Chng VI PHN NG CA T

1. Khi nim v dung dch t v phn ng ca t 1.1. Cc khi nim chung Nc ma trc khi nhp vo t cha mt lng nh cc cht ho tan v cc kh nh O2, CO2, N2, NH3. Nh vy nc ma khng tinh khit, thc ra n l mt dung dch. Khi thm vo t, nc ma tip tc ho tan thm mt s cht na trong th rn ca t v to thnh dung dch t. Dung dch t c vai tr quan trng trong qu trnh hnh thnh t v ph nhiu ca t. Dung dch t l b phn linh hot nht. N tham gia trc tip vo qu trnh hnh thnh t, vo cc phn ng l, ho, sinh hc, vo s trao i cht dinh dng ca cy. V th dung dch t s quyt nh cc phn ng xy ra trong t nh: phn ng chua, phn ng kim, phn ng m, phn ng xy ho kh ca t. Phn ng ca t cn gi l phn ng ca dung dch t. Phn ng ca dung dch t chnh l cc qu trnh ho hc hay l - ho hc din ra trong t. Trong th nhng hc phn ng ca t gm c: phn ng chua, phn ng kim, phn ng m v phn ng oxy ho kh. Cc phn ng ny nh hng rt ln n thnh phn, tnh cht v ph nhiu ca t. Nghin cu v dung dch t v phn ng ca n lun l ni dung khng th thiu ca th nhng hc. 1.2. ngha ca dung dch t: - Cc cht ho tan trong dung dch t chnh l ngun cung cp dinh dng d tiu cho cy. - Nng ca dung dch t nh hng n kh nng ht nc ca cy. Nu t b mn hay do bn nhiu phn ho hc th p sut thm thu ca dung dch t tng ln, cn tr s ht nc ca cy d trong t cn mt lng nc tng i cao. y cn gi l hin tng ho sinh l. - Phn ng ca dung dch t nh hng n s hot ng ca h vi sinh vt t, n tnh cht l - ho hc ca t v thc n nui cy. V d nh s ho tan ca ln ph thuc vo pH. - Trong dung dch t c mt s mui v cc cht ho tan khc. Anion v cation trong dung dch t lm cho t c tnh m, c th gi cho pH ca t t thay i - Dung dch t c cha mt s cht ho tan c th lm tng cng qu trnh phong ho hnh thnh t. Th d: NH3, NO2, CO2 t kh quyn khi tan trong nc lm s ph hu vi theo con ng ho tan c tng cng. ho tan ca vi trong nc bo ho CO2 ln hn trong nc tinh khit 70 ln. Qu trnh ph hu vi vi s tham gia ca CO2 ho tan trong nc xy ra theo phng trnh sau: CaCO3 + CO2 + H2O Ca(HCO3)2 1.3. Thnh phn v nng ca dung dch t Thnh phn v nng ca dung dch t rt phc tp v lun thay i. Nng ca dung dch t khng ln v thng khng vt qu vi gam cc cht trong 1 lt dung dch. Ring trng hp t mn v t phn hm lng cc cht ho tan trong dung dch t c th t ti hng chc thm ch hng trm gam trong 1 lt.

V thnh phn, dung dch t cha cc cht v c, hu c, hu c - v c. Nhng cht ny tn ti trong dung dch t dng phn t ho tan hay dng keo ( trng thi sol). + Cc cht v c trong dung dch c: - Cc cation: Ca2+, Mg2+, NH4+, Na+, K+, H+. Trong t chua cn c c Al3+ v Fe3+. Trong t ly c Fe2+ - Cc anion: HCO3-, CO32-, NO3-, NO2-, SO42-, Cl-, H2PO4-, HPO42-..., + Nhng cht hu c: cc sn phm ca qu trnh phn gii cht hu c, cc sn phm ca hot ng sng ca sinh vt (axit hu c, axit amin, ng, ru, men, cht cht...) v c cc cht mn. + Nhng cht hu c - v c trong dung dch ch yu gm nhng hp cht phc tp ca cc cht hu c c tnh axit (cc axit mn, poliphenol, axit hu c phn t thp) vi cation ca st v nhm. + Cc cht kh ho tan nh CO2, O2, N2, NH3 v.v. + Trong dung dch ngoi cc cht ho tan cn c cc cht khng ho tan thng l nhng phn t keo hu c, hu c - v c, keo st, keo silic, hirxit st v nhm. Theo K.K. Gedroi hm lng keo trong dung dch t chim t 1/4 n 1/10 hoc t hn tng lng keo ca t Thnh phn v s lng cc cht ho tan trong dung dch t khng c nh nhng cng c th dng phn bit loi t ny vi loi t khc mc nht nh. Thnh phn v s lng cc cht ho tan trong dung dch t lun c b sung t cc ngun sau: - Do ta bn phn hu c v v c vo t - Do nc ma hoc nc ngm mang ti - Do qu trnh trao i ion gia keo t v dung dch t - Do cc sn phm ca qu trnh phong ho v qu trnh phn gii cc cht hu c. Thnh phn v nng dung dch t ph thuc vo thi tit, kh hu, hm lng nc trong t, s hot ng ca sinh vt, phn ng ca t, thnh phn m, nc ngm v ch canh tc. 1.4. Cc phng php nghin cu dung dch t Mun nghin cu dung dch t ngi ta dng cc phng php khc nhau chit rt n ra khi t nh: + Phng php ph bin l dng nc ct tc dng ln t theo t l t: nc bng 1:5 ri lc. Dung dch ny b ho long ra nhiu v thnh phn thay i v lng nc ln c th ho tan cc cht trc khng ho tan. Tuy nhin vi phng php ny ta cng hiu c c bn v tnh cht ca dung dch t. + Dng axit long tc dng vi t. V d khi nh lng K+, NH4+ v P2O5 d tiu ta dng HCl 0.2N vi t l t dung dch l 1:5. Vi phng php ny thnh phn v nng cc cht ho tan trong dung dch t khc nhiu so vi thc t nhng vn c th nh gi mt phn hm lng cc cht dinh dng trong t. + Nghin cu dung dch bng phng php "thu thm k" (Lizimet): Phng php ny cho php chng ta nghin cu dung dch t cc su khc nhau. C hai cch thu hi dung dch t: - cc su nht nh trong t ta t cc phu hng nc t trn chy xung v dn n bnh cha. Phng php ny c nhc im l nc ch chy n phu khi trong t c nc tha (nc trng lc), c ngha l thnh phn v nng dung dch

