § we;s PQR ;s%fldaKfha P ys iuÉfþolh QRg S ys§ yuqfõ'

o o
SPQ = SQP o fõ' SQP = a kï PRT úYd,;ajh a weiqfrka fidhkak'
>
>
>
>
T R S Q
93
ñY% wNHdih
>
>
1. KLM ;s%fldaKfha M yd L ys fldaK iuÉfþol
O ys § yuqfõ' K = 70o ls' LOM ys úYd,;ajh fidhkak'
>
>
O
A
o o
2. § we;s rEmfha APD = 140 yd PDC = 85 ls'
>
>
>
ABQ fidhkak' P D
Q B C
idrdxYh
² ;s%fldaKhl wNHka;r fldaK ;=fkys ftlHh 180o la fõ'
² ;s%fldaKhl mdohla Èla lsÍfuka iEfok ndysr fldaKh tys wNHka;r

iïuqL fldaK foflys ftlHhg iudk fõ'
94
17 iQ;%
²² iQ;%hl wvx.= ´kE u mohla Wla; lsÍug;a"
²² iQ;%hl tla úp,Hhla yer wfkla úp,Hj, w.h § we;s úg w.h fkdokakd
úp,Hfha w.h fiùug;a
yelshdj ,efnkq we;'
iQ;% ye`Èkaùu
>k jia;=jl we;s odr" Ys¾I yd uqyqK;a .Kk ms<snò j we;s Ths,¾ iïnkaOh
iQ;%hla f,i" Tn 8 jk fYa%Ksfha § W.;af;a h'
tu iïnkaOh fufia h'

odr ixLHdj = YS¾I ixLHdj + uqyqK;a ixLHdj – 2
Þr .Kk E o, YS¾I .Kk V o uqyqK;a .Kk F o f,i olajñka" tu iólrKh

fufia o ,súh yels h'
E=V+F–2
fujeks tlsfklg iïnkaO rdYSka lsysmhl ^folla fyda Bg jeä .Kkl& iïnkaOh
olajk iólrK ziQ;%Z f,i ye`Èkafõ'
iQ;%j, we;s rdYSka úp,Hh f,i ye`Èka fõ' iQ;%hla iudk ,l=Kska tla mfil
îdudkHfhka jï mi& fndfyda úg tla mohla muKla we;s mßÈ ,shd oelafõ'
iQ;%hl tla mil we;s rdYshg ^mohg& tu iQ;%fha Wla;h hehs lshkq ,efí' fï
wkqj" by; E = V + F – 2 ys Wla;h E fõ'
95
;j;a iQ;%hla i,ld n,uq'
WIaK;ajhla uekSfï § WIaK;ajh fi,aishia wxYlj,ska fyda *erkayhsÜ wxYl
j,ska fyda m%ldY l< yels h' WIaK;ajh uksk fuu tAll j¾. fol w;r iïnkaOh
my; ±lafõ'
F = 9 C + 32
5
fuys F u.ska WIaK;ajh *erkayhsÜj,ska o C u.ska th fikaáf.a%âj,ska o
oelafõ' fuu iQ;%fha Wla;h F fõ'
.Ks;h yd úoHdj úIhkays fhfok iQ;% lsysmla my; ±lafõ'

p = 2 (a + b)
v = u + at
s = n (a + l)
2
y = mx + c
C = 2 πr
A = πr2
17.1 iQ;%hl mohla Wla; lsÍu
E = V + F – 2 iQ;%fhys Wla;h E fõ' tu iQ;%fha Wla;h wmg wjYH kï V g fyda

F g fjkia l< yels h' idudkHfhka iólrK úiòk wdldrhg m%;HlaI fhdod
.ksñka th isÿ l< yels h' ksoiqkla f,i" E = V + F – 2 ys Wla;h V g fjkia
l< yels wdldrh úuid n,uq'
V we;af;a iQ;%fha ol=Kq mihs' ol=Kq mi F yd – 2 o we;' fuu F yd – 2 ol=Kq miska
bj;a jk mßÈ iQ;%fha fomig u – F yd +2 o tl;= l< yels h' túg"
E + (–F) + 2 = V + F – 2 + (–F ) + 2 ,efí'
oeka" fomi iq¿ fldg fufia ,súh yels h'
E – F + 2 = V ( F+ (–F ) = 0 yd – 2 + 2 = 0 ksid)
fuys ol=Kq mi V Wla;h f,i we;' idudkHfhka Wla;h jï miska ,shd oelafjk
ksid" tu iólrKh" V Wla;h f,i we;s j" fufia ,shd oelaúh yels h'
V=E–F+2
my; oelafjk ksoiqka u.ska" úúO wdldrfha iQ;%j, Wla;h fjkia lrk wdldrh
meyeÈ,s flf¾'
96
ksoiqk 1
v = u + at iQ;%fha a Wla; lrkak'
fuys a úp,Hh fjk;a úp,Hhla u.ska .=K ù (t u.ska) we;' tys § uq,ska isÿ l<
hq;af;a tu at moh Wla; lsÍuhs'
v = u + at
fomiska u u wvq lsÍfuka
v − u = u + at − u
v − u = at
oeka a Wla; lsÍu iòyd fomi u t j,ska fnod iq¿ lsÍfuka"
v−u at
t =t
a= v−u
t
f,i a Wla;h iys; iQ;%h ,efí'
ksoiqk 2
S = n (a + l) iQ;%fha n Wla; lrkak'
2
S = n (a + l)
2
fuys" Wla; l< hq;= n úp,Hh 2ka fn§ we;s w;r (a + l) hkafkka .=K ù we;' tu
ksid" iólrKfha fomi u 2ka .=K fldg (a + l) j,ska fnÈh hq;= h'
fomi u 2ka .=K lsÍfuka
n (a + l)
2S = 21 21
2S = n(a + l)
fomi u (a + l) j,ska fn§fuka
2S = n (a + l) 1
a+l (a + l) 1
2S = n
a+l
n= 2S
a+l
97
ksoiqk 3

l = a + (n − 1)d iQ;%fha n Wla; lrkak'

l = a + (n − 1)d
fuys Wla; l< hq;= úp,Hh jk n foi fyd`Èka wjOdkh fhduq lrkak' ol=Kq mi
we;s m%ldYkh iE§ we;af;a n j,ska 1la wvq ù (n − 1) ,eî"
(n − 1) hkak d j,ska .=K ù" (n − 1)d ,eî"
wjidkfha (n − 1)d g a tl;= ùfuks'
n Wla; lsÍu iòyd l< hq;af;a" by; oelafjk mshjr ;=fkys fh¥ .Ks; l¾uj,
m%;sf,dau ^tkï" wvq lsÍfuys m%;sf,dauh tl;= lsÍu f,i" .=K lsÍfuys m%;sf,dauh
fn§u f,i" wdÈ jYfhka& w. isg uq,g isÿ lsÍu h' fjk;a whqßka lsjfyd;a" iqÿiq
mßÈ m%;HlaI fhdod .ksñka n Wla; lsÍu h' ta wkqj" uq,ska u" iQ;%fha fomiska u
a wvq fldg iq¿ lruq'
l = a + (n − 1)d
l − a = a + (n − 1)d − a
l − a = (n − 1)d
oeka" fomi u" d j,ska fnod iq¿ lruq'
l − a = (n − 1)d1
d d
1
l−a = n−1
d
wjidk jYfhka fomig u 1la tl;= fldg iq¿ lruq'
l−a +1 = n−1+1
d
l−a +1 = n
d
n= l−a +1
d
fuu iQ;%fhys ol=Kq mi fmdÿ yrhla ,efnk mßÈ iq¿ l< yels jqj;a tfia lsÍu
wjYH u fkdfõ'
17.1 wNHdih
1. C = 2πr iQ;%fha r Wla; lrkak'
2. a = b − 2c iQ;%fha c Wla; lrkak'
3. v = u + at iQ;%fha t Wla; lrkak'
98
4. y = mx + c iQ;%fha
i. c Wla; lrkak'
ii. m Wla; lrkak'
5. a = 2 (b + c) iQ;%fha c Wla; lrkak'
9
6. F = C + 32 iQ;%fha C Wla; lrkak'
5
7. l = a + (n − 1)d iQ;%fha
i. a Wla; lrkak'
ii. d Wla; lrkak'
y
8. ax + = 1 iQ;%fha y Wla; lrkak'
b
1 1 1
9. R = + r iQ;%fha r2 Wla; lrkak'
r1 2
10. ax = m (x − t) iQ;%fha x Wla; lrkak'
at
11. P = a − t iQ;%fha a Wla; lrkak'
17.2 wdfoaYh
iQ;%hl tla úp,Hhl yer wfkla úp,Hj, w.hka § we;ehs is;kak' túg tu
w.hka iQ;%hg wdfoaY lsÍfuka" w.h fkdokakd úp,Hfha w.h fiúh yels h'
YS¾I 6la yd uqyqK;a 5la we;s ir, odr muKla we;s >k jia;=jl odr ixLHdj
fidhuq'

by; i,lk ,o
E=V+F–2
iQ;%fhys V yd F ys w.hka ms<sfj<ska 6 yd 5 kï ^rEmfha oelafjk ;s%fldaKdldr
ms%iauh fuu wjia:djg WodyrKhls&" túg E fiúh yels h' V = 6 yd F = 5 w.hka
iQ;%fhys wdfoaY l< úg E = 6 + 5 – 2
=9
f,i ,efí'
ta wkqj" >kjia;=fõ odr .Kk 9ls'
;j;a ksoiqka lsysmhla i,ld n,uq'
99
iQ;%hl we;s úp,Hj,g § we;s w.hka wdfoaY lr fkdokakd úp,Hhl w.h
fiùfï § wkq.ukh l< yels l%u folla we;' tlla kï iQ;%h ;sfnk wdldrhg
u ;nd f.k § we;s w.h wdfoaY lsÍuhs' fojeks l%uh jkafka w.h fiùug
wjYH úp,Hh Wla; lr bkamiq § we;s w.h wdfoaY lr w.h fiùuhs' fï wdldr
foflkau iQ;%hl fkdokakd úp,Hhl w.h fidhk whqre úuid n,uq'
ksoiqk 1
uqyqKka 7la iy Þr 12la we;s >k jia;=jl YS¾I ixLHdj fidhkak'
fuys § Ndú; l< hq;= jkafka E = V + F – 2 iQ;%hhs' tu iQ;%fha F yd E ys w.hka
§ we;' fiúh hq;af;a Vys w.hhs' tu Vys w.h fiùu l%u follg isÿ l< yels h'
tla l%uhla kï E = V + F – 2 ys § we;s w.hka wdfoaY fldg ,efnk iólrKh
Viòyd úi`§uhs' wfkla l%uh kï" uq,ska u tu iQ;%fha V Wla; fldg bka miq
E yd F ys w.hka wdfoaY fldg iq¿ lsÍuhs' tu l%u fol u i,ld n,uq'
odr .Kk E o Ys¾I .Kk V o uqyqK;a .Kk F o hehs .ksuq'
i. l%uh: iQ;%fha wdfoaYfhka ii. l%uh: V Wla; lsÍfuka miq

E = V+F–2 w.h wfoaY lsÍu'
E = 12, F = 7 iQ;%fha wfoaYfhka E= V+F–2
12 = V + 7 – 2 E + 2 = V + F
12 = V + 5 E+2– F=V
12 – 5 = V V=E+2–F
7=V V = 12 + 2 – 7
V = 7 V = 7
∴ Ys¾I .Kk 7ls' ∴ Ys¾I .Kk 7ls'
igyk: iQ;%hl Wla;h fjkia lsÍfï tla wruqKla jkafka tu iQ;%fha

úp,Hj, w.hka Rcqj u wdfoaY fldg w.h fkdokakd úp,Hfha w.h
fidhd.ekSuhs'
ksoiqk 2
5
C = 9 (F – 32) iQ;%h Ndú;fhka 35o C hkak *erkayhsÜj,ska fidhkak'
fuys C u.ska fi,aishia WIaK;ajh o F u.ska *erkayhsÜ WIaK;ajh o § we;s nj
i,lkak'
5
C = 9 (F – 32)
C = 35 wdfoaYfhka
100
35 = 5 (F – 32)
9
35 9 = 5 (F – 32)
35 9 = F – 32
7
51
63 = F – 32
63 + 32 = F
95 = F
F = 95
17.2 wNHdih
1. a = (b + c) –2 iQ;%fha b = 7 iy c = 6 kï a ys w.h fidhkak'
5
2. C = 9 (F – 32) iQ;%fha F = 104 kï C ys w.h fidhkak'
3. y = mx + c iQ;%fha y = 11, x = 5 iy c = – 4 kï m ys w.h fidhkak'
4. C = 2πr iQ;%fha C = 88 iy π = 22 kï r ys w.h fidhkak'

7
5. l = a + (n –1)d iQ;%fha l = 22, a = –5 iy n = 10 kï d ys w.h fidhkak'
6. S = n (a + l) iQ;%fha S = – 330, a = 15 iy l = – 48 kï n ys w.h

2
fidhkak'
ñY% wNHdih
1. P = C (1 + r ) iQ;%fha
100
(i) r Wla; lrkak'
(ii) P = 495, C = 450 kï r ys w.h fidhkak'
y–c
2. m iQ;%fha
x =
(i) x Wla; lrkak'
(ii) y = 20, c = – 4 iy m = 3 kï x ys w.h fidhkak'
3. ax = bx – c iQ;%fha
(i) x Wla; lrkak'

(ii) a = 3, b = 4 iy c = 6 kï x ys w.h fidhkak'
101
bx + c
4. a = iQ;%fha
b
(i) b Wla; lrkak'
(ii) a = 4, c = 5 iy x = 3 kï b ys w.h fidhkak'
5. 1 + 1 = 1 iQ;%fha v = 20, u = 5 kï f ys w.h fidhkak'

v u f
a p
6. iQ;%fha a = 6, p = 3, q = 4 kï b ys w.h fidhkak'
b =q
7. S = n (a + l) iQ;%fha
2
(i) l Wla; lrkak'
(ii) S = 198, n = 12 iy a = 8 kï l ys w.h fidhkak'
8. y = mx + c iQ;%fha
(i) m Wla; lrkak'
(ii) y = 8, x = 9 iy c = 2 kï m ys w.h fidhkak'
102
18 jD;a;hl mßêh
²² úúO l%u Ndú;fhka jD;a;hl úIalïNh fiùug;a
²² iq;% Ndú;fhka jD;a;hl mßêh yd w¾O jD;a;hl mßñ;sh fiùug;a
²² jD;a;hl mßêh wdYs%; .eg¨ úi`§ug;a
yelshdj ,efnkq we;'
jD;a; ms<snò j Tn úiska bf.k f.k we;s lreKq isysm;a lr .ekSu iòyd my;
iòyka wNHdi ud,djg ms<s;=re imhkak'
mqkÍlaIK wNHdih
1. a. iqÿiq jpk fhdod ysia;eka iïmQ¾K lrkak'

i. wp, ,laIHhl isg ksh; ÿrlska tl u ;,hl msysgk ,laIHj, m:h
jkafka '''''''''''''''''''''ls'
ii. jD;a;hl yßueo msysá ,laIHh tys '''''''''''''''''''''''' f,i ye`Èkafõ'
b. A yd B ldKav msgm;a lrf.k" § we;s rEmh weiqfrka .e<fmk hq., hd

lrkak'
C
A B
O ,laIHh wrh A
O
OA úIalïNh
BC Q
OB flakaøh
PQ cHdh B P
2.
i. wrh 5 cm jk jD;a;hl úIalïNfha È. lSh o@
ii. úIalïNh 7 cm jk jD;a;hl wrh lSh o@
iii. wrh r jQ jD;a;hl úIalïNh d kï d yd r w;r iïnkaOh oelafjk
iólrKhla ,shkak'
103
jD;a;hl úIalïNh yd mßêh uekSu
jD;a;hl jfÜ È. fyj;a mßñ;sh tys mßêh kñka ye`Èkafõ'

rEmfha oelafjkafka 25 cmla È. lïìhl fl<jrj,a fol mEiaiSfuka idod we;s
jD;a;dldr j<,a,ls' lïìfha È. 25 cmla neúka j<,af,a mßñ;sh fyj;a mßêh o
25 cmla fõ'
fuu j<,af,a úIalïNh fldmuK oe hs tljr u ;SrKh l< fkdyels h' § we;s
jD;a;hl úIalïNh fiúh yels úúO l%u y`ÿkd.ekSu iòyd my; ls%hdldrlïj,
fhfokak'
l%shdldrlu 1
(a) - cm/mm mßudKh we;s ir, odrhla Ndú;fhka úIalïNh uekSu'
mshjr 1: ljlgqj Ndú;fhka leu;s wrhla iys; jD;a;hla weò tys flakaøh
,l=Kq lrkak'
mshjr 2: jD;a;fha úIalïNhla weò cm/mm mßudKh iys; ir, odrhla

Ndú;fhka tys È. uek ,shkak'
(b) - jD;a;dldr wdia;rhl iuñ;s wlaIh ,ndf.k th uekSu'
mshjr 1: j<,a,la" ldishla jeks øjHhla Ndú;fhka lvodishla u;

jD;a;hla weò th lmd fjka lr .kak'
mshjr 2: fjkalr.;a jD;a;dldr wdia;rh folg keófuka ^fldgia fol

iïmd; jk mßÈ& tys iuñ;s wlaIh i,l=Kq lr.kak'
mshjr 3: iuñ;s wlaIh" jD;a;fha úIalïNhla jk neúka" tys È. uek

.ekSfuka jD;a;fha úIalïNh ,nd .kak'
104
(c)- úys; p;=ri% Ndú;fhka úIalïNh uekSu'
mshjr 1: ldishla" j<,a,la" jD;a;dldr áka tlla" úys; p;=ri% folla yd

fldaÿjla imhd .kak'
mshjr 2: rEmfha wdldrhg fldaÿj iam¾Y jk fia j<,a, yd úys; p;=ri%

fol ròjd f.k A yd B f,i olajd we;s mdGdxl weiqfrka jD;a;fha
úIalïNh fidhkak'
10 10
9 9
8 8
7 7
6 6
5 5
4 4
3 3
2 2
1 1
1 2 3 4 5 A6 7 8 9 B10 11 12 13 14 15 16
mshjr 3: b;sß øjH iòyd o by; mßÈ ls%hdldrlfï ksr; ù jD;a;dldr

uqyqK;aj, úIalïN fidhd wNHdi fmdf;a ,shkak'
fjk;a l%u
1. lvodishlska Rcq uq,a,la idod th rEmfha mßÈ

jD;a;h u; ;enQ úg 90o fldaKfha ndyq jD;a;hg
yuqjk ,laIH fol (P yd Q) w;r ÿr tu jD;a;fha P Q
úIalïNh fõ'
2. ì%iag,a fndaâ tll fldaKhla weò" tys fldaK

iuÉfþolh o weò fldaK iuÉfþolh P Q
Ys¾Ifha isg l%udxlkh lr idod.kakd 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
WmlrKhla Ndú;fhka o rEmfha olajd

we;s wdldrhg jD;a;hl úIalïNh ,nd.;
yels h'
105
jD;a;hl mßêh uekSu
ldishla jeks jD;a;dldr wdia;rhl mßêh fiùu iòyd fhdod.; yels l%u ms<snò
j wjfndaOhla ,nd .ekSu msKsi my; oelafjk ls%hdldrlïj, fhfokak'
l%shdldrlu 2
1. kQ,a lene,a,l i,l=Kla fhdod t;ekska wdrïN lr tu
kQ, ldish jgd we`§ isák fia tla jghla iSrefjka T;d
.kak' jgh wjika jQ ;ek o kQf,a i,l=Kla fhdod
i,l=Kq fol w;r ÿr uek .ekSfuka mßêh ,nd .kak'
2. fld<hla u; ir, f¾Ldjla weò .kak'

rEmfha oelafjk mßÈ jD;a;dldr wdia;rh
u; i,l=Kla fhdokak' ir, f¾Ldj u;
o i,l=Kla fhdod.kak' i,l=Kq fol
iïmd; jk fia ;nd jD;a;dldr wdia;rh
ir, f¾Ldj Èf.a tla jghla lrljkak'
th bÈßhg .sh ÿr uek .ekSfuka tys
mßêh ,nd .kak'
18.1 jD;a;hl mßêh iòyd iQ;%hla f.dv ke.Su

jD;a;hl úIalïNh yd tys mßêh w;r iïnkaOh y`ÿkd.ekSu msKsi my;
ls%hdldrlfuys fhfokak'
l%shdldrlu 3
jD;a;dldr uqyqK;a we;s øjH lSmhla imhd f.k by; § y`ÿkd.;a l%u Ndú;fhka
mßêh yd úIalïNh uek my; j.=j iïmQ¾K lrkak'
øjH úIalïNh d mßêh c c
oYuia:dk follg
d
1. ldâfndaâj,ska
lmd .;a jD;a;dldr
wdia;rhla
2. re' 2 ldish
3. áka mshkla
4. ixhqla; (CD)
;eáh
106
c
by; ls%hdldrlfï § iòyd ,enqK w.hka hy¿jkaf.a ms<s;=re iu`. o iiod
d
n,d Tfí ks.ukh ,shkak'
c
by; ls%hdldrlfï § Tng ish¨ jD;a; iòyd ys w.h f,i 3.14 fyda Bg wdikak
c d
w.hla ,efnkakg we;' ys w.h ´kE u jD;a;hla iòyd ksh; nj .Ks;{hka
d c
úiska fidhdf.k we;' ta wkqj jD;a;hla iòyd wkqmd;h ksh; w.hla jk
d
w;r th π hk ixfla;fhka olajkq ,efí' tu w.h oYuia:dk follg wdikak
22
jYfhka 3.14 jk nj;a th Nd. ixLHdjla jk g wdikak jYfhka iudk
7
nj;a ikd: ù we;' fï wkqj"
c
= π
d
tkï"
c = πd
f,i o iQ;%hlska ,shd oelaúh yels h' fuh jD;a;hl úIalïNh yd mßêh w;r
iïnkaOh oelafjk iQ;%hls' tfia u" wrh yd mßêh w;r iïnkaOh oelafjk
iQ;%hla o fufia ,nd .; yels h'
d = 2r neúka c = π × 2r
tkï"
c = 2πr
jD;a;hl mßêh c o úIalïNh d o wrh r o jk úg
c = πd
c = 2πr fõ'
ksoiqk 1
22
wrh 7 cm jk jD;a;hl mßêh fidhkak' π ys w.h iòyd fhdokak'
7
mßêh c = 2πr
22 ×17
= 2×
7
= 44
∴ mßêh 44 cm fõ'
107
18'1 wNHdih
22
1. my; iòyka ñkqï we;s jD;a;j, mßêh fidhkak' π ys w.h iòyd
7
fhdod.kak'
7
i. wrh 7 cm
2m
v. wrh
ii. úIalïNh 21 m vi. úIalïNh 28 cm
iii. wrh 10.5 cm vii. wrh 15.4 cm
1 1
2 m viii. úIalïNh 3
9m
iv. úIalïNh17
18.2 w¾O jD;a;dldr wdia;rhl mßñ;sh
jD;a;dldr wdia;rhl úIalïNh Tiafia th folg

fjka l< úg iudk fldgia folla ,efí' tu tla
fldgila w¾O jD;a;dldr wdia;rhla ^fláfhka
w¾O jD;a;hla& f,i ye`Èkafõ'
r
w¾O jD;a;hl jl% f¾Ldfõ È." pdm È. f,i ye`Èkafõ' th" jD;a;fha mßêfhka
yß wvls' ta wkqj"
1 1
wrh r jk w¾O jD;a;fha pdm È. = × (2πr)
2
= πr
w¾O jD;a;hl mßñ;sh fiùu iòyd fuu pdm È.g úIalïNh tl;= l< hq;= nj
rEmh wkqj meyeÈ,s h' ta wkqj"
w¾O jD;a;fha mßñ;sh = πr + 2r
ksoiqk 1
22
rEmfha oelafjk w¾O jD;a;fha mßñ;sh fidhkak' π ys w.h iòyd fhdod.kak'
7
1
úIalïNh d jQ w¾O jD;a;fha pdm È. = πd
2
11
1 × 22 × 213
∴ úIalïNh 21 cm jQ w¾O jD;a;fha pdm È. = 2 7 21 cm
1 1
= 33
∴ rEmfha mßñ;sh = 33 + 21 = 54 cm
108
ksoiqk 2
wrh 14 cmla yd úIalïNh 14 cmla jQ w¾O jD;a; follska iukaú; rEmhla fuys
oelafõ' tys mßñ;sh fidhkak'

1
wrh r jQ w¾O jD;a;fha pdm È. × 2πr fõ'
2
14 cm
1 2
1 × 2 × 22 × 14 cm = 44 cm
∴ wrh 14 cm jQ w¾O jD;a;fha pdm È. = 7
1 2
1
1
úIalïNh d jQ w¾O jD;a;fha pdm È. = πd 11
2 2
∴ úIalïNh 14 cm jQ w¾O jD;a;fha pdm È. = 1 × 22 × 14 cm = 22 cm
1 2
7
1
∴ rEmfha mßñs;sh = 44 + 22 + 14 cm
= 80 cm
18'2 wNHdih
1. my; oelafjk tla tla w¾O jD;a;dldr wdia;rfha mßñ;sh fidhkak'
i. r = 14 cm ii. d = 7 cm
2. my; § we;s tla tla rEmfha w`ÿre lr we;s fldgfia mßñ;sh fidhkak'
22
rEmigykaj, oelafjk jl% fldgia w¾O jD;a; fõ' π ys w.h f,i .kak'
7
i. ii. iii.

7 cm
7 cm
5 cm 10.5 cm
14 cm
109
18.3 jD;a;hl mßêh wdYs%; .eg¨
ksoiqk 1
wrh 35 cmla jQ frdaohla ir, f¾Çh u.l lrljkq ,efí'

i. frdaoh jg 1la lrleùfï § th bÈßhg hk ÿr ñg¾j,ska fidhkak'
ii. jg 100la lrleùfï § frdaoh bÈßhg hk ÿr óg¾ lSho@
iii. 1.1 kml ÿrla hdug frdaoh jg lShla wju f,i lrleúh hq;=o@
i. frdaoh jg 1la lrleùfï § tys mßêhg iudk ÿrla th bÈßhg hhs'

5
22
mßêh = 2 × 7 × 35 cm = 220 cm
1
∴ jg 1l§ hk ÿr = 2.2 m
ii. jg 100l§ hk ÿr = 2.2 m × 100

= 220 m
iii. frdaoh bÈßhg hk ÿr = 1.1 km

= 1100 m
jg 1l§ hk ÿr = 2.2 m
∴ jg .Kk = 1100
2.2
= 500
ksoiqk 2
66 cm la È. lïìhl fofl<jr tlg mEiaiSfuka jD;a;dldr rduqjla ;kd we;'

tys wrh fidhkak'
wrh r kï"
c = 2πr neúka
22
2× × r = 66
73
r = 66 × 7 × 1
22 2
1
110
21
=
2
= 10.5 cm
∴ wrh 10.5 cm fõ'
18'3 wNHdih
fuu wNHdifha wjYH úg § π ys w.h iòyd 22 fhdod.kak'
7
1. w¾O jD;a; 2la ixhqla; lr ilia lr we;s wdia;rhla
rEmfha oelafõ' úis;=re NdKavhl weiqreï fmÜáfha
we,ùu iòyd ilia lr we;s fuu wdia;rh jfÜg
4.2 cm
rkajka mdg kQ,la we,ùug fhdað; h' 1.4 cm
i. wdia;rh jgd we,ùug wjYH kQf,a wju È. fidhkak'

ii. fujeks wdia;r 500l we,ùu iòyd wjYH wju kQ,a m%udKh óg¾j,ska
fidhkak'
2. jD;a;dldr ìï fldgil mßêh 440 mls' tys wrh fidhkak'
3. w¾O jD;a;dldr wdia;rhl mßñ;sh 39.6 cmls' tu w¾O jD;a;fha úIalïNh

fidhkak'
4. rEmfha oelafjkafka RcqfldaKdi%dldr 70 m
fldgila yd w¾O jD;a;dldr fldgia
follska hq;= msÜgkshl o< rEmhls'
110 m
i. msÜgksfha mßñ;sh fidhkak'

ii. msÜgksh jgd jg 2 1 la Èj hdfï § f.jd hk ÿr 1 kmg jvd jeä nj
2
fmkajkak'
5. lS%vlfhla ir, f¾Çh ud¾.hl nhsisl,hla mÈhs' nhsisl,fha frdaohl wrh
28 cm ls'
i. frdaoh tl jghla lrleùfï § nhsisl,h bÈßhg hk ÿr fidhkak'

ii. frdaoh jg 50la lrlefjk úg nhsisl,h bÈßhg hk ÿr óg¾ lSho@
iii. 1500 m l ÿrla hdfï § nhsisl,a frdaoh wju jYfhka jg 800laj;a
lrlefjk nj lS%vlhd mjihs' fuu woyig Tn tl`. jkafkao@ ms<s;=r
meyeÈ<s lrkak'
111
ñY% wNHdih
1. w`ÿre l< fldgfia mßñ;sh fidhkak'
i. ii.
10.5 cm 15 cm 10.5 cm
40 cm
25 cm
2.
a a a a
2 4 8
rEmfha oelafjk w¾O jD;a;dldr iels,s 4lska hq;= wegjqu ieliSug wjYH
22
lïìj, È. 135a nj fmkajkak' π ys w.h iòyd fhdokak'
28 7
3. w¾O jD;a;dldr fldgia iys; lvodis ròjk lgqjla rEmfha wdldr ñkqï
iys;j ieliSug fhdað; h' ta iòyd wjYH hlv lïìfha È. fidhkak'
3.5 cm
1.4 cm
0.7 cm 2.1 cm
2 cm
idrdxYh
wrh r o úIalïNh d o mßêh c o jk jD;a;hl"

² c = πd
² c = 2πr
² w¾O jD;a;hl mßñ;sh = πr + 2r
112
19 mhs;.ria iïnkaOh
fuu mdvu wOHhkh lsÍfuka Tng"
²² RcqfldaKsl ;s%fldaKhla weiqfrka mhs;.ria iïnkaOh f.dvke.Sug
²² mhs;.ria iïnkaOh wdYs%; .eg¨ úi`§ug
yelshdj ,efnkq we;'
RcqfldaKsl ;s%fldaKh
;s%fldaKhl tla fldaKhl úYd,;ajh 90o jQ úg th RcqfldaKsl ;s%fldaKhla f,i
ye`Èkafõ' ;s%fldaKfha RcqfldaKhg iïuqLj ^bÈßfhka& msysá mdoh ^úYd,; u
mdoh& l¾Kh f,i o wfkla mdo fol RcqfldaKh wka;¾.; mdo f,i o ye`Èkafõ'
my; oelafjk ABC RcqfldaKsl ;s%fldaKh ie,l+ úg
A
>
ABC = 90o
AC l¾Kh fõ'
AB yd BC RcqfldaKh wvx.= mdo fõ'
B
C
l%shdldrlu 1
my; oelafjk rEmfha we;s ish¨ RcqfldaKsl ;s%fldaK y`ÿkdf.k" § we;s j.=j
iïmQ¾K lrkak'
;s%fldaKh l¾Kh RcqfldaKh
D C
wvx.= mdo
AOB AB AO, BO
......... ......... .........
......... ......... .........
......... ......... .........
O ......... ......... .........
......... ......... .........
A B

113
19'1 mhs;.ria iïnkaOh
.S%isfha úiQ mhs;.ria kï .Ks;{hd úiska RcqfldaKsl ;s%fldaKhl mdoj, È.
w;r iïnkaOh bÈßm;a lrk ,È' fuu iïnkaOh ls%hdldrlula weiqfrka wjfndaO
lr .ksuq'
l%shdldrlu 1
4 cm
3 cm R
Q
rEmfha oelafjk mßÈ QR = 3 cm yd QP = 4 cm jk mßÈ PQR RcqfldaKsl

