HONG DUC UNIVERSITY

THNH VIN NHM III XIN KNH CHO C GIO V TON TH CC BN K10 - LH

DANH SCH THNH VIN NHM III

1. Trnh Vn Hip 2. Trnh Th Hin 3. Lu th Hu 4. Nguyn Th Hin 5. Trnh Thanh Huyn 6. V Th Nga 7. H Th Nga 8. Phm Th Thu 9. Nguyn Th Quyn 10. Bi Th Khnh 11. V Th Th

 PEPTIT PROTEIN NUCLEOPROTEIT

PEPTIT

Danh php v ng phn

1. Danh php:
- Tn ca cc peptit c gi bng cch ghp tn gc ca axyl ca amino axit theo trt t sp xp ca chng trong phn t, pha u N sang pha ui C, ring amino axit ui C c gi nguyn. V d: amino axit u N

H2N

CH2

CO

NH

CH CH3

COOH

amino axit u C glyxylalanyl (Gly Ala) 2, 3, 4, gc - AA gi l i, tri, tetrapeptit; Trn 10 gc - AA gi l polipeptit.

2. ng phn:
- S ng phn cu to ca peptit l bng n! Trong n l s amino axit trong phn t peptit V d: ipeptit ca glyxin v alanin c: 2! = 2 ng phn l glyxyl alanin v alanyl glyxin - Nu trong phn t peptit c 2 amino axit ging nhau th s ng phn l n!: 2 V d: Tripeptit ca glyxin v alaxin c s ng phn l 3!: 2 = 3 Gm: Gly gly ala Gly ala gly Ala gly gly - Nu trong phn t c n cp amino axit ging nhau th s ng phn s l n! : 2i V d: - S tetrapeptit ca hai cp gly v ala s l 4! : 4 = 6 Gly- gly ala ala; Gly ala gly- ala; Ala ala - gly- gly; Gly ala ala gly; Ala gly gly- ala; Ala gly ala gly

II. Phng php iu ch: 1. Phng php iu ch peptit ph bin: - tng hp mt peptit c trt t xc nh cc gc amino axit trong phn t, ta cn bo v cc nhm amino v nhm cacboxyl no khi khng cn chng tham gia phn ng to lin kt peptit. - Nhm amino thng c bo v bi nhm benzyl oxicacbonyl ( cn gi l nhm cacbobenzoxi) bng cch cho amino axit phn ng vi cacbobenzexiclorua trong dung dch kim.

Th d:
C6H5-CH2O-C-Cl + O H2NCHCOOH CH3 NaOH,H2O 5 C, 30 phut H2O/H
o

C6H5-CH2O-C-HN-CHOO CH3 C6H5-CH2O-C- HN-CHCOOH CH3

Ngoi ra, nhm amino cn c bo v bng tert-butoxicacbonyl Nhm cacboxyl thng c bo v bng cch chuyn thnh benzyl hay etylmetyl este:
PCl5 H2N-CH2-COOH -POCl3 -HCl C6H5CH2OH -HCl

H2N-CH2-COCl

H2N-CH2-COOCH2COOCH2-C6H5

2. iu ch theo phng php Becman: - Theo phng php ny, nhm amino c bo v bng cch cho amino axit phn ng vi cacbobenzoxi clorua, sau cho kho nhm cacboxyl bng SOCl2 v cho ngng t vi amino axit khc, cui cng thc hin phn ng hiro phn.

V d:
C6H5-CH2OCOCl H2N-CH-COOH C4H9 SOCl2 -SO2 -HCl H2N-CH2-COOH -HCl H2 Pt H2N-CH2-COOH -HCl C6H5-CH2OCO-NH-CH-COOH C4H9 C6H5-CH2OCO- NH-CH-CONHCH2COCl C4H9

C6H5-CH2OCO- NH-CH-CONHCH2COOH C4H9

H2N-CH-CONH-CH2COOH C 4H 9

C6H5-CH3

CO2

3. iu ch theo phng php Sichan

Cho anhrit phtalic tc dng vi amino axit
O C O C O
O C N -CH-COOH C O R H2O H2N-CH-COOH R

C N-CH-COOH C O O C N-CH-CO HN-CH-COOH C O CO NH2-H2N CO NH NH H2N-CH-CONH-CH-COOH R R R R R H2N-CH-COOH R HCl

III. Cu trc phn t v tnh cht vt l. 1, Cu trc phn t.

Phn t peptit gm 2 hoc nhiu gc aminoaxit kt hp vi nhau nh lin kt peptit:
C O NH

NH

CH R'

C O

N H

CH R''

C O

Nhng phn t peptt cha 2,3,4,10.. gc amino axit c gi l ipeptit, tripeptitpolipeptit

- Nhm peptit c cu trc phng: bn nguyn t ca nhm peptit v 2 nguyn t C nm trn cng mt mt phng. Nguyn t H ca nhm N H nm pha anti vi nguyn t C = O ca nhm cacbonyl , gc lin kt gia Caccbon- cacbonyl ca nguyn t N ca amit gn bng 1200. Lin kt peptit C N mang 1 phn c im ca lin kt i C = N do c s lin hp ca cp e t do pha cacbonyl. V vy lin kt peptit C- CO- kh quay xung quanh trc C N, mt khc lin kt C- CO- c th quay t do xung quanh trc C C. Do , phn t peptit c cu trc xon.