t thay i nhng d sao dch ny thm qua t nn cho ta khi nim v dung dch t vng chc hn cc phng php trn. - cc su nht nh trong t ngui ta t cc bnh kn bng s xp. Vi bm chn khng ngi ta a p sut trong bnh v xp x 0 atm. S chnh lch p sut gia trong v ngoi bnh lm dung dch t b ht vo bnh. Vi phng php ny dung dch m ta thu c ng vi dung dch thc ca t (trong iu kin l m t gn vi tr m ng rung). + Phng php dng p lc y dung dch t ra: Nm 1903 Brich (M) dng my ly tm quay 8000 vng/pht nhng ch tch c dung dch t khi t c m cao. Nm 1916 Raman, Bam (c) v Vanzi (H lan) tch dung dch t bng cch p t. Nm 1941, Rixa (M) cho t vo mng Xelophan v dng p lc 16 atmotphe y dung dch t qua mng. Nm 1947 Kriukp (Nga) nghin cu dung dch t bng cch dng sc p 1000-2000 kg/cm2. Hin nay ngi ta dng my o trc tip nghin cu dung dch t. V d: o nng H+ bng pH meter; o tng s mui tan bng xut dn in; o in th oxy ho kh bng Eh meter... 2. Phn ng chua ca t t c phn ng chua khi trong t c cha nhiu cation H+ v Al 3+, mc chua ph thuc vo nng ca cc cation H+ v Al 3+. Nng cc cation nay trong t cng cao th t cng chua. 2.1. Nguyn nhn gy chua cho t Khi nghin cu cc nguyn nhn lm cho t tr nn chua ngi ta thy c rt nhiu yu t chi phi. Sau y ta s xem xt nhng nguyn nhn ch yu tc ng vo qu trnh ho chua ca t. a. Yu t kh hu: Cc c trng ca kh hu nh nhit , m , c bit l lng ma nh hng rt ln n qu trnh phong ho , s chuyn ho v di chuyn vt cht, ng thi cn nh hng n thc b v hot ng ca sinh vt trong t. Tt c cc qu trnh ny u c quan h cht ch vi s hnh thnh v bin i chua ca t. Ni chung nhit cng cao v lng ma cng ln th cng c li cho tc dng ph hu v ra tri vt cht. Trong iu kin lng ma ln hn lng bc hi, mt phn nc ma s di chuyn t trn mt t xung di su do tc dng ca trng lc. S di chuyn ny ko theo mt lot cc cht d tan c trong t, c bit l cc ion kim loi kim v kim th nh Na+, K+, Mg2+, Ca2+ lm cho t ho chua. Do nguyn nhn ny m phn ln t vng i ni Vit Nam cng nh cc nc khc thuc vng nhit i nng m u b chua cc mc khc nhau. b. Yu t sinh vt Trong qu trnh hot ng, vi sinh vt, r cy cng nh cc loi sinh vt khc trong t khng ngng gii phng ra CO2, kh ny ho tan trong nc to thnh axit H2CO3. Tuy phn ly ca axit ny khng cao nhng n l cng l mt trong nhng ngun sinh H+ ch yu trong t. Trong qu trnh vi sinh vt phn gii cht hu c (c bit trong iu kin ym kh) s sinh ra nhiu axit hu c lm t b ho chua. Bi vy t quanh nm ngp nc, t ly tht v phn ln t than bn u b chua. c bit nu tn tch sinh vt cha nhiu lu hunh (S) nh xc cc cy s, vt c khi b phn hu trong iu kin