;s%fldaKhla weò .kak' fï iòyd Tng úys; p;=ri%h Ndú; l< yels h' l¾Kh
jk PRys È. uekSfuka th 5 cm nj ikd: lr.kak'
me;a;l È. 3 cm, 4 cm yd 5 cm jk mßÈ iup;=ri% ;=kla lmd ms<sfj<ska RQ,
QP yd PR mdo u; my; rEmfha oelafjk mßÈ w,jkak'
oeka my; oelafjk mßÈ tla tla iup;=ri%j, j¾.M,h .Kkh lruq'
P 25 cm2
16 cm 2
5c
4 cm
m
Q 3 cm R
9 cm2

QR u; we,jQ iup;=ri%fha j¾.M,h = 3 cm × 3 cm = 9 cm2

QP u; we,jQ iup;=ri%fha j¾.M,h = 4 cm × 4 cm = 16 cm2
PR u; we,jQ iup;=ri%fha j¾.M,h = 5 cm × 5 cm = 25 cm2 o fõ'
114

oeka my; wdldrhg fuu j¾.M, w;r iïnkaO;djla mj;sk nj ksÍlaIKh
lrkak'
PR úl¾Kh u; we;s = QR mdoh u; + PQ mdoh u; we;s

iup;=ri%fha we;s iup;=ri%fha iup;=ri%fha j¾.M,h
j¾.M,h j¾.M,h
RcqfldaKh wvx.= mdo foflys È. 6 cm yd 8 cm jYfhka f.k by; ls%hdldrlu
kej; isÿ lsÍfuka Tng by; ,nd .;a iïnkaOh tu w.hka iòyd o mj;sk nj
ikd: l< yels h'
RcqfldaKsl ;s%fldaKhla iïnkaO mhs;.ria iïnkaOh my; oelafjk wdldrhg

m%ldY l< yels h'
RcqfldaKsl ;s%fldaKhl l¾Kh u; w`Èkq ,nk iup;=ri%fha j¾.M,h

b;sß mdo fol u; w`Èkq ,nk iup;=ri%j, j¾.M,hkaf.a ftlHhg
iudk fõ'

by; olajd we;s mhs;.ria iïnkaOh j¾.M, weiqfrka olajd we;;a" th ;s%fldaKfha
mdoj, È. weiqfrka ir,j ,shd oelaúh yels h' ta flfiaoehs úuid n,uq'
;s%fldaKhl mdo weiqfrka mhs;.ria iïnkaOh ,shd olajk whqre

A
AB u; we`È iup;=ri%fha j¾.M,h = AB × AB = AB2

BC u; we`È iup;=ri%fha j¾.M,h = BC × BC = BC 2
AC u; we`È iup;=ri%fha j¾.M,h = AC × AC = AC 2
B C tuksid" mhs;.ria iïnkaOhg wkqj o

AC 2 = AB 2 + BC 2
;j;a wdldrhlska fufia oelaúh yels h'

P
mhs;.ria iïnkaOhg wkqj

a cm a2 = b 2 + c 2
b cm
Q c cm R
115
ksoiqk 1
PQR RcqfldaKsl ;s%fldaKfha PQ = 8 cm, QR = 6 cm fõ' PR mdofha È. fidhkak'
PQR RcqfldaKsl ;s%fldaKhg mhs;.ria iïnkaOh fh§fuka

P
PR2 = PQ 2 + QR 2
PR 2 = 82 + 62
= 64 + 36
8 cm

= 100
PR = 100 = 10
∴ PR È. 10 cm fõ'
Q 6 cm R
19'1 wNHdih
1. my; oelafjk tla tla RcqfldaKsl ;s%fldaKj, § we;s mdoj, È. wkqj
mhs;.ria iïnkaOh ,shd olajkak'
(i) (ii) y
p
a z
x
(iii) (iv) x cm
L M
10 cm
6 cm 3 cm
y cm
8 cm
N

116
2. my; oelafjk tla tla rEm igykg wod< j Bg my;ska oelafjk m%ldYkj,
ysia;eka mqrjkak'
(i) A (ii) P (iii) A D

Q
C B R
B C
AC2 = AB2 + ....... PR2 = .......+ ....... a. AB2 = BO2+ .......

b. AD 2 = .......+ .......
c. .......= BO2+ OC 2
d. DC2 = .......+ .......
3. my; oelafjk tla tla rEmigyfka we;s ish¨ RcqfldaKsl ;s%fldaK y`ÿkd
f.k" tu ;s%fldaK iòyd mhs;.ria iïnkaOh ,shd olajkak'

X Q
D C
P P
Y Q Z A B
i. ii.
117
4. rEmfha oelafjk RcqfldaKsl ;s%fldaKhg wod< j Bg my;ska oelafjk
m%ldYkj, ysia;eka iïmQ¾K lrkak'
A
13 cm
12 cm
C 5 cm B

§ we;s ;s%fldaKfha úYd,;u mdoh = ............... fõ'

AB mdoh u; we`È iup;=ri%fha j¾.M,h = 12 × 12 = 144 cm2
BC mdoh u; we`È iup;=ri%fha j¾.M,h = ........... = ........... cm2
AC mdoh u; we`È iup;=ri%fha j¾.M,h = ........... = ........... cm2
BC yd BA mdo u; we`È iup;=ri%j, j¾.M,hkaf.a ftlHh = ........... cm2 fõ'
∴ AC mdoh u; we`È iup;=ri%fha j¾.M,h" BC yd BA mdo u; we`È iup;=ri%j,
j¾.M,hkaf.a ftlHhg iudk ........... ^fõ/ fkdfõ&'
mhs;.ria iïnkaOh Ndú;fhka úi`Èh yels .eg¨ lsysmhla fj; oeka wms wjOdkh
fhduq lruq'
ksoiqk 2
5 m È. Rcq ,S oKavla tys tla fl<jrla 4m Wi isria ;dmamhlg by< fl<jf¾

.efgk fia o wfkla fl<jr ;dmamfha mduq,g wE;ska ;sria ìu u; isria ;,hl
;nd we;' ;dmamfha mduq, isg ,S oKav ìu .efgk ia:dkhg ÿr fidhkak'
;dmamh BA u.ska o" ,S oKav AC u.ska o oelajQ úg my; mßÈ o< igykla wmg
weò .; yels h'
118
A
5m
4m
C B
ABC RcqfldaKsl ;s%fldaKhg mhs;.ria iïnkaOh fh§fuka
AC 2 = AB 2 + BC 2
52 = 42 + BC 2
25 = 16 + BC 2
∴ BC 2 = 9
BC = 9 = 3
∴ ;dmamfha mduq, isg ,S oKavg we;s ;sria ÿr 3 m fõ'
19'2 wNHdih
1. my; oelafjk tla tla rEmfha bx.S%is wlaIrfhka olajd we;s mdoj, È.
fidhkak'
i. ii. 12 cm
iii.
m
5 cm
4 cm
9 cm
y y 10 cm 8 cm
iv.
q
8 cm 10 cm
p 9 cm
119
2. my; oelafjk tla tla rEmfha mßñ;sh fidhkak'
i. D ii.
S
A 13 cm R
6 cm 3 cm
P 4 cm Q
B 8 cm C
iii. iv.
U D
4 cm 5 cm
10 cm
A C
E
5 cm 13 cm
S T
6 cm V 15 cm
B
3.
i.
D C
ABCD frdïnifha BD = 16 cm, AC = 12 cm jk
úl¾K Oys È RcqfldaKslj tlsfkl iuÉ
O fþokh fõ' frdïnifha mßñ;sh fidhkak'
A B
ii.
D C
ABCD iup;=ri%fha AC úl¾Kfha È. 10 cm kï tys

j¾.M,h fidhkak'
A B
120
iii.
O O flakaøh jQ jD;a;fha PQ cHdfha uOH ,laIHh R fõ' È.=
>
R l< OR f¾Ldjg Sys § jD;a;h yuq fõ' ORP = 90o,
P Q PQ = 12 cm yd OR = 8 cm kï
S
i. RQ È.
ii. jD;a;fha wrh
iii. RS È.
fidhkak'
>
4. ABC ;s%fldaKfha ABC = 90o jk w;r AB = 8 cm, BC = 6 cm fõ' BC,

BA mdoj, uOH ,laIH ms<sfj<ska R yd P fõ' APRC p;=ri%fha mßñ;sh
fidhkak'
ñY% wNHdih
1.
y
LKavdxl ;,hl msysá A = (4, 5) yd
B
^10" 13& B = (10, 13) ,laIH w;r flá;u ÿr fidhkak'
A
^4" 5&
x
O
2. P k.rfha isg 5 km kef.kysßka Q k.rh o Q k.rhg 12 km W;=ßka R

k.rh o msysgd we;' P yd R k.r w;r ÿr fidhkak'
121
3. 16 m Wi fldälKqjla isria j ;nd .ekSu iòyd tys uqÿkg iú l< È.
wdOdrl lïìhla lKqfõ mduq, isg 12 m ÿßka ;sria fmdf<djg iïnkaOlr
we;s w;r Bg m%;súreoaO ÈYdfjka jQ wfkla lïìh" lKqfõ mduq, isg 9 m ÿßka
yd fmdf<dfõ isg 12 m Wiska lKqfjys .eg.id we;' fï iòyd Ndú; lrk
,o lïìj, uq¿ È. fldmuK o@
4. ;o l=Kdgqjla ksid
.ila lvdjeà we;s
9m whqre rEmfha oelafõ'
lvdjeàug fmr .fia
Wi fidhkak'
12 m
idrdxYh
ABC RcqfldaKsl ;s%fldaKfha
A
AC 2 = AB 2 + BC 2
a c c2 = a 2 + b 2
B C
b
122
20 m%ia;dr
fuu mdvu bf.kSfuka Tng
² Y%s; y`ÿkd .ekSug
² y = mx yd y = mx + c wdldrfha Y%s;j, m%ia;dr we`§u yd tys ,laIK y`ÿkd
.ekSug
² ir, f¾Çh m%ia;drhl wkql%uKh yd wka;#LKavh y`ÿkd .ekSug
² ax + by = c wdldrfha iólrKj, m%ia;dr we`§ug
² tlsfklg iudka;r jQ m%ia;drj, wkql%uK w;r iïnkaOh y`ÿkd.ekSug
yelshdj ,efnkq we;'
m%ia;dr ms<snò Tn fmr fY%aKsj, § W.;a lreKq isysm;a lr .ekSu iòyd my;
wNHdifha fhfokak'
mqkÍlaIK wNHdih
1. i. x yd y wlaI tl tlla Tiafia – 5 isg 5 f;la w.hka we;=<;a LKavdxl

;,hla weò tys A (– 4, – 4) yd B (4, – 4) ,laIH ,l=Kq lrkak' ABCD
iup;=ri%hla jk mßÈ C yd D ,laIH ,l=Kq lr C yd D ys LKavdxl ,shd
olajkak'
ii. ABCD ;, rEmfha tla tla mdofha iólrKh ,shd olajkak'

2. x yd y wlaI tl tlla Tiafia – 4 isg 4 f;la w.hka we;=<;a LKavdxl ;,hla
w`Èkak'
i. (4, – 4) ,laIHh yryd x wlaIhg iudka;r jQ ir, f¾Ldjla o y wlaIhg

iudka;r jQ ir, f¾Ldjla o w`Èkak'
ii. (– 3, 2) ,laIHh yryd x wlaIhg iudka;r jQ ir, f¾Ldjla o y wlaIhg
iudka;r jQ ir, f¾Ldjla o w`Èkak'
iii. by; (i) yd (ii) ys we`È f¾Ld tlsfkl fþokh jk ,laIH foflys
LKavdxl ,shd olajkak'
iv. by; (ii) ys ,enqKq ;, rEmfha iuñ;s wlaIj, iólrK ,shd olajkak'
123
20.1 Y%s;
úúO rdYSka w;r iïnkaO;d wmg fkdfhl=;a wjia:dj, § yuq ù we;' my;
oelafjk rdYSka fol w;r iïnkaO;dj fyd`Èka ksÍlaIKh lrkak'
tla;rd mn¿ j¾.hl .a?uhl ñ, remsh,a 10la hehs is;uq' tu j¾.fha mn¿ úúO
m%udK lsysmhl ñ, .Kka my; oelafõ'
mn¿ (g) ñ, ^re&
1 1 10 = 10
2 2 10 = 20
3 3 10 = 30
4 4 10 = 40
fuys mn¿ m%udKh x yd tu mn¿ m%udKhg wkqrEm ñ, y f,i .ksuq'
fï wkqj mn¿ .a?ï x m%udKhl ñ, remsh,a 10x nj meyeÈ,s h' mn¿ .a?ï x
m%udKhl ñ, remsh,a y j,ska oelajqjfyd;a" y = 10x f,i ,súh yels nj o meyeÈ,s
h'
fuu iïnkaO;djfha x u.ska ksrEmKh jk rdYsh jk mn¿ m%udKfha úúO w.hka
lsysmhla x wlaIh Tiafia ,l=Kq lr Bg wkqrEm y rdYsh ksrEmKh lrk ñf,ys
úúO w.hka y wlaIh Tiafia ,l=Kq lsÍfuka my; wdldrfha m%ia;drhla ,nd .;
yels h'
y
50
40
30
20
10
1 2 3 4 5 x
y = 10x f,i bÈßm;a l< Y%s;fha iajdh;a; úp,Hh ksrEmKh lrkq ,nk x ys
o¾Ylh 1 neúka th talc Y%s;hla f,i y`ÿkajhs'
talc Y%s;hla § we;s úg my; wdldrhg tys x ys w.hkag wkqrEm y w.hka ,nd
.; yels h'
ksoiqk 1
my; olajd we;s talc Y%s;hkays § we;s x w.hkag wkqrEm y w.hka .Kkh lr
mámdá.; hq., f,i ,shd olajkak'
i. y = 2x ^xys w.h –2, –1, 0, 1, 2&

3
ii. y = – x + 2 ^xys w.h –4, –2, 0, 2, 4&
2
124
3
i. y = 2x ii. y = –
2 x+2

x 2x y mámdá.; x 3 y mámdá.;
– x+2
hq., (x, y) 2 hq., (x, y)
–2 2 –2 –4 (– 2, – 4) –4 3 8 (– 4, 8)
–
–4+2
2
–1 2 –1 –2 (– 1, –2) –2 3 5 (– 2, 5)
– –2+2
2
0 2 0 0 (0, 0) 0 3 2 (0, 2)
– 0+2
2
1 2 1 2 (1, 2) 2 3 –1 (2, – 1)
– 2+2
2
2 2 2 4 (2, 4) 4 3 –4 (4, – 4)
– 4+2
2
20.1 wNHdih
my; oelafjk Y%s;j, § we;s tla tla x w.hg wkqrEm y ys w.h fidhd mámdá.;
hq., f,i ,shd olajkak'
i. y = 3x ^xys w.hka – 2, – 1, 0, 1, 2 &

ii. y = 2x + 3 ^xys w.hka – 3, – 2, – 1, 0, 1, 2, 3 &
1
iii. y = – x – 2 ^xys w.hka – 6, – 3, 0, 3, 6 &
3
20.2 y = mx wdldrfha Y%s; iy tjeks Ys%;hl m%ia;drfha wkql%uKh

y = 3x, y = – 2x, y = x jeks talc Y%s; y = mx wdldrfha talc Y%s; iòyd WodyrK
fõ' y = 3x Y%s;h m%ia;dßlj ksrEmKh lsÍug x iòyd – 2 isg + 2 olajd w.hka
f.k my; wdldrhg w.h j.=jla ms<sfh, lruq'
y = 3x
x 3x y (x, y)
–2 3 –2 –6 ( –2, – 6)
–1 3 –1 –3 (– 1, – 3)
0 3 0 0 (0, 0)
1 3 1 3 (1, 3)
2 3 2 6 (2, 6)
125
,nd .;a mámdá.; hq., my; oelafjk LKavdxl ;,h u; ,l=Kq lsÍfuka
y = 3x Y%s;fha m%ia;drh my; wdldrhg ,nd .; yels h'
y
6 P
5
3x
4
y=
3
2
1 x wlaIfha Ok ÈYdj
–5 –4 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4x
–1
–2 iq¿ fldaKh
–3
–4
Q
–5
–6
by; w`Èkq ,enQ m%ia;drfha ,laIK lsysmhla úuid n,uq'
² m%ia;drh ir, f¾Ldjla fõ

² (0, 0) ,laIHh yryd hhs
² x wlaIfha Ok ÈYdj iu`. jdudj¾; j iq¿ fldaKhla idohs
² f¾Ldj u; uQ, ,laIHh yer fjk;a ´kE u ,laIHhla .;aúg tu
y LKavdxlh
,laIHfha u.ska ,efnk w.h ksh; fõ' ^ksh; w.hls&
x LKavdxlh
ksoiqkla f,i"
y LKavdxlh 6
P ,CIHh .;a úg" = = 3.
x LKavdxlh 2
y LKavdxlh –3
Q ,CIHh .;a úg" = – 1 = 3.
x LKavdxlh
;j o" fuu ksh; w.h y = mx wdldrfha iólrKhl x ys ix.=Klfha w.h jk

m g iudk fõ' fuu ksh; w.h m%ia;drfha wkql%uKh f,i ye`Èkafõ' wkql%uKh
iòyd Ok fuka u RK w.hka o mej;sh yels h'
126
y = mx wdldrfha m%ia;drj, yeisÍu my; oelafjk l%shdldrlu ;=<ska meyeÈ,s lr
.ksuq'
l%shdldrlu 1
1. a. § we;s y = mx wdldrfha Y%s; m%ia;dr.; lsÍug w.h j.=j iïmQ¾K lr" wod<
m%ia;dr tl u LKavdxl ;,hl weò olajkak'
1
(i) y = x (ii) y = +3x (iii) y = + x
3
x –2 0 2 x –1 0 1 x –3 0 3
y ____ ____ +2 y –3 ____ ____ y ____ ____ +1
b. § we;s y = mx wdldrfha Y%s; m%ia;dr.; lsÍug w.h j.=j iïmQ¾K lr" wod<
m%ia;dr tl u LKavdxl ;,hl weò olajkak'
(i) y = – x (ii) y = – 3x (iii) y = – 1 x
3
x –2 0 2 x –1 0 1 x –3 0 3
y ____ ____ –2 y ____ 0 ____ y 1 ____ ____
by; (a) yd (b) wjia:dj, § ,enQ m%ia;dr weiqfrka Y%s;j, wkql%uK

^mys w.h& iy m%ia;dr x wlaIfha Ok ÈYdj iu`. jdudj¾:j idok fldaKh w;r
iïnkaOh ksÍlaIKh lrkak'
by; l%shdldrlfuys ksr; jQ Tng my; wdldrfha m%ia;dr ,efnkakg we;'

(a) wkql%uKh Ok jk úg ,efnk m%ia;dr
y y = 3x
y=x
1
y= x
3
0 x
³ wkql%uKh ^mys w.h& Ok jk úg m%ia;drh x ys Ok ÈYdj iu`. jdudj¾:j

idok fldaKh iq¿ fldaKhla fõ'
1
³ wkql%uKfha w.h úYd, jk úg ^ , 1, 3 f,i& Bg wod< m%ia;dr x ys Ok ÈYdj
3
iu. jdudj¾:j idok fldaKfha úYd,;ajh o jeä fõ'
127
(b) mys w.h RK jk úg ,efnk m%ia;dr
y = –3x
y
y = –x
1
y=– x
3
0 x
³ wkql%uKh ^mys w.h& RK jk úg m%ia;drh xys Ok ÈYdj iu`. jdudj¾:j

idok fldaKh uyd fldaKhla fõ'
1
³ wkql%uKfha (m ys w.h) úYd, jk úg ^– 3, – 1, – & Bg wod< m%ia;drh x
3
wlaIfha Ok ÈYdj iu. jdudj¾:j idok fldaKfha úYd,;ajh o jeä fõ'
igyk: m%ia;drhl wkql%uKh
y y
2
2
y=
x
1
y=
–x
–2 –1 0 1 x
0 1 2 x
–1
y = x Y%s;fha m%ia;drfha wkql%uKh y = –x Y%s;fha m%ia;drfha wkql%uKh
1 fõ' ñka woyia jkafka x ys
w.h tall tllska jeä jk úg – 1 fõ' ñka woyia jkafka x ys w.h
Bg wkqrEm j y ys w.h o tall tall tllska jeä jk úg y ys w.h
tllska jeä jk nj h' Bg wkqrEm j tall tllska wvq jk
nj h'
128
ksoiqk 1
§ we;s tla tla Ys%;fha m%ia;drfha wkql%uKh" m%ia;drh we`§fuka f;drj ,shkak'
i. y = 2x
ii. y = – 5x
1
iii. y = – x
2
i. wkql%uKh ^m& = 2
ii. wkql%uKh ^m& = – 5
1
iii. wkql%uKh ^m& = –
2
ksoiqk 2
i. x iòyd iqÿiq w.hka f.k y = 2x yd y = – 3x ir, f¾Ldj, m%ia;dr" tl u

LKavdxl ;,hl weò olajkak'
ii. by; we`È m%ia;dr Ndú;fhka y = 3 jk úg x ys w.h;a x = 2.5 jk úg y ys
w.h;a fjk fjk u fidhkak'
i. y = 2x

x –2 –1 0 1 2
+2x 2 – 2 2 – 1 2 0 2 1 2 2
y –4 –2 0 2 4
(– 2, – 4) (– 1, – 2) (0, 0) (1, 2) (2, 4)
y = –3x
x –2 –1 0 1 2
– 3x – 3 – 2 – 3 – 1 – 3 0 – 3 1 – 3 2
y 6 3 0 –3 –6
(– 2, 6) (– 1, 3) (0, 0) (1, – 3) (2, – 6)
129
by; mámdá.; hq., tl u LKavdxl ;,hl ,l=Kq l< úg my; wdldrfha
m%ia;dr ,efí'
y
6
y = 2x
y = –3x 5
4
3
2
1
–5 –4 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4x
–1
–2
–3
–4
–5
–6
–7
–8
ii. x = 2.5 jk úg y ys w.h ,nd .ekSug x = 2.5 f¾Ldj weò ^r;= j¾Kfhka olajd
we;&" tla tla m%ia;drh fþokh jk ,laIHfha y LKavdxl ,nd .; hq;= fõ'
túg" x ys w.h 2.5 jk úg"

y = 2x Y%s;fha y ys w.h 5 fõ'
y = –3x Y%s;fha y ys w.h – 7.5 fõ'
y = 3 jk úg x ys w.h ,nd .ekSug y = 3 f¾Ldj weò ^fld< j¾Kfhka olajd

we;&" tla tla m%ia;drh fþokh jk ,laIHfha x LKavdxl ,nd .; hq;= fõ'
túg" y ys w.h 3 jk úg
1
y = 2x Y%s;fha x ys w.h 1 fõ'
2
y = – 3x Y%s;fha x ys w.h – 1 fõ'
130
20.2 wNHdih
1.
l3 y
l2 i. y = 3x ii. y + 2x = 0
l4 3
l1 iii. 2y – x = 0 iv. y + x = 0
2
u.ska oelafjk Y%s;hka ksrEmKh lrk
m%ia;dr l1, l2, l3, l4 w;=ßka f;dard ,shkak'
x
2. tla Èkl isx.mamQre fvd,rhl ñ," Y%S ,xld remsh,a 100la úh' isx.mamQre
fvd,¾ m%udKh x f,i o Bg wkqrEm Y%S ,xld remsh,a m%udKh remsh,a y o f,i
.;aúg y = 100x f,i iïnkaOhla ,súh yels h'
i. by; Ys%;fha m%ia;drh we`§u iòyd iqÿiq w.h j.=jla ms<sfh, lrkak' ^x
iòyd 1, 2, 3, 4 hk w.hka fhdod .kak&
ii. by; Y%s;fha m%ia;drh weò olajkak'
iii. by; we`È m%ia;drh weiqfrka isx.mamQre fvd,¾ 4.5l jákdlu Y%S ,xld
remsh,aj,ska ,nd.kak'
iv. Y%S ,xld remsh,a 250la isx.mamQre fvd,¾ fldmuK fõ o hkak m%ia;drh
Ndú;fhka fidhkak'
3. my; m%ldY w;=ßka ksjerÈ m%ldY bÈßfhka zZ ,l=K o jerÈ m%ldY bÈßfhka
zZ ,l=K o fhdokak'
i. y = mx wdldrfha Y%s;hl mys ,l=K u.ska f¾Ldfõ ÈYdj ;SrKh fõ' ^'''''&
ii. y = mx wdldrfha Y%s;hl m%ia;drh § we;s úg" y wlaIh u; iuñ;sh
Ndú;fhka y = – mx m%ia;drh ks¾udKh l< fkdyels h' ^'''''&
iii. uQ, ,laIHh yryd .uka lrk ir, f¾Ldjl uQ, ,laIHh yer th u;
msysá fjk;a ,laIHhl y LKavdxlh yd x LKavdxlh w;r wkqmd;h tys
wkql%uKhg iudk fõ' ^'''''&
iv. (– 2, 3) ,laIHh 2y + 3x = 0 f¾Ldj u; msysgk uq;a 2y – 3x = 0 f¾Ldj u;
fkdmsysghs' ^'''''&
v. y = mx wdldrfha m%ia;dr iEuúg u (0, 0) ,laIHh yryd fkdhhs' ^'''''&
131
1 1
4. i. x iòyd – 6, – 3, 0, 3 yd 6 hk w.hka f.k y = x, 3y = 2x, y = – 1 x ys
3 3
m%ia;dr we`§u iòyd w.h j.= f.dvk.kak'
ii. by; m%ia;dr tlu LKavdxl ;,hl weò olajkak'
iii. y = 1 f¾Ldj by; m%ia;dr ;=k fþokh lrk ,laIH ;=fkys x LKavdxlh
,shd olajkak'
5. i. y = – 2 x Y%s;fha m%ia;drh we`§u iòyd my; § we;s wiïmQ¾K j.=j iïmQ¾K

3
lrkak'
x –6 –3 0 3 6
y 4 ____ ____ –2 ____
ii. iïmQ¾K lrk ,o j.=j weiqfrka by; Y%s;fha m%ia;drh w`Èkak'

iii. x = –2 úg y ys w.h" m%ia;drh weiqfrka ,nd .kak'
2 2
iv. (–
, ) ,laIHh by; m%ia;drh u; msysghs o@ fya;= iys; j meyeÈ,s
3 3
lrkak'
v. f¾Ldj u; ,laIH ;=kl ûQ, ,laIHh fkdjk& LKavdxl f;dard f.k
tajdfha y yd x LKavdxl w;r wkqmd;h .Kkh lrkak' tys w.h yd
f¾Ldfõ wkql%uKh w;r we;s iïnkaOh ,shd olajkak'
20.3 y = mx + c yd ax + by = c u.ska oelafjk Y%s;j, m%ia;dr

y = mx + c wdldrfha Ys%;j, m%ia;dr
uq,ska u y = mx + c wdldrfha Ys%;j, m%ia;dr ms<snò j úuid n,uq' ta iòyd

y = 3x + 1 Ys%;fha m%ia;drh w`Èuq'
fuu Y%s;fha m%ia;drh we`§u iòyd my; wdldrhg w.h j.=jla f.dv k.uq'
y = 3x + 1
x 3x + 1 y (x, y )
–2 3 –2+1 – 5 (– 2, – 5)
–1 3 –1+1 – 2 (– 1, – 2)
0 3 0+1 1 (0, 1)
1 3 1+1 4 (1, 4)
2 3 2+1 7 (2, 7)
132
fuu w.h j.=j ;=<ska ,nd.;a mámdá.; hq., LKavdxl ;,hl ,l=Kq l< úg
,efnk m%ia;drh my; mßÈ fõ'
7
6
5
+1
3x
4
y=
3
2
1
–5 –4 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4x
–1
–2
–3
–4
–5
–6
my; oelafjk ,laIK fuu m%ia;drh ksÍlaIKfhka ,nd .; yels h'

² ir, f¾Çh m%ia;drhls'
² ir, f¾Ldj y wlaIh (0, 1) ys È fþokh fõ'
² ir, f¾Ldj x wlaIfha Ok ÈYdj iu`. jdudj¾:j iq¿ fldaKhla idohs'
fuu f¾Ldfõ m ys w.h + 3 fõ' bka meyeÈ,s jkafka x úp,Hh tall 1la jeä
jk úg Bg wkqrEm j y úp,Hh o tall 3la by< hk njhs'
² y = 3x + 1 iólrKfha c ksrEmKh lrk w.h + 1 fõ' ir, f¾Ldj y wlaIh
fþokh jk ,laIHfha y LKavdxlh o tlla fõ' fuu w.hka fol u iudk
fõ'
m%ia;drh y wlaIh fþokh jk ,laIHfha y LKavdxlh wka;#LKavh f,i ye`Èkafõ'

fuu f¾Ldfõ wka;#LKavh + 1 fõ'
fï wkqj y = mx + c wdldrfha Y%s;hl m%ia;drfha wkql%uKh m u.ska o wka;#LKavh
c u.ska o oelafõ'
133
ksoiqk 1
y = x – 2 Y%s;fha m%ia;drh iqÿiq w.h j.=jla ms<sfh, lr weò olajkak' m%ia;drh
weiqfrka
i. wka;#LKavh
ii. x = 2.5 jk úg y ys w.h
1
iii. y = – jk úg x ys w.h
2
fidhkak'
y=x–2
x –1 0 1 2 3
y=x–2 –3 – 2 –1 0 1
3
2 – 2
y =x
1
–2 –1 0 1 2 3 4x
–1
–2
–3
–4
i. wka;#LKavh (c) = – 2.
1
ii. x = 2.5 jk úg y = .
2
1 1
iii. y = – jk úg x = 1 .
2 2
ksoiqk 2
§ we;s tla tla iólrKh u.ska oelafjk wkql%uKh yd wka;#LKavh m%ia;drh

we`§fuka f;drj ,shd olajkak'
i. y = – 2x + 5
ii. y + 3x = – 2
134
i. y = – 2x + 5 iólrKh y = mx + c wdldrh fõ'
ta wkqj wkql%uKh (m) = – 2,
wka;#LKavh (c) = 5
ii. y + 3x = – 2 iólrKh uq,ska u y = mx + c wdldrhg ilia lr .ksuq'
túg" y = – 3x – 2 fõ'
ta wkqj wkql%uKh = – 3
wka;#LKavh = – 2
ksoiqk 3
y = 2x, y = 2x + 1 yd y = 2x – 3 m%ia;dr ;=ku iqÿiq w.h j.= ilid tl u LKavdxl

;,hl weò olajkak'
i. tla tla m%ia;drfha wkql%uKh yd wka;#LKavh Ys%;h ksÍlaIKfhka ,shkak'

ii. m%ia;dr ;=k ms<snòj Tng ksÍlaIKh l< yels úfYaI ,laIKhla ,shd olajkak'
y = 2x y = 2x + 1 y = 2x – 3
x –1 0 1 x –1 0 1 x –1 0 1
y –2 0 2 y –1 1 3 y –5 –3 –1
y
+1
5
y = y = 2x
4
2x
y = 2x ys"
3
3
wkql%uKh = 2;
2x –
2 wka;#LKavh = 0.
y=
1
y = 2x + 1 ys"
wkql%uKh = 2;
–4 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4 x
–1 wka;#LKavh = +1.
–2 y = 2x – 3 ys"
–3 wkql%uKh = 2;
wka;#LKavh = –3.
–4
–5