2. Tnh cht vt l.
- Nhng peptit c phn t khi nh l nhng cht kt tinh, tan tt trong nc, khng tan trong ancol tinh khit. - Nhng peptit c phn t khi ln l nhng ch rn v nh hnh to thnh dung dch keo trong nc, c tnh cht ging nh protein. - Cc peptit cng tn ti dng ion lng cc, chng cng l hp cht lng tnh.

IV. Tnh cht ho hc: 1. Tnh axit baz ca peptit: Ging nh amino axit, peptit l nhng cht lng tnh v trong phn t cn c c nhm amino v nhm cacboxyl t do.

Bng gi tr pKa v pH ca mt s peptit

peptit pKa1 (- COOH)
pKa2 (-NH3)

pH1

Gly Gly Gly Ala Ala Gly Gly Gly Gly Ala Ala Ala - Ala

3,14 3,15 3,17 3,23 3,42

8,25 8,23 8,18 8,09 7,94

5,7 5,69 5,68 5,66 5,68

2.Phn ng thu phn: a. Phn ng thu phn hon ton: un nng cc pepit vi dung dch kim hoc dung dch axit thu c sn phm cui cng l hn hp cc amino axit.
H3N+ - CH - CO - NH -CH - CO - NH - CH - CO - .... + R2 dung dich HCL 2N nH2O 1100C, 24 - 72h

R1

R3

H3N+ - CH - COOR1

H3N+ - CH - COOR2

+ H3N+ - CH - COOR3

b. Phn ng thu phn khng hon ton:

Nh cc enzim c bit, cc peptit c thu phn hon ton thnh nhng phn t peptit nh hn. Enzim aminopeptitaza xc tc cho phn ng thu phn, thu c amino axit u N v phn t peptit nh hn: Aminopeptitdaza +
H 2O R1 R2 R3

H3N - CH - CO - NH -CH - CO - NH - CH - CO - .... +

H3N+ - CH - COOR1

+ H3N+ - CH - CO - NH - CH - CO -.....

R2

R3

Enzim cacboxipeptitata xc tc cho phn ng thu phn peptit thu c amino axit ui C cc phn t peptit nh hn:

......- HN - CH - CO - NH - CH - CO - NH - CH - COO-

Cacboxipeptitdaza

R3

R2

R1

- HN - CH -CO - NH - CH - COO-

+ H3N+ - CH - COO-

R3

R2

R1

3.Phn ng mu biure:
Nhng phn t peptit c t 2 nhm peptit tr ln u phn ng vi dung dch CuSO4 long trong mi trng kim to thnh dung dch phc c mu tm hoc mu . - ipeptit chop mu xanh. - Tripeptit cho mu tm - Polipeptit cho mu tm

Phn ng mu biure:CO - CH - R
.....- CO - CH - N R

NH - CO - CH -

Cu

- CH - CO - NH
CH -

N - CH - CO -...
CO

4. Phn ng vi 2,4-initroflobenzen: - Nhm amino ca gc amino axit u N phn

ng ca 2,4 - initroflobenzen thu c dn xut 2,4 -initrophenyl
F NO2 + H2N - CH- CO - NH - CH - CO . R1 NO2 R2 25 -HF

NO2

NH - CH- CO - NH - CH - CO . R1 NO2 R2

V: XC NH CU TRC CA PEPTIT - xc nh cu trc ca mt peptit cn i qua cc bc sau: + Xc nh thnh phn cc aminoaxit c trong phn t peptit + Mun xc nh trong phn t peptit c bao nhu phn t aminoaxit, ta cn thy phn hon ton peptit to thnh hn hp cc amino axit + iu kin ca phn ng ny: un peptit trong dd HCI 6M trong vng 24-72 h 110oC

2. Xc nh trt t sp xp cc gc amino axit: a. Xc nh aminoaxit u N: - Phng php Sange: Cho peptit tc dng vi 2,4- initroflorobenzen, nhm amino ca amino axit u N sau khi phn ng to thnh 2,4- initrophenyl ca peptit, em thuy phn trong dung dch axit thu c hn hp amino axit v dn xut 2,4- initrophenyl ca aminoaxit u N. Dng phng php sc k nhn bit , t suy ra gc axit u N.