ym kh, tri qua mt qu trnh bin i phc tp s sinh ra H2S. Khi c iu kin oxy ho th H2S chuyn thnh H2SO4 lm t rt chua: 2H2S + O2 2S + 2H2O 2S + 3O2 + 2H2O 2H2SO4 + 251 kCal Cc loi thc b khc nhau cng c nh hng khc nhau n tnh chua ca t (ch yu nh qu trnh tch lu sinh hc cc kim loi kim v kim th). Trong thnh phn tro ca cy l kim cha t cht kim nn t pht trin di rng cy l kim thng chua hn t hnh thnh di rng cy l rng. Trong t rng rm nu c nhiu nm hot ng s to thnh nhiu axit fulvic lm cho t chua thm. c. nh hng ca con ngi ti qu trnh ho chua ca t Trong qu trnh sinh trng v pht trin, thc vt mu xanh ht mt lng ln cc cht kim trong t nh Na+, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+ v.v. hnh thnh c th. i vi thc vt t nhin th lng cc cht kim ny s c tr li cho t trong cc dng xc thc vt. Nhng vi t canh tc th mt lng ln cc cht kim b ly i khng hon li cho t di dng cc sn phm nng nghip. y l mt nguyn nhn lm gim cc cht kim trong t canh tc v lm t dn b ho chua. Theo V Cao Thi, vi ging la IR62, nng sut 9,8 tn thc/ha v 8,3 tn rm r t b ly i 265 kg K2O, 58 kg MgO v 71kg CaO/ha. Theo s liu ca Xmirnp v Muravin (1989) hnh thnh nn 1 tn ht cy ng ly i t t 30-35 kg N, 8-12kg P2O5 v 25-35 kg K2O. Do thnh phn ho hc, mt s phn bn khi bn vo t s dn dn lm cho t ho chua. Khi bn nhng loi phn nh (NH4)2SO4, NH4Cl, KCl vo t cc cation NH4+, K+ s c keo t v cy trng hp th li gc SO42- v Cl-. Cc gc axit ny s to HCl v H2SO4 lm cho t b chua. Nhng phn c th lm t b ho chua bng c ch ny c gi chung l cc phn chua sinh l. Mt s loi phn nh supe ln trong thnh phn thng cha mt lng nht nh axit d nn khi bn nhiu vo t cng c th lm cho t chua thm. Tuy vy nguyn nhn t phn bn cha ng lo ngi lm v trong thc t lng phn ho hc m ta bn vo t cha nhiu. i vi nhng vng t c thnh phn c gii nh th vn ti nc d tha cng l mt trong nhng nguyn nhn lm t b ra tri cc kim loi kim v kim th v dn dn ho chua. Tm li c rt nhiu nguyn nhn lm cho trong t b ho chua. iu cn quan tm l din tch t chua nc ta rt ln, l cc loi t vng vng i ni, mt phn t ph sa h thng sng Hng, ph sa sng M, sng Chu, sng Lam, sng Cu Long v ph sa sng khc; cc vng t bc mu Bc Giang, Vnh Phc, Bc Cn, Thi Nguyn, Ty Ninh; cc vng t phn Hi Phng, Thi Bnh, ng Thp...; cc vng t trng Nam nh, H Nam v cc ni khc. 2.2. Cc loi chua ca t Tt c cc nguyn nhn trn lm tng hm lng ion H+ trong t. Phn ng chua ca t c biu th bng cc loi chua. Nhng ion H+ trong t c th tn ti trong dung dch hoc b hp thu trn b mt ht keo. Trng hp th nht sinh ra " chua hot tnh" c nh hng trc tip ti cy v vi sinh vt. Trng hp th hai gy nn " chua tim tng" ca t v H+ (v Al3+) ch lm tng chua dung dch v nh hng n sinh vt khi b y vo dung dch t bi cc cation khc. Hai loi chua ny hp thnh tng s chua ca t.

a. chua hot tnh chua hot tnh do cc ion H+ c trong dung dch t to nn, nng ion H+ cng cao th t cng chua. xc nh chua ny ta chit rt cc ion H+ bng nc ct ri xc nh nng ion H+ bng pH meter. chua hot tnh c biu th bng pHH2O. pH l tr s m ca logarit nng ion H+ trong dung dch: pH = - lg[H+] Trong ho hc ngi ta quy nh rng nc tinh khit hay bt c dung dch no c [H+] = [OH-] = 10-7 g ion/l ngha l pH = -lg10-7 = 7 th l mi trng trung tnh. Nu [H+] <10-7 g ion/l ngha l pH > 7 l mi trng kim. Nu [H+] > 10-7 g ion/l ngha l pH < 7 l mi trng chua. Thng thng pHH2O ca t bin thin t 3-9 v c nh gi nh sau: pHH2O Mc nh gi < 4,5 4,5-5,5 5,6-6,5 6,6-7,5 7,6-8,0 8,1-8,5 >8,5 t rt chua t chua t chua t t trung tnh t kim t t kim va t kim nhiu

Bng 6.1: chua hot tnh ca mt s loi t Vit nam Loi t (tng 0-15cm) t phn (An Hi - Hi Phng) t nu trn vi (ng Giao, Ninh Bnh) t nu trn bazan (Ph Qu, Ngh An) t vng trn phin thch mica (Ph H, Ph Th) t nu vng trn ph sa c (Vnh Phc) t ph sa trong sng Thi Bnh (Hi Dng) t ph sa ngoi sng Hng (Phc X, H Ni) t xm bc mu (Bc Giang) t mn (Rng ng, Nam nh) pHH2O 4,2 4,6 4,5 4,5 5,0 4,8 7,7 5,0 8,0

chua hot tnh c s dng trong vic b tr c cu cy trng ph hp trn vng t canh tc hoc xc nh s cn thit phi bn vi ci to chua ca t cho ph hp vi c tnh sinh hc ca loi cy nh trng. a s cy trng a mi trng trung tnh nhng c bit c nhng cy cn t chua nh ch, c ph, da, khoai ty... Bng 6.2. Khong pH t ti thch cho mt s cy trng Cy trng La Ng Khoai ty u tng Hnh Bp ci pH 6,2-7,3 6,0-7,0 4,5-6,3 6,5-7,5 6,4-7,5 6,7-7,4 Cy trng C chua Da chut Bng Ch C ph Da pH 5,0-8,0 6,4-7,4 6,5-8,0 4,0-5,5 5,0-6,0 5,0-6,0