135
m%ia;drj, iólrK ksÍlaIKfhka by; m%ia;drj, wkql%uK iudk nj meyeÈ,s
h' m%ia;dr ksÍlaIKfhka tajd tlsfklg iudka;r nj Tng ksÍlaIKh l< yels
h'
ta wkqj Ys%; foll fyda lsysmhl wkql%uK iudk fõ kï tu ir, f¾Çh m%ia;dr
tlsfkl iudka;r jk nj meyeÈ,s fõ'
ax + by = c u.ska oelafjk Ys%;j, m%ia;dr
ax + by = c u.ska oelafjk Ys%;j, m%ia;dr ms<snò úuid n,uq' fuu iólrK

y = mx + c wdldrhg ilia lr .ekSfuka w.h j.= ilia lr .ekSu myiq fõ'
my; ksoiqk fj; wjOdkh fhduq lrkak'
ksoiqk 1
3x + 2y = 6 Y%s;fha m%ia;drh iqÿiq w.h j.=jla ms<sfh, lr weò olajkak'

w`Èkq ,enQ m%ia;drh Ndú;fhka"
i. m%Odk wlaI fþokh jk ,laIHj, LKavdxl ,shd olajkak'
ii. m%ia;drfha wkql%uKh yd wka;#LKavh ,shd olajkak'
uq,ska u y = mx + c wdldrhg by; iólrKh ilia lr .ksuq'

túg 3x + 2y = 6
2y = – 3x + 6
3
y = – 2 x + 3 fõ'
by; oelafjk Y%s;fha m%ia;drh we`§ug wjYH LKavdxl hq., my; j.=j weiqfrka
,nd f.k wod< m%ia;drh we`Èuq'
x 3 y
–
2 x+3
–2 3 6
– –2+3
2
0 3 3
– 0+3
2
2 3 0
– 2+3
2
4 3 –3
– 4+3
2
136
(– 2, 6) (0, 3)(2, 0)(4, – 3)
y
9
3x 8
+
2y 7
=
6 6
5
4
3
2
1
–5 –4 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4x
–1
–2
–3
–4
–5
–6
i. y wlaIh (0, 3) ys § o" x wCIHh (2, 0) ys È yuq fõ'

3
ii. wkql%uKh (m) = – 2 , wka;#LKavh (c) = 3
igyk(
² 3x + 2y = 6 m%ia;drh" y wlaIh (0, 3) ,laIfha § fþokh lrk nj;a tu
,laIHfha y LKavdxlh" 3x + 2y = 6 iólrKfha x ys ix.=Klhg iudk
nj;a ksÍlaIKh lrkak'
² 3x + 2y = 6 m%ia;drh x wlaIh (2, 0) ,laIfha § fþokh lrk nj;a tu
,laIHfha x LKavdxlh" 3x + 2y = 6 iólrKfha y ys ix.=Klhg iudk
nj;a ksÍlaIKh lrkak'
² 3x + 2y = 6 m%ia;drh we§fï § j.= Ndú; fkdlr (0, 3) yd (2, 0) ,laIH hd
lsÍfuka o m%ia;drh we`Èh yels h' tkï" x = 0 § y ys w.h yd y=0 § x ys
w.h jYfhka wlaI fþokh lrk ,laIH ,nd .ekSfuka'
137
20.3 wNHdih
1. my; oelafjk tla tla iólrKh u.ska oelafjk Y%s;hka ys m%ia;dr we`§ulska
f;dr j wkql%uKh yd wka;#LKavh ,shd tu m%ia;dr x wlaIfha Ok ÈYdj
iu`. jdudj¾:j idok fldaKh iq¿ fldaKhla o" uyd fldaKhla o hk j.
,shd olajkak'
2 1
(a) i. y = x + 3 ii. y = – x + 4 iii. y = x – 2 iv. y = 4 + 2 x
3
2
(b) i. 2y = 3x – 2 ii. 4y + 1 = 4x iii. x + 2y = 6
3
2. my; oelafjk tla tla iólrKfha m%ia;drh" x yd y wlaI fþokh lrk

,laIH fidhd tu ,laIH fol weiqfrka m%ia;drh w`Èkak'
1
(a) i. y = 2x + 3 ii. y = x + 2
2
(b) i. 2x – 3y = 6 ii. – 2x + 4y + 2 = 0
3. my; oelafjk f;dr;=re weiqfrka tla tla ir, f¾Ldfõ iólrKh ,shd
olajkak'
wkql%uKh (m) wka;#LKavdxlh (c) Y%s;fha iólrKh
i. + 2 –5 y = 2x – 5
ii. –3 +4
1 –3
iii. –
2
3 +1
iv.
2
v. 1 0
4. y = – 3x – 2 Y%s;fha m%ia;drh we`§ug ieliQ wiïmQ¾K w.h j.=jla my;

oelafõ'
x –2 –1 0 1 2
y ________ ________ –2 ________ –8
i. ysia;eka iïmQ¾K lrkak'

ii. by; Y%s;fha m%ia;drh weò olajkak'
iii. by; LKavdxl ;,h u;u y = x f¾Ldj weò" f¾Ld hq.,h fþokh
jk ,laIHfha LKavdxl ,shd olajkak'
138
5. x iòyd iqÿiq w.hka f;dard f.k my; oelafjk tla tla Y%s;hkays m%ia;dr tlu
LKavdxl ;,hl weò olajkak'
1 1
i. y = x ii. y = – 2x + 2 iii. y = x+1 iv. y = – x–3
2 2
6. my; oelafjk tla tla iólrK u.ska oelafjk Y%s;j, m%ia;dr" x ys w.h – 4
isg + 4 mrdih ;=< weò olajkak'
a. – 3x + 2y = 6 yd 3x + 2y = – 6
b. y + 2x = 4 yd – 2x + y = – 4
7. my; olajd we;s m%ia;drj, o< igyka weiqfrka AB yd PQ f¾Ldj, iólrK

,shd olajkak'
y B
3 y=x
2
<
1
< Q
A –2 –1 0 1 2 < 3 4x
–1
–2
–3
P
–4
ñY% wNHdih
1. my; oelafjk tla tla m%ldYh i;H kï" th bÈßfhka zZ ,l=K o wi;H kï
zZ ,l=K o fhdokak'
i. ish¨ m iòyd y = mx + c wdldrfha Y%s;hl m%ia;drh m%Odk wlaIj,g

iudka;r fkdjq ir, f¾Ld ,efí' (............)
ii. y = mx + c wdldrfha Y%s;hl m ys w.h u.ska f¾Ldfõ ÈYdj ;SrKh jk

w;r c u.ska f¾Ldj y wlaIh fþokh lrk ,laIHh m%ldY fõ' (............)
139
iii. y = mx + c wdldrfha Y%s;hl m%ia;drh uQ, ,laIH yryd .uka lsÍug
c = 0 úh hq;= u fkdfõ' (............)
iv. y1 = m1x + c1 o y2 = m2x + c2 úg m1 = m2 kï f¾Ld fol tlsfklg

iudka;r fõ' (............)
v. y = mx + c f¾Ldjl m > 0, c > 0 úg muKla x wlaIhg by<ska y wlaIh

fþokh lrk ir, f¾Ldjla ,efí' (............)
2. my; oelafjk m%ia;drj, o< igyka Wmfhda.S lr f.k wod, Y%s;j, iólrK
,shd olajkak'
i. ii.
y wkql%uKh = 2 y
wkql%uKh = – 3
0 x 0 x
iii. iv.
y 3 y –1
wkql%uKh = wkql%uKh =
2 3
4 3
0 x 0 x
v. vi.
y y
3
wkql%uKh = wkql%uKh = – 2
4
0 0 x
–2
x
–4
140
3. my; oelafjk tla tla Y%s;h ksrEmKh lrk m%ia;drfha o< igyk f;dard
olajkak'
7
6
l3
5
4
l4
3
2 l5
1
–5 –4 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4x
–1
–2
–3
l1
–4
–5
l2
Y%s;h
i. y = 3x – 4
ii. y = – 2x + 1
iii. y = – x – 5
iv. y = – 3x + 3
v. y = + 3x
4
4. 4x + py = 10 ir, f¾Ldfõ wkql%uKh – fõ'
3
i. pys w.h fidhkak' ii. wka;#LKavh ,shd olajkak'
iii. by; f¾Ldjg y wlaIh yuqjk ia:dkh yryd hk wkql%uKh – 2 jk ir,
f¾Ldfõ iólrKh ,shd olajkak'
idrdxYh
² y = mx + c wdldrfha Y%s;hl m%ia;drfha wkql%uKh m u.ska o wka;#LKavh

c u.ska o oelafõ'
² Ys%; foll fyda lsysmhl wkql%uK iudk fõ kï tu m%ia;dr tlsfkl

iudka;r fõ'
141
fojk jdr mqkÍlaIK wNHdih
I fldgi
1. fmd;a ÿisul ñ, re 240la kï re 150lg ñ, § .; yels Wmßu fmd;a .Kk

fidhkak'
2. re 850la jákd NdKavhla w;amsg uqo,g .ekSfï § tys jákdlñka 20%l

jÜgula ,nd foa kï mdßfNda.shd f.úh hq;= uqo, .Kl hka;%h Ndú;fhka
fidhkak'

(x−3)0
3. iq¿ lrkak'
(2x−1)2
4. i. 12.673, fojk oYuia:dkhg jghkak'

ii. 4873, wdikak 100g jghkak'
5. i. 5.62 × 10−3, idudkH wdldrfhka ,shd olajkak'

ii. 348005 úoHd;aul wxlkfhka ,shd olajkak'
A
6. ABCD u.ska ksjil isria ì;a;shl me;s fmkqu
fmkakqï flf¾' A yd D ,laIHj,g iuÿßka yd B
isg 10 m ÿßka jQ ,laIHfha n,anhla iúlsÍug D
15 m
wjYH kï Bg iqÿiq ia:dkh o< igykla u.ska
olajkak'
B 12 m C
7. úiòkak' 5{3(x + 1) −2(x −1)}= 10
A
8. rEmfha § we;s f;dr;=re weiqfrka x yd yys w.h fidhkak'
y
D
x
y
x x
C B
142
9. V = I (R + r); r Wla; lrkak'
10. me;a;l È. 11 cm jQ iup;=ri%dldr wdldrhg kjd we;s isyska lïìhla Wmfhda.S

22
lrf.k iEÈh yels úYd,;u jD;a;dldr j<,af,a úIalïNh fidhkak' (π =
7
f,i fhdod.kak)'
D C
11. ABCD iup;=ri%fha j¾.M,h 100 cm fõ'2
BE = 6 cm kï rEmfha mßñ;sh fidhkak'
E
A 6 cm
B
y
A
12. AB f¾Ldfõ wkql%uKh 3 fõ kï my;
2
LKavdxl w;ßka l=uk LKavdxl AB u;
msysghso@
1 1 1
(1, −5), (−1, −1), ( , −3), (− , 1)
3 3
x
0
B
13. .xj;=ßka wdmodjkag ,la jQ ck;djg iyk ie,iSu msKsi úfoaYSh rgl isák
YS% ,dxlslhka lKavdhula furgg weußlka fvd,¾ 25000 l uqo,la mß;Hd.
jYfhka ,nd ÿks' tys jákdlu YS% ,xld uqo,ska fldmuKo@
^weußlka fvd,¾ 1 = YS% ,xld re 150 f,i .kak&'
A
>
14. ABC iumdo ;s%fldaKhla fõ' EFA = 20o kï ABE w.h

>
fidhkak'
E
B D
C
143
II fldgi
1.
x −2 −1 0 1 2
y −5 ....... −1 ....... 3
y = 2x − 1 u.ska oelafjk Ys%;fha m%ia;drh we`§ug ilia l< wiïmQ¾K w.h

j.=jla by; oelafõ'
i. j.=fõ ysia;eka iïmQ¾K lrkak'

ii. by; Ys%;fha m%ia;drh iqÿiq LKavdxl ;,hl weò olajkak'
iii. (− 5, k) ,laIHh by; f¾Ldj u; msysghs kï kys w.h fidhkak'
iv. by; (ii)ys we`È f¾Ldjg iudka;rj (0, 2) yryd hk f¾Ldfõ iólrKh
,shd olajkak'
2. (a) F BF yd CE f¾Ld iudka;r fõ'

3x rEmfha ,l=Kq lr we;s
E
y f;dr;=re Wmfhda.S lrf.k
t
2x
x 120o 3m 2m
A B C D
i. x, t, y, m ys w.hhka fidhkak'
>
ii. AED ys w.h fidhkak'

>
>
(b) my; oelafjk rEmfha DBF yd BDE fldaKj, iuÉfþol AysÈ yuqfõ'
F
B A
C E
D
>
>
>
i. ABD ys w.h BDC yd DCB weiqfrka m%ldY lrkak'

>
>
>
ii. ADB ys w.h DCB yd CBD weiqfrka m%ldY lrkak'

>
BCD
iii. by; (i) yd (ii) m%;sM, weiqfrka BAD = 90o −
>
nj fmkajkak'
2
144
3. (a) my; § we;s m%ldYk iq¿lr ms<s;=r Ok o¾Yl iys;j m%ldY lrkak'
1
(a−3)2 × (b 2 )8 x3 × (2y)2 × t3
(i) (ii) 1
(a2× b3)−2 (2y0)3 × x−2 × (t− 2 )2
(b) ysia;eka iïmQ¾K lrkak'
x .... × y .... 1
x × y....
....
2
x2 y....
(x .... × y ....).... y−3 x....
x .... ÷ y ....
x .... × y1....

4. i. AB = 8 cm jk f¾Ld LKavhla weò BAC = 60o jk mßÈ yd AC = 5 cm jk

>
mßÈ C ,laIHh ,l=Kq lrkak'

ii. AB g 2 cm ÿßka C msysá me;af;a jQ ,laIHhl m:h weò olajkak'
iii. AC, AB iuÿßka jk mßÈ yd by; (ii) ys m:h u; msysgk ,laIHh P f,i
,l=Kq lrkak'
iv. P isg 3 cm ÿßka AB u; msysá msysgqï fol Q1, Q2 f,i kïlr Q1 yd Q2 w;r
ÿr uek olajkak'
5. tla tla m%ldYk" .Klh Ndú;fhka iq¿ lsÍfï § wjYH h;=re ls%hd;aul
lrk whqre ,shd olajd tys jákdlu o .Klh weiqfrka ,nd.kak'
3.2 × 5.83 2.52 × 8.3 20 × 9

(i) (ii) (iii) 520 × 20% (iv)
4.72 4.7 5
6. mDÓúfha isg tla tla .%yf,dalhg we;s ÿr úoHd;aul wxlkfhka bÈßm;a

lrkak'
i. mDÓúfha isg A .%yf,dalhg we;s ÿr 427 000 000 km

ii. mDÓúfha isg B .%yf,dalhg we;s ÿr 497 000 000 km
145
7. (a) fuu rEmfha oelafjkafka tla;rd ieris,a,la iòyd hlv máj,ska ilia
lrk ,o ks¾udKhls'
7 cm
3.5 cm
i. fuys § Ndú; lr we;s hlv máj, È. fidhkak'

ii. hlv má ógrhla È. re 120la fõ kï fuu ks¾udKhg wjYH hlv
máj, ñ, fidhkak'
(b) ADC iumdo ;s%fldaKfha mßñ;sh 30 cm kï rEmfha mßñ;sh fidhkak'

C
D
A B
6 cm
8. rEmfha oelafjk AB yd CD
hkq tlsfklg ,ïnl jQ Rcq A
ud¾. folla jk w;r AP yd AQ
o rEmfha olajd we;s mßÈ jQ Rcq 12 km
ud¾. folls' A ys msysá l¾udka;
Yd,dfõ ksIamdÈ; j¾. follska
hq;a NdKav .nvd lsÍug" B isg C P B Q D
10 km
iu ÿßka msysá P yd Q .nvdfol
Ndú; lrhs' P yd Q w;r ÿr 10 km fõ' wvqu m%jdyk msßjehla orñka tlu
f,dß r:hlska A isg P yd Q .nvd iòyd NdKav m%jdykhg Tn f;dard
.kakd ud¾.h fya;= iys;j olajkak'
146
h
9. (a) A = (a + b) iQ;%fha a Wla; lrkak' A = 70, h = 10, b = 8 úg ays w.h
2
fidhkak'
(b) úiòkak'
(i) 2m + 3n = 6
2m − 7n = −14
(c) úiòkak'
i. 2x + 3 { 2 (x + 2) + 3 (x − 4)} = 10
2(x + 1) x−1
ii. −5=
3 3
(2x − 1)
iii. 3 1 + = 2 ( 3 − x)
3
10. i. ì;a;r ÿisul ñ, re 186la fõ kï ì;a;r 25l ñ, fidhkak'
ii. fmg%,a ,Sgrhl ñ, re 117la fõ' tla;rd fudag¾ nhsisl,hlska 180 km
ÿrla .uka lsÍug fmg%,a ,Sg¾ 3la wjYH fõ' 330 km ÿr hdug wju
jYfhka fldmuK uqo,l f;,a ,nd .; hq;= o@
iii. iag¾,ska mjqï 5000l uqo,la ;u foudmshkaf.a wjYH;d iòyd úfoaY rgl
fiajh lrk orejl= úiska tjk ,È' tys jákdlu YS% ,xld remsh,aj,ska
fldmuKo@ ^ iag¾,ska mjqï 1 = YS% ,xld re 190 f,i i,lkak&'
147
w
wp, ,laIHh epiyahd Gs;sp Fixed point
w{d;h njupahf;fzpak; Unknown
wkql%uKh gbj;jpwd; Gradient
wkqf,dau iudkqmd;h Neu;tpfpjrkd; Direct Proportion
wka;#LKavh ntl;Lj;Jz;L; Intercept
wNHka;r fldaK mff;Nfhzq;fs; Interior angles
wrh Miu Radius
wdfoaYh gpujpaply; Substitution
W
Wla;h vOtha; Subject
R
RcqfldaKh nrq;Nfhzk; Right angle
RcqfldaKsl ;s%fldaKh nrq;Nfhz Kf;Nfhzp Right angled triangle
l
l¾Kh nrk;gf;fk; Hypotenuse
.
.=K lsÍu ngUff;y; Multiplication
>
>klh rJuKfp Cuboid
>kldNh
P
fþokh ,ilntlL; jy Intersection
;
;s%fldaKh Kf;Nfhzk; Triangle
o
o¾Ylh Rl;bfs; Index
o¾Yl kS;s Rl;b tpjpfs; Rules of indices
O
Odß;dj nfhs;ssT Capacity
k
ks¾udKh mikg;G Construction
ksh; ÿr khwhj; J}uk; Constant distance
m
m:h xOfF; Locus
m%fïhh Njw;wk; Theorem
148
m%;HlaI ntspg;gil cz;ikfs; Axioms
mßêh gupjp Circumference
mhs;.ria iïnkaOh igjfu]; njhlu;G Pythagorean relations
m%ia;drh tiuG Graph
n
n,h tY Power
fn§u tFjj;y; Division
h
h;=r rhtp Key
h;=re mqjrej rhtpg;gyif Key board
r
rdYsh fzpak; Quantity
rdYs fzpak; Quantities
,
,ïnh nrqF; jJ; Perpendicular
,ïn iuÉfþolh ,Urkntl;br; nrq;Fj;J Perpendicular bisector

j
úfoaY uqo,a ntspehl;Lg;gzk; Foreign currency
úoHd;aul wxlkh Scientific notation
úYalïNh tpl;lk; Diameter
ùÔh wdldrh ml;rufzpj tbtk; Algebraic form
jD;a;h tl;lk; Circle

Y
Ys%;h
rhu;G Function
i
i;Hdmkh tha;g;Gg;ghu;j;jy; Verify
iu.dó iólrK xUq;fik rkd;ghLfs; Simultaneous equations
iuÉfþolh ,U$whf;fp Bisector
iudk ÿr rk J}uk; Equal distance
iudkqmd;h tpfpjrkd; Proportion
iudka;r rkhe;juk; Parallel
iudka;r f¾Ld rkhe;juf;NfhLfs; Parallel lines
ir, f¾Ldj Neu;NfhL Straight line
ir, iólrK vspa rkd;ghLfs; Linear equations
iQ;%h #j;jpuk; Formula
149
mdvï wkql%uh
fm<fmdf;a mßÉfþoh ld,Éfþo .Kk
1 jdrh
1. ixLHd rgd 03
2. oaúuh ixLHd 03
3. Nd. 05
4. m%;sY; 06
5. ùÔh m%ldYk 05
7. m%;HlaI 04
8. ir, f¾Ld" iudka;r f¾Ld wdY%s; fldaK 07
9. øj ñkqï 03
2 jdrh
11. .Klh 02
12. o¾Yl 03
15. iólrK 06
16. ;%sfldaKhl fldaK 09
17. iQ;% 02
19. ffm;.ria iïnkaOh 04
20. m%ia;dr 04
3 jdrh
21. wiudk;d 03
21. l=,l 07
23. j¾.M,h 05
24. iïNdú;dj 05
25. nyq-wi%j, fldaK 05
26. ùÔh Nd. 03
27. mßudK rEm 08
150
.Ks;h
9 fYa%Ksh
III fldgi

m<uqjk uqøKh - 2017
fojk uqøKh - 2018
f;jk uqøKh - 2019
isõjk uqøKh - 2020
ish¨ ysñlï weúßKs
ISBN 978-955-25-0365-8

rcfha uqøK kS;s.; ixia:dfõ
uqøKh lrjd m%ldYhg m;a lrk ,§'
Published by : Educational Publications Department

Printed by : State Printing Corporation, Panaluwa, Padukka.
ii
Y%S ,xld cd;sl .Sh
Y%S ,xld ud;d

iqkaor isßnßkS" iq/òs w;s fidanudk ,xld
OdkH Okh fkl u,a m,;=re msß ch N+ñh ruHd
wmyg iem isß fi; iokd Ôjkfha ud;d
ms<s.kq uek wm Nla;s mQcd
kfuda kfuda ud;d
Tn fõ wm úoHd - Tn u h wm i;Hd
Tn fõ wm Yla;s - wm yo ;=< Nla;s
Tn wm wdf,dafla - wmf.a wkqm%dfKa
Tn wm Ôjk fõ - wm uqla;sh Tn fõ
kj Ôjk foñfka ks;sk wm mqnqÿ lrka ud;d
{dk ù¾h jvjñk /f.k hkq uek ch N+ñ lrd
tl ujlf. ore le, neúkd
huq huq ù fkdmud
fm%au jvd ieu fNao ÿ/r Þ kfuda kfuda ud;d
iii
tl ksjfiys fjfikd
wm lh ;=< ÿjkd

tl f,i tys jefvkd

fj<S iu.s oñkS
lsis l, fkdu Èrkd
wdkkao iurfldaka
iv
v
kshdukh yd wëlaIKh
fufyhùu
iïnkaëlrKh
^2020 kej; uqøKh&
ixialdrl uKav,h
f,aLl uKav,h
NdId ixialrKh
fidaÿm;a lshùu

- mß.Kl iydhl" wOHdmk m%ldYk fomd¾;fïka;=j
msgljr ks¾udKh
vi
mgqk
msgqj
21.
wiudk;d 1
22.
l=,l 9
23.
j¾.M,h 28
24.
iïNdú;dj 42
25.
nyq wi%j, fldaK 51
26.
ùÔh Nd. 65
27.
mßudK rEm 78
mqkÍlaIK wNHdi 111
mdßNdIsl Yío ud,dj 117
mdvï wkql%uh 119

msúfikak ksoyfia i;=áka g g'''

''' www.e-thaksalawa.moe.gov.lk
±kqu fidhd''
vii
iïmdol uKav, igyk

rpkd lr we;'


úia;r lsÍï" ls%hdldrlï" iy ksoiqka jeks úúO l%u wkq.ukh lf<uq' ;j


ta ta m¾Éfþofha tk mqkÍlaIK wNHdi lsÍfuka" fï fmd; Ndú;fhka
iïmdol uKav,h
viii
21 wiudk;d

²² x + a b wdldrfha wiudk;d úi`§ug
²² ax b wdldrfha wiudk;d úi`§ug
²² wiudk;djl ksÅ,uh úi`ÿï fiùug
²² wiudk;djl úi`ÿï ixLHd f¾Ldjla u; ksrEmKh lsÍug
yelshdj ,efí'

Y%S ,xldfõ fcHaIaG mqrjeishl= hkq jhi wjqreÿ 55 fyda wjqreÿ 55 blaujQ whl=
f,i ms<s.efka' ta wkqj fcHaIaG mqrjeishl=f.a jhi t u.ska oelajQ úg t 55 f,i
fuh wiudk;djlska oelaúh yels fõ' ñka woyia jkqfha t ys w.h iEu úg u 55
fyda 55g jvd úYd, úh hq;= njhs'
fujeks wiudk;d ms<snòj 8 fY%aKsfha § W.;a lreKq isysm;a lr .ksuq'
x > 3 hkq wiudk;djls' tys woyi xg .; yels w.hhka 3g jvd úYd, jk njhs'
tfy;a x 3 f,i oelajQj fyd;a bka woyia jkafka xg .; yels w.hhka 3g iudk
fyda 3g jvd úYd, fyda jk njhs'
tfia u" x < 3 hkafkka xg .; yels w.hka 3g jvd wvq jk nj;a" x 3 hkafkka
xg .; yels w.hhka 3g iudk fyda Bg wvq jk nj;a oelafõ'
ksoiqkla f,i" x > 3 wiudk;dfõ úi`ÿï l=,lh jkafka 3g jeä ish¨ ixLHd
l=,lhhs' tu wiudk;dfõ ksÅ, úi`ÿï l=,lh jkafka {4, 5, 6, ... } l=,lhhs'
úi`ÿï ish,a, l=,lhla f,i oelaùu .Ks;fha § jeo.;a jqj;a ksÅ, úi`ÿï
oelaùfï § tu úi`ÿï muKla ,shd oelaúh yels h'
ksoiqkla f,i" by; x > 3 wiudk;dfõ ksÅ, úi`ÿï 4, 5, 6, ... f,i ,shd oelaúh
yels h'
úÔh mohla wvx.= wiudk;djl úÔh mohg .; yels ish¨ w.hhka fyda tu
w.hhka wh;a jk l=,lh tu wiudk;dfõ úi`ÿï l=,lh f,i ye`Èkafõ'
1
fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu i|yd h'
wiudk;djl úi`ÿï l=,lh yd tu úi`ÿï ixLHd f¾Ldjla u; ksrEmKh lrk
wdldrh ms<snòj óg fmr W.;a lreKq my; oelafjk ksoiqka u.ska kej; isysm;a
lr .ksuq'
ksoiqk 1
x > 3 wiudk;dj iòyd
i. ksÅ,uh úi`ÿï l=,lh ,shkak'
ii. ksÅ,uh úi`ÿï ixLHd f¾Ldjl olajkak'
i. {4, 5, 6, 7, 8, ...}
ii. –1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
ksoiqk 2
x 1 wiudk;dj iòyd
i. ksÅ,uh úi`ÿï l=,lh ,shkak'
ii. ksÅ,uh úi`ÿï l=,lh ixLHd f¾Ldjla u; olajkak'
(i) {..., – 3, – 2, – 1, 0, 1}
(ii)
–3 – 2 –1 0 1 2 3
ksoiqk 3
x > – 3 1 wiudk;dfõ úi`ÿï l=,lh ixLHd f¾Ldjla u; ksrEmKh lrkak'

2
–4 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4 5
ksoiqk 4
x – 2 wiudk;dfõ úi`ÿï l=,lh ixLHd f¾Ldjla u; ksrEmKh lrkak'
–4 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4 5
ksoiqk 5
– 3 < x 3 1 wiudk;dfõ úi`ÿï l=,lh ixLHd f¾Ldjla u; ksrEmKh lrkak'
2

–4 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4 5
2
mqkÍlaIK wNHdih
1. my; oelafjk tla tla wiudk;dfjys ksÅ,uh úi`ÿï l=,lh ixLHd f¾Ldjla
u; ,l=Kq lrkak'
1
i. x > 2 ii. x – 1 iii. x < 4 iv. x – 2.5 v. x > 1
2
2. tla tla ixLHd f¾Ldj u; ksrEmKh lr we;s úi`ÿu iys; wiudk;dj ,shd
olajkak'
i. –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3
ii. –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3
iii. –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3
iv. –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3
3. my; oelafjk tla tla wiudk;dfõ úi÷ï l=,lh ixLHd f¾Ldjl ksrEmKh
lrkak'
i. – 1 < x < 2 ii. – 2 x < 3 iii. – 3 < x 1
21.1 x + a b wdldrfha wiudk;d

md,ula wi, we;s mqjrejl fufia oelafõ'
zzfuu md,ug oeßh yelafla fgdka 10g jvd wvq ialkaOhlsZZ
fuu md,fuka tf.dv ùu iòyd fgdka 4l ialkaOhla iys; f,dßhla lsishï
ialkaOhlska hq;a nvq o mgjdf.k meñfKa hehs is;uq' f,dßfha we;s nvqj,
ialkaOh fgdka x f,i .;a úg x + 4 < 10 kï f,dßhg wdrlaId iys; j md,fuka
tf;r úh yels h' fjk;a whqrlska mjif;d;a" f,dßhg wdrlaId iys; j md,fuka
tf;r ùu iòyd" f,dßfha we;s nvqj, ialkaOh fgdka x jk úg" x + 4 < 10
wiudk;dj ;Dma; úh hq;= h'
x + 4 < 10 wiudk;dj úiòd fuu md,u u;ska f,dßfha f.k hd yels nvqj,
ialkaOh fiúh yels fõ'
wiudk;djla úi`§u hkafkka woyia jkafka wiudk;d ,l=fKa tla mfil x ^fyda
§ we;s úp,Hh& muKla we;s mßÈ ;=,H wiudk;djla ,nd .ekSuhs'
wiudk;d úi`§fï § iólrK úi`¥ ms<sfj< u fndfyda ÿrg wkq.ukh l< yels h'
ksoiqkla f,i" by; x + 4 < 10 wiudk;dfjys fomiska u 4la wvq l< yels h' ta
wkqj"
x + 4 – 4 < 10 – 4
fuh iq¿ l< úg"
x < 6
,efí' tkï" nvqj, ialkaOh fgdka 6g jvd wvq úh hq;= h'
3
ksoiqk 1
x + 2 < 7 wiudk;dj úiòd" ksÅ,uh úi`ÿï ixLHd f¾Ldjl ksrEmKh lrkak'
x+2<7
x + 2 – 2 < 7 – 2 ^fomiska u 2la wvq l< úg&
x<5
x ys ksÅ,uh úi`ÿï lsysmhla
–1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

ksoiqk 2
x – 3 1 wiudk;dj úiòd úi`ÿï ixLHd f¾Ldjl ksrEmKh lrkak'
x–3 1
x – 3 + 3 1 + 3 ^fomig u 3la tl;= l< úg&
x 4
oeka fuu úi`ÿï ixLHd f¾Ldjla u; olajuq'
–1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
fuys § 4g jeä fyda iudk ish¨ úi`ÿï olajd we;' tu úi`ÿïj,g" ksÅ, úi`ÿï
muKla fkdj 4.5, 5.02 wdÈ w.hka o we;=<;a jk nj isys ;nd .ekSu jeo.;a h'
ksoiqk 3
nE.hlg oeñh yels Wmßu ialkaOh lsf,da.a?ï 6ls' ksu,a lsf,da.a?ï 1 ne.ska jQ
iy,a melÜ x m%udKhla o lsf,da.a?ï 1la ne.ska jQ iSks melÜ 2la o nE.hg ouk
,§' fuu f;dr;=re" x + 2 6 wiudk;dj u.ska oelaúh yels h'
i. fuu wiudk;dj úiòkak'
ii. ksu,ag nE.hg oeñh yels Wmßu iy,a melÜ .Kk fldmuK o@
i. x + 2 6
x+2–2 6–2
x 4
ii. nE.hg oeñh yels Wmßu iy,a melÜ .Kk 4ls'

