4.

5 (part 1)
Integration by
Substitution
M.L.King Jr. Birthplace, Atlanta, GA
Greg Kelly
Hanford High School
Richland, Washington Photo by Vickie Kelly, 2002
Objectives
Use pattern recognition to evaluate an
indefinite integral.
Use a change of variables to evaluate an
indefinite integral.
Use the General Power Rule for Integration
to evaluate an indefinite integral.

Do you remember the Chain Rule?




If , then

| |
( ( )) '( ( )) '( )
d
f g x f g x g x
dx
=
| |
( ( )) ( ( )) '( )
d
F g x f g x g x
dx
=
( ( )) '( ) ( ( )) . f g x g x dx F g x C = +
}
Backwards Chain Rule!

Sometimes this backwards chain rule can be

accomplished using u-substitution.


A good rule of thumb is to let
u = something thats raised to a power
or the inside function.

Example:
( )
5
2 x dx +
}
Let 2 u x = +
du dx =
5
u du
}
6
1
6
u C +
( )
6
2
6
x
C
+
+
The variable of integration
must match the variable in
the expression.
Dont forget to substitute the value
for u back into the problem!

Example:
2
1 2 x x dx +
}
One of the clues that we look for is
if we can find a function and its
derivative in the integrand.
The derivative of is .
2
1 x +
2 x dx
1
2
u du
}
3
2
2
3
u C +
( )
3
2
2
2
1
3
x C + +
2
Let 1 u x = +
2 du x dx =
Note that this only worked because
of the 2x in the original.
Many integrals can not be done by
substitution.

Example:
2 4
2 (x 1) x dx +
}
The derivative of is .
2
1 x +
2 x dx
4
u du
}
5
1
5
u C +
( )
5
2
1
1
5
x C + +
2
Let 1 u x = +
2 du x dx =

Example:
4 1 x dx
}
Let 4 1 u x =
4 du dx =
1
4
du dx =
Solve for dx.
1
2
1

4
u du
}
3
2
2 1
3 4
u C +
3
2
1
6
u C +
( )
3
2
1
4 1
6
x C +

Example:
2 6
( 3) x x dx +
}
2
Let 3 u x = +
2 du x dx =
1
2
du dx
x
=
Solve for dx.
6
1

2
xu du
x

}
6
1
2
u du
}
7
1 1
2 7
u C
| |
+
|
\ .
( )
7
7 2
1 1
3
14 14
u C x C + = + +

Example:
2 1 x x dx
}
Let 2 1 u x =
2 du dx =
1
2
du dx =
1
2
1

2
x u du
}
1
2
1 1
( 1)
2 2
u u du +
}
3 1
2 2
1
4
u u du
| |
+
|
\ .
}
( ) ( )
5 3
2 2
1 1
2 1 2 1
10 6
x x C + +

2 1 x u = +
1
2
u
x
+
=
5 3
2 2
1 2 2
4 5 3
u u C
| |
= + +
|
\ .
Example:
( )
cos 7 5 x dx +
}
7 du dx =
1
7
du dx =
1
cos
7
u du
}
1
sin
7
u C +
( )
1
sin 7 5
7
x C + +
Let 7 5 u x = +

Example:
( )
5cos 5 x dx
}
5 du dx =
1
5
du dx =
1
5cos
5
u du
}
cosudu
}
sinu C +
Let 5 u x =

sin(5 ) x C +
Example:
( )
2 3
sin x x dx
}
3
Let u x =
2
3 du x dx =
2
1

3
du x dx =
We solve for
because we can find it
in the integrand.
2
x dx
1
sin
3
u du
}
1
cos
3
u C +
3
1
cos
3
x C +

Example:
4
sin cos x x dx
}
Let sin u x =
cos du x dx =
( )
4
sin cos x x dx
}
4
u du
}
5
1
5
u C +
5
1
sin
5
x C +

If you had to solve one of these, which would you choose?

3 2 3
1 or 1 x dx x x dx + +
} }
2
tan(3 )sec (3 ) or tan(3 ) x x dx x dx
} }

Homework
4.5 (page 306)
# 1 45 odd
(43 & 45 ignore directions)