S liu trong bng 6.2 ch khong pH ti thch, trong thc t phm vi pH cho php cy sng c rng hn th nhiu. V d cy la c th sng t c pH dao ng t 4,0 n 9,0, sng bnh thng vi pH t 5-8 nhng tt nht l trong khong 6,2-7,3. Da vo chua hot tnh v c cu cy trng ta c th xc nh xem cn ci to chua cho t hay cha. i vi a s cy trng nng nghip ngn ngy nu pHH2O <4,5 th cp thit phi bn vi, nu pHH2O = 4,6-5,5 cn va nu pHH2O >5,5 th cha cn thit phi bn vi. Khi t chua nhiu (pHH2O < 4,0) c th nghi trong t cha axit v c (v d nh H2SO4 trong t phn). Nu t kim nhiu (pHH2O > 8,5) th trong t thng cha nhiu Na2CO3 hay NaHCO3. chua hot tnh chu nh hng ca cc yu t sau: + Mc phn ly thnh ion ca cht in gii. Cng nng ng lng nhng axit v c phn ly thnh ion nhiu hn axit hu c nn pHH2O ca dung dch thp hn. Tng t nh vy vi cc baz. + Hin tng trao i ion H+ v Al3+ trong keo t vi cc ion khc khi bn phn v c nh KCl, (NH4)2SO4... cng lm tng chua hot tnh. b. chua tim tng Nh trn ni trong t chua cn c cc ion H+ v Al3+ c ht bm trn b mt keo t. Khi tc ng ln t mt dung dch mui th H+ v Al3+ b y vo dung dch t. Nng ca cc ion ny trong dung dch tng ln gy nh hng khng tt n thc vt v vi sinh vt. chua thu c trong trng hp ny gi l chua tim tng. Cc ion H+ v Al3+ c ht bm trn keo vi cc lc khc nhau. Tu thuc vo lc ht bm ca cc ion ny trn keo m ngi ta chia chua tim tng thnh 2 loi: chua trao i v chua thu phn. * chua trao i: L mt loi chua ca t c xc nh khi cho t tc dng vi mt dung dch mui trung tnh, thng dng mui KCl, NaCl, BaCl2. Nh vy ngoi nhng ion H+ c sn trong dung dch t cn c nhng ion H+ v Al3+ c y ra t keo t theo phn ng:

[K ] H+ Al

3+

+ 4KCl [K]4K+ + HCl + AlCl3

Mui Al thu phn to ra axit theo phng trnh: AlCl3 + 3H2O Al(OH)3 + 3HCl Nu cho t tc ng vi dung dch KCl 1M trong 60 pht, lc ly dch trong dng dung dch NaOH 0.01N chun dch lc s xc nh c chua trao i, n v l ll/ 100g (t kh). Nu ta em dung dch lc o pH ta c pHKCl. Cng mt mu t pHKCl thng c tr s pH thp hn pHH2O t 0.5 n 1.0 n v. Ch : nhng vng t trung tnh hay kim yu ch xc nh c pHKCl ch khng xc nh chua trao i bng chun v dung dch t s c mu hng ngay sau khi va cho ch th mu phenolphtalein vo dch chit t. Trng hp c bit, mt s loi t c pHKCl > pHH2O. iu ny thng gp nhng t c lng keo dng ln (mt s nh: t feralit, t potzon). Khi c

th do s trao i anion Cl- ca dung dch mui trung tnh vi cc ion OH- trn keo t nn lng ion OH- b chuyn vo dung dch t s trung ho bt cc ion H+ lm tr s pH tng ln. Thng thng chua trao ca t nh hn 1 ll/100g t. Khi chua ny ln (trn 2 ll/100g t) chng t cc cation kim hp ph trn keo t b ra tri nhiu, cn phi bn vi ci to chua cho t trc khi bn phn khong vo t. Nu khng c vi bn th nn chia phn khong bn thnh nhiu t, trnh bn tp trung. * chua thu phn Dng mui trung tnh KCl tc ng vi t nhiu khi vn cha y dc ht cc ion H+ v Al3+ ra khi keo t. Cc nh ho hc t a ra phng php khc: dng dung dch chit l mui to bi mt axit yu v mt baz mnh nh CH3COONa hoc Ca(CH3COO)2 th hu ht cc ion H+ v Al3+ s b y ra khi keo vo dung dch. chua c xc nh bng phng php ny ln hn chua trao i nhiu v c gi l chua thu phn. chua thu phn c k hiu l H, n v l ll H+ v Al3+ trong 100g t kh. Trong dung dch NaCH3COO b thu phn: NaCH3COO + H2O CH3COOH + NaOH CH3COOH l axit yu t phn ly, NaOH th phn ly hon ton thnh Na+ v OHv vy dung dch c phn ng kim yu (pH = 8,2-8,5). y l iu kin Na+ y ht H+ v Al3+ trn keo t vo dung dch theo s sau:

[K ] H+ Al

3+

+ 4NaCH3COO [K]4Na+ + CH3COOH + Al(CH3COO)3 (1)

Al(CH3COO)3 + 3H2O Al(OH)3 + 3CH3COOH

(2)

T phn ng (1) v (2) ta thy H+ v Al3+ trong t khi y vo keo t to nn CH3COOH trong dch lc. Dng dung dch NaOH 0,1N tiu chun chun lng CH3COOH trong dch lc th ta xc nh c chua thu phn ca t. Nh vy chua thu phn l chua ln nht v n bao gm c ion H+ ( chua hot tnh), ion H+ v Al3+ bm h ( chua trao i) v nhng ion H + v Al3+ ht bm cht trn b mt keo t. Bng 6.3: chua trao i v chua thu phn ca mt s loi t Vit Nam Loi t (0-15cm) t nu trn bazan (Ph Qu) t nu trn vi (Ninh Bnh) t ph sa sng Thi Bnh (Hi Dng) t phn Hi Phng t trng Nam nh pHKCl 4,4 4,2 4,4 3,8 4,6 chua trao i chua thu phn ll/100g t 0,51 6,3 2,61 10,4 3,50 8,0 0,65 4,3 0,30 4,8