4
21'1 wNHdih
1. my; oelafjk tla tla wiudk;dj úiòd" ksÅ,uh úi`ÿï l=,lh ,shkak'
i. x + 3 > 5 ii. x – 4 < 1 iii. x – 7 –6 iv. 2 + x –4
v. 7 + x > 5
2. my; oelafjk tla tla wiudk;dj úiòd" úi`ÿï l=,lh ixLHd f¾Ldjla u;
ksrEmKh lrkak'
i. x + 1 > 3 ii. x – 3 1 iii. 6 + x 2 iv. x – 7 < – 7
v. x + 5 > – 1
3. ils`ÿ <`. remsh,a 60la we;' Tyq" ñ, remsh,a x jk fmd;la yd ñ, remsh,a
10la jk mEkla ñ, § .kS' Tyq .;a øjHj, jákdlu wiudk;djla weiqfrka
x + 10 60 f,i oelaúh yels h' tu wiudk;dj úiòd fmd;l Wmßu ñ,
fldmuK fõ oehs fidhkak'
4. jEka r:hl hd yels Wmßu ñksiqka .Kk 15ls' tla ia:dkhlska ñksiqka
;=kafofkla o ;j;a ia:dkhlska ñksiqka x m%udKhla o jEka r:hg k.shs kï
tu f;dr;=re x + 3 15 wiudk;dj u.ska oelaúh yels h'
i. fuu wiudk;dj úiòkak'
ii. fojk ia:dkfhka jEka r:hg ke.sh yels Wmßu ñksiqka .Kk fldmuK o@
5. .s;añ yd fk;añf.a jhiaj, tl;=j wjqreÿ 30g jeä fkdfõ' .s;añf.a jhi
wjqreÿ 14ls' fk;añf.a jhi x f,i .;a úg by; f;dr;=re x + 14 30
wiudk;dj u.ska oelaúh yels h' fuu wiudk;dj úiòd fk;añf.a Wmßu
jhi úh yelafla wjqreÿ fldmuKoehs fidhkak'
21.2 ax b wdldrfha wiudk;d

tl u j¾.fha fmd;a foll ñ, remsh,a 40lg jvd jeä fõ' fmd;l ñ, remsh,a
x f,i .;a úg x iïnkaO lr wiudk;djla 2x > 40 wdldrhg ,súh yels fõ' tu
wiudk;dj úiòd fmd;l ñ, iòyd úh yels w.hka fiúh yels fõ'
fï wdldrfha wiudk;d úi`§fï § wm wiudk;d ms<snòj oek .; hq;= úfYaI
,laIK lsysmhla we;'
uq,ska u tajd ms<snò úuid n,uq'
my; iòyka wiudk;d i,lkak'
i. 3 < 4 wiudk;dj i;H fõ'

2 3 < 2 4 ^fomi u 2ka .=K lsÍfuka&
6 < 8 wiudk;dj i;H fõ'
5
ii. 8 > 6 wiudk;dj i;H fõ'
8 6
> ^fomi u 2ka fn§fuka&
2 2
4 > 3 wiudk;dj i;H fõ'
wiudk;djh fomi u tl u Ok ixLHdjlska .=K lsÍfuka fyda fn§fuka

wiudk;dj fjkia fkdfõ'
iii. 2 < 3 wiudk;dj i;H fõ'

2 – 2 < 3 – 2 ^fomi u – 2ka .=K lsÍfuka&
túg" – 4 < – 6 f,i ,efnk w;r th jerÈ h' kuq;a – 4 > – 6 hkak
ksjerÈ h'
iv. 9 > 6 wiudk;dj i;H fõ'

9 6
– 3 > – 3 ^fomi u – 3ka fn§fuka&
túg" – 3 > – 2 f,i ,efnk w;r th jerÈ h' kuq;a – 3 < – 2 hkak
ksjerÈ h'
wiudk;djl fomi tl u RK ixLHdjlska .=K lsÍfuka fyda fn§fuka

wiudk;dj fjkia fõ' tkï" > ,l=K < ,l=K njg;a" ,l=Kq ,l=K njg;a
wdÈ jYfhka fjkia fõ'
fuu lreKq ie,ls,a,g f.k by; wdldrfha wiudk;djla úiòk wdldrh my;
ksoiqka u.ska meyeÈ,s lr .ksuq'
ksoiqk 1
2 x < 12 wiudk;dj úiòd úi`ÿï ixLHd f¾Ldjl ksrEmKh lrkak'

2 x < 12
2x 12 ^fomi u 2ka fn§fuka&
<
2 2
x<6
–1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
6
ksoiqk 2
3x 12 wiudk;dj úiòkak'
3x 12
3x 12
3 3
x 4
ksoiqk 3
– 5x 15 wiudk;dj úiòkak'
– 5x 15
– 5x 15
^RK ixLHdjlska fn§fï § wiud;dj fjkia fõ&
–5 –5
x –3
ksoiqk 4
x
< 2 wiudk;dj úiòkak'
3 x
3 < 2 3 ^fomi u 3ka .=K lsÍu&
3
x<6
ksoiqk 5
– 2x > 6 wiudk;dj úiòkak'

5
– 2x > 6
5
– 2x 5 > 6 5 ^fomi u 5ka .=K lsÍu&
5
– 2x > 30
– 2x < 30 ^fomi u – 2ka fn§fï § wiudk;dj fjkia fõ'&
–2 –2
x < – 15
7
21'2 wNHdih
1. my; oelafjk tla tla wiudk;dj úiòd" ksÅ,uh úi`ÿï ,shkak'
i. 2x > 6 ii. 3x 12 iii. – 5x 10 iv. – 7 x < – 35
x x
v. –2x > – 5 vi. 1 vii. – 2 viii. – 2x < 4
2 4 3
2. my; oelafjk tla tla wiudk;dj úiòd úi`ÿï ixLHd f¾Ldjl ksrEmKh
lrkak'
i. 4x > 8 ii. 7x 21 iii. – 3x 3 iv. – 2x < – 6
x x 1 1
v. 1 vi. < – vii. 2x 4 viii. – 3x < –
3 6 6 3 5 6
3. wU f.ä 2l ñ, remsh,a 50lg jvd wvq fyda iudk fõ' wU f.ä 1l ñ,

remsh,a x kï fuu f;dr;=re 2x ≤ 50 wiudk;dj u.ska oelaúh yels h' fuu
wiudk;dj úiòd wU f.ähl Wmßu ñ, fldmuKoehs fidhkak'
4. úÿ,s fidamdkhlg f.k hd yels Wmßu ialkaOh lsf,da.a?ï 560ls' x kg ne.ska

jQ ñksiqka 8 fofkla úÿ,s fidamdkfhka by<g f.k hk ,§' tu f;dr;=re
8x 560 wiudk;dj u.ska oelaúh yels h' th úi`§fuka tys .sh ñksil=f.a
Wmßu ialkaOh fldmuK úh yels oehs fidhkak'
5.
a. ;ud <`. we;s uqo, wIdka <`. we;s uqo, fuka isõ .=Khlg jvd wvq nj
ufyaIa mjihs' ufyaIa <`. remsh,a 68la ;sfí' wIdka <`. we;s uqo, remsh,a
x f,i .;a úg 4x > 68 wiudk;dfjka tu f;dr;=re oelaúh yels h' fuu
wiudk;dj úiòkak'
b. wIdka <`. we;af;a remsh,a 5 ldis muKla kï Tyq <`. ;sìh yels wju uqo,
fidhkak'
idrdxYh
² wiudk;dj fomi u tl u Ok ixLHdjlska .=K lsÍfuka fyda fn§fuka
wiudk;dj fjkia fkdfõ'
² wiudk;djl fomi tl u RK ixLHdjlska .=K lsÍfuka fyda fn§fuka
wiudk;dj fjkia fõ' tkï" > ,l=K < ,l=K njg;a" ,l=Kq ,l=K
njg;a wdÈ jYfhka fjkia fõ'
8
22 l=,l
fuu mdvu wOHhkh lsÍfuka Tng"
²² mßñ; l=,l yd wmßñ; l=,l y`ÿkd .ekSug
²² fok ,o l=,lhl Wml=,l ,shd oelaùug
²² ;=,H l=,l" iu l=,l" úhqla; l=,l yd i¾j;% l=,l y`ÿkd .ekSug
²² l=,l foll fþokh yd l=,l foll fï,h y`ÿkd .ekSug
²² l=,l wkqmQrlh y`ÿkd .ekSug
²² fjka rEmigyka u.ska l=,l ksrEmKh lsÍug
yelshdj ,efnkq we;'
l=,l ye`Èkaùu
4
2 8
6
9
O
mqkÍlaIK wNHdih
1. my; iòyka tla tla tl;=j l=,lhla oehs ks¾Kh lrkak'
i. 0;a 30;a w;r y;f¾ .=Kdldr

ii. YS% ,xldfõ Èia;s%lal
iii. .Ks;hg olaI isiqfjda
iv. ;s%fldAK ixLHd
v. úYd, u ksÅ, 10
2. my; iòyka tla tla l=,lh wjhj iys;j ,shd" tys wjhj .Kk ,shd
olajkak'
i. A = {0 isg 20 f;la 5 .=Kdldr};
ii. B = {—RECONCILLIATION˜ jpkh iE§ we;s wl=re};
iii. C = {2;a 13;a w;r m%:ul ixLHd};
iv. D = {0;a 20;a w;r we;s m%:ul ixLHd foll .=Ks;hla f,i ,súh yels
ksÅ,};
3. D = {5;a 10;a w;r mQ¾K ixLHd}. fuu l=,lhg wkqj"
i. Dys wjhj ,shd olajkak'

ii. n(D) fidhkak'
4. wNsY+kH l=,lh ,efnk l=,l ;=kla by; y`ÿkajd ÿka m<uq wdldrfhka
^tkï" úfYaI ,laIKhla iys;j) ,shd olajkak'
10
22.1 mßñ; l=,l" wmßñ; l=,l" iul=,l yd ;=,H l=,l
ksoiqk 1
11
ksoiqk 2
igyk:- iEu iul=,l hq.,hla u ;=,H l=,l jk kuq;a iEu ;=,H l=,l
hq.,hla u iul=,l fkdúh yels h'
22'1 wNHdih
1. my; olajd we;s l=,lj,ska mßñ; l=,l yd wmßñ; l=,l fjka lr ,shkak'
i. A = {0 isg 50 f;la 5 .=Kdldr}
ii. B = {ksÅ,}
iii. C = {0 yd 1 muKla fhdod f.k ,súh yels ixLHd}
iv. D = {25265 ixLHdj ie§ we;s b,lalï}
v. E = {m%:ul ixLHd fkdjk Ok ksÅ,}
2. my; olajd we;s tla tla l=,lh wjhj iys;j ,shd olajd" tkhska iul=,l
hq., yd ;=,H l=,l hq., ish,a, ,shd olajkak'
P = {10g wvq 3ys Ok .=Kdldr}
12
Q = {zijiZ jpkh ie§ we;s wl=re}
R = {0 isg 10 f;la T;af;a ixLHd}
S = {3693 ixLHdj ie§ we;s b,lalï}
T = {bx.S%is fydaäfha iajr wl=re}
V = {zmjkZ jpkh ie§ we;s wl=re}
3. mßñ; l=,l iòyd WodyrK 3la ,shkak'
4. wmßñ; l=,l iòyd WodyrK 3la ,shkak'
5. {2, 3} l=,lh iòyd ;=,H l=,l ;=kla ,shd olajkak'
22.2 Wml=,l yd i¾j;% l=,lh

∩
∩
∩
∩
ksoiqk 1
∩
13
ksoiqk 2
ksoiqk 3
14
ksoiqk 4
22'2 wNHdih
1. A = {2, 5, 8, 10, 13} l=,lfhyss Wml=,l 8la ,shkak'
2. my; § we;s tla tla m%ldYkfha i;H wi;H;dj ks¾Kh lrkak'
i. {1, 2, 3 } {5ka fnfok ixLHd }

∩ ∩
ii. {4, 9, 16} {iup;=ri% ixLHd}

iii. {is,skavrh } {nyqwi%}
∩
iv. {r;=} {foaÿkafka mdg}

∩
v. {2x − 1 = 7ys úi`ÿu} {brÜg ixLHd}

∩
3. A = {a, e, i, o, u} l=,lhg i¾j;% l=,lhla ,shkak'

4. my; oelafjk tla tla fldgfia Wml=,l iuQyh i¾j;% l=,lhl Wml=,l
f,i oelafõ kï" ta iòyd iqÿiq i¾j;% l=,lhla fhdackd lrkak'
i. {5, 10, 15, 20, 25} , {10, 100, 100, ...}
ii. {idlaIr;dj 90%g jvd jeä rgj,aa}, {id.rhlg udhsï fkdjk rgj,a}
iii. {ckjdß" ud¾;=" uehs" wf.daia;=}, {Èk 31 iys; udi}, {Tn mjqf,a whl=f.a
WmkaÈkh fhfok udi}
22.3 fjka rEmigyka
15
ε
ksoiqk 1
ε
1 3
2
A
4 6
5 7
A B
16
ε ε
A B A B
A yd B l=,lj,g fmdÿ wjhj A yd B l=,lj,g fmdÿ

lsisjla ke;s úg wjhj we;s úg
ε ε
A B A B
B l=,lh Ays Wml=,lhla A yd B iul=,l jk úg

jk úg
22.4 l=,l fþokh" fï,h yd úhqla; l=,l
17
ksoiqk 1
A B
ksoiqk 2
ε
1
A 3 9 B
2 5 11
7 13
18
(i) A∩B (ii) B A úg A∩B (iii) A = B úg A∩B
∩
ε ε ε
A B A B
A
B
B A úg A∩B = B A = B úg A∩B = A = B
A B
A 2 4 1 3 B
6 8 5 7
A∩B = O
19
∩
ksoiqk 1
ksoiqk 2
20
(ii) B A úg A B
∩
(i) A B
∩
∩
ε ε
A
A B B
A úg A B = A
∩
B
∩
(iii) A = B úg A B (iv) A∩B = O
∩
ε ε
B
A
A B
A = B úg A B = A =B
∩
ksoiqk 3
ε
5 8
A 6 2 13 B
10 4 7
9
21
ksoiqk 4
ε
1 P
4 2
3 Q
5
22'4 wNHdih
1. P, Q yd R l=,l"
P ={1, 3, 6, 8, 10, 13}

Q ={1, 6, 7, 8}
R ={2, 3, 9, 10, 12}
f,i w¾: oelaù we;' my; oelafjk tla tla l=,lh wjhj iys; j ,shd olajkak'
i. P∩Q ii. P∩R iii. Q∩R iv. P Q v. P R vi. Q R

∩ ∩ ∩
2. A ={1 isg 12 f;la .Ksk ixLHd}

B ={10g wvq m%:ul ixLHd}
C ={12 idOl}
f,i w¾: oelafõ'
(i) by; tla tla l=,lh wjhj iys;j ,shkak'

(ii) my; iòyka tla tla l=,lh wjhj iys;j ,shd olajkak'
i. A∩B ii. A∩C iii. B∩C iv. A B v. A C vi. B C

∩ ∩ ∩
22
3. my; oelafjk fjka rEmigyk i,lkak'
ε
6
2 3 1
A 5 4 B
9 7 8

my; oelafjk tla tla l=,lh wjhj iys;j ,shd olajkak'
i. A
ii. B
iii. A B
∩
iv. A∩B
22.5 l=,lhl wkqmQrlh
ksoiqk 1
23
ksoiqk 2
ksoiqk 3
ε ε
A B A B
ε
2 6
(A B) 4 (A∩B)
5 15
∩
∩ P 7 Q
12 10 20
18
24
22'5 wNHdih
1. ε ={ils`ÿ" rú`ÿ" iks`ÿ" mú`ÿ" ks;s`ÿ}

A ={ils`ÿ" mú`ÿ}
B ={rú`ÿ" iks`ÿ" ks;s`ÿ}
C ={ils`ÿ" iks`ÿ" mú`ÿ}
fï wkqj my; oelafjk tla tla l=,lh wjhj iys;j ,shd olajkak'
i. A ii. B iii. C
iv. A∩C v. (A∩B) vi.
∩
2. ε ={1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10}, P ={1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 10},Q ={2, 4, 5, 7, 8} kï ε, P

iy Q fjka rEmigykl olajd ta weiqfrka my; iòyka tla tla l=,lh wjhj
iys;j ,shd olajkak'
i. P ii. Q iii. iv. P Q

∩
3. § we;s fjka igyk weiqfrka my; l=,l wjhj iys;j ,shkak'
ε
13
2 7 10
X 8 14 Y
11 21 17
5 20
9
i. X ii. Y iii. X∩Y iv. X Y

∩

v. X vi. Y
25
ñY% wNHdih
1. my; iòyka f;dr;=re § we;s fjka rEmigyfkys olajkak'
ε
ε ={1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, }
P ={2, 4, 6} P Q
Q ={1, 5, 8}
my; oelafjk l=,l wjhj iys;j ,shd olajkak'
a. P∩Q
b. P Q
∩
c. P
d. Q
2. my; oelafjk l=,lj, wjhj § we;s fjkarEm igyfka olajkak'
ε
ε ={2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 8, 10, 12 }
X 4 Y
P ={2, 4, 10}
10
Q ={3, 4, 8, 10}
3. § we;s fjka rEmigyk wkqj ms<s;=re imhkak'

ε
1
2
A 4
B 8 5
7 6 3
i. my; oelafjk l=,l wjhj iys;j ,shd olajkak'
i. A iv. A∩B
ii. B v. A B
∩
iii. ε vi. A
26
idrdxYh
² wjhj .Kk ksYaÑ; ixLHdjlska m%ldY l< yels l=,l mßñ; l=,l fõ'
² wjhj .Kk wiSñ; jQ l=,l wmßñ; l=,l f,i ye`Èkafõ'
² iudk wjhj we;s l=,l iul=,l f,i ye`Èkafõ'
² wjhj wiudk jqj o wjhj .Kk iudk l=,l ;=,H l=,l f,i ye`Èkafõ'
² hï wjia:djl § ie,ls,a,g n`ÿka jk wjhj ish,a, wvx.= l=,lh i¾j;%
l=,lh f,i ye`Èkafõ'
27
23 j¾.M,h

²² iudka;rdi%hl j¾.M,h fiùug
²² ;%mSishul j¾.M,h fiùug
²² jD;a;hl j¾.M,h fiùug
yelshdj ,efnkq we;'

j¾.M,h
mDIaGhla me;sÍ we;s m%udKh oelafjk rdYshla f,i j¾.M,h ye`Èkaúh yels h'
ta wkqj iup;=ri%dldr wdia;rhl" RcqfldaKdi%dldr wdia;rhl yd ;s%fldaKdldr
wdia;rhl j¾.M,h fiùu ms<snòj 7 yd 8 fYa%Ksj,§ Tn Wf.k we;' ta ms<snòj
kej; isysm;a lr .ksuq'

tall a
È. tall a yd m<, tall b jQ RcqfldaKdi%dldr

tall b wdia;rhl j¾.M,h j¾. tall A f,i .;a úg
A = a × b fõ'
tall a
tall a
me;a;l È. tall a jQ iup;=ri%dldr wdia;rhl
j¾.M,h j¾. tall A f,i .;a úg A = a2 fõ'
tall h
wdOdrl mdohl È. tall a jk yd Bg wkqrEm ,ïn
Wi tall h jk ;s%fldaKdldr wdia;rhl j¾.M,h
j¾. tall A f,i .;a úg A = 1 × a × h fõ'
tall a 2
28
Tn Wf.k we;s fuu lreKq ;jÿrg;a ;yjqre lr .ekSu iòyd my; oelafjk
mqkÍlaIK wNHdifha fhfokak'
mqkÍlaIK wNHdih
1. my; oelafjk tla tla ;, rEmfha j¾.M,h fidhkak'

i ii iii
4 cm 5 cm
5 cm 6 cm 10 cm
iv v vi
3 cm
6 cm
9 cm
3 cm 4 cm
8 cm 7 cm 10 cm
2. rEmfha oelafjk ;s%fldaKfha 12 cm wdOdrlhg wkqrEm Wi 5 cm o 10 cm

wdOdrlhg wkqrEm Wi fikaáógr h o fõ'
i. ;s%fldaKfha j¾.M,h fidhkak' 5 cm
10 cm
ii. hys w.h fidhkak'
h
12 cm
3. a. me;a;l È. 12 cm jQ iumdo ;s%fldaKdldr wdia;rhl mßñ;sh fldmuK o@

b. tu mßñ;shg iudk mßñ;shla we;s iup;=ri%dldr wdia;rhl
i. me;a;l È. fldmuK o@
ii. iup;=ri%dldr wdia;rfha j¾.M,h fidhkak'
29
iudka;rdi%hl j¾.M,h
iïuqL mdo iudka;r jQ p;=ri%hla iudka;rdi%hla f,i ye`Èkafõ' ;j o

iudka;rdi%hl iïuqL mdo iudk jk nj wms 8 fYa%Ksfha§ Wf.k we;af;uq'
ta wkqj" my; rEmfha oelafjk PQRS iudka;rdi%fha"
PQ SR yd PS QR fõ'
PQ = SR yd PS = QR fõ'
S R

P Q
23.1 iudka;rdi%hl wdOdrlh yd Wi

D C
A B
rEmfha oelafjk iudka;rdi%fha ´kE u mdohla tys wdOdrlhla f,i .; yels

h' tla tla wdOdrlhg wkqrEmj iudka;rdi%fha Wi w¾: oelafjk wdldrh my;
úia;r flf¾'
D X C
P
A Y B

iudka;rdi%fha wdOdrlh AB f,i .;a úg AB wdOdrlh yd thg iïuqL mdoh jk
DC tlsfkl iudka;r fõ' tu f¾Ld fol w;r ,ïn ÿr rEmhg wkqj XY fõ' XY
hkq AB wdOdrlhg wkqrEm ,ïn Wi fõ' ;j o BC wdOdrlh f,i .;a úg BC yd
AD iudka;r f¾Ld w;r ,ïn ÿr" rEmhg wkqj PQ fõ' PQ hkq BC wdOdrlhg
wkqrEm ,ïn Wi fõ'
30
iudka;rdi%hl j¾.M,h fiùu iòyd iQ;%hla f.dv k`.k wdldrh my;
ls%hdldrlu weiqfrka jgyd .ksuq'
l%shdldrlu 1
rEmfha oelafjk mßÈ fldgqrE,a lvodishl Rcq fldaKdi%hla wòskak' tys È. tall
a f,i o m<, tall h f,i o i,luq'
D C
tall h
A tall a B

mshjr 2: fjk;a fldgqrE,a lvodishl by; ñkqï u iys; RcqfldaKdi%hla weò
th lmd .kak'
mshjr 3: lmd.;a RcqfldaKdi%h f.k rEmfha oelafjk mßÈ w`ÿre lr we;s fldgi
lmd bj;a lr .kak'
a
mshjr 4: lmd.;a ;s%fldaKdldr fldgi rEmfha mßÈ msysgqjd wNHdi fmdf;a
w,jdf.k iudka;rdi%hla ,nd .kak' th ABPQ f,i kï lrkak'
^úys; p;=ri% Ndú;fhka iïuqL mdoj, iudka;r nj mÍlaId lr ABPQ
iudka;rdi%hla nj ;yjqre lr .kak&'
Q P
hb
A a B
mshjr 5: uq,ska w`Èk ,o RcqfldaKdi%fha j¾.M,h a yd h weiqfrka fidhkak'
iudka;rdi%fha j¾.M,h yd uq,a RcqfldaKdi%fha j¾.M,h tlsfkl iudk nj

jgyd .kak'
ABPQ iudka;rdi%fha j¾.M,h = ABCD RcqfldaKdi%fha j¾.M,h
= j¾. tall a × h
31
fuys h hkq AB wdOdrlhg wkqrEm ,ïn Wi nj ksÍlaIKh lrkak'
fuu lreKq wkqj" iudka;rdi%hl j¾.M,h iòyd iQ;%hla fuf,i oelaúh yels
fõ'
iudka;rdi%hl j¾.M,h = wdOdrl mdofha È. × wdOdrl mdohg wkqrEm ,ïn Wi
oeka iudka;rdi%hl j¾.M,h fiúh yels ;j;a l%uhla úuid n,uq'

;s%fldaKhl j¾.M,h fiùu u.ska o iudka;rdi%hl j¾.M,h fiúh yels h'
ABCD iudka;rdi%fha AB wdOdrlfha È. tall a f,i o Bg wkqrEm Wi tall

h f,i o .ksuq' DB úl¾Kh u.ska ABCD iudka;rdi%h ABD yd BCD ;s%fldaK
follg fjka fõ'
D a C
A a B

ABD ;s%fldaKfha j¾.M,h = 1 × a × h

2
BCD ;s%fldaKfha j¾.M,h = 1 × DC × h

2
= 1 × a × h (AB = DC neúka)
2
ABCD iudka;rdi%fha j¾.M,h = ABD ;s%fldaKfha j¾.M,h + BCD ;s%fldaKfha
j¾.M,h
= 1 × a × h + 1 × a × h
2 2
ah ah
= 2 + 2 = 2ah
2
= ah
∴ ABCD iudka;rdi%fha j¾.M,h j¾. tall ah fõ'

32
ksoiqk 1
S R
PQRS iudka;rdi%fha j¾.M,h fidhkak'
5 cm
P 10 cm Q
PQRS iudka;rdi%fha j¾.M,h = 10 × 5

= 50

∴ iudka;rdi%fha j¾.M,h 50 cm2 fõ'
ksoiqk 2
N M
KLMN iudka;rdi%fhA j¾.M,h 48 cm2 kï hys w.h
fidhkak' h 8 cm
K 11 cm L
KLMN iudka;rdi%fhA j¾.M,h = 48 cm2
tuksid" 8 × h = 48
h = 48
8
h = 6

tkï" h = 6 cm fõ'
23'1 wNHdih
1. my; oelafjk tla tla iudka;rdi%fha j¾.M,h fidhkak'
i. ii. iii.
13 cm
3 cm 10 cm 8 cm
7 cm
12 cm 20 cm
5 cm
D C
2. 6 cm ABCD iudka;rdi%fha mßñ;sh 52 cm kï"
iudka;rdi%fha j¾.M,h fidhkak'
A 15 cm B
33
3. § we;s iudka;rdi%fha j¾.M,h 35 cm2 kï" hys w.h
fidhkak' h
9 cm
5 cm
S R
4. PQRS iudka;rdi%fha j¾.M,h 105 cm2 kï PQ mdofha
3 cm
È. .Kkh lrkak'
P Q
N M
5. i. KLMN iudka;rdi%fha j¾.M,h fidhkak' h
ii. hys w.h fidhkak' 5 cm 10 cm
K 12 cm L
D C
6. ABCD iudka;rdi%fha j¾.M,h 30 cm2 fõ kï

ABEF iudka;rdi%fha j¾.M,h fidhkak'
5 cm
A B
3 cm
F E
23. 2 ;%mSishul j¾.M,h

wvq jYfhka iïuqL mdo hq.,hla j;a iudka;r jQ p;=ri%hla ;%mSishula f,i
ye`Èkafõ' ;%mSishul yev we;s rEm lSmhla my; oelafõ'

;%mSishul j¾.M,h fiùu iòyd iQ;%hla f.dvk.uq'
34
my; rEmfha oelafjk ;%mSishfï AB yd DC mdoj, È. ms<sfj<ska tall a yd tall
b f,i o tu iudka;r mdo fol w;r ,ïn ÿr tall h f,i o .ksuq'
D b C
A B
a
fuu ;%mSishfï AC úl¾Kh we`§fuka ,efnk ;s%fldaK foflys j¾.M, fidhd

tajd tl;= lsÍfuka ;%mSishfï j¾.M,h fidhuq'
D b C
h h
A B
a
ABC ;s%fldaKfha j¾.M,h = 1 × AB × h

2
ACD ;s%fldaKfha j¾.M,h = 1 × DC × h
2
ABCD ;%mSishfï j¾.M,h = ABC ∆ j¾.M,h + ACD ∆ j¾.M,h
= 1 × AB × h + 1 × DC × h
2 2
= 1 × h × (AB + DC)
2
= 1 × (AB + DC) × h
2
= 1 × (a + b) × h fõ'
2
;%mSishul j¾.M,h = 1 ×
iudka;r mdo foflys iudka;r mdo w;r
×
2 Èf.ys tl;=j ,ïn ÿr
35
ksoiqk 1
ABCD ;%mSishfï j¾.M,h fidhkak'
D 6 cm C
8 cm
A 11 cm B
ABCD ;%mSishfï j¾.M,h = 1 × (11 + 6) × 8

2
1
= × 17 × 84
2
1
= 68 cm2
ksoiqk 2
h Q
P
8 cm PQRS ;%mSishfï j¾.M,h 70 cm2 kï hys w.h fidhkak'
12 cm R
PQRS ;%mSishfï j¾.M,h = 1 × (12 + 8) × h

2
1 10
= 2 × 20 × h
1
j¾.M,h j¾.fikaáógr 70 f,i § we;s ksid"
10 h = 70
70
h =
10
h=7
∴ h = 7 cm fõ'
36
23'2 wNHdih
1. my; iòyka tla tla ;%mSishfï j¾.M,h fidhkak'
(i) (ii) 10 cm (iii)

7 cm
5 cm
6 cm 8 cm
9 cm 13 cm
13 cm 5 cm

8 cm
2. rEmfha olajd we;s ;%mSishfï j¾.M,h 88 cm2 kï" hys w.h
fidhkak' h
14 cm
cm
3. rEmfha olajd we;s ;%mSishfï j¾.M,h 60 cm kï xys w.h 2 11 x
fidhkak'
cm
13
4. my; oelafjk tla tla ;%mSishfï a wl=ßka olajd we;s È. fidhkak. tla tla
;%mSishfï j¾.M,h my;ska § we;'
i. a ii.
4 cm 18 cm
a
5 cm
9 cm
j¾.M,h 26 cm2 fõ' j¾.M,h 135 cm2 fõ'
5. ì;a;shl me;s fmkqula rEmfha oelafõ' olajd we;s ñkqï

3m 5m wkqj ì;a;sfha j¾.M,h fidhkak'
3m
4m 4m
6. ;%mSishul j¾.M,h 30 cm2ls' iudka;r mdo w;r ,ïn ÿr 3 cmls' iudka;r

mdoj, È. iòyd .; yels
i. ksÅ,uh w.h hq., 3l=;a
ii. ksÅ, fkdjk w.h hq., 3l=;a fidhkak'
37
23.3 jD;a;hl j¾.M,h
RcqfldaKdi%h" iup;=ri%h" ;s%fldaKh" iudka;rdi%h" ;%mSishu wdldr yev we;s
wdia;rj, j¾.M,h fiùu W.;a wms oeka jD;a;dldr yevh we;s wdia;rhl
j¾.M,h fidhk wdldrh úuiuq'
ta iòyd uq,ska u my; oelafjk ls%hdldrlfuys fhfokak'
l%shdldrlu 2
mshjr 1 : wrh 6 cmla muK jQ jD;a;hla lvodishl weò .kak'

mshjr 2 : flakaøh yryd ir, f¾Ld we`§u u.ska jD;a;h yels ;dla l=vd flakaøsl
LKav .Kklg ^16la muK& fjka lr .kak' ^wr follska yd pdm
fldgilska jgjk fldgi flakaøsl LKavhla fõ&'
mshjr 3 : jD;a;fhka wvla j¾K lr" rEmigyfka olajd we;s wdldrhg ish¨
fldgia ms<sfj<ska wxl lr .kak'

4 5
3 6
2 7
1 8
1 8
2 7
3 6
4 5
2πr = πr
2
mshjr 4 : f¾Ld Èf.a lemSfuka flakaøsl LKav ish,a, fjka lr .kak'