Theo nguyn l th chua thu phn thng ln hn chua trao i nhng cng c nhng trng hp c bit chua thu phn bng hoc nh hn chua trao i. Nhng trng hp ny c th gii thch nh sau: + Mt s loi t nh t nhit i hoc t potzon khi tc dng vi dung dch NaCH3COO th anion CH3COO- c th trao i vi anion OH- trn keo kaolinit to nn NaOH trong dung dch. Lng NaOH ny trung ho bt axit CH 3COOH trong dung dch lm chua thu phn gim. + Saritvili (1948) cho rng mt s t c kh nng hp ph phn t axit axtic sinh ra trong tc dung thu phn ni trn v chnh v vy khi chun ta thy chua thu phn b hn chua trao i. Ngi ta dng chua thu phn tnh dung tch hp ph cation (CEC) ca t: CEC = S + H Trong S l tng cc cation kim trao i v H l chua thu phn Hoc tnh no kim ca t theo cng thc: S 100 V (%) = S +H chua thu phn c s dng tnh lng vi bn khi ci to t chua (c 1ll ion H+ cn dng 28mg vi bt CaO hoc 50 mg bt vi CaCO3 trung ho). Cng thc tnh c th s c trnh by cui chng ny (phn bn vi ci to t chua). 3. Phn ng kim ca t kim ca t do ion hyroxyl quyt nh. t c phn ng kim khi nng ion OH- trong dung dch ln hn nng ion H+. S tch lu anion OH- trong t do cc nguyn nhn sau: Cc loi m nh vi, macma siu baz macma baz cha nhiu cc nguyn t kim v kim th nh Ca, Mg, K, Na... khi b phong ho s to thnh mt s mui kim nh CaCO3, Na2CO3, K2CO3... nhng mui ny khi b thu phn s to thnh cc cht kim trong t. V d: Khi cc alumin silicat b phong ho: K2AlSi6O16 + H2O + CO2 H2AlSi2O8 + K2CO3 + 4SiO2 Fenspat kali K2CO3 + 2H2O KOH + KHCO3 Khi trong t c cha CaCO3 (t tch vi). t ny pH c th ln ti 8,0 2 CaCO3 + 2H2O Ca(HCO3)2 + Ca(OH)2 Ca(HCO3)2 + 2H2O H2CO3 + Ca(OH)2 Mt s vng t ven bin c cha nhiu cc mui d tan cng c th lm cho t c phn ng kim. t cha nhiu Na2CO3 (pH c th ln ti 9 hoc hn): 2 Na2CO3 + 2H2O H2CO3 + NaOH t mn cha nhiu Na+ dng hp ph khi thu phn s sinh ra NaOH:

[K]Na+ + H2O [K]H+ + NaOH Mn c cha Na, K, Ca v Mg: (Mn)Ca2+ + 2H2O (Mn)2H+ + Ca(OH)2 Trong iu kin ngp nc, cc mui dng sunfat tc dng vi cht hu c to thnh sunfua sau chuyn thnh dng mui cacbonat trong t, mui cacbonat thu phn lm cho t c phn ng kim. VSV ym kh Na2SO4 + 4R CHO - Na2S + 4R - C = O Na2S + CaCO3 Na2CO3 + CaS Na2CO3 + 2H2O NaOH + H2CO3 Nh vy t c phn ng kim ch yu do trong t c cha nhiu cc mui kim cacbonat hoc bicacbonat c hnh thnh t nhiu con ng khc nhau. c bit khi tch lu nhiu Na2CO3 khng nhng c cho cy (nng >0,01%) m cn lm xu l tnh ca t (do, dnh khi m, cng rn khi kh), lm mn d b ra tri, ch nc v khng kh trong t khng iu ho. Vit Nam, din tch t c phn ng kim rt nh. Mt s vng t ph sa ven bin nhim mn nh Hi Phng, Nam nh... c pH vo khong 7,0-8,0 khng gy nh hng xu n cy trng v th chng c xp vo "nhm t mn trung tnh". Thc t theo kt qu iu tra hin nay ch c mt t t kim tp trung tnh Bnh Thun. Nhn dn a phng gi l t mn "c giang". t c cha nhiu Na2CO3 (c th ti 9,8%) pH t c th ln ti 9,5. 4. Phn ng m ca t 4.1. Khi nim Khi ta cho mt lng nh axit hoc baz vo nc ct ri xc nh pH ta thy pH nc thay i nhiu nhng khi ta cho mt lng nh vy axit hoc baz vo t ri xc nh pH ca t th pH ca t vn n nh hoc thay i khng ng k. iu ny chng t t c kh nng chngli s thay i pH. Vy: "tnh m ca t l kh nng ca t c th chng li s thay i pH khi c mt lng axit hay baz nht nh tc ng vo t" 4.2. Nguyn nhn to nn tnh m ca t C nhiu nguyn nhn khc nhau: + Trong t c cha mt s cht nh mui cacbonat, mui phosphat Fe, Al, Ca, cc hydroxyt Fe, Al, Mn... c kh nng trung ho axit lm cho pH t n nh (m mt chiu) V d: CaCO3 + 2HNO3 Ca(NO3)2 + H2O + Do trong t c cc cc axit hu c (axit mn v cc axit amin). Cc axit ny c c gc axit v baz (- OH, - COOH, - NH2) nn c th m uc c axit v baz (m hai chiu) - m do axit humic: R CH - COOH + HCl R - CH COOH + H2O OH Cl R CH - COOH + NaOH R -CH COONa + H2O