38
mshjr 5 : fjka lr .;a flakaøsl LKav" rEmfha oelafjk mßÈ RcqfldaKdi%dldr
yevhla ^wdikak jYfhka& ,efnk fia w,jd .kak' ^flakaøsl LKav
.Kk jeä jk úg RcqfldaKdi%fha ksrjoH;dj jeä jk nj wjfndaO
lr .kak'&
8
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
r
8 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
πr

lvodis wmf;a fkd.sh fyhska" jD;a;fha yd RcqfldaKdi%fha j¾.M, iudk úh
hq;= h' jD;a;fha wrh r f,i f.k" my; oelafjk mßÈ RcqfldaKdi%fha j¾.M,h
fidhkak'
1
,efnk RcqfldaKdi%fha È. = jD;a;fha mßêh × 2
= 2πr × 1
2
= πr
,efnk RcqfldaKdi%fha m<, = r
RcqfldaKdi%fha j¾.M,h = È. × m<,

= πr × r
= πr2
jD;a;dldr wdia;rh lmd ilia lr .;a RcqfldaKdi%ldr wdia;rfha j¾.M,h"

jD;a;dldr wdia;rfha j¾.M,hg iudk úh hq;= h'
∴ jD;a;hl j¾.M,h = πr2
.Kkh lsÍïj,§ fndfyda úg π ys w.h wdikak jYfhka 3.142 fyda 22 f,i

7
fhdod .efka'
39
ksoiqk 1
wrh 14 cm jQ jD;a;dldr wdia;rhl j¾.M,h fidhkak'
jD;a;hl j¾.M,h = πr2

22 2
14 cm = 7 × 14 × 14
1
= 616
∴ jD;a;fha j¾.M,h 616 cm2fõ'

ksoiqk 2
j¾.M,h 154 cm2 jQ jD;a;dldr wdia;rhl wrh .Kkh lrkak'
jD;a;fha j¾.M,h = πr2

22 × r2
=
7
jD;a;fha j¾.M,h 154 cm2 nj § we;s ksid
22 r2 = 154

7
tuksid" 22 r2 × 7 = 154 × 7
7
22r2 = 1078 = 49
22 22
r2 = 49

tuksid" r = 7 fyda r = − 7.
kuq;a" wrh RK w.hla úh fkdyels h'
∴ jD;a;dldr wdia;rfha wrh 7 cm fõ'
23'3 wNHdih
1. my; oelafjk ñkqï iys; jD;a;dldr wdia;rj, j¾.M, fidhkak (π = 22

7
f,i i,lkak&'
i. wrh 14 cm ii. wrh 21 cm iii. úIalïNh 7 cm iv. úIalïNh 21 cm
40
2. my; oelafjk j¾.M, iys; jD;a;j, wr .Kkh lrkak'
i. 616 cm2 ii. 1386 cm2 iii. 38 1 cm

2
3. j¾.M,h 196 cm2 jQ iup;=ri%dldr wdia;rhlska lmd .; yels úYd, u
jD;a;dldr wdia;rfha
i. wrh fldmuK o@
ii. j¾.M,h fldmuK o@
4. my; oelafjk tla tla rEmfha w`ÿre lr we;s fldgfia j¾.M,h fidhkak'
i. ii.
7 cm
10.5 cm
14 cm
25 cm
5. È. 70 cm yd m<, 14 cm jQ RcqfldaKdi%dldr wdia;rhlska wrh 7 cm jQ jD;a;"

Wmßu jYfhka fldmuK m%udKhla lmd .; yels o@
idrdxYh
² wdOdrlfha È. a o Wi h o jk iudka;rdi%hl j¾.M,h ah fõ'

² iudka;r mdo foflys È. ms<sfj<ska a yd b jk iy tu f¾Ld w;r ,ïn ÿr h
jk ;%mSishul j¾.M,h 1 (a + b) h fõ'
2
² wrh r jk jD;a;hl j¾.M,h πr2 fõ'
41
24 iïNdú;dj
² iiïNdù mÍlaIK y`ÿkd .ekSug
² lsishï iiïNdù mÍlaIKhlg wod< ksheÈ wjldYh ,shd oelaùug
² iu fia NjH m%;sM, y`ÿkd .ekSug
² iu fia NjH m%;sM,hl iïNdú;dj fiùug
iu fia NjH m%;sM, iys; isoaêhl iïNdú;dj fiùug
yelshdj ,efnkq we;'
24.1 iiïNdù mÍlaIK
ldishla Wv oeóu i,luq' fuys § ldish Wv oeuQ úg ,eìh yels m%;sM, ish,a,
mÍlaIKh lsÍug fmr lsj yels h' tkï" m%;sM, úh yelafla isri ,eîu fyda w.h
,eîuhs' tfy;a" isri me;a; ,eîu fyda w.h me;a; ,eîu fyda hk m%;sM, foflka
ljr m%;sM,h isÿ fõ oehs ksYaÑ;j u lsj fkdyels h' ;j o fuu mÍlaIKh fuu
;;a;aj hgf;a u ´kE u jdr .Kkla o lsÍug yels h' mÍlaIKh kej; kej;
l< úg ,efnk m%;sM,j, rgdjla o wfmalaId l< fkdyels h' fuu ,laIK iys;
mÍlaIKj,g iiïNdù mÍlaIK hehs lshkq ,efí'
iiïNdù mÍlaIKhl my; iòyka fmdÿ ,laIK we;'
² tl u ;;a;ajhka hgf;a mÍlaIKh ´kE u jdr .Kkla lsÍug yels ùu
² mÍlaIKfhka ,eìh yels m%;sM, ish,a, u" mÍlaIKh lsÍug fmr lsj yels ùu
² mÍlaIKfhka ,eìh yels m%;sM,h mÍlaIKh lsÍug fmr ksYaÑ;j u lsj
fkdyels ùu
² ,efnk m%;sM,j, rgdjla wfmalaId l< fkdyels ùu
;j;a ksoiqkla i,ld n,uq'
1 isg 6 f;la wxl ,shd we;s iunr >kldldr odÿ leghla Wv oud" Wvg yeÍ
jefgk me;af;a we;s wxlh igyka lr .ekSfï mÍlaIKfha§ o mÍlaIKh ´kE u
jdr .Kkla l< yels w;r" ,efnk m%;sM,j, rgdjla wfmalaId l< fkdyels h'
,eìh yels ish¨ m%;sM, okakd kuq;a mÍlaIKh isÿ lsÍug m%:u ,eìh yelafla
l=uk m%;sM,h o hkak ksYaÑ;j u lsj fkdyels fõ' tneúka" odÿ leghla Wv oud
,efnk m%;sM, ksÍlaIKh lsÍu iiïNdù mÍlaIKhls'
42
24'1 wNHdih
1' my; oelafjk mÍlaIK ie,ls,a,g f.k" tajd iiïNdù mÍlaIK kï bÈßfhka
—˜ ,l=K o" iiïNdù mÍlaIK fkdfõ kï bÈßfhka —˜ ,l=K o fhdokak'
mÍlaIKh iiïNdù / iiïNdù
fkdjk
1. 1 isg 4 f;la wxl fh¥ iunr p;=ia;,hla Wv
oud fïih iam¾Y lrk me;a; igyka lsÍu
2. tl u j¾Kfha i¾jiu mn¿ we;s nE.hlska wyUq

f,i mn¿jla bj;g f.k tys mdg igyka lr
.ekSu
3. ksYaÑ; b,lalhlg fnda,hla t,a, fldg b,lalhg

j§ o hkak ksÍlaIKh lsÍu
4. rdnq weg 5la isgqjd thska Èk 5la we;=<; m%frdayKh

jk îc .Kk igyka lr .ekSu
5. h;=re 3la we;s h;=re le/,a,lska wyUq f,i .;a

h;=rlska fodrla újD; fõ oehs ne,Su
6. fnda,hla by<g úis fldg th wdmiq ìug m;s;

fõ oehs ksÍlaIKh lsÍu
7. 1, 3 yd 5 ixLHd ,shd we;s i¾jiu ldâm;a ;=kla

wvx.= fmÜáhlska ldâm;a folla tljr bj;g
f.k ,efnk ixLHd foflys tl;=j T;af;a
ixLHdjla oehs ksÍlaIKh lsÍu
24.2 ksheÈ wjldYh

iiïNdù mÍlaIKhlska ,eìh yels m%;sM, ish,a, l=,lhlska oelaúh yels h'
tu l=,lhg" tkï iiïNdù mÍlaIKhl m%;sM, f,i ,eìh yels m%;sM, ish,a,
wvx.= l=,lhg" ksheÈ wjldYh hehs lshkq ,efí' ksheÈ wjldYh idudkHfhka
S u.ska wxlkh flfrk w;r tys we;s wjhj .Kk n(S) u.ska olajkq ,efí'
ksoiqkla f,i"
ldishla Wv oeófï § Wvg yeÍ jefgk me;a; ksÍlaIKh lsÍfï mÍlaIKfha §

,eìh yels ish¨ m%;sM, l=,lh" tkï" ksheÈ wjldYh"
43
S = ™isri" w.hš
n(S) = 2
f,i oelaúh yels h'
tfia u" 1 isg 6 f;la wxl ,shd we;s iunr >kldldr odÿleghla Wv oud Wvg yeÍ
jefgk me;af;a we;s wxlh ksÍlaIKh lsÍfï mÍlaIKhg wod< ksheÈ wjldYh
S = ™1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6š
f,i oelaúh yels h'
ksoiqk 1
1 isg 4 f;la wxl ,shk ,o iunr iúê p;=ia;,dldr leghla Wv oeuQ úg
fïifha iam¾Y jk me;af;a we;s wxlh igyka lsÍfï mÍlaIKhg wod< ksheÈ
wjldYh yd tys wjhj .Kk ,shkak'
S = ™1, 2, 3, 4š
n(S) = 4
ksoiqk 2
B1, B2, W1, W2, W3 f,i kï fh¥ tl u m%udKfha yd yevfha l¿ mn¿ folla yd
iqÿ mn¿ ;=kla we;s nE.hlska mn¿jla .ekSfï mÍlaIKfhA ksheÈ wjldYh yd
tys wjhj .Kk ,shkak'
S = ™ B1, B2, W1, W2, W3 š
n(S) = 5
ksoiqk 3
tla me;a;la R o wfkla me;af;a Y o f,i igyka lr we;s ldâm;a folla we;'
tajd tljr Wv oud ,efnk wl=re igyka lr .ekSfï mÍlaIKfha kshe`È wjldYh
,shkak'
ldâm;a fofla u R ,eîu (R,R) f,i o tll R yd wfkfla Y ,eîu (R,Y) wdÈ
f,i ksheÈ wjldYfha m%;sM, ,súh hq;= h' ta wkqj"
S = ™(R,R),(R,Y),(Y,R),(Y,Y)š
igyk: ksheÈ wjldYfha Wml=,lhlg isoaêhla hehs lshkq ,efí'
24'2 wNHdih
my; oelafjk tla tla mÍlaIKhg wod< ksheÈ wjldYh ,shkak'
i. ks,a" r;=" l¿ iy fld< hk j¾Kj,ska hq;= i¾jiu tla mEkla ne.ska we;s
nE.hlska wyUq f,i mEkla f;dard .ekSu
ii. 5 isg 15 f;la wxl ,shQ iudk m%udKfha yd yevfha ldâm;a we;s nE.hlska
ldâm;la bj;g f.k" tys wxlh igyka lr .ekSu
44
iii. rEmfha oelafjk ;eáh lrljd B;,h kj;sk
wxlh igyka lsÍu
iv. u,a,l" i¾jiu jQ lsß rie;s fgd*s 4la

yd fodvï rie;s fgd*s 3la we;' wyUq f,i
fgd*shla f;dard .ekSu
v. ldishla fojrla Wv oud ,efnk me;a; igyka lr .ekSu
24.3 iu fia NjH m%;sM,

lsishï iiïNdù mÍlaIKhlg wod< ksheÈ wjldYh ie,l+ úg tys iEu m%;sM,hlau
,eîfï yelshdj tl yd iudk fõ kï tjeks mÍlaIKhlg iu fia NjH m%;sM,
iys; mÍlaIKhla hehs lshkq ,efí' tu m%;sM, iu fia NjH m%;sM, f,i ye`Èkafõ'
1, 2, 3, 4, 5 iy 6 f,i wxl fh¥ iunr >kldldr odÿ leghla i,luq' th idod
we;s øjH odÿ legh mqrd taldldÍj me;sÍ we;ehs is;uq' túg" iuñ;sh wkqj" odÿ
legh Wv oeuQ úg ´kE u me;a;la Wvg isák fia ,eîug tl u yelshdj we;s
hehs wmg wkqudk l< yels h' iunr ldishla iòyd o tfia u h' fujeks odÿ leg
yd ldis Wv oeófï mÍlaIK iïNdú;dj ms<snò isoaOdka; meyeÈ,s lsÍfï§ b;d
jeo.;a fõ' tjeks iuñ;sl;ajhla we;s jia;= idOdrK jia;= f,i ye`Èkafõ'
>kldNdldr odÿ leghl 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 f,i wxl igyka lr Wv ±ófï mÍlaIKhla

i,lkak' tys iEu me;a;la u ,eîfï yelshd iudk fkdúh yels h' túg th
idOdrK jia;=jla f,i fkdie,fla' tjeks mÍlaIKhl m%;sM, iu fia NjH
fkdfõ'
;j;a wjia:djla i,luq'
iúê iunr >kldldr odÿ leghl me;s 4l r;= j¾Kh o me;s foll ks,a j¾Kh
o wdf,am lr we;s úg" tu odÿ legh Wv oud jefgk me;af;a j¾Kh igyka
lsÍfï mÍlaIKh i,lkak' fuys § r;= j¾Kh wdf,am lr we;s me;a;la jeàug
jeä yelshdjla we;s nj meyeÈ,s h' ta wkqj" fuu mÍlaIKfha m%;sM, iu fia NjH
fkdfõ'
24'3 wNHdih
my; iòyka tla tla mÍlaIKhg wod< m%;sM, iu fia NjH fõ oehs ,shkak'
i. iúê iunr p;=ia;,hl me;s y;f¾ r;=" ks,a" ly iy fld< hk j¾K
wdf,am lr we;' fuh Wv oud jefgk me;af;a j¾Kh igyka lr .ekSu
ii. iunr ldishla Wv oud ,efnk me;a; igyka lr .ekSu

45
iii. 1, 1, 1, 1, 2, 2, 2, 3, 3, 4 f,i wxl ,shd we;s iudk ldâm;a 10lska wyUq f,i
.;a ldâm;l wxlh igyka lsÍu
iv. 1 - 5 olajd wxl igyka lrk ,o rEmfha oelafjk

wdldrfha ms%iauhla Wv oeuQ úg fïih iu`. iam¾Y
2
jk me;af;a wxlh igyka lsÍu
1
v. tl iudk m%udKfha r;= meye;s ldâm;a 3la yd ks,a meye;s ldâm;a 4la we;s
nE.hlska wyUq f,i .;a ldâm;l j¾Kh igyka lsÍu
A B
vi. iudk flakaøsl LKavj,g fnod ;sriaj iú lr we;s
H C
jD;a;dldr ;eáfha flakaøfha iú lr we;s o¾Ylh ^B;,h&
G D lrljd kej;Sug bv y< úg B;,h kejf;k ia:dkhg
F E wkqj wlaIrh igyka lsÍu
vii. fldgia wiudk jk mßÈ fnod ;sriaj iú lr we;s

jD;a;dldr ;eáfha flakaøfha iú lr we;s o¾Ylh lrljd"
kej;Sug bv y< úg o¾Ylh kejf;k ia:dkhg wkqj
j¾Kh igyka lsÍu
24.4 iu fia NjH m%;sM,hl iïNdú;dj

iu fia NjH m%;sM, iys; iiïNdù mÍlaIKhl m%;sM,hl iïNdú;dj my;
wdldrhg ,nd .; yels nj Tn Wf.k we;'
tkï"
f;dard.;a m%;sM,hl 1
=
iïNdú;dj iiïNdù mÍlaIKfha ksheÈ wjldYfha uq¿ m%;sM, .Kk
fuf,i" iunr odÿ leghla Wv oeófï isoaêh i,lkak' fuys f;dard.;a wxlhla
1
,eîfï iïNdú;dj fõ'
6 1
WodyrKhla f,i" wxl 3 ,eîfï iïNdú;dj =
6
46
oeka brÜfÜ ixLHdjla ,eîfï isoaêh i,lkak' fuu isoaêfha iïNdú;dj fufia
.Kkh l< yels h' brÜg ixLHd 3la yd T;af;a ixLHd 3la we;s neúka fuu
3
isoaêfha m%;sM, iu fia NjH fõ' tuksid brÜg ixLHdjla ,eîfï iïNdú;dj =
6
fõ'
ta wkqj"
iu fia NjH m%;sM, iys; iiïNdù mÍlaIKhl m%;sM, tllska fyda lsysmhlska
fyda ieÿï,;a hï isoaêhl iïNdú;dj fuf,i oelaúh yels fõ'
wod< isoaêfhys wjhj .Kk

isoaêhl iïNdú;dj =
ksheÈ wjldYfha wjhj .Kk

ixfla; Ndú;fhka fuh fufia ,súh yels fõ' S ksheÈ wjldYfha wjhj .Kk
n (S) u.ska o" A isoaêfha wjhj .Kk n (A) u.ska o" A isoaêfha iïNdú;dj p (A)
u.ska o oelajQ úg fufia ,súh yels fõ'
n (A)
p (A) =
n (S)
ksoiqk 3
fkdkeUqre ldishla Wv oud Wvg yeÍ jefgk me;a; ksÍlaIKh lrk
mÍlaIKhl §"
i. ksheÈ wjldYh ,shd n (S) fidhkak'

ii. isri ,eîfï m%;sM,h A kï Ays wjhj ,shd n (A) fidhkak'
iii. isri ,eîfï iïNdú;dj P (A) fidhkak'
i. S = ™isri ,eîu" w.h ,eîuš

n (S) = 2
ii. A = ™isri ,eîuš

n (A) = 1
n (A)
iii. P (A) =
n (S)
1
P (A) =
2
47
ksoiqk 4
1, 2, 3, 4 hkqfjka uqyqK;aj, ,l=Kq l< fkdkeUqre p;=ia;,dldr odÿ leghla Wv
oud fïifha iam¾Y jk me;af;a wxlh igyka lsÍfï mÍlaIKhl §
i. ,efnk wxlh 2 ùfï iïNdú;dj fidhkak'

ii. ,efnk wxlh brÜg ixLHdjla ùfï iïNdú;dj fidhkak'
iii. ,efnk wxlh 1g jvd jeä ixLHdjla ùfï iïNdú;dj fidhkak'
fuys ksheÈ wjldYh S = ™1, 2, 3, 4š ksid n (S) = 4 fõ'

1
i. wxlh 2 ùfï iïNdú;dj =
4
ii. brÜg ixLHdjla ùu B kï
B = ™2, 4š ksid n (B) = 2 fõ'
n (B) 2 1
∴ p (B) = = = fõ'
n (S) 4 2
iii. 1g jvd jeä ixLHd 3la we;'
3
∴ 1g jvd jeä ixLHd ,eîfï iïNdú;dj =
4
24'4 wNHdih
1. 1 isg 6 f;la wxl fh¥ iunr >kldldr odÿ leghla Wv oeuQ úg" Wvg yeÍ
jefgk me;af;a wxlh igyka lsÍfï mÍlaIKhl §"
i. ,eìh yels ish¨ m%;sM, we;=<;a ksheÈ wjldYh (S) ,shkak'

ii. n(S) fidhkak'
iii. brÜg ixLHdjla jeàu A kï A ys wjhj ,shd n(A) fidhkak'
iv. Ays iïNdú;dj tkï P(A) fidhkak'
v. m%:ul ixLHdjla iys; wxlhla jeàfï iïNdú;dj fidhkak'
2. A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H f,i ,shk ,o iudk ldâ m;a 8la we;s nE.hlska wyUq

f,i ldâ m;la .ekSfï mÍlaIKhl§
i. ksheÈ wjldYh ,shd olajkak'

ii. B wl=r iys; ldâ m; ,eîfï iïNdú;dj fidhkak'
iii. iajr wlaIrhla iys; ldâ m;a ,eîfï iïNdú;dj fidhkak'
iv. K wlaIrh ,eîfï iïNdú;dj fidhkak'
48
3. 1 isg 25 f;la wxl fh¥ iudk ldâ m;a 25la fmÜáhla ;=< we;' bka wyUq
f,i ldâ m;la .ekSfï mÍlaIKhg wod<j"
i. wxl 8 iys; ldâ m; ,eîfï iïNdú;dj fidhkak'

ii. 5 .=Kdldrhla iys; ldâ m;la ,eîfï iïNdú;dj fidhkak'
iii. T;af;a ixLHdjla iys; ldâ m;la ,eîfï iïNdú;dj fidhkak'
iv. iup;=ri% ixLHdjla iys; ldâ m;la ,eîfï iïNdú;dj fidhkak'
4. rEmfha oelafjk WmlrKfha" o¾Ylh ^B;,h& lerl jQ úg

B;,fha msysàu wkqj my; iòyka tla tla wjia:dfõ
iïNdú;dj fidhkak'
i. ;o ks,a j¾Kh iys; flakaøsl LKav ;=< Bysi kej;Su

ii. r;= j¾Kh iys; flakaøsl LKavh ;=< Bysi kej;Su
iii. ly j¾Kh iys; flakaøsl LKavh ;=< Bysi kej;Su

5. nyqjrK m%Yak m;%hla iòyd § we;s ms<s;=re 5ka ksjerÈ tajd we;af;a 1ls' ms<s;=r
fkdokakd m%Yakhlg wyUq f,i ms<s;=r f;darhs' Tyqf.a ms<s;=r"
i. ksjerÈ ùfï iïNdú;dj fidhkak'

ii. jerÈ ms<s;=rla ùfï iïNdú;dj fidhkak'
6. i¾jiu jQ mn¿ w;ßka 3la r;= mdáka o" 2la l¿ mdáka o" 5la iqÿ mdáka o we;'
wyUq f,i mn¿jla .kakd mÍlaIKfha§"
i. r;= mn¿jla ,eîfï iïNdú;dj fidhkak'
ii. ks,a mn¿jla ,eîfï iïNdú;dj fidhkak'
iii. r;= fyda iqÿ fyda mn¿jla ,eîfï iïNdú;dj fidhkak'
iv. l¿ mn¿jla ,eîfï iïNdú;dj fidhkak'
7. isiqjl= i;sfha l=uk ojil bm§ we;a ±hs úuik mÍlaIKhl§"
i. Tyq i`ÿodjl bmso ;sîfï iïNdú;dj fidhkak'
ii. Tyq bßodjl bmso ;sîfï iïNdú;dj fidhkak'
iii. Tyq nododjl fyda isl=rdodjl fyda bmso ;sîfï iïNdú;dj fidhkak'
iv. Tyq fikiqrdod fyda bßod fyda fkdjk ojil bmso ;sîfï iïNdú;dj
fidhkak'
49
idrdxYh
iu fia NjH m%;sM, iys; iiïNdù mÍlaIKhl"

1
² f;dard.;a m%;sM,hl =
iïNdú;dj iiïNdù mÍlaIKfha ksheÈ wjldYfha uq¿ m%;sM,
.Kk
wod< isoaêfhys wjhj .Kk
² isoaêhl iïNdú;dj =
ksheÈ wjldYfha wjhj .Kk
n (A)
² p (A) =
n (S)
50
25 nyq-wi%j, fldaK
² nyq-wi%hl wNHka;r fldaK wdY%s; cHdñ;sl .eg¨ úi`§ug;a
² nyq-wi%hl ndysr fldaK wdY%s; cHdñ;sl .eg¨ úi`§ug;a
² iúê nyq-wi% wdY%s; .eg¨ úi`§ug;a
yelshdj ,efnkq we;'
ir, f¾Ld LKav ;=klska fyda Bg jeä .Kklska ixjD; jQ ;, rEmhla nyq-wi%hla
f,i ye`Èkafõ' W;a;, nyq-wi% yd wj;, nyq-wi% f,i m%Odk jYfhka nyq-wi%
j¾. folls'

W;a;, nyq-wi% wj;, nyq-wi%
bka iuyr nyq-wi% tajdfha mdo .Kk wkqj iqúfYaI kïj,ska y`ÿkajkq ,efí'
ta wkqj mdo 3la" 4la" 5la" 6la ne.ska we;s nyq-wi% ms<sfj<ska ;%sfldaKh" p;=ri%h"
mxpdi%h" Ivi%h f,i ye`Èkafõ'
Tn óg fmr fYa%Ksj, § ;s%fldaKhl yd p;=ri%hl wNHka;r fldaKj, ftlHh

ms<snòj my; oelafjk m%;sM, Wf.k we;'
;%sfldaKhl wNHka;r fldaKj, ftlHh 180o ls'

p;=ri%hl wNHka;r fldaKj, ftlHh 360o ls'
Tn úiska nyq-wi% ms<snò Wf.k we;s by; iòyka lreKq ;jÿrg;a ;yjqre lr
.ekSu iòyd fuu mqkÍlaIK wNHdi ud,djg ms<s;=re imhkak'
51
mqkÍlaIK wNHdih
1. § we;s rEm w;=ßka W;a;, nyq-wi% f;darkak'
(i) (ii) (iii) (iv) (v)

2. my; iòyka m%ldYk w;=ßka ksjerÈ tajd f;darkak'
a. mdo 7la we;s nyq-wi%h ima;di%h f,i ye`Èkafõ'

b. ´kE u nyq-wi%hl wNHka;r fldaK .Kk tys mdo .Kkg iudk fõ'
c. mdo ish,a, tlsfklg iudk jk nyq-wi%h iúê nyq-wi%hla fõ'
d. nyq-wi%hl tla YS¾Ihl § wNHka;r fldaKfha yd ndysr fldaKfha ftlHh
180o ls'
e. oYdi%hl wNHka;r fldaK 11la we;'
f. p;=rihl ndysr fldaK ftlHh 180o ls'
3. my; § we;s tla tla rEmfha bx.S%is wl=rlska olajd we;s wNHka;r fldaKj,
úYd,;aj fidhkak'
i. ii. iii. iv.
a
70x 2x 120x 110x
y
x
70x x 1 5
x
a 4
a
v. vi. vii.
100x 3x a
a 2a
2a a
a 60x
2x
52
25.1 nyq-wi%hl wNHka;r fldaKj, ftlHh
p;=ri%hl wNHka;r fldaKj, ftlHh fiúh yels whqre uq,ska u i,ld n,uq'
Q
P p q
w r
a
Od b
c
vu
S s
t
R

§ we;s rEmfha" O hkq PQRS p;=ri%h ;=< jQ ´kE u ,laIHhls' PO, QO, RO yd
SO hd lsÍfuka ;%sfldaK 4la ,eî we;'
;%sfldaKhl wNHka;r fldaKj, ftlHh 180o neúka"
PQO ;s%fldaKh ie,l+ úg p + q + a = 180o

QRO ;s%fldaKh ie,l+ úg r + s + b = 180o

RSO ;s%fldaKh ie,l+ úg t + u + c = 180o

SPO ;s%fldaKh ie,l+ úg v + w + d = 180o
fuu iólrK 4 tl;= lsÍfuka
(p + q + a) + (r + s + b) + (t + u + c ) + (v + w + d) = 180o 4
. . . (p + q + r + s + t + u + v + w) + (a + b + c + d) = 720o
a, b, c yd d hkq O ,laIHh jgd fldaK jk ksid a + b + c + d = 360o ls'
. . . p + q + r + s + t + u + v + w = 720o – 360o

= 360o
. . . p;=ri%fha wNHka;r fldaKj, ftlHh 360o fõ'
oeka wms mdo n .Kkla we;s nyq-wi%hl wNHka;r fldaKj, ftlHh iòyd n
weiqfrka m%ldYkhla ,nd .ekSu msKsi my; l%shdldrlfï ksr; fjuq'
53
l%shdldrlu 1
my; § we;s j.=j msgm;a lr f.k iïmQ¾K lrkak'
nyq-wi%h rEmh ;%sfldaK wNHka;r fldaK
.Kk ftlHh
;s%fldaKh 3 180o 3 – 360o = 180o
p;=ri%h 4 180o 4 – 360o = 360o
mxpdi%h 5 180o ... – 360o = 540o
............ ....................................
Ivi%h
............ ....................................
ima;di%h
............ ....................................
wIagdi%h
............ ....................................
mdo n we;s nyq-wi%h
by; l%shdldrlu wkqj Tng mdo n .Kkla we;s nyq-wi%hl wNHka;r fldaKj,
ftlHh 180o n – 360o f,i ,efnkakg we;'
180o n – 360o hk m%ldYkh u;l ;nd .ekSug myiq jk mßÈ fufia ilia l<
yels h'
180o n – 360o = 90o 2n – 90o 4

= 90o (2n – 4)
= RcqfldaK (2n – 4)
mdo n we;s nyq-wi%hl wNHka;r fldaK ftlHh = RcqfldaK (2n – 4)
54
nyq-wi%hl wNHka;r fldaK ftlHh iòyd m%ldYkhla ;j;a wdldrhlg ,nd
.ksuq'
l%shdldrlu 2
1. § we;s rEmh weiqfrka j.=j iïmQ¾K lr ,shkak'
F
E
G D
B
O
A
nyq-wi%h mdo nyq-wi%fha ku ;%sfldaK wNHka;r fldaK

.Kk .Kk ftlHh
OAB 3 ;%sfldaKh 1 o
180 1 = 180
o
OABC 4 p;=ri%h 2 o
180 .... = ......
OABCD .............. .............. .............. .............................
OABCDE .............. .............. .............. .............................
OABCDEF .............. .............. .............. .............................
OABCDEFG .............. .............. .............. .............................
i. by; j.=jg wkqj mdo n .Kkla we;s nyq-wi%hl tla YS¾Ihla wfkla YS¾Ij,g
hd lsÍfuka ,efnk ;%sfldaK .Kk n weiqfrka ,shkak'
ii. mdo n we;s nyq wi%hl wNHka;r fldaKj, ftlHh 180o (n − 2) u.ska ,efnk
nj fmkajkak'
igyk: ft;sydisl jYfhka .;a l," úfYaIfhka .S%l cd;sl hqla,Sâ jeks .Ks;{hka
úiska" fldaKj, úYd,;aj RcqfldaK weiqfrka m%ldY flßKs' ksoiqka
f,i" ir, f¾Ldjla u; fldaKhl w.h RcqfldaK 2la f,i;a p;=ri%hl
wNHka;r fldaKj, tl;=j RcqfldaK 4la f,i;a m%ldY flßKs' ta wkqj"
mdo n we;s nyq-wi%hl wNHka;r fldaKj, ftlHh RcqfldaK 2n – 4 la
f,i;a m%ldY l< yels h' tfia jqj;a" fldaK uekSu iòyd wm úiska wxYl
fhdod.kakd fyhska RcqfldaKhla hkq 90o la nj wmg yqremqreÿ fyhska"
nyq-wi%hl wNHka;r fldaKj, ftlHh 90o (2n – 4) fyda 180o (n – 2) fyda
Bg ;=,H m%ldYhlska Tng myiq mßÈ u;l ;nd .; yels h'
55
nyq-wi%hl wNHka;r fldaKj, ftlHh 90o (2n – 4) fyda 180o (n – 2) u.ska fiúh
yels h'
ksoiqk 1
kjdY%hl wNHka;r fldaK ftlHh fidhkak'
mdo n we;s nyq-wi%hl wNHka;r fldaKj, ftlHh = 180o (n – 2)
. . . mdo 9la we;s nyq-wi%hl wNHka;r fldaK ftlHh = 180o (9 – 2)
= 180o 7
= 1260o

ksoiqk 2
rEmfha ,l=Kq lr we;s f;dr;=re wkqj x ys w.h fidhkak' 145
o
o
150
nyq-wi%fha mdo .Kk = 7 x

. o
. . wNHka;r fldaKj, ftlHh = 180 (7 – 2) 135
o
= 180o 5 140
o
= 900o
x
.
. . 145 + 150 + 135 + x + 130 + 140o + xo = 900o
o o o o o o
130
700o + 2x = 900o
2x = 900o – 700o
2x = 200o
o
x = 200
2
= 100o
ksoiqk 3
nyq-wi%hl wNHka;r fldaKj, ftlHh 1440o ls' tys mdo .Kk fidhkak'
mdo .Kk n kï wNHka;r fldaK ftlHh = 180o (n – 2)
. . . 180o (n – 2) = 1440o
1440o
n – 2 = 180
n–2 =8
n = 10
. . . mdo .Kk = 10
56
25'1 wNHdih
1' my; iòyka tla tla nyq-wi%fha wNHka;r fldaKj, ftlHh fidhkak'
i. mxpdi%h ii. wIagdi%h iii. oajdoYdi%h iv. mdo 15la we;s nyq-wi%h
2. ima;di%hl wNHka;r fldaK 4la 100o" 112o" 130o yd 150o fõ' b;sß fldaK
iudk fõ' bka tll w.h fidhkak' B
3. ABCD p;=ri%fha wNHka;r fldaKj, iuÉfþol OysÈ yuq fõ' bb
A a
i. a + b + c + d ys w.h fidhkak' a o
80
ii. a + b ys w.h fidhkak' O
iii. c + d ys w.h fidhkak' c
c C
>
iv. COD ys w.h fidhkak'

dd
D
4. i. wNHka;r fldaKj, ftlHh 1620o jk nyq-wi%fha mdo .Kk fidhkak'
ii. wNHka;r fldaKj, ftlHh 3600o jk nyq-wi%fha mdo .Kk fidhkak'
25.2 nyq-wi%hl ndysr fldaK ftlHh
uq,ska u" ;s%fldaKhl ndysr fldaKj, ftlHh fidhuq'

A
B C D
ABC ;%sfldaKfha BC mdoh Èla lsÍfuka ,efnk ir, f¾Ldj u; D ,laIHh ,l=Kq
>
lr we;' CD f¾Ld LKavh yd AC mdoh ndyq jk fia we;s ACD fuu ;%sfldaKfha
ndysr fldaKhls'
my; rEmfha oelafjk mßÈ AC mdoh E f;la Èla lsÍfuka o ndysr fldaKhla ,efí'
>
th BCE fõ' A

B C D
57
E
>
m%;suqL fldAK iudk neúka fuu BCE ndysr fldaKfha úYd,;ajh ACD ndysr
fldaKfha úYd,;ajh u fõ' fuu ;s%fldaKfha C ,laIHfha § we`È ndysr fldaKhla
>
f,i fuu fldaK foflka ´kE u tlla .; yels h' tfy;a" DCE ndysr fldaKhla
f,i ye`Èkafjkafka ke;'
;%sfldaKfha A yd B YS¾Ij, § o by; mßÈ ndysr fldaK weò oelaúh yels h'
by; mßÈ u" p;=ri%hl ndysr fldaK o w¾: oelaúh yels h'
S
R A
B
>
PQRS p;=ri%fha SR mdoh A f;la Èla lsÍfuka QRA f,i ndysr fldaKhla o QR
>
mdoh B f;la Èla lsÍfuka SRB f,i ndysr fldaKhla o ,efí' m%;suqL fldaK
iudk neúka by; ndysr fldaK fol iudk fõ'
>
;j o" ARB ndysr fldaKhla f,i fkdie,fla'

fï wdldrhg u" ´kE u nyq-wi%hl ndysr fldaK w¾: oelaúh yels h'
oeka wms nyq-wi%hl ndysr fldaK ftlHh iòyd w.hla ,nd .ekSug my;
l%shdldrlfï ksr; fjuq'
58
l%shdldrlu 3
mshjr 1 : lvodishl mxpdi%hla weò tys ndysr fldaK a, b, c, d, e f,i kï lr
.kak'
a
b
e
c
mshjr 2 : lemqï ;,hla f.k ndysr fldaK wdia;r f,i ^flakaøsl LKav
wdldrhg& lmd fjka lr .kak ^flakaøsl LKav we`§fï § tlu wrh
fhdod .ekSu u.ska ,efnk wjidk ksuejqu ukd f,i ,efí&'

a b c d e
mshjr 3 : lmd fjka lr .;a wdia;rj, YS¾I tal ,laISh jk fia yd tl u; tl

fkdjefgk fia lvodishla u; O ,laIHfha w,jkak'
a
O
b

mshjr 4 : Ivi%hla yd ima;di%hla iòyd o by; mshjr isÿ lrkak'
mshjr 5 : by; nyq-wi%j, ndysr fldaK we,ùfuka ,o ksuejqïj, fmdÿ ,laIK

yd bka ,nd .; yels ks.uk ,shkak'
by; l%shdldrlug .;a tla tla nyq-wi%fha ndysr fldaK ,laIHhla jgd jQ fldaKh
wdjrKh jk fia mj;sk nj Tng ;yjqre jkakg we;' ta wkqj tu nyq-wi%hl
ndysr fldaKj, ftlHh" ,laIHhla jgd fldaKj, ftlHhg iudk nj ks.ukh
o
l< yels h' ,laIHhla jgd fldaKj, ftlHh 360 neúka by;§ .;a nyq-wi%hl
ndysr fldaKj, ftlHh o 360o ls'
oeka wms mdo n .Kkla we;s nyq-wi%hl ndysr fldaKj, ftlHh iòyd m%ldYkhla
;j;a wdldrhlg ,nd .ksuq'
59
mdo n .Kkla iys; nyq-wi%hl wNHka;r fldaK n .Kkla o" ndysr fldaK n
.Kkla o we;s nj wms oksuq'
nyq-wi%hl ´kE u YS¾Ihl §"
o
wNHka;r fldaKfha w.h + ndysr fldaKfha w.h = 180
. . . wNHka;r fldaK n ys ftlHh + ndysr fldaK n ys ftlHh = 180o n fõ'
kuq;a wNHka;r fldaK n ys ftlHh = RcqfldaK (2n – 4) = 180o(n – 2) neúka
180o(n – 2) + ndysr fldaK n ys ftlHh = 180on
. . . ndysr fldaK n ys ftlHh = 180on – 180o(n – 2)
= 180on – 180on + 360o

= 360o
mdo n we;s nyq-wi%hl ndysr fldaKj, ftlHh 360o ls'
ksoiqk 1
o
45
§ we;s mxpdi%fha x f,i olajd we;s ndysr fldaKfha
úYd,;ajh fidhkak' 80
o
ndysr fldaKj, ftlHh = 360o x
. o o o o
. . x + 45 + 80 + 60 + 90 = 360 o

x + 275o = 360o

x = 360o – 275o o

x = 85o 60

ksoiqk 2
80 B
o
§ we;s rEmfha ,l=Kq lr we;s f;dr;=re wkqj A
i. x ys w.h fidhkak o
ii. y ys w.h fidhkak 70
3y
G
x C
o
80 x 2y
F E D
i. EFG ;s%fldaKfhys wNHka;r fldaKj, ftlHh = 180o
. . . 80o + x + x = 180o

2x = 180o – 80o = 100o
o

x = 100
2

x = 50o

60
ii. ABCDEG Ivi%fha ndysr fldaKj, ftlHh = 360o
. . . 70o + 80o + 3y + 2y + x + x = 360o

70o + 80o + 5y + 50o + 50o= 360o
5y = 360o – 250o
o

y = 110
5

y = 22o

ksoiqk 3
p;=ri%hl ndysr fldaK 2 : 2 : 3 : 3 wkqmd;hg we;' tys tla tla ndysr fldaKfha
úYd,;ajh fjk fjk u fidhkak'
ndysr fldaKj, ftlHh = 360o
fldaK 4 w;r wkqmd;h = 2 : 2 : 3 : 3
. . . l=vd fldaKh = 360o 2 = 72o
10
3
úYd, fldaKh = 360o 10 = 108o

∴ ndysr fldaK 72o" 72o" 108o yd 108o fõ'
25'2 wNHdih
1. fuu rEmfha a, b, c, d, e yd f f,i olajd we;s fldaK w;ßka" a

p;=ri%fha ndysr fldaK jk tajd fudkjd oehs ,shkak' b
c
d
f e
2. my; iòyka tla tla nyq-wi%fha bx.%Sis wlaIr/ wlaIrh u.ska olajd we;s
fldaKfha/fldaKj, úYd,;aj fidhkak'
(i) (ii) (iii)
x 60
o a
o y a
50
a
120
o a
a
a b
a
61
(iv) (v)
b o
70
b x o
o
115 40
x
a
y

o o o o
3. p;=ri%hl ndysr fldaK x , 2x , 3x yd 4x f,i olajd we;'
i. tla tla ndysr fldaKfha úYd,;ajh fidhkak'
ii. wNHka;r fldaKj, úYd,;aj ,shkak'
4. mxpdi%hl ndysr fldaK 1 : 1 : 2 : 3 : 3 wkqmd;hg mj;S' tys tla tla ndysr
fldaKfha úYd,;ajh fidhkak'
5. oajdoYdi%hl ndysr fldaK tlsfklg iudk fõ' bka tla fldaKhl w.h
fidhkak'
6. ndysr fldaK tlsfklg iudk jk nyq-wi%hl tla ndysr fldaKhla 18o ls' tu
nyq-wi%fha mdo .Kk fidhkak'
25.3 iúê nyq-wi%

nyq-wi%hl mdo ish,a, tlsfklg iudk ù" wNHka;r fldaK ish,a, o tlsfklg
iudk jk úg tu nyq-wi%h iúê nyq-wi%hla f,i ye`Èkafõ'
B
A
fuu ABCDE mxpdi%fha mdo ish,a, iudk fõ; wNHka;r fldaK
ish,a, o iudk fõ' tneúka th iúê mxpdi%hls'
C
E
D
P Q
PQRST mxpdi%fha mdo ish,a, iudk fõ' tfy;a wNHka;r
fldaK ish,a, tlsfklg iudk fkdfõ' tneúka fuu R
mxpdi%h iúê fkdfõ'
T S
D C
fuu ABCD RcqfldaKdi%fha wNHka;r fldaK ish,a,
iudk fõ; kuq;a mdo wiudk fõ' tu ksid th iúê
nyq-wi%hla fkdfõ'

A B
62
iuyr iúê nyq-wi% iòyd úfYaI kï o we;' iúê ;s%fldaKhlg iumdo ;s%fldaKhla
hehs lshkq ,efí' tfiau" iúê p;=ri%hlg iup;=ri%hla hehs lshkq ,efí'
ksoiqk 1
iúê Ivi%hl ndysr fldaKhl úYd,;ajh fidhd" tu.ska wNHka;r fldaKhl
w.h fidhkak'
ndysr fldaK 6 ys ftlHh = 360o
o
. . . ndysr fldaKhl úYd,;ajh = 360 = 60o
6
ndysr fldaKh + wNHka;r fldaKh = 180o

. . . 60x + wNHka;r fldaKh = 180o
. . . wNHka;r fldaKh = 180o – 60o
= 120o

ksoiqk 2
iúê nyq-wi%hl wNHka;r fldaKhl w.h 150o ls' tys
i. ndysr fldaKhl úYd,;ajh fidhkak'

ii. mdo .Kk fidhkak'
i. ndysr fldaKhl úYd,;ajh + wNHka;r fldaKhl úYd,;ajh = 180x
. . . ndysr fldaKhl úYd,;ajh + 150o = 180o

. . . ndysr fldaKhl úYd,;ajh = 180o – 150o = 30o

360o
ii. tuksid" nyq-wi%fha mdo .Kk = = 12
30o
25'3 wNHdih
1. iúê mxpdi%hl ndysr fldaKhl úYd,;ajh fidhd" tu`.ska wNHka;r fldaKhl
úYd,;ajh fidhkak'
2. mdo 15la we;s iúê nyq-wi%hl ndysr fldaKhl úYd,;ajh fidhd" tu`.ska
wNHka;r fldaKhl úYd,;ajh fidhkak'
o
3. i. ndysr fldaKhl úYd,;ajh 120 jQ iúê nyq-wi%hl mdo .Kk fidhd" tu
nyq-wi%h y`ÿkajk iqúfYaI ku ,shkak'
63
ii. ndysr fldaKhl úYd,;ajh 90o jQ iúê nyq-wi%h y`ÿkajk iqúfYaI ku fya;=
iys;j ,shkak'
iii. ndysr fldaKhl úYd,;ajh 40o jQ iúê nyq-wi%h y`ÿkajk ku ,shkak'
4. iúê nyq-wi%hl wNHka;r fldaKh tys ndysr fldaKh fuka y;r .=Khls' tu
nyq-wi%fha"
i. ndysr fldaKhl úYd,;ajh fidhkak'
ii. wNHka;r fldaKhl úYd,;ajh fidhkak'
iii. mdo .Kk fidhkak'
5. iúê nyq-wi%hl ndysr fldaKh iòyd .; yels úYd,;u w.h lSh o@ tu
wjia:dfõ tu nyq-wi%h y`ÿkajk ku l=ula o@
idrdxYh
² mdo n we;s nyq-wi%hl ndysr fldaK ftlHh 360o ls'
² mdo n we;s nyq-wi%hl wNHka;r fldaK ftlHh = RcqfldaK (2n – 4)
64
26 ùÔh Nd.
²² ùÔh Nd. y÷kd .ekSug
²² ksÅ,uh yr iys; ^yrh iudk/ wiudk& yd ùÔhuh yr iys; ^yrh iudk&
ùÔh Nd. tl;= lsÍug yd wvq lsÍug
yelshdj ,efnkq we;'
ixLHd;aul Nd. tl;= lsÍug yd wvq lsÍug;a" ùÔh m%ldYk iq¿ lsÍug;a tajdfha
jryka bj;a lsÍug yd idOl fjka lsÍug;a wm Wf.k we;' W.;a oE u;lhg
kxjd .ekSu i|yd my; ±lafjk mqkÍlaIK wNHdifha fhfokak'
mqkÍlaIK wNHdih
1. iq¿ lrkak'
i. 2 + 1 ii. 5 − 2 iii. 1 − 2 + 4 iv. 12 − 2 − 1

5 5 7 7 9 9 9 13 13 13

2. ysia fldgqj ;=< .e<fmk ixLHdj ,shkak'
i. 1 − 1 ii. 3 − 2 iii. 4 − 3 − 1
2 4 4 3 5 10 3

= 1 ×  − 1 = 3 ×  − × 4 = 4 ×  − 3 ×  − 1 × 10
2×2 4 4×3 3×4 5×6 10 × 3 3×

=  − 1 = −  =  −  − 10
4 12 30

=  =  = 
4 12 30

=  ÷5
30 ÷ 5
= 
6

65
3. my; ±lafjk ùÔh m%ldYk iq¿ lrkak'
a. 2x + 3x b. 3y − y
c. 5a + 4a + a d. 5x + 3y + x + 3y
e. 3y + 2 − y − 2 f. 4n −1 + 5 −2n
g. −3y + 2 − y − 3 + 2y h. 5xy − 6xy + 3x + y
4. m%idrKh lr iq¿ lrkak'

a. 2 (x + y) + 3x b. 3 (2x − 4y) + 12y
c. −(4 − 3x) − 1 d. 2 (3x − 2) + 3(x + 2)
e. 3 (m + 1) − 2 (2m −1) f. x ( x − y ) + 2xy
5. my; ±lafjk tla tla m%ldYh i;H kï zzZZ ,l=K o wi;H kï zzZZ ,l=K
o bÈßfhka we;s fldgqj ;=< fhdokak'
a. 2 + 1 ys ms<s;=r 2+ 1 iq¿ lsÍug iudk fõ'

3 4 3+4
b. Nd. foll ftlHh yd wka;rh ,nd .ekSug tajdfha ,jhka
iudkj ;sìh hq;= h; tfia iudkj fkdue;s kï iudk lr .;
hq;= h'
c. tall Nd. foll ftlHh f,i ,efnk Nd.fha ,jh tu Nd.
foflys yrhkaf.a ftlHh jk w;r yrh tajdfha .=Ks;h fõ'
d. wiudk yr iys; Nd. folla tl;= lsÍug fyda wvq lsÍug ilid
.; hq;= fmdÿ yrh" uq,a Nd. foflys yrhkafka l='fmd'.=' u úh
hq;= h'
e. Nd. foll yrh iy ,jh tl u ixLHdjlska .=K lsÍfuka tu
Nd.h ir, ;=,H Nd.hla njg yrjd .; yels h'
f. Nd.hl yrh;a ,jh;a tl u ixLHdjlska fn§fuka tu Nd.h
ir, ;=,H Nd.hla njg yrjd .; yels h'
g. − 3x − 2x hkak (− 3x) + (− 2x) f,i ie,lsh yels h'

h. − 3(2x −5) ys jryka bj;a lsÍu i|yd 2x iy −5, 3ka .=K l< hq;= h'
i. − x − x iq¿ l< úg 2x fõ'
j. 3x + 4y iq¿ l< úg 7xy fõ'
66
ùÔh Nd. ye¢kaùu
hï Nd.hl yrfhys fyda ,jfhys fyda foflys u fyda ùÔh mohla fyda ùÔh
m%ldYkhla we;a kï tu Nd.h ùÔh Nd.hla f,i ye`Èkafõ'
ksoiqk 1
² ,jfhys muKla ùÔh mohla iys; ùÔh Nd. 5la ,shkak'
x , 3x , 7y , 6mn , 2t2
2 5 20 3 5
² ,jfhys muKla ùÔh m%ldYkhla iys; ùÔh Nd. 5la ,shkak'

x + 1 , 2x − 1 , x + y , m − n , 3m − 2n −1
5 3 2 7 10
² yrfhys muKla ùÔh mohla iys; ùÔh Nd. 5la ,shkak'
3, 2 , 5 , 4 , 5
x 3m 2y 3xy m2
² yrfhys muKla ùÔh m%ldYkhla iys; ùÔh Nd. 5la ,shkak'

3 , 2 , 5 , 4 , 1
2x + 1 a + b 2m − n 3x − 2y 3x + cy +2
² yrh yd ,jh hk foflys u ùÔh mo iys; ùÔh Nd. 5la ,shkak'
a , 2a , 2m , 4x , 2xy , 2x2
c d 3n 5y 3pq 5y2
² ,jfhys ùÔh m%ldYk;a yrfhys ùÔh mo;a iys; ùÔh Nd. 5la ,shkak'
x + 1 , 2a + b , 3a + d , 2x − 1 , 4x2 y − a2
2x c 4a c b
² ,jfhys ùÔh mo;a yrfhys ùÔh m%ldYk;a iys; Nd. 5la ,shkak'
x , a 3c , 4xy a2
, ,
2x +5 5b + d a + b 5x − 3 a − b
² yrh iy ,jh hk foflys u ùÔh m%ldYk iys; ùÔh Nd. 5la ,shkak'
x+1 x+y 3x − 4 4m − 3n 4x − y
2x − 1, 3x +2y , x +1 , 5m + 2n , 2x + 3y − 4
67
26.1 ksÅ,uh yr iys; ùÔh Nd. tl;= lsÍu yd wvq lsÍu
ksÅ,uh yrhla yd ,jhla iys; Nd. tl;= lsÍu yd wvq lsÍu isÿ l< wdldrhg u
ùÔh Nd. tl;= lsÍu yd wvq lsÍu l< yels h'
ksoiqk 1
iq¿ lrkak 5x + 2x '

9 9
5x + 2x = 5x + 2x (Nd. foflys u yrh iudk ksid)
9 9 9
= 7x
9
ksoiqk 2
iq¿ lrkak 5y − 3y '

7 7
5y − 3y = 5y − 3y (Nd. foflys u yrh iudk ksid)
7 7 7
= 2y
7
ksoiqk 3
4x
iq¿ lrkak 15 + 7x − 2x '
15 15
4x 7x 2x 11x − 2x (Nd. foflys u yrh iudk ksid)
15 + 15 − 15 = 15
9x
= 15 = 3x (9 yd 15ys uyd fmdÿ idOlh jk 3ka fn§fuka)
5
ksoiqk 4
iq¿ lrkak x + 1 + x + 2 '

5 5
x + 1 + x + 2 = x + 1 + x + 2 (Nd. foflys u yrh iudk ksid)
5 5 5
= x+x+1+2
5
= 2x + 3
5
68
ksoiqk 5
iq¿ lrkak 2b + 3 − b + 2 '

7 7
2b + 3 − b + 2 = 2b + 3 − (b + 2) (wvq lrk ùÔh m%ldYkh jryka ;=< ,sùu
7 7 7
l< hq;= h)
= 2b + 3 − b − 2
7
= 2b − b + 3 − 2
7
b+1
=
7
ksoiqk 6
iq¿ lrkak 7c + 1 − 2c + 1 − c − 2 '

8 8 8
7c + 1 − 2c + 1 − c − 2 = 7c + 1 − (2c + 1) − (c − 2)
8 8 8 8
7c + 1 − 2c − 1 − c + 2
=
8
= 4c + 2
8
= 2 (2c + 1)
8
= 2c + 1
4
26'1 wNHdih
1. iq¿ lr" ms<s;=r ir, u wdldrfhka olajkak'
a + a 3d 2d 2t t
a. b. + c. −
5 5 15 15 3 3
7k 3k
d. − e. 3k + 2k + k f. 5h − 2h − h
8 8 7 7 7 9 9 9

x 3x p 4q 5p
g. 7v − 3v + v h. − i. − −
10 10 10 8 8 9 9 9
69
a. 3y + 1 + 2y + 2 b. 4m − 1 + 3m − 2 c. 5n + 3 + 2n − 1
5 5 7 7 8 8
d. 5c − 2 + 3c + 4 e. 6d + 1 − 2d − 3
10 10 10 10
f. 3x + 1 − 2x − 3 + x + 4
6 6 6
26.2 wiudk ksÅ,uh yr iys; ùÔh Nd. tl;= lsÍu yd wvq lsÍu
fuys § x + 3x jeks wiudk ksÅ,uh yr iys; ùÔh Nd. iq¿ lsÍu ms<snò j wms
6 4
i,ld n,uq' fujeks Nd. iq¿ lsÍu o ixLHd;aul Nd. iq¿ l< wdldrhg u isÿ l<
yels h' § we;s Nd.j, yrhkaf.a fmdÿ .=Kdldrhla fmdÿ yrh f,i .; yels h'
tfy;a tu yrj, we;s ixLHdj, l=vd u fmdÿ .=Kdldrh fmdÿ yrh f,i
.ekSfuka iq¿ lsÍu myiq fõ'
ksoiqkla f,i" by; Nd. foflys yrj, we;af;a 6 yd 4 hs' tajdfha l=vd u fmdÿ
.=Kdldrh 12 fõ' tuksid" tla tla Nd.fha yrh 12 ,efnk mßÈ uq,ska u ilid
.; hq;= h' x ys yrh 12 ,eîu iòyd tys yrh yd ,jh 2ka .=K l< hq;= h' ^fuu
6
2 ,efnkqfha 12 ka nj ksÍlaIKh lrkak&' tfia u" 3x ys yrhg 12 ,eîu iòyd
6 4
tys yrh yd ,jh 3ka .=K l< hq;= h ^fuys 3 ,efnkqfha 12 ka nj ksÍlaIKh
4
lrkak&' ta wkqj" § we;s Nd. fol iq¿ lsÍu iòyd fufia ,súh yels h'
x + 3x = 2 × x + 3 × 3x
6 4 2 6 3 4
fuu Nd.j, yr yd ,j iq¿ l< úg fufia ,efí'
2x 9x
12 + 12
oeka" Nd. foflys u tl u fmdÿ yrh we;s ksid" th fufia ,súh yels h'
2x + 9x
12
11x
fuh iq¿ l< úg 12 ,efí'
11x
fï wkqj" x + 3x = 12 f,i iq¿ l< yels h'
6 4
70
ksoiqk 1
2y + y iq¿ lrkak'
5 4
2y + y = 4 × 2y + 5 × y (5 yd 4ys l='fmd'.=' 20 ksid fmdÿ yrh 20 jk
5 4 4×5 5×4
fia ;=,H Nd. ,nd .ekSu)
= 8y + 5y
20 20
= 13y
20
ksoiqk 2
2t − t iq¿ lrkak'
3 2
2t − t = 2 × 2t − 3 × t (3 yd 2ys l='fmd'.=' 6 ksid fmdÿ yrh 6 jk fia
3 2 2×3 3×2
;=,H Nd. ,nd .ekSu)
= 4t − 3t
6 6
t
=
6
ksoiqk 3
3v − 4v + 3v iq¿ lrkak'
2 5 4
3v − 4v + 3v = 10 × 3v − 4 × 4v + 5 × 3v (2, 4 yd 5 ys l='fmd'.=' 20 ksid
2 5 4 10 × 2 4×5 5×4
fmdÿ yrh 20 jk fia ;=,H
Nd. ,nd .ekSu)
= 30v − 16v + 15v
20 20 20
29v
=
20
yr wiudk úg § wiudk yrhkaf.a l='fmd'.=' fmdÿ yrh jk fia ilid .ekSfuka

iq¿ lsÍu myiq nj by; ksoiqka yeoEÍfï § Tn ksÍlaIKh lrkakg we;' ùÔh
m%ldYkhla ixLHdjlska .=K lsÍug we;s wjia:d oeka i,ld n,uq' fuys § ùÔh
m%ldYk jryka ;=< ,sùug isys ;nd .ekSu jeo.;a h'
71
ksoiqk 4
x + 1 + 2x + 1 iq¿ lrkak' (2 yd 3ys l='fmd'.=' 6 fõ)

2 3
x + 1 + 2x + 1 = 3 (x +1) + 2 (2x +1) (ùÔh m%ldYkh jryka ;=< ,sùu)
2 3 3×2 2×3
= 3x + 3 + 4x + 2 (jryka bj;a lsÍu)
6 6
= 3x + 3 + 4x + 2
6
= 7x + 5
6
ksoiqk 5
5y − 1 3y − 2
−
6 4

5y − 1 3y − 2
− = 2 (5y − 1) − 3 (3y − 2) (4 yd 6ys l='fmd'.=' = 12 fõ)
6 4 2×6 3×4

= 2 (5y − 1) − 3 (3y − 2)
12 12
2 (5y − 1) − 3 (3y − 2)
=
12
10y − 2 − 9y + 6
= (2ka yd − 3ka .=K lr jryka
12

bj;a lsÍu)
y+4
=
12
72

ksoiqk 6
3m + 2n 2m − n 3m − 2n
− − iq¿ lrkak'
5 10 15
= 6 (3m + 2n) − 3 (2m − n) − 2 (3m − 2n) (5,10, 15ys l='fmd'.=' 30 fõ)
6×5 3 × 10 2 × 15
= 6 (3m + 2n) − 3 (2m − n) − 2 (3m − 2n)
30 30 30
18m + 12n − 6m + 3n − 6m + 4n
=
30
6m + 19n
=
30
26'2 wNHdih
a. a + a b. b + b c. 5x − x
3 6 4 12 3 6
5y
d. 3y − e. a + a f. c − c
4 16 2 3 3 4
5m
g. 3n + n h. 3d + 2d i. − 3m
7 5 10 15 6 10
a. a + a + a b. c + 3c + 2c
2 3 4 5 10 15
x − 2x 3n
c. 3x + d. − 3n − n
5 6 15 4 8 2
3. iq¿ lr" ir, u wdldrfhka olajkak'
a. 2a + 3a − 2 b. 2b − 1 + 3b
5 6 8 12
3t
c. 3c + 2 + 2c − 1 d. 5t − 3 −
6 9 10 15
e. 2m − n − 3m + n f. 3y + 1 + 2y − 1 + 4 − y
12 9 10 5 20
3x − y 2x + y 5x − 2y 3y + 2 y−1
g. + − h. − − 2y − 3
4 6 3 3 4 8
73
26.3 iudk ùÔh yr iys; ùÔh Nd. tl;= lsÍu yd wvq lsÍu
2 1
fujeks ùÔh Nd. iòyd ksoiqkla f,i" + oelaúh yels h' fuu Nd.j,
5x 5x
yr ùÔh mo jqj;a tajd iudk ksid" idudkH Nd. iq¿ lrk wdldrhg u iq¿ lsÍu
l< yels h' ta wkqj"
2 1
+ = 2+1
5x 5x 5x
3
=
5x
f,i iq¿ l< yels h'
ksoiqk 1 ksoiqk 2
4 2 5 1
+ iq¿ lrkak' − iq¿ lrkak'
7m 7m 6n 6n
4 2 5 1
+ = 4+2 − = 5−1
7m 7m 7m 6n 6n 6n
6 4
= =
7m 6n (fmdÿ idOlh
2 jk 2ka fnod
=
3n ir, lsÍu)
ksoiqk 3
3a 1 a
+ − iq¿ lrkak'
4b 4b 4b
3a 1 a
+ − = 3a + 1 − a (fmdÿ yrh 4b fõ)
4b 4b 4b 4b
= 2a + 1
4b
ksoiqk 4
3 2
+ iq¿ lrkak'
x+1 x+1
fuys yrj, ùÔh m%ldYk we;;a tajd iudk ksid by; mßÈ u iq¿ l< yels h'
3 2
+ = 3+2
x+1 x+1 x+1
5
=
x+1
74
ksoiqk 5
7 4
− iq¿ lrkak'
x−3 x−3
7 4
− = 7 − 4 (fmdÿ yrh x − 3 fõ)
x−3 x−3 x−3
3
=
x−3
26'3 wNHdih
a. 5 + 2 b. 8 + 2 c. 3 − 1
a a x x y y
4 2 1
d. − e. 3 + 2 f. + 5
3y 3y 5t 5t 2k 2k
5
g. 7 + 3 − 1 h. 8 − 4 − 1 i. + 2 + 1
2n 2n 2n 3v 3v 3v m m m
j. 8 − 8 + 8
7xy 7xy 7xy
5 2 8 3 4 6
a. m + 3 + m + 3 b. n + 5 + n + 5 c. a + b + a + b
4x x+y 9h 7h − 2 3x + y 2x + 4y
d. x + 2y + x + 2y e. x + y − x + y f. x − 3y − x − 3y
26.4 yrfha yd ,jfha ùÔh m%ldYk iys; ùÔh Nd. iq¿ lsÍu
ksoiqk 1
5x 3x
+ iq¿ lrkak'
2x + 1 2x + 1
5x 3x
+ = 5x + 3x (fmdÿ yrh 2x + 1 fõ)
2x + 1 2x + 1 2x + 1
8x
=
2x + 1

75
ksoiqk 2
7y 2y
− iq¿ lrkak'
3y − 1 3y − 1
7y 2y
− = 7y − 2y (fmdÿ yrh 3y − 1 fõ)
3y − 1 3y − 1 3y − 1
5y
=
3y − 1

ksoiqk 3
2x − 1 3x + 2
+ iq¿ lrkak'
5x + 1 5x + 1
2x − 1 3x + 2
+ = 2x − 1 + 3x + 2 (fmdÿ yrh 5x + 1 fõ)
5x + 1 5x + 1 5x + 1
= 2x + 3x − 1 + 2
5x + 1
5x + 1
=
5x + 1
= 1
ksoiqk 4
9m − 1 3m 2m + 1
+ − iq¿ lrkak'
5m − 1 5m − 1 5m − 1
9m − 1 3m 2m + 1
+ − = 9m − 1 + 3m − (2m + 1) (wvq lrk ùÔh
5m − 1 5m − 1 5m − 1 5m − 1
m%ldYk jryka ;=< ,súh hq;= h)
= 9m − 1 + 3m − 2m − 1 (− ,l=Kska .=K lr
5m − 1
jryk bj;a lsÍu)
10m − 2
=
5m − 1
= 2(5m − 1) (,jfha fmdÿ idOlh fjka lr ,shd
(5m − 1) iq¿ lsÍu )
= 2
76
26'4 wNHdih
iq¿ lr" ms<s;=r ir,u wdldrfhka olajkak'
a. k + 2 b. 2h − h
3k − 1 3k − 1 5h − 2 5h − 2
c. 3t − 1 d. 2k + 1 − k − 2
3t − 1 3t − 1 5k + 1 5k + 1
2y y
e. − + 1 f. 2a + 1 − 3a − 3
3y +2 3y +2 3y +2 5a − 2 5a − 2 5a − 2
g. 8m + 10 − 4m + 1 + 2m h. m − m−n − m−n
2m + 3 2m + 3 2m + 3 m+n m+n m+n
77
27 mßudK rEm
²² È.xYh y÷kd .ekSug"
²² È.xYh yd ÿr § we;s úg ;sria ;,hl msysàïj, mßudK rEm weò" fkdokakd
rdYs fiùug
yelshdj ,efnkq we;'
27.1 È.xYh
È.xYh hkq ;sria ;,fha msysàula" ÈYdjla weiqfrka oelaùug fhdod .kakd ;j;a
ñkquls'
A ,laIHfha isg B ,laIHfha È.xYh hkq A ,laIHfha isg W;=re ÈYdfjka mgka
f.k olaIsKdj¾;j B msysá ÈYdjg yeÍfï § ,efnk fldaKhhs'
my; oelafjkafka A yd B ys fjkia msysàï lsysmhla iòyd È.xY fmkajd we;s
wdldrhhs' È.xYh oelaùfï § iEu úg u ixLHdxl ;=klska olajd we;s nj o
ksÍlaIKh lrkak'
i. W ii. W
B
o
8
B
62o
A A
A isg Bys È.xYh 008o A isg Bys È.xYh 062o
W
iii. W iv.
B
o
135
A
A
300o
B
A isg Bys È.xYh = 135o A isg Bys È.xYh 300o
78
È.xYh ieu úg u 360o g jvd wvq w.hla .kakd neúka Wmßu jYfhka ;sìh
yelafla ixLHdxl ;=kls' tneúka È.xYh ixLHdxl ;=klska iukaú; jk fia ,shd
oelaùu idudkH isß;hs' N%uK fldAKh 1o, 2o, ..., 9o hk È.xY 001o, 002o, ..., 009o
f,i o 10o, 11o, ..., 99o hk È.xY 010o, 011o, ..., 099o f,i o ,shkq ,efí'
fï wkqj È.xYh"
i. W;=re ÈYdfõ isg uekSu wdrïN flf¾'
ii. uekSfï § N%uKh olaIsKdj¾;j isÿ flf¾'
iii. ixLHdxl ;=klska iukaú; jk fia ,shkq ,efí'
ud,sudjla u.ska W;=re ÈYdj myiqfjka y`ÿkd .; yels neúka kdúl yd .=jka
.ukd.uk lghq;=j, § fuu ñkqu nyq,j Ndú; lrkq ,efí' my; oelafjk
ksoiqka wOHhkh lsÍfuka È.xYh ms<snò wjfndaOh mq¿,a lr .; yels h'
ksoiqk 1
1. i. m%Odk ÈYd y;frys

ii. wkqÈYd y;frys
msysàu È.xYh weiqfrka olajkak'
i. W
ÈYdj È.xYh
o
W;=r 000
090o
n ke
kef.kysr
ol=K 180o
ngysr 270o
o
ii.
W
j B ÈYdj È.xYh
o
Bidk 045
.sksfldk 135o
n ke
ksß; 225o
jhU 315o
ks .s
o 79
ksoiqk 2
A isg Bys È.xYh 065o ls' fuu f;dr;=r o< rEm igykl olajd B isg A ys È.xYh
fidhkak'
o
A isg Bys È.xYh 065 la ksid Ays § we`È W;=re ÈYdfõ isg AB f;la olaIsKdj¾;j
N%uKh ùfï § iEfok fldaKh 65ols'
W
65o
A
oeka" B isg Ays È.xYh fiùu iòyd B isg W;=r oelafjk f¾Ldjla weò" tu f¾Ldj
B jgd BA ÈYdj olajd olaIsKdj¾;j N%uKh ùfï § iEfok fldaKh fiúh hq;= h'
W W
W W

115o
B B isg A ys È.xYh B
oelafjk fldaKh
65o 65o
A A
A yd Bys § W;=r oelafjk f¾Ld iudka;r fõ' tu f¾Ld AB ;S¾hla f¾Ldfjka

o
fþokh ù iEfok ñ;% fldaK hq.,h mßmQrl fõ' tu.ska 115 ys w.h fidhd we;'
,laIHhla jgd fldaKj, tl;=j 360o neúka"
B isg A ys È.xYh = 360o − 115o

= 245o
80
27'1 wNHdih
1. my; oelafjk tla tla wjia:djkays X isg Yys È.xYh fidhkak'
i. ii. iii. iv. v.