OH OH - m do axit amin: R CH - COOH + HCl R -CH COOH NH2 NH3Cl R CH - COOH + NaOH R - CH COONa + H2O NH2 NH2 t cha nhiu mn v cc cht hu c c kh nng m cao + Do hot ng trao i cation trong t Trn b mt keo t, c bit l keo m thng hp ph cc cation kim v khng kim. Cc cation ny c th trao i vi H+ hoc Na+ lm cho pH dung dch t khng i. V d: [K]Ca2+ + HCl [K]2H+ + CaCl2 [K]H+ + NaOH [K]Na+ + H2O Nh vy, s lng keo m trong t cng nhiu th tc dng trao i cation cng mnh, hay ni cch khc: hm lng mn cng cao v thnh phn c gii cng nng th tnh m ca t cng ln. + Tc dng ca Al3+ di ng trong t: Theo R. K. Schofield lc pH <5,5, cation Al3+ trng thi xung quanh c 6 phn t H2O bao bc [Al(H2O)6]3+. Nu c kim xm nhp th mt s phn t nc ca ion [Al(H2O)6]3+ phn ly to H+ v OH-, H+ s trung ho cht kim cn OH- c gi trn b mt cation Al3+ lm cho pH ca t n nh. Al3+ di ng ch c kh nng m khi pH<5,5 v ch m mt chiu vi cht kim. 2[Al(H2O)6]3+ + 2OH- [Al(OH)2(H2O)8]4+ + 4H2O
H2O H2O H2O H2O

4+

AlH2O

OHOHH2O H2O

AlH2O

Nu cht kim tip tc xm nhp vo t th cc phn t nc trn li tip tc phn ly ra ion H+ trung ho lm ion nhm kp tr nn phc tp hn. 6+
H2O H2O H2O H2O H2O H2O H2O H2O

AlH2O

OHOHH2O H2O

Al-

OHOHH2O H2O

Al-

OHOHH2O H2O

AlH2O

Lc pH >5,5 th ion nhm kt ta di dng Al(OH)3 v mt kh nng m. Nh vy nhm ch c kh nng m khi pH ca t di 5,5 v ch m vi baz (m mt chiu.). Qua cc nguyn nhn ni trn ta c th rt ra mt nhn xt rng: Tnh m ca t ph thuc ch yu vo hm lng mn v thnh phn c gii t t giu mn > t st > t tht > t ct Th nghim n gin sau y c th khng nh thm kt lun trn: Vi 3 loi t (t ct, t st v t giu mn); mi loi t ta dng 6 ng nghim, trong mi ng nghim cha 5 g t bt. ln lt vo cc ng nghim lng vi bt CaO tng ng 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30mg, thm 25ml nc ct, lc u trong 10 pht ri xc nh pH v biu din kt qu trn th. Qua th ta thy mun a pH t 5 ln 7 cho 1 ha th phi dng 9.000 kg vi i vi t en giu mn, 4.500kg vi i vi t st v ch 1.500kg i vi t ct. Tnh m c ngha quan trng trong thc tin. Nh c tnh m m pH ca t kh n nh, to iu kin tt cho cy trng v vi sinh vt pht trin. Ngoi ra khi tnh lng vi bn cho t phi tnh ti kh nng m ca t c mc bn ph hp. i vi t c thnh phn c gii nh, ngho mn ta c th gim bt lng vi bn, i vi t giu mn, c thnh phn c gii nng phi tng lng vi bn ln 1,2-1,5 ln theo con s tnh l thuyt. pH
7

t ct

t st

t en

3 0 1500 3000 4500 6000 7500 9000 10500

Lng vi bn, kg/ha Hnh 6.3: Quan h gia hm lng mn, thnh phn c gii vi tnh m ca t 5. Phn ng oxy ho kh ca t 5.1. Khi nimv phn ng oxy ho kh Oxy ho kh l qu trnh din ra ph bin trong t, c bit l t la nc. Qu trnh ny gi mt vai tr quan trng i vi ph nhiu t. Oxy ho l kt hp vi oxy hay mt hydro. Tri li kh oxy l mt oxy hay kt hp vi hyro. Qu trnh oxy ho kh cng lin quan n s chuyn dch in t (electron) Cc cht oxy ho (k hiu l ox) l nhng cht nhn in t. Qu trnh cht oxy ho nhn in t gi l qu trnh kh. Cc cht kh (k hiu l Red) l nhng cht cho in t, qu trnh cht kh cho in t l qu trnh oxy ho. C h thng oxy ho kh k hiu l Redox. Trong mt phn ng c th cht oxy ho v cht kh to thnh cp oxy ho kh v c gi l mt h thng oxy ho - kh trong t. V d: Fe3+ + e Fe2+ hoc Fe2+ - e Fe3+

Trong t c cc cht oxy ho l O2, NO3-, Fe3+, Mn4+, Mn3+, Cu2+ v vi sinh vt hiu kh. Nhng cht kh l H2, Fe2+, Mn2+, Cu+ vi sinh vt ym kh v cc sn phm phn gii xc hu c trong iu kin ym kh. Tt c cc phn ng oxy ho kh u c s tham gia ca vi sinh vt. D trong iu kin oxy ho hay iu kin kh oxy, cht hu c vn c phn hu ch khc nhau v tc phn ng v sn phm phn gii: Bng 6.4: nh hng ca trng thi oxy ho kh n cc dng sn phm phn gii xc hu c Thnh phn cht hu c Sn phm oxy ho (ox) Sn phm kh (Red) C CO2 CH4, CO N NO2 , NO3 NH3, N2 2S SO4 H2S 3P PO4 PH3 Fe Fe3+ Fe2+ Mn Mn3+, Mn4+ Mn2+ Cu Cu2+ Cu+ Cng oxy ho kh c xc nh bng in th oxy ho kh, k hiu Eh, n v l milivon (mV), tnh theo cng thc: Eh (mV) = Eo + 59/ n.lg (ox)/ (red) Trong Eo l in th tiu chun, ngha l in th pht sinh cc in cc nm trong dung dch c cht oxy ho v cht kh oxy nng 1N v l hng s vi mi h oxy ho kh. V d: Eo = 770 mV Fe3+ + e -_ Fe2+ 4+ 2+ Eo = 344 mV Mn + 2e Mn Eo = 1510 mV Mn3+ + e - Mn2+ Eo = 1640 mV MnO4- + 4H+ + 3e - MnO2 + 2H2O Cn [ox] l nng ng lng ca cht oxy ho [Red] l nng ng lng ca cht kh V d: trong t c th no c [Fe2+] = 0,1 N v [Fe3+] = 0,001 N th Eh = 770 + 59 lg0,001/ 0,1 = 625 mV Hin nay xc nh Eh t ngi ta thng dng cc my o (Eh meter) cho kt qu nhanh v chnh xc hn vic xc nh nng cc cht oxy ho, kh. 5.2. Yu t nh hng n qu trnh oxy ho kh + Trong t c th cha nhiu h thng oxy ho kh c nng khc nhau nhng Eh ca t s tng ng vi tr s Eh ca h thng oxy ho kh c nng cht kh v cht oxy ho cao nht. + Trong t thong kh qu trnh oxy ho kh trong t c quyt nh bi nng O2 t do trong khng kh t v O2 ho tan trong dung dch t. Nng oxy trong khng kh t v trong dung dch t cng cao th Eh cng cao. + m t: t kh c qu trnh oxy ho mnh nn Eh cao, t m hoc d m th qu trnh kh mnh nn Eh ca t thp.

+ Cy trng: Eh t ph thuc v loi cy trng, mt cy. Eh xung quanh r cy cng khc nhau. V d: gn r cy la m Eh gim v r cy la m tit ra cht kh, gn r cy la nc Eh tng do r la tit ra oxy. + Eh ca t c s lin quan cht ch vi pH. Nu trong dung dch t c nhiu + ion H s din ra qu trnh: 2 H+ + 2e - = H2 Khi thay i 1 n v pH th Eh thay i t 57-59mV. Klak ngh biu th in th oxy ho kh trong t l rH2 theo cng thc: rH2 (mV) = Eh/ 30 + 2 pH + Cc bin php canh tc: - Lun canh cy trng cn vi cy trng nc lm cho Eh thay i rt mnh. - iu tit m t lm cho Eh t thay i. - Cy su kt hp vi bn nhiu phn hu c lm cho Eh gim, xi xo t lm tng tnh thng kh th Eh tng. - Phi i t la lm cho Eh tng. - Mt cy trng: r la nc tit ra oxy lm Eh ca t vng xung quanh r tng. V vy la nc cy cng dy th mt r cng cao, Eh cng tng v hm lng cc cht kh cng gim. 5.3. ngha thc tin ca phn ng oxy ho kh + in th oxy ho kh l ch tiu nh gi tnh thng kh v tnh hnh cung cp dinh dng trong t. Cc cht dinh dng nh NH4+, NO3-, PO43-, SO42-... c hnh thnh do tc ng ca h vi sinh vt t trong nhng iu kin c th v pH, hoc Eh no y. V d: khi pH = 7, Eh khong 400mV th NO3- b kh mnh thnh NO2 cy khng dng c. + Cc loi t khc nhau c Eh khc nhau, trong mt phu din Eh ca cc tng khc nhau v thng gim theo chiu su. Eh ph hp vi sn xut nng nghip bin ng trong phm vi 200-700 mV (t la nc t 200-300mV). Eh qu cao chng t qu trnh oxy ho trong t xy ra mnh. Mn tiu hao nhanh v mt s cht dinh dng c th b c nh li. Ngc li nu Eh qu thp ngha l qu trnh kh din ra mnh, sinh ra mt s cht c nh H2S, CH4.... + Khi thay i Eh s dn ti s thay i mt lot trng thi dinh dng trong t. Th d: khi i, t chuyn t trng thi oxy ho sang trng thi kh, Eh gim mnh. Lc Fe3+ trong cc hp cht b kh thnh Fe2+ (nh Fe(OH)2 v FeHPO4) lm t gim tnh chua trong thi gian khong 1 thng, hm lng ln d tiu tng ln, hm lng NH4+ cng tng (do cht hu c phn gii trong iu kin ym kh to ra NH4+)... y l mt qu trnh c li v cung cp nhiu dinh dng cho cy. 6. Mt s bin php nng cao ph ca t bng cch iu tit phn ng t 6.1. Bn vi ci to t chua: chua nh hng n c tnh l ho sinh hc ca t: + Dng tn ti v hu hiu ca cc nguyn t Ca, Mg, P, cng nh cc nguyn t vi lng nh Fe, Mn, Cu, Mo, B... c quan h cht ch vi pH ca t. + Phn ng ca t cng c nh hng trc tip n h vi sinh vt v s hot ng ca chng. Chnh v vy cc phn ng ca t c lin quan cht ch ti s phn