W W W W W
Y Y
X
150o X n
18o 42o 40o X 20o
Y
Y X
X o
Y
2. fldaKudkh Ndú;fhka fldaK uek .ksñka my; oelafjk tla tla È.xYh rEm
igykla u.ska olajkak'
i. E isg Fys È.xYh 005o ls' iv. J isg Hys È.xYh 270o ls'
o
ii. P isg Qys È.xYh 075 ls' v. C isg Dys È.xYh 310o ls'
o
iii. M isg Nys È.xYh 105 ls'
3. rEmfha oelafjk f;dr;=rej,g wkqj"

W B

10
o C i. A isg B ys È.xYh
ii. B isg A ys È.xYh
iii. C isg B ys È.xYh
fidhkak'
A
4. ABC iumdo ;s%fldaKhls' A g W;=ßka B msysgd we;'
i. fuu f;dr;=re o< rEmhl olajkak'

ii. ta weiqfrka my; oelafjk È.xY fidhkak'
a. A isg B ys b. A isg C ys c. B isg C ys

d. C isg B ys e. C is g A ys f. B isg A ys
81
27.2 fldaK ukqj
È.xYh yd ÿr weiqfrka ;sria ;,fha msysàula úia;r l< yels h' ta iòyd È.xYh
fidhd .ekSug fldaK ukqjla Ndú; l< yels h'
fldaK ukqj
ßðf*daï ;yvqj
fldaK ukqj ^ksYap,j ;sìh hq;= h&
îu ngh lrleúh yels jk

fia ieliQ uqÿjla
îu ngh
ksoiqkla f,i"
A kï ia:dkhl isg B kï ia:dkhl msysàu úia;r l< hq;= hehs is;kak'
² A ia:dkfha ;sria ,E,a,la iys; fïihla u; ud,sudjla ;nd fïih u; W;=re

ÈYdj ,l=Kq lr .kak'
² bka miq ilid .;a fldaK ukqj fïih u; ;nd ^;sria ;,hla u;& W;=re
ÈYdjg —0˜ mdGdxlh jk fia ilid .kak'
² îu ngh ;=<ska n,ñka B ia:dkh ksÍlaIKh l< yels jk fia ngh N%uKh
lr olaIsKdj¾; N%uK fldAKh uek .kak' th wxl ;=klska iukaú; jk fia
,shd .;a úg wjYH ia:dkfha È.xYh ,efí'
² ñkqï máhla wdOdrfhka fldaK ukqj we;s A ia:dkfha isg msysàu úia;r l<
hq;= B ia:dkhg ÿr uek .ekSfuka" È.xYh yd ÿr weiqfrka wjYH ia:dkfha
msysàu úia;r l< yels h'
82
my; rEmh u.ska A ia:dkfha isg B, C yd D ia:dkj, È.xY ,shkak'
ksoiqk 1
85 o
o
20 m
A
5 B
14 fldia .i
225
o
D m
18
25
m
<s|
C fmd,a .i
ksÍlaIKh È.xYh ÿr
l< foa
fldia .i (B) 085
o
20 m
fmd,a .i (C) 145o 25 m
<sò (D) 225o 18 m
83
oeka" my; wNHdifha ksr; jkak'
27'2 wNHdih
1. fuys oelafjkafka mdi,a ìul o< ie,eiauls'
W

mdi,a
f.dvke.s,a,
kd .i
10 m
m
11
12 m
o
48
wdmkYd,dj 82o
o
50
ld¾hd,h
2
m
1
f.aÜgqj
È.xY weiqfrka my; oelafjk msysàï úia;r lrkak'

i. mdi,a ld¾hd,fha isg kd .fia msysàu
ii. mdi,a ld¾hd,fha isg f.aÜgqfõ msysàu
iii. mdi,a ld¾hd,fha isg wdmkYd,dfõ msysàu
2. tl u id.rhl msysá jrdh ;=kla P, Q yd R u.ska oelafõ' P g kef.kysßka

Q msysghs' kejlg"
P
o
Q i. P jrdfha isg R jrdhg Q yryd hd;%d lsÍug
54 150 km
ii. P isg R jrdhg fl<ska u hd;%d lsÍug
200 km
wjYH ud¾. úia;rhla È.xYh yd ÿr weiqfrka
olajkak'
R
3. fld<U isg tla;rd .=jka f;dgqm<la n,d mshdir lsÍug kshñ; .=jka hdkhl
kshuqjl=g Wmfoia ,eî we;af;a fld<U isg 020 È.xYhlska 100 kml ÿrla
o
hdkdj mojd" bka wk;=rej 080 È.xYhlska ;j;a 100 kml ÿrla hdkh mojk
o
f,i h'
84
i. fuu f;dr;=re o< igykl olajkak'
ii. tu .=jka f;dgqmf<ys isg fld<Ug tu ud¾.fha u mshdir lsÍu iòyd
kshuqjdg Èh hq;= ud¾. úia;rh ,shd olajkak'
27.3 ;sria ;,fha mßudK rEm

my; oelafjkafka ;sria ;,fha mßudK rEm iòyd ksoiqka folls'
msUqre wxlh: 103 fmd,a j.dj jHdma; m%foaY

W W
rg
wr
kao
kao
ri
wr
sg
wxl 2010 ork msUqf¾
len,s wxl 2
wä
md
r
h
d¾.
1
du
uy
2
sg
qj i
we<
;dg
mrKj;a;
,f
wxl 2010 ork msUqf¾

wem
len,s wxl 4
mßudKh 1 : 1000
mßudKh 1 : 3300000
iEu mßudK rEmhl u th weò we;s mßudKh fuka u W;=re ÈYdj o igyka lr
we;' mßudK rEmhl oelafjk mßudKfhka ^wkqmd;fhka& oelafjk oE l=ula o
hkak meyeÈ,sj f;areï .ekSu b;d jeo.;a h'
mßudKhg weò we;s rEmhl mßudKfhka" mßudK rEmfha ia:dk folla w;r
ÿfrys;a ienE ia:dk fol w;r ÿfrys;a wkqmd;h oelafõ' ksoiqkla f,i"
1 : 500 000 mßudKfhka woyia jkafka mßudK rEmfha 1 cmlska 500 000 cm l
ienE È.la oelafjk njhs' fjk;a whqrlska mejiqj fyd;a" mßudK rEmfha iEu
1
,laIH folla w;r u we;s ÿr tu ,laIH fol w;r we;s ienE ÿfrka
500 000
mx.=jla njhs' ;j o fikaáógr 500 000la lsf,daógr 5lg iudk jk neúka
85
mßudK rEmfha 1 cmlska oelafjk ienE È. 5 km la f,i o mejish yels h'
oeka" ;sria ;,hl mßudK rEmhla w`Èk whqre ksoiqka lSmhla weiqfrka i,ld
n,uq'
ksoiqk 1
;s%fldaKdldr ìï fldgil YS¾I A, B yd C fõ' fuu ìï fldgi ;=< msysá P kï
ia:dkfha isg YS¾Ij, msysàï my; oelafjk mßÈ fõ'
P isg
² 000o È.xYhlska yd 30 m ÿßka A msysgd we;'
² 120o È.xYhlska yd 40 m ÿßka B msysgd we;'
² 220o È.xYhlska yd 45 m ÿßka C msysgd we;'
fuu f;dr;=rej,g wkqj mßudK rEmhla weò" tys mßñ;sh fidhkak'
1 mshjr: lvodisfha W;=re ÈYdj my; oelafjk mßÈ ol=Kq mi by<ska igyka
lrkak'
2 mshjr: § we;s f;dr;=rej,g wkqj" my; oelafjk mßÈ o< igykla w`Èkak'
N
A
30 m
o
P 120
100o
45 m
40 m
B
C
3 mshjr: 30m, 40m, 45m hk ÿr m%udK oelaùu iòyd fikaáógr 1lska ógr
10la oelafjk mßÈ" tkï 1:1000 f,i mßudKh f;dard .kak' ^fuys §
mßudKh f;dard .; hq;af;a rEmh we`Èh hq;= lvodisfha m%udKhg iß,k
mßÈ h' tfiau" 1000 jeks úfYaI ixLHd f;dard .ekSfuka mßudK rEmh
mÍlaId lrkakl=g ienE È. ms<snòj hï jegySula myiqfjka ,nd .;
yels h&'
4 mshjr: fuu mßudKhg wkqj § we;s tla tla È. iòyd mßudK rEmfha oelaúh
hq;= È. .Kkh lrkak'
1
PA = 3000 × cm = 3 cm
1000
1
PB = 4000 × cm = 4 cm
1000
1
PC = 4500 × cm = 4.5 cm
1000
86
>>
>>
BPC = 100o, APB
BPC APB = 120o
5 mshjr: mßudKh iys; ir, odrhla yd fldaK udkh Ndú; lrñka mekaif,ka
my; oelafjk mßÈ mßudK rEmh w`Èkak'
² m<uqj 3 cm È. AP f¾Ld LKavh isriaj w`Èkak'
² PA iu. olaIsKdj¾;j 120o la idok 4 cm jk PB f¾Ld LKavh wòskak'
² PB iu. olaIsKdj¾;j 100o la idok 4.5 cm jk PC f¾Ld LKavh w`Èkak'
² AB, BC yd AC f¾Ld LKav w`Èkak'
A N N
A
3 cm
3 cm
o
P 120
o
120 4c
P 100
o
m
cm
o
100 4c
m
4.5
cm
B
4.5
B
C
6 mshjr: AB, BC yd AC È. ukskak'

AB =C6 cm, AC = 7.1 cm, BC = 6.5 cm nj Tng fmfkkq we;' tuksid
mßudK rEmfha mßñ;sh 6 + 7.1 + 6.5 = 19.6 cm f,i ,efí'
7 mshjr: 1 cm lska 10 m oelafjk ksid ienE È. 10 × 19.6 u.ska ,efí'

bvfï mßñ;sh = 10 × 19.6 = 196 m.
ksoiqk 2
kejla P kï jrdhl isg 048ol È.xYhlska hq;a ÈYdjg lsf,daógr 100 l ÿrla
hd;%d fldg" Q kï jrdhlg <`.d fõ' bka miq Q isg 110o l È.xYhlska hq;a
ksoiqk ls2f,daógr 125l ÿrla hd;%d fldg" R kï jrdhlg fiakaÿ fõ' mßudK
ÈYdjg
rEmhla weò P isg Rys msysàu úia;r lrkak'
1 mshjr: my; oelafjk mßÈ § we;s f;dr;=rej,g wkqj o< igyk w`Èkak'
2 mshjr: lvodisfha P ,laIHhla ,l=Kq fldg" P isg W;=re ÈYdj isriaj by<g
,l=Kq lrkak'
87
N N N N

N N
110o 110o
Q Q
125 125
km km km km
0 R 48o 0 R
48o 10 10
P P
² P isg Q ys È.xYh 048o neúka Pys § W;=f¾ isg PQ fj; olaIsKdj¾; N%uK
fldaKh 48o ls'
² Q isg R ys È.xYh 110o neúka Qys È W;=f¾ isg QR fj; olaIsKdj¾; N%uK
fldaKh 110o ls'
P ys § W;=r yd Q ys § W;=r iudka;r jk neúka Q ys § W;=r yd PQ w;r fldaKh

132o ls' ^ñ;% fldaK&'
>
>
fuúg PQR = 360o − (132o − 110o)

= 360o − 242o
= 118o
3 mshjr: 100 km yd 125 km ksrEmKh iòyd fikaáógr 1lska lsf,daógr 25la
oelafjk mßÈ" tkï 1:2 500 000 jk mßÈ" mßudKh f;dard .kak
^lvodisfha m%udKj;a f,i bv ;sfí kï mßudKh 1:1 250 000 f,i o
f;dard .; yels h&'
4 mshjr: mßudKhg wkqj PQ ÿr;a QR ÿr;a mßudK rEmfha oelaúh hq;= È. m%udK
.Kkh lrkak'
100 125
PQ = cm = 4 cm, QR = cm = 5 cm
25 25
(mrsudK rEm we`§fï § fldaKj, w.hka fjkia fkdfõ')
5 mshjr: by; ñkqïj,g wkqj" ir, odrhla" fldaKudkhla yd mekai,la Ndú;fhka
mßudK rEmh w`Èkak'
N
N
N

N N 110o
Q 110
o
5 cm 5 cm
cm
4
m
4c
48o R R
P
o
6 mshjr: PRys È. uekak úg48th 7.7 cm nj;a NPR uekak úg th 82o nj;a
>
fmfkkq we;'
88 P
>
6 mshjr: PRys È. uekak úg th 7.7 cm nj;a NPR uekak úg th 82o nj;a
fmfkkq we;'
7 mshjr: mßudKhg wkqj PR ienE È. .Kkh lrkak'

PR ienE È. = 7.7 × 25 km
= 192.5 km
R msysgkafka P isg 082o l È.xYhlska yd lsf,daógr 192.5la ÿßks'
27'3 wNHdih
1. L jrdfhka K jrdh fj; f.dia J kï jrdh fj; hd;%d l< kejl .uka ud¾.
fhys o< igykla fuys oelafõ'
J

i. fuu o< igykg wkqj my; iòyka oE fidhkak' N
km
(a) L isg Kys È.xYh
150
(b) K isg Jys È.xYh
(c) 1 cmlska 50 km la oelafjk mßudKhg wkqj K
200
LK yd KJ ÿr m%udK mßudK rEmfha oelaùug km 70o
.; hq;= È. m%udK L
ii. by; mßudKh f.k kdúl ud¾.fha mßudK rEmhla w`Èkak'

iii. mßudK rEmh weiqfrka
(a) L jrdfha isg J jrdhg we;s ÿr fidhkak'
(b) L jrdfha isg J jrdfha È.xYh fidhkak'
iv. mhs;.ria iïnkaOh fhdod .ksñka L jrdfha isg J jrdhg we;s ÿr .Kkh lr
by; (iii) a ys Tn ,nd .;a ms<s;=r ksjerÈ oehs mÍlaId lrkak'
N
2. 1 : 50 000 mßudKhg w`Èk ,o is;shulska Wmqgd .kakd C
,o fldgila fuys oelafõ' A, B yd C k.r tl u ir,
f¾Ldfõ msysgk w;r Ag W;=ßka C msysghs'
i. AB, BC, CD yd AD f¾Ld LKavj, È. o D
>
>
>
ACD , ADC yd CAD fldaKj, úYd,;ajh o uek

olajkak'
ii. AB, BC, CD yd AD ienE ÿr .Kkh lrkak'
B
iii. A isg B, C yd D tla tla k.rfha msysàu A isg
È.xYh yd ÿr weiqfrka m%ldY lrkak'
89
3. mdi,l fldä lKqjl isg 025o l È.xYhlska yd 10m ÿrlska ld¾hd,h o fldä
lKqfõ isg 310o l È.xYhlska yd 12m ÿßka nqÿ ue`ÿr o msysghs'
i. by; f;dr;=re olajk o< igykla w`Èkak'
ii. 1 cmlska 2m oelafjk mßudKh f.k tys mßudK rEmhla w`Èkak'
iii. mßudK rEmh weiqfrka ld¾hd,h yd nqÿ ue`ÿr w;r flá u ÿr fidhkak'
iv. ld¾hd,fha isg nqÿ ue`ÿf¾ msysàu úia;r lrkak'
4. .=jka kshuqfjla A .=jka f;dgqmf<a isg 150o l È.xYhla Tiafia 80 kml ÿrla
;u hdkh me§fuka wk;=rej t;eka isg 200o l È.xYhla Tiafia ;j;a 150 km
l ÿrla mojd B .=jka f;dgqm< fj; <`.d úh'
(i) by; f;dr;=re oelafjk o< igykla w`Èkak'
(ii) iqÿiq mßudKhla f.k mßudK rEmhla we`§fuka"
(a) A isg B ys È.xYh

(b) A isg B g we;s ÿr
(c) B isg A ys È.xYh fidhkak'
5. bÈ lsÍug fhdað; ksfjil mßudKhlg w`Èk ,o ìï ie,eiau fuys oelafõ'

th weiqfrka my; oelafjk m%Yakj,g ms<s;=re imhkak'
N
4.5 cm 4 cm 4.5 cm
4 cm ksok ldurh - 1 ksok ldurh - 2
uq¿;ekaf.h úis;a; ldurh

4 cm
2 cm kdk ldurh
2.5 cm ksok ldurh - 3
.nvd ldurh .rdch
3 cm 3 cm 3.5 cm 2.5 cm
i. fojk ksok ldurfha ienE È. 4m kï fuu ie,eiau weò we;s mßudKh

wkqmd;hla f,i olajkak'
ii. ksfjfiys ienE m<, fidhkak'
iii. kdk ldurfhys j¾.M,h j¾.ógrj,ska fidhkak'
90
6. ieKfl<s N+ñhla yryd ngysr isg kef.kysr foig jeà we;s Rcq ud¾.hl u;
isákd u.sfhla" 115o l È.xYhlska fldä lKqjla ksÍlaIKh lrhs' t;eka isg
220 mla kef.kysr foig .uka l< úg tu fldä lKqj Tyqg 210o È.xYhlska
Èia úh'
i. fldä lKqfõ isg u.shd wjika ksÍlaIKh ,nd .;a ia:dkfha msysàu úia;r
lrkak'
ii. mßudK rEmhla we`§fuka fldä lKqfõ isg ud¾.hg we;s flá u ÿr
fidhkak'
7. my; oelafjkafka 1 : 1 000 000 mßudKhg w`Èk ,o YS% ,xldfõ ud¾. is;shulska
Wmqgd .kakd ,o fldgils' fuys ;o r;= mdáka olajd we;af;a A fYa%Ksfha uyd
ud¾. fõ'
i. is;shfï 1cmlska oelafjk ienE ÿr lsf,daógrj,ska fidhkak'

ii. X isg Y olajd jeà we;s A fYa%Ksfha uyd ud¾. fldgfia È. kQ,l wdOdrfhka
uek tu ud¾.h Tiafia X isg Y olajd we;s ienE ÿr lsf,daógrj,ska
fidhkak'
91
28 o;a; ksrEmKh yd w¾: l:kh
²² § we;s wuq o;a; weiqfrka wiuQys; ixLHd; jHdma;shla f.dvke.Sug
²² wiuQys; ixLHd; jHdma;shl o;a;j, ud;h" uOHia:h yd uOHkHh fiùug
²² fok ,o wuq o;a; weiqfrka iuQys; ixLHd; jHdma;shla f.dvke.Sug
²² iuQys; ixLHd; jHdma;shl ud; mka;sh yd uOHia: mka;sh fiùug
yelshdj ,efnkq we;'
mqkÍlaIK wNHdih
1. mdi,a ls%lÜ lKavdhulg wh;a lS%vlhkaf.a jhia ^wdikak wjqreoaog jeghQ úg&
my; oelafõ'

15, 16, 15, 16, 16, 18, 17, 18, 17, 16, 18
fuu o;a;j,"
i. mrdih
ii. ud;h
iii. uOHia:h
iv. uOHkH
fidhkak'
2. tla;rd udihl uq,a i;s fol we;=<; ld,.=K uOHia:dkhla úiska /ia lrk
,o tla tla ojfia jeä u WIaK;ajh ^fi,aishia wxYlj,ska& my; oelafõ'

26, 28, 28, 29, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 28, 30, 31, 32, 27
fuu o;a;j,"
i. mrdih
ii. ud;h
iii. uOHia:h
iv. uOHkH
fidhkak'
92
28.1 wiuQys; ixLHd; jHdma;s
§ we;s wuq o;a; Ndú; lr wmg wjYH f;dr;=re ,nd .ekSfï §" o;a; iqÿiq mßÈ
ilia lr .; hq;= fõ' WodyrKhla f,i o;a; je,l uOHia:h jeks ksrEmH
w.hla fiùug o;a; wdfrdayK fyda wjfrdayK ms<sfj<g ilia lr .; hq;= h'
wvq o;a; ixLHdjla we;s úg §" o;a; myiqfjka wfrdayK fyda wjfrdayK ms<sfj<g
ilia lr .; yels h' tfy;a" o;a; ixLHdj jeä wjia:dj, § tfia ilia lsÍu
;rula wmyiq fõ' tjeks wjia:dj, § j.= Ndú; flf¾'
tf,i j.= Ndú; jk wjia:djla ms<snò i,ld n,uq'
tla;rd mka;shl isiqka msßila mÍlaIKhlg ,nd .;a ,l=Kq my; oelafõ'
42, 70, 68, 68, 56, 62, 74, 74. 74, 56, 62, 85, 91, 91, 74, 74, 56, 68, 68, 68, 74
fuu f;dr;=re my; wdldrhg j.=.; l< yels h'
igyk: m%.Kk ,l=K Ndú; lsÍfuka fuu j.=j jvd;a myiqfjka yd ksjerÈj
ilia lr .; yels jkq we;'
,l=Kq m%.Kk ,l=Kq YsIH ixLHdj

(ixLHd;h&
42 / 1
56 /// 3
62 // 2
68 //// 5
70 / 1
74 //// / 6
85 / 1
91 // 2
fuu j.=fõ ;=kajk ;Srfha olajd we;af;a ixLHd;hs'

uq,ska u ixLHd;h hkafkka woyia jkafka l=ula oehs úuid n,uq'
fuys 42 hk w.h tla jrla o 56 hk w.h ;=ka jrla o wdÈ f,i fh§ we;' fuf,i
hï w.hla fh§ we;s jdr .Kk tu w.fha ixLHd;h f,i ye`Èkafõ'
93
ta wkqj 42 ys ixLHd;h 1 o
56 ys ixLHd;h 3 o
62 ys ixLHd;h 2 o wdÈ f,i fõ'
fuf,i tla tla w.h yd Bg wkqrEm ixLHd;h weiqfrka ilik ,o j.=jla
wiuQys; ixLHd; jHdma;shla f,i ye`Èkafõ' my; oelafjkafka by; o;a; iuQyh
oelaùug ieliQ wiuQys; ixLHd; jHdma;sh hs'

,l=Kq YsIH ixLHdj
(ixLHd;h&
42 1
56 3
62 2
68 5
70 1
74 6
85 1
2
91
wiuQys; ixLHd; jHdma;shl o;a;j, ud;h
o;a; iuQyhl jeä u jdr .Kkla fhfok w.h tu o;a; iuQyfha ud;h nj Tn
Wf.k we;' by; j.=fõ ixLHd; ;Srefõ jeä u ixLHd;h 6 fõ' ixLHd;h 6g
wkqrEm w.h 74 fõ' tkï" fuu o;a;j, ud;h 74 fõ'
wiuQys; ixLHd; jHdma;shl uOHia:h
o;a; iuQyhl uOHia:h hkafkka woyia jkafka o;a; wdfrdayK fyda wjfrdayK
ms<sfj<g ilia l< úg yß ueog fhfok w.h nj Tn Wf.k we;'
fuys o;a; 21la we;' ta wkqj o;a; wdfrdayK fyda wjfrdayK ms<sfj<g ieliQ úg
yß ueo msysgk w.h jkafka 11 jk w.hhs' oeka 11 jk w.h l=ula oehs hkak
fiúh hq;= h' th fidhk whqre úuid n,uq'
by; j.=fõ"
1 jk w.h 42 o
2 jk w.h 56 o
3 jk w.h o 56 u jk nj o
'
'
'
6 jk w.h 62 jk nj o ksÍlaIKh lrkak'
94
,l=Kq ixLHd;h
ixLHd;j, tl;=j
42 1 1
56 3 3+1 = 4
62 2 2+3+1 = 6
68 5 5 + 2 + 3 + 1 = 11
70 1
74 6
85 1
91 2
21
igyk( uq¿ o;a; ixLHdj T;af;a ixLHdjla jk úg yß ueo ia:dkh"

o;a; ixLHdj + 1 u.ska ,nd .; yels h'
2
21 + 1
2
22
2
95
wiuQys; ixLHd; jHdma;shl uOHkHh
o;a; iuQyhl uOHkHh fiùug o;a;j, ftlHh o;a; .Kfkka fnÈh hq;= nj
8 fYa%Ksfha § Tn Wf.k we;'
my; wiuQys; ixLHd; jHdma;shlska olajd we;s o;a;j, uOHkH fidhk whqre
úuid n,uq'
fuys 42 hk w.h tla jrla o 56 hk w.h ;=ka jrla o wdÈ f,i we;' uOHkH
fiùu iòyd uq¿ o;a;j, tl;=j fiúh hq;= h'
ta iòyd my; wdldrfha j.=jla fhdod .ksuq'

,l=Kq ixLHd;h
f fx
42 1 42 × 1 = 42
56 3 56× 3 = 168
62 2 62 × 2 = 124
68 5 68 × 5 = 340
70 1 70 × 1 = 70
74 6 74 × 6 = 444
85 1 85 × 1 = 85
91 2 91 × 2 = 182
21 1455
o;a;j, tl;=j = 1455
1455
o;a;j, uOHkH =
21
= 69.29
≈ 69 ( wdikak mQ¾K ixLHdjg jeghSfuka)
isiqka ,nd .;a ,l=Kqj, uOHkHh wdikak mQ¾K ixLHdjg 69 fõ'

ksoiqk 1
m%d:ñl mdi,l 3 jk fYa%Ksfha isiqka 36 fokl=f.a ialkaOh lsf,da.a?ïj,ska
my; oelafõ'
27 25 20 23 21 26 20 23 21 22 24 25
26 24 23 23 26 24 26 20 24 22 24 25
26 22 23 26 22 24 23 25 24 21 27 27
96
ialkaOh ixLHd;h ixLHd;j,
x (kg) f tl;=j
20 3 3
21 3 6
22 4 10
23 6 16
24 7 23
25 4 27
26 6 33
27 3 36
igyk( uq¿ o;a; ixLHdj brÜfÜ ixLHdjla jk úg yß ueo msysgk o;a; foflys
ia:dk ms<sfj<ska o;a; ixLHdj iy o;a; ixLHdj + 1 u.ska ,efí'
2 2
97

36 36
b. yß ueo ia:dk = yd +1
2 2
= 18 yd 19
yßueo msysgk w.h fol jkafka 18 jk w.h yd 19 jk w.hhs'
18 jk ia:dkfha wvx.= w.h = 24

19 jk ia:dkfha wvx.= w.h = 24
24 + 24
∴o;a;j, uOHia:h =
2
48
=
2
= 24 kg

iii. YsIHhl=f.a ixLHd;h
ialkaOh f f ×x
x (kg)
20 3 60
21 3 63
22 4 88
23 6 138
24 7 168
25 4 100
26 6 156
27 3 81
o;a;j, tl;=j 36 854

c. o;a;j, tl;=j = 854
o;a; ixLHdj = 36
854 kg
∴o;a;j, uOHkH =
36
= 23.72 kg (wdikak fojk oYuia:dkhg)
98
28'1 wNHdih
1. tla;rd ld,.=K uOHia:dkhla úiska 2016 foieïn¾ udifha Èkl jeä u
WIaK;ajh ^fi,aishia wxYl& ms<snòj /ia lr .;a f;dr;=re iuQyhla my;
oelafõ'
28 26 28 28 29 30 28 26 27 27
28 26 25 24 24 25 25 26 27 28
28 27 26 28 27 28 29 30 28 27 27
i. fuu o;a;j, mrdih fldmuK o@
ii. fuu o;a;j, ud;h" uOHia:h yd uOHkHh fiùu iòyd wiuQys; ixLHd;
jHdma;shla f.dvk.kak'
iii. ixLHd; jHdma;sh weiqfrka o;a;j, ud;h fidhkak'
iv. by; § we;s WIaK;ajj, uOHia:h fidhkak'
v. by; § we;s WIaK;ajj, uOHkHh .Kkh lrkak'
2. fjf<òfmd<l" foys f.ä 100 g ne.ska jQ f.dvj,a úlsKSu iòyd u¨j,g

wiqrd we;' tla tla u,af,ys wvx.= f.ä .Kk my; oelafõ'
5 3 4 6 2 3 4 5 3 4 6 5 3 4
4 2 4 3 5 3 3 4 2 5 3 2 4 3
i. fuu o;a;j, mrdih fldmuKo@

ii. fuu o;a; weiqfrka wiuQys; ixLHd; jHdma;shla f.dvk.kak'
iii. o;a;j, ud;h fidhkak'
iv. o;a;j, uOHia:h fidhkak'
v. u,a,l we;s uOHkH f.ä .Kk ^wdikak mQ¾K ixLHdjg& .Kkh lrkak'
3. jHdmdr ia:dkhl Èkm;d jeh jQ úÿ,s tall .Kk ms<snò f;dr;=re my;
wiuQys; ixLHd; jHdma;sfhka oelafõ'