gii cht hu c v s chuyn ho cc cht dinh dng nh m v lu hunh trong t. Cc vi khun v x khun c ch thch nghi nht mi trng trung tnh. V d nh vi khun c nh m thch nghi pH 6,8; Vi khun nitrat ho pH 6-8. Trong mi trng chua pH <5 nm pht trin. Nhng sn phm do nm sinh ra u c tnh chua mnh, trong iu kin c nc c th b ra tri khng c li cho s tch lu ph. + Trong t chua s di ng ca nhm tng. Tr mt s t cy nh ch c Al 3+ kch thch pht trin cn hu ht cc cy trng khng chu c hm lng nhm di ng cao. + pH t nh hng n s ho tan ln v hiu lc phn ln. Trong mi trng ho hc n thun th ln v c ho tan nhiu khi pH gim, ln hu c ho tan nhiu khi pH tng. Song trong t chua cn c hin tng hp ph ho hc do tc dng ca st v nhm vi ln nn ni chung trong mi trng trung tnh ln ho tan nhiu nht. + pH nh hng n cy trng: tr mt s t cy a mi trng chua cn li u thch hp mi trng trung tnh. (xem mc 5.2) + pH t nh hng n ho tan ca cc nguyn t vi lng trong t. Khi pH gim phn ln cc nguyn t vi lng tr nn di ng hn, d hp thu hn vi cy (Mn, Cu, B, Zn...) nhng s di ng ca molipden li gim i r rt. Bin php ci to chua nhanh nht v c hiu qu nht l bin php bn vi. Tc dng ca bn vi th hin : + Kh chua nhanh chng, kt ta Al di ng nn mt c + Tng cng hot ng ca vi sinh vt trong t + Huy ng thc n cho cy (trao i cation trn keo t ra dung dch t) tng cng dinh dng nui cy + Tng hiu lc mt s loi phn bn nh supe ln, m sunphat... + Lm ngng t mn to kt cu t tt lm cho t ti xp hn + iu chnh pH ph hp vi yu cu ca cy trng. Nh vy ta thy bn vi cho t chua l vic cn thit, song mun bn vi hp l cho t cn xt 4 yu t theo th t sau: + Cn xem pH ca t ph hp vi cy trng cha. Thng l khi pH t <5,5 th bt u cn phi bn vi nhng c nhng cy trng pht trin tt trn t chua nh ch, da th khi pH xung n 4,0-4,5 vn cha cn phi bn vi + Da vo pH v no baz (BS %): Nu pH < 4,5 cp thit bn vi pH 4,6-5,5 cn va pH > 5,5 cha cn bn vi Xt theo no kim: BS (%) <50% cp thit bn vi 50-70% cn va >70% cha cn + Sau khi xt hai tiu chun trn nu thy cn phi bn vi th da vo chua thu phn tnh lng vi cn bn theo l thuyt: C nhiu cng thc bn vi, cc cng thc tuy khc nhau v cch th hin nhng u da trn mt nguyn tc chung l "c 1ll ion H+ trong t cn dng 1 ll gam bt vi (tc 50 mg CaCO3) hoc 1ll vi bt (28mg CaO) trung ho".

Trong thc t chng ta thng tnh lng vi bn quy ra CaO. Lng CaO c tnh theo cng thc sau: Q (kg/S) = 0,28.S.h.D.H S - Din tch cn bn (m2) h - B dy tng canh tc (m) D - Dung trng t (g/cm3) H - chua thu phn (ll/100g t) + Sau khi tnh c lng vi bn theo l thuyt th xt tnh m ca t (thnh phn c gii hoc hm lng mn trong t) iu chnh li lng vi tnh cho ph hp vi thc t. V d: t c thnh phn c gii nh v ngho mn ch cn bn 1/2 hay 2/3 lng vi tnh. Ngc li t c thnh phn c gii nng v nhiu mn nh t phn th lng vi bn tng 1,5 hoc 2 ln lng tnh. (ta thng ni bn 1,5 hoc 2 chua thu phn). 6.2. iu tit phn ng oxy ho - kh Eh ca t qu cao hay qu thp u khng tt, iu chnh Eh c nhiu bin php khc nhau: + iu chnh m t, khng t kh hn hoc d m trong thi gian di, lm cho qu trnh oxy ho v kh din ra hi ho: - Lun canh cy trng cn - nc theo cng thc 2 la mt mu (v ng) - Rt nc phi rung, lm c sc bn: Sau khi tri ma hoc ti nc cn rt nc xi ph vng t t c thong kh. Khi lm c phi sc bn oxy ho nhng cht kh c tnh c, chuyn chng ra dng khng c v to bc nhy vt Eh sau Eh gim xung s c tc dng gii phng cht dinh dng nh, tng NH 4+, tng ln d tiu, gim chua... V th nhn dn ta c cu "Cng cy l cng b, cng lm c l cng n". - Cy i sau v ma i vi t chuyn trng la. Trong qu trnh phi i s kh cc cht c nh H2S, CH4, tng cng phn gii cht hu c tng nhit t, tng cng hot ng ca cc vi sinh vt ho kh, tng Eh. Khi i (cho nc vo) Eh t t cao s gim xung gii phng NH4+, P2O5 d tiu, gim chua do trong t sinh ra Fe(OH)2 v NH4OH... v nh vy ng l "mt hn t n bng mt gi phn". Mt khc nu t c phi i trit th lc i ba rt d nn cht lng lm t s rt tt. Ngoi ra phi i l qu trnh oxy ho ht nhit nn lc i s to nhit lm cho n t tm thi tng ln cng c tc dng nht nh trong qu trnh sinh trng ca la mi cy trong thi tit lnh ca v ng xun. + Bn phn hu c v bn vi lm tng kt cu t, tng ti xp ca t, t thng kh tt thch hp vi cy trng cn. Bn vi thay i pH t chua v pH nh hng n Eh nh ni trn. + Bn phn hu c lm gim Eh, nu lm c xi t tip theo th Eh khng gim t ngt. Cu hi n tp

1. Nu khi nim v dung dch t? Thnh phn v ngun gc dung dch t? Vai tr ca dung dch t vi qu trnh hnh thnh v pht trin ca t cng nh ph ca t? 2. Nu khi nim v phn ng chua ca t? Nu cc nguyn nhn lm t ho chua? Phn loi cc loi chua v cch xc nh chng? Nu ngha ca cc loi chua? Cch iu tit phn ng chua ca t? 3. Khi nim phn ng kim ca t? Cc nguyn nhn lm t c tnh kim? Cch iu tit? 4. Khi nim v phn ng oxy ho kh ca t? Cc yu t nh hng n Eh t? Vai tr ca h thng oxy ho kh trong t vi ph ca t v cch iu tit chng? 5. Khi nim v phn ng m ca t? Cc nguyn nhn lm t c tnh m? Vai tr ca phn ng m vi ph ca t v cch iu tit?