Èkl§ jeh jQ úÿ,s 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
tall .Kk
Èk .Kk 3 5 8 6 4 3 1
i. by; ixLHd; jHdma;sfha mrdih fldmuK o@

ii. o;a;j, ud;h fidhkak'
iii. o;a;j, uOHia:h fidhkak'
iv. f;dr;=re ,nd .;a Èkhkays Èkl § jeh jQ uOHkH úÿ,s tall .Kk
fidhkak'
99
4. .%dóh frday,l ndysr m%;sldr wxYfhka Èkm;d m%;sldr ,nd .;a frda.Ska ixLHdj
ms<snò /ia lr .;a f;dr;=re weiqfrka ilia l< wiuQys; ixLHd; jHdma;shla
my; oelafõ'
Èkl § m%;sldr ,nd .;a

frda.Ska ixLHdj
29 30 31 32 33 34 35
Èk .Kk 2 4 6 8 12 6 2
i. fuu o;a;j, w.h mrdih fidhkak'

ii. fuu o;a;j,
a. ud;h
b. uOHia:h
c. uOHkHh fidhkak'
28.2 iuQys; ixLHd; jHdma;s
100
my; oelafjkafka tjeks iuQys; ixLHd; jHdma;shls'

mka;s ixLHd;h
m%dka;rh
10 - 19 3
20 - 29 6
30 - 39 5
40 - 49 2
fuys mka;s m%dka;r y;rla we;'
10 - 19 hk mka;s m%dka;rhg § we;s o;a; iuQyfha 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17,
18, 19 hk w.hhka .kakd o;a; wh;a h'
10 - 19 mka;s m%dka;rhg w.hhka 10l o;a; we;=<;a l< yels neúka fuu mka;s
m%dka;rfha ;ru 10 f,i ie,fla' b;sß mka;s m%dka;r o ta wdldrh u fõ'
10 - 19 mka;s m%dka;rfha ixLHd;h 3 hkafkka woyia jkafka o;a; iuQyfha 10,

11, 12, 13, ... , 19 hk w.hhka w;=ßka w.hka 3la muKla 10 - 19 mka;sfha wvx.=
jk njhs'
oeka wms iuQys; ixLHd; jHdma;shla ilik wdldrh ms<snòj wmf.a wjOdkh
fhduq lruq'
o;a;" mka;s m%dka;r hgf;a j.=.; lsÍfï §" m<uqj mka;s m%dka;rhl ;ru fyda
mka;s m%dka;r ixLHdj ;SrKh l< hq;= fõ'
o;a; ldKav l< hq;= mka;s m%dka;rj, ;ru ;SrKh lr we;s úg my; mshjr
wkq.ukh lr mka;s m%dka;r ixLHdj ,nd .; yels h'
• o;a;j, w.h mrdih fidhkak'

• o;a;j, w.h mrdih mka;s m%dka;rhl ;rñka fnokak'
• túg ,efnk w.fha wdikak jeä fyda iudk mQ¾K ixLHdj mka;s m%dka;r
.Kk fõ'
101
62
10
102
igyk( fuys § m<uq mka;s m%dka;rh 20ka wdrïN l< o wjYH kï 21ka jqj o
wdrïN l< yels h' túg mka;s m%dka;r 21 - 30, 31 - 40, 41 - 50 wdÈ f,i
,efí'
oeka tla tla mka;s m%dka;rhg wh;a o;a; .Kk m%.Kk ,l=Kq weiqfrka j.=.;
lruq'
mka;s m%dka;rh m%.Kk ,l=Kq ixLHd;h

20 - 29 /// 3
30 - 39 //// /// 8
40 - 49 //// //// 9
50 - 59 /// 3
60 - 69 // 2
70 - 79 // 2
80 - 89 /// 3
igyk( m%.Kk ,l=Kq ;Srh ixLHd; jHdma;sfha oelaùu wkjYH h'
o;a; ldKav l< hq;= mka;s m%dka;r ixLHdj ;SrKh lr we;s úg my; mshjr
wkq.ukh lr mka;s m%dka;rhl ;ru ,nd .; yels h'
• o;a;j, jeä u w.hfhka o;a;j, wvqu w.h wvqlr o;a;j, w.h mrdih
fidhd.kak'
• w.h mrdih wjYH mka;s ixLHdfjka ^mka;s m%dka;r ixLHdj 10 jvd wvqùu
iqÿiq h& fnokak'
• túg ,efnk w.fha wdikak jeä fyda iudk mQ¾K ixLHdj mka;s m%dka;rfha
;ru f,i .kak
fuu o;a; u fhdod f.k mka;s m%dka;r 5la iys; iuQys; ixLHd; jHdma;shla
f.dvk.k whqre úuid n,uq' uq,ska u mka;s m%dka;rhl ;ru fidhd .ksuq'
o;a;hkaf.a mrdih = 83 – 21
= 62
103
mka;s m%dka;r .Kk 5 f,i .ekSug wjYH neúka"
62
mka;s m%dka;rhl ;ru = 5
= 12.4
13 (wdikak jeä mQ¾K ixLHdjg)
ta wkqj mka;s m%dka;rhl ;ru 13 jQ mka;s m%dka;r 5la iys; iuQys; ixLHd;
jHdma;shla ,efí'
mka;s m%dka;rh ixLHd;h

20 - 32 4
33 - 45 14
46 - 58 5
59 - 71 3
72 - 84 4
fuf,i wmf.a wjYH;dj wkqj § we;s o;a; weiqfrka iuQys; ixLHd;

jHdma;shla ilia l< yels h'
fuys uq,a iuQys; ixLHd; jHdma;sh kej; i,lkak' tys uq,a mka;s m%dka;rh
20 - 29 o B<`. mka;s m%dka;rh 30 - 39 f,i o f.k we;' 29 yd 30 w;r fukau
39 yd 40 w;r ,l=Kq ;sìh fkdyels neúka tf,i mka;s m%dka;r f;dard .; yels
úh' tu ,laIKh fojk ixLHd; jHdma;sfha o we;s nj ksÍlaIKh lrkak'
tfy;a È." ld,h jeks o;a; mka;s m%dka;rj, fh§fï § uq,a mka;s m%dka;rh wjika
jk w.fhka u fojk mka;s m%dka;rh mgka .ekSug;a fojk mka;s m%dka;rh
wjika jk w.fhka u ;=kajk mka;s m%dka;rh mgka .ekSug;a wdÈ f,i fhdod
.; hq;= h'
tjeks ksoiqkla oeka i,ld n,uq'
mka;shl <uhska 20 fokl=f.a ialkaO wdikak mQ¾K ixLHdjg my; oelafõ

^fuys" § we;s ialkaO lsf,da.a?uhg jghd we;&'
31 31 31 32 32
32 32 33 33 34
34 34 35 36 36
38 39 39 40 41
104
igyk( iuQys; ixLHd; jHdma;s ieliSfï § o;a;j, iajNdjh i,ld mka;s
m%dka;r ilia l< hq;= nj u;lfha ;nd .kak'
105
28'2 wNHdih
1. 2017 ckjdß udifha § kssjdi fhdackd l%uhl tla tla ksfjila úiska jeh l<
úÿ,s tall m%udK ms<snòj ukq lshjkakl= úiska /ia lrk ,o o;a; iuQyhla
my; oelafõ'
63 68 75 54 56 58 85
90 73 63 76 62 69 78
50 74 64 58 88 85 72
71 53 82 68 73 67 75
74 67 69 62 66 74 70
84 72 69 59 67 78 72
by; olajd we;s o;a; weiqfrka iuQys; ixLHd; jHdma;shla f.dvk.kak'
2. mdi,l 9 fYa%Ksfha <uhs msßila .Ks;h m%Yak m;%hlg ,nd .;a ,l=Kq iuQyhla
my; oelafõ'
34 27 45 12 63 35 54 29
42 68 73 54 26 11 63 54
33 69 62 38 53 48 63 61
60 44 67 61 79 65 47
i. m%Yak m;%h iòyd YsIHhl= ,nd .;a

(a) jeä u ,l=K;a
(b) wvq u ,l=K;a
fidhkak'
ii. o;a;j, mrdih fidhkak'

iii. by; o;a; mka;s m%dka;r 7la hgf;a j.=.; fldg" iuQys; ixLHd; jHdma;shla
f.dvk.kak'
3. m%d:ñl mdi,l 4 fYa%Ksfha mka;shl <uhs Wi uekSfuka ,nd .;a o;a;

iuQyhla my; oelafõ ^Wi fikaáóg¾j,ska&' iqÿiq iuQys; ixLHd; jHdma;shla
f.dvk.kak'
124 124 138 125 122 129 122 128 131 127 125 120 125
120 121 125 120 132 127 124 126 130 125 131 122 130
129 128 125 122 133 138 125 123 126 125 135 126 132
106
28.3 iuQys; ixLHd; jHdma;shl ud; mka;sh yd uOHia: mka;sh
fiùu
ksoiqk 1
mka;s m%dka;rh ixLHd;h ixLHd;j, tl;=j

10 - 20 3 3
21 - 30 4 7
31 - 40 6 13
41 - 50 7 20
51 - 60 11 31
61 - 70 4 35
35 + 1
2
...
107
ksoiqk 2
mka;s m%dka;rh ixLHd;h ixLHd;j, tl;=j

20 - 27 3 3
27 - 34 5 8
34 - 41 11 19
41 - 58 6 25
48 - 55 3 28
28 28
2 2
28'3 wNHdih
1. f,d;/hs m;a wf,úlrejl= 2016 ud¾;= udifha Èkm;d wf,ú l< f,d;/hs m;a
ixLHd ms<snò igykla my; oelafõ'
380 390 379 402 370 385 397 386 377 405
400 381 390 375 392 384 391 385 387 395
390 393 373 386 378 395 379 396 395 391
373
i. Èkl § jeäfhka u wf,ú jQ f,d;/hs m;a .Kk fldmuK o@
ii. Èkl § wvqfjka u wf,ú jQ álÜ m;a .Kk fldmuK o@
iii. o;a;j, w.h mrdih fidhkak'
iv. ;ru 6 jQ mka;s m%dka;r fhdod .ksñka o;a; j.=.; lr iuQys; ixLHd;
jHdma;shla f.dvk.kak'
108
v. j.=j weiqfrka
a. ud; mka;sh fidhkak'
b. uOHia:h mka;sh l=ula o@
2. 2016 m<uq jdrfha Èk 30la ;=< mdi,a mqia;ld,hlska neyer f.k hEu iòyd
ksl=;a l< fmd;a ixLHd ms<snòj o;a; iuQyhla my; oelafõ'
27 20 33 37 40 25 15 29 33 32
29 32 25 36 16 35 37 28 34 27
41 36 40 28 27 23 32 33 24 38
i. o;a;j, mrdih fldmuK o@
ii. fuu o;a; weiqfrka 15 - 19, 20 - 24, ... f,i ;ru 5la jQ mka;s m%dka;r
fhdod .ksñka iuQys; ixLHd; jHdma;shla f.dvk.kak'
iii. j.=j weiqfrka Èklg fmd;a 30la fyda Bg jvd ksl=;a l< Èk .Kk fidhkak'
iv. fmd;a 25;a 29;a w;r ixLHdjla ksl=;a l< Èk .Kk fldmuK o@
v. ud; mka;sh l=ula o@
vi. ffokslj neyer f.khEu iòyd ksl=;a l< fmd;a ixLHdfõ uOHia:h
wvx.= mka;s m%dka;rh l=ula o@
ñY% wNHdih
1. fmd,a j;a;l f.ä lvk jdrhl § tla tla .ilska lvk ,o f.ä .Kk
weiqfrka my; iòyka wiuQys; ixLHd; jHdma;sh ilia fldg we;'

f.ä .Kk ixLHd;h
8 3
10 5
12 8
13 7
14 5
15 2
i. o;a;j, ud;h fidhkak'

ii. o;a;j, uOHia:h fidhkak'
iii. .ilska lvk ,o uOHkH fmd,af.ä .Kk fidhkak'
109
2. ;=kS ,E,s ilia lsÍu iòyd ñ, § .;a rn¾ lòka f;d.hl jg m%udKh
^fikaáóg¾j,ska& uek ,nd .;a o;a; iuQyhla my; oelafõ'
95 112 118 86 103 102 94 98 80 97

87 105 85 103 95 106 98 94 110 102
103 105 90 110 96 100 89 104 98 114
106 98 98 112 86 105 97 107 96 92
115
i. by; o;a; weiqfrka mka;s m%dka;r 8la iys; iuQys; ixLHd; jHdma;shla
f.dvk.kak'
ii. ud; mka;sh fidhkak'
iii. uOHia: mka;sh fidhkak'
110
;=kajk jdr mÍlaIKh
I fldgi
1. x − 3 < − 1ys ish¨ úi`ÿï ixLHd f¾Ldjla u; ksrEmKh lrkak'
2. –4 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3
ixLHd f¾Ldfõ ksrEms; wiudk;d l=ulao@
ε
3.
wjq: 13g wvq msßñ <uqka (M)
<uqka (S)
tla;rd mdi,l 9 jk fYa%Ksfha isiqkaf.a f;dr;=re we;=<;a lsÍu iòyd weò

we;s fjka rEmigyfka wjqreÿ 13g wvq .eyeKq <uqka ksrEmKh jk m%foaYh
w`ÿre lr olajkak'
ε
4. c fjka rEmh weiqfrka B ys wjhj ,shd olajkak'

9 A
d
6 B
e g
f
D L C
10 cm
5. 18 cm ABCD iudka;rdi%fha BC = 20 cm,
BL = 10 cm yd DM = 18 cm fõ'
m
M
ABCD iudka;rdi%fha mßñ;sh
20 c
fidhkak'
A B
6. 1 isg 20 f;la wxl ,shk ,o ldâm;a iuQyhla w;=ßka wyUq f,i bj;g
.ekSfï § ,efnk ldâmf;a iòyka wxlh ;s%fldaK ixLHdjla ùfï iïNdú;dj
fidhkak'
7. —numbers˜ hk jpkfha wl=re l=,lh A f,i kï lr tu wl=re l=,lfhka

wyUq f,i wl=rla f;dard.ekSfï § —m˜ wlaIrh ,eîfï iïNdú;dj fidhkak'
111
x 110
o
8. rEmfha oelafjk f;dr;=re wkqj xys w.h fidhkak'

x
o
50
9. iúê nyqwi%hl wNHka;r fldaKhl w.h ndysr fldaKhg jvd 150o lska
jeäfõ' tu nyq wi%fha mdo .Kk fidhkak'
10. iq¿ lrkak' x + 1 − 3x − 2

2 6
11. iq¿ lrkak' a + 1 − 4 − 2a
a−3 a−3
N
12.
B
A 140o
rEmfha § we;s o;a; weiqfrka

(i) A isg B ys È.xYh
(ii) B isg A ys È.xYh
fidhkak'
13. A yd B kï k.r fol w;r ir, f¾Çh ÿr 8 km kï 1 : 50 000 mßudKhg

wkqj w`Èkq ,enQ mßudK rEmhl tu ÿr ksrEmKhg wjYH f¾Ld LKavfha È.
fldmuKo@
14. 12, 8, x, 5, 10 o;a; iuQyfha uOHkHh 10 kï uOHia:h fidhkak'
112
mqkÍlaIK wNHdih - ;=kajk jdrh
II fldgi
1. (A) § we;s fjka rEm igyfka oelafjk l=,l" yd hk ixfla; iqÿiq mßÈ
∩
Ndú; lr my; ysia;eka iïmQ¾K lrkak'
ε
5
i. 4 Q ii. 7 Q 2
Q
iii. P ε iv. P Q 1 4
8 P
v. P∩Q P 7
6
9 3
(B) i. n(P') ,shd olajkak'
ii. Q' g ,súh yels Wm l=,l .Kk fldmuK o@ bka y;rla ,shd olajkak'
(C) ε = {1 isg 20 f;la .Ks; ixLHd}
A = {1 isg 20 f;la 3 ys .=Kdldr ixLHd}
B = {1 isg 20 f;la 2 ys .=Kdldr ixLHd}
i. by; l=,l ;=fkys wjhj ,shd olajkak'
ii. iqÿiq mßÈ by; l=,l fjka rEm igykla weiqfrka ksrEmKh lrkak'
iii. by; (ii) weiqfrka my; l=,lj, wjhjhka ,shd olajkak'
a. A b. B c. A∩B d. A B e. A' f. B'

∩

2. mdi,l msysá wdmk Yd,djl Èk 50l § wf,ú jQ lsß melÜ .Kk my;
oelafõ'
31 34 38 40 44 43 45 47 45 50
53 52 58 55 54 53 61 63 65 66
66 68 64 63 66 67 62 63 66 70
71 73 74 75 76 72 73 72 74 81
82 82 82 83 83 84 8 85 92 96
i. o;a;j, w.h mrdih ,shd olajkak'

ii. mka;s iSud 30 - 40, 40 - 50, 50 - 60 jk mßÈ f.k by; o;a; ish,a,
weiqfrka iduQys; ixLHd; jHdma;shla f.dvk.kak'
iii. ixLHd; jHdma;sh weiqfrka ud; mka;sh yd uOHia: mka;sh fidhkak'
113
3. (a) my; oelafjk rEmj, j¾.M, .Kkh lrkak'

(i) (ii) G > F
<<
10 cm 3.5 cm E D 10 cm
<<
<<
6 cm
<<
A 7 cm B > C
10 cm
15 cm
4. ^1& iúê nyq-wi%hl wNHka;r fldaKhl w.h ndysr fldaKhl w.hg jvd
100ola jeä fõ kï"
i. ndysr fldaKhl w.h fidhkak'
ii. mdo .Kk fidhkak'
^2& iúê nyq-wi%hl wNHka;r yd ndysr fldaKh w;r wkqmd;h 3 : 1 kï
wNHka;r fldaK ish,af,a ftlHh fidhkak'
^3& nyq-wi%hl wNHka;r fldaKj, ftlHh tys ndysr fldaK ftlHh fuka
mia.=Khla fõ kï tys mdo .Kk fidhkak'
^4& tla;rd nyq-wi%hl wNHka;r fldaK y;rl w.hka ms<sfj<ska 160o" 140o"
130o" 110o jk w;r tys b;sß ndysr fldaK ish,a, wxYl 30o ne.ska fõ kï
tu nyq-wi%fha mdo .Kk fidhkak'
^5& my; rEmfha oelafjk wdldrhg tla;rd ks¾udKhl § iup;=ri%hla" iúê

Iv%dY%hla yd iúê mxpdi%hla tlska tl iïnkaO lr we;' x, y, m, n u.ska
ksrEmKh jk fldaKj, w.h fidhkak'
n n
m
x
y
y
D
^6& ABCD iúê mxpdi%hls'
E x x C i. tla YS¾I fldaKhl w.h fidhkak'
ii. x ys w.h fidhkak'
iii. EC yd AB f¾Ld iudka;r jk nj fmkajkak'
A B iv. t ys w.h fidhkak'
114
5. A i. x – 1 < – 3 ; wiudk;dj úiòd ksÅ,uh úi`ÿï l=,lh ixLHd f¾Ldjl
olajkak'
ii. 2x > – 2 ; wiudk;dj úiòd ish¨ úi`ÿï ixLHd f¾Ldjl olajkak'
3
B 10 lla oeñh yels Ndckhl 3 ll c, m%udKhla we;' thg ;j x l c, m%udKhla

oeuQ úg Ndckfha c, m%udKh 3 + x < 10 wiudk;dj u.ska ksrEmKh l<
yels wiudk;dj úi`§fuka Ndckhg oeuQ c, m%udKh fidhkak'
C iq¿ lrkak'
i. m + 1 – 1 + 2m + 3m + 2
3 2 4

ii. a + 5 – 2 – a + a a+ 3
a+3 3+a

6. A. ;sria ìul msysá A, B, C kï ,laIH 3ys o< msysgqu oelafjk igykla fuys
olajd we;'
N
C
N i. A isg B f.a È.xYh fidhkak'
75 m
70 x
ii. B isg A f.a È.xYh fidhkak'
N 50
x
A 85 m iii. C isg A f.a È.xYh fidhkak'
20x
40 m
B
B. W;=re - ol=Kq ÈYdjg fhduq jQ Rcq ud¾.hl msysá A ,laIHfha isg mdf¾ jïmi
jQ mdi,a N+ñhl msysá c, l=¿K Èia jkqfha 230ol È.xYhlsks' A isg ud¾.h
Tiafia 140 m ol=Kq ÈYdjg meñK B ,laIHfha isg c, l=¿K ksÍlaIKh l<
úg tys È.xYh 300la úh'
i. by; f;dr;=re we;=<;a o, igykla weò olajkak'

ii. iqÿiq mßudKhla f.k mßudK rEmhla ks¾udKh lr ta weiqfrka c,
l=¿fKa isg yd ,laIHhkag we;s ÿr .Kkh lrkak'
iii. mdf¾ isg c, l=¿Kg we;s wvqu ÿr fidhkak'
115
7. my; oelafjkqfha tla;rd nexl=jlg meñKs .KqfoKqlrejka ixLHdj yd
Èk .Kk ms<snò f;dr;=re h'
.KqfoKqlrejka .Kk 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72
Èk .Kk 2 5 8 10 12 8 6 4
i. by; jHdma;sfha mrdih fidhkak'

ii. by; o;a; iòyd ud;h" uOHia:h fidhkak'
iii. uOHkHh fiùu iòyd iqÿiq j.=jla ilia fldg o;a; we;=<;a lrkak'
116
w
wmrsñ; l=,l Kbtpy; njhilfs; Infinite sets
wNHka;r fldaKh mff;Nfhzk; Interior angle
wiudk;d rkdpyp Inequality
wyUq mÍlaIK vOkhw;Wg; gupNrhjid Random experiments
W
Wml=,l cgnjhilfs; Sub sets
l
l=vdu fmdÿ .=Kdldrh nghJ klqF; fSs ;rpwpJ Least commom multiple
l=,l wkqmQrlh epug;gpj; njhil Compliment of sets
l=,l fþokh njhil ,ilntl;L Intersection of sets
l=,l fï,h njhil xd;wpg;G Union of sets
p
p;=ri%h ehw;gf;fy; Quadrilateral
;
;sria ;,h fpilj;jsk; Horizontal Plane
;=,H l=,l rktYj; njhilfs; Equivalent sets
;=,H Nd. rktYg; gpd;dk; Equivalent fractions
;%mSishu ruptfk; Trapezium
;s%fldaKh Kf;Nfhzp Triangle
o
olaIsKdj¾; tyQ;Rop Clockwise
o;a; juT Data
È.xYh jpirNfhs; Bearing
ÿr J}uk; Distance
k
ksheÈ wjldYh khjpup ntsp Sample space
m
mxpdi%h Iq;Nfhzp Pentagon
117
mka;s m%dka;r tFg;ghapilfs; Class Intervals
mßñ; l=,l KbTs;s njhilfs; Finite sets
msysàu mikT Location
fmdÿ yrh nghJg; gFjp Common Denominator
n
ndysr fldaKh Gwf;Nfhzk; Exterior angle
j
úhqla; l=,l %l;lw;w njhilfs; Disjoint sets
úYd, fõ ngupJ Greater than
ùÔh Nd. ml;rufzpjg; gpd;dk; Algebraic fractions
jD;a;h tl;lk; Circle
u
ud,sudj jpirawpfUtp Compass
,
,jh njhFjp Numerator
I
Ivi%h mWNfhzp Hexagon
i
ixLHd; jHdma;sh kPbwd; guk;gy Frequency distribution
iul=,l rk njhilfs; Equal sets
iu fia NjH m%;sM, rkkha; epfoj;jf;f Equally likely outcomes
iudk fõ rkd; Equal
iudka;rdi%h ,izfuk; Parallelogram
ir, f¾Çh ixjD; Neu;Nfhl;Lj; Rectilinear closed plane
iúê nyqwi%h xOq;fhd gy;Nfhzp Regular polygons
isoaêh epfo;r;rp Event
y
yrh gFjp Denominator
118
mdvï wkql%uh
fm<fmdf;a mßÉfþoh .=reud¾f.damfoaYfha ld,Éfþo
mdvï wxlh .Kk
1 jdrh
1' ixLHd rgd 2.1 03
2' oaúuh ixLHd 1.3 03
3' Nd. 3.1 05
4' m%;sY; 5.1 06
5' ùÔh m%ldYk 14.1, 14.2 05
6' ùÔh m%ldYkj, idOl 15.1, 15.2 05
7' m%;HlaI 23.1 04
8' ir, f¾Ld" iudka;r f¾Ld wdY%s; fldaK 21.1, 21.2, 21.3 07
9' øj ñkqï 11.1 03
2 jdrh
10' wkqf,dau iudkqmd; 4.1 06
11v .Klh 6.2 02
12' o¾Yl 6.1 03
13' jgehSu yd úoHd;aul wxlkh 1.1, 1.2 05
14' m: yd ks¾udK 27.1, 27.2 09
15' iólrK 17.1, 17.2 06
16' ;%sfldaKhl fldaK 23.2, 23.3 09
17' iQ;% 19.1 02
18' jD;a;hl mßêh 7.1 05
19' ffm;.ria iïnkaOh 23.5 04
20' m%ia;dr 20.1 04
3 jdrh
21' wiudk;d 18.1 03
21' l=,l 30.1 07
23' j¾.M,h 8.1 05
24' iïNdú;dj 31.1 05
25' nyq-wi%j, fldaK 23.4 05
26' ùÔh Nd. 16.1 03
27' mßudK rEm 13.1, 13.2 08
28' o;a; ksrEmKh yd w¾:l:kh 28.1, 29.1 10 119
120

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9 Fya%Ksh: I Fldgi

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.

wOHdmk m%ldYk fomd¾;fïka;=j

ish¨ ysñlï weúßKs

wOHdmk m%ldYk fomd¾;fïka;=j úiska

tneúks wms fjuq fidhqre fidhqßfhda

ieug u fu;a lreKd .=fKkS

rEmigyka ks¾udKh mß.Kl wlaIr ixfhdackh

2015 j¾Ifha isg ls%hd;aul jk kj úIh ks¾foaYhg wkql+,j fuu fm<fmd;

fm<fmd; iïmdokh flfrkafka isiqka fjkqfjks' tneúka" Tng ;ksj

.Ks; úIhhg wod< ixl,am oelafjk mo" rdcH NdId fomd¾;fïka;=j

mka;sfha § .=rejrhd úiska b.ekaùug fmr" Tn fï mßÉfþo lshùfuka iy

.Ks; wOHdmkh mS%;su;a iy M,odhl jkakehs wms m%d¾:kd lruq'

ixLHd rgd ye`Èkaùu

miajk yd yhjk rgdj,g o tajdg u wdfõKsl ,laIK we;'

hk wkql%ufha;a tl u ixLHd we;;a" tajd tlsfklg fjkia wkql%u fõ'

hkq ixLHd rgdjls' tkï wkql%uhls' tu wkql%ufha uq,a mo my muKla ,shd

2, 4, 6, 8, 10, ... wkql%uh i`oyd fuu ksh;fha w.h 2 fõ

5, 8, 11, 14, 17, ... wkql%uh i`oyd fuu ksh;fha w.h 3 fõ

fmdÿ wka;rh = m<uq moh yer ´kE u mohla − Bg fmr moh

my; oelafjkafka tu .=Kh iys; ;j;a wkql%uhls'

fmdÿ wka;rh = 12 − 17 = 7 − 12 = 2 − 7 = −3 − 2 = −5.

m<uqjk moh T1 u.skq;a

wdÈ jYfhka olajuq'

5, 11, 17, 23, ...

wdÈ f,i ,shd oelaúh yels h'

.Ks;fha § fndfyda úg isÿ lrk wdldrfhka" hï wkql%uhl n jk moh ie,lSu

idOdrK moh § we;s úg ixLHd wkql%uh f.dvke.Su

i. idOdrK moh jk Tn = 2n + 3 neúka

ii. n = 20 hkak 2n + 3 ys wdfoaYfhka 20 jk moh ,efí'

úisjk moh" T20 = (2 × 20) + 3 = 40 + 3

iv. n + 1 jk moh ,nd .ekSug n fjkqjg (n + 1) wdfoaY lruq'

i. idOdrK moh" Tn= 56 – 4n neúka

n = 1 jQ úg m<uqjk moh" T1 = 56 – (4 × 1) = 56 – 4 = 52,

iii. 0 ixLHd rgdfõ mohla kï" lsishï n i`oyd

iv. 18 rgdfõ mohla kï" lsishï n i`oyd 56 – 4n = 18 úh hq;=hs'

1. j.=j iïmQ¾K lrkak'

ixLHd m<uqjk moh fojk moh ;=kajk moh ixLHd

2. ixLHd rgdjl" idOdrK moh 4n – 3 fõ' tu rgdfõ

i. uq,a mo ;=k ,shkak'

3. n jk moh 7n + 1 jQ ixLHd rgdfõ

4. idOdrK moh Tn = 50 − 7n jQ ixLHd rgdfõ

fmdÿ wka;rh jk 6 yd n weiqfrka Tn

by; j.=fõ ;=kajk ;Srfha oelafjk 6 × 1 − 1, 6 × 2 − 1, 6 × 3 − 1 wdÈ m%ldYk

5, 11, 17, 23, 29, ...

fï wkqj" 80 jk moh 479 fõ'

tuksid" wkql%ufha 24 jk moh 143 fõ'

;j;a ksoiqkla i,ld n,uq'

10, 7, 4, 1, ... hk wkql%ufha fmdÿ wka;rh = 7 − 10 = − 3 fõ'

rgdj wkqhd; mo folla rgdj f.dvke.Sug

mo wkqms<sfj< moh rgdj f.dvke.S we;s

1.3 ixLHd rgd we;=<;a .eg¨ úi`§u

ixLHd rgdfõ uq,a mo ;=k 500, 600, 700.

iii. 20 jk Èkfha ÿjk ÿr" 20 jk mofhka oelafjk nj meyeÈ,s h'

∴ 20 jk Èkfha ÿjk ÿr 2.4 km

by; rgdj weiqfrka my; j.=j iïmQ¾K lrkak'

2. ld¾ñlfhla hlv lïì mdiaid idok f.aÜgqjla i`oyd ógr 5la È.

4. kdgH ikao¾Ykhla i`oyd t<suyka msÜgkshl wdik ms<sfh, lr ;snqfKa

i. uq,a u fma<s mfya uq¿ wdik .Kk lSh o@

2. my; oelafjk tla tla ixLHd rgdj, idOdrK moh fidhkak'

i. – 3, 1, 5, 9, ... ii. 0, 4, 8, 12, ...

i. fojeks wjqreoao wdrïNfha Tyqf.a udisl jegqm lSh o@

² fmdÿ wka;rh = m<uq moh yer ´kEu mohla − Bg fmr moh

fuu 3 725 hk ixLHdj 10 n, weiqfrka fufia o ,súh yels nj fyd¢ka ksÍlaIKh