+ H2N
O2N NO2

CH

CO

NH

H C R2

CO

R1

NH

CH R1

CO

NH

H C R2

Dung dch HCl

CO

O2N

NO2

NH

CH R1

COOH

H3NCH

COO-

O2N

R2

NO2

- Phng php Etman: Cho peptit tc dng vi phenyl isothioxianat ( C6H5N=C=S), nhm amino ca gc aminoaxit u N ,sau phn ng thu c dn xut phenyl isothiocacbamoyl peptit. Sau cho dn xut ny tc dng vi HCI trong dung mi nitrometan s thu c sn phm do s phn ct lin kt peptit sau gc aminoaxit u N,to thnh phenyl thiohidantoin v peptit ngn hn. Tc ly amino axit v phn tch bng phng php sc k

mt dng peptit

C6H5

+ H2N

H C

CO

NH

H C R2

CO

NH

H C R3

C O

phenyl isothioxianat

R1

peptit

C6H5

NH

C S

NH

CH R1

C O

NH

H C R2

CO

NH

H C R3

C O

phenyl isothiocacbamoyl
C6H5 N OC C H R1 C NH S

HCl
CH3NO2

+ H2N

H C R2

CO

NH

H C R3

C O

phenyl thiohidantoin

peptit ngn hn.

b. Xc nh amino axit ui C:
Phng php ny da trn s thy phn peptit nh cht xc tc l enzim cacboxipeptitdaza. V d:
NH CH R1 C O NH H C R2 CO NH H C R3 COO-

cacboxipeptitdaza.

NH

CH R1

C O

NH

H C R2

COO-

H3NCH R3

COO-

- Thy phn tng phn mch peptit: + Ngi ta dng cc enzim tripsin, chimochipsin v pepsin xc tc cho s phn ct peptit nhng v tr xc nh + C th dng bromxian (BrCN) phn ct mch peptit sau gc methionin

HN

CH R1

C O

NH

H C CH2

CO

NH

H C R2

C O

NH

H C R3

CO

BrCN
CH2CSH3

O NH2 CH R1 C O NH H C CH2 C O CH2

H2N

H C R2

C O

NH

H C R3

CO

+ CH3SCN

Tm li nu dng xc tc khc nhau phn ct mch s thu c nhng on peptit khc nhau v d: Ala Gly Tyr Trp Ser Lys Gyl Leu Met Glu - Glu

I. nh ngha:
Protein l nhng i phn t c cu to theo nguyn tc a phn m cc n phn l axit amin. Chng kt hp vi nhau thnh mt mch di nh cc lin kt petide (gi l chui polypetide). Cc chui ny c th xon cun hoc gp theo nhiu cch to thnh cc bc cu trc khng gian khc nhau ca protein.
Cu trc phn t protein

II. PHN LOI PROTEIN 1. Phn loi da vo thnh phn ho hc: Da vo thnh phn ho hc c th phn protein thnh hai loi l protein n gin v protein phc tp

Protein n gin: l nhng protein khi thu phn hon ton ch cho hn hp cc L amino axit. Th d: anbumin c trong lng trng trng, sa, u H Lan, cn globulin c trong sa, lng trng, u tng, mu.

- Protein phc tp: L nhng protein khi thu phn hon ton to thnh khng ch hn hp L- amino axit m cn c thnh phn phi protein(khng cha amino axit ) cn c gi l nhm ghp. Tu theo thnh phn phi protein, ta c cc protein phc tp sau: + Photphoprotein l protein phc tp c cu to bi

polipeptit v gc axit photphoric nh lin kt este gia axit photphoric vi cc nhm OH ca amino axit.

hnh nh v protein phc tp

+ Glicoprotein l protein phc tp c cu to bi polipeptit v oligosaccarit hoc polisaccarit nh cc lin kt O-glicozit hoc N glicozit. + Nucleoprotein gm: eoxiribonuleoprotein (DNP) v ribonucleoprotein (RNP), l nhng protein phc tp c cu to bi polipeptit v eoxiribonuleoprotein hoc axit ribonucleoprotein. + Metalptein l loi protein phc tp c cu to bi polipeptit vi mt s ion kim loi nh Fe2+ , Mn2+ , Mg2+ , Ca2+ , nh cc lin kt trong hp cht phc.
hnh nh v protein phc tp

2. Phn loi theo hnh dng phn t protein: - Protein hnh cu l nhng phn t c dng hnh cu, tan trong nc nh anbumin, globulin. - - Protein hnh si l nhng phn t c dng hnh si, khng tan trong nc nh keratin ca tc, fibroin ca t tm

protein cu

Protein si

III. Cu trc ca protein

Thnh phn ca protein gm trn 20 on - amino axit v trong c khong 10 loi amino axit rt t gp. Phn t khi ca protein rt ln t hng nghn n hng chc triu vC. P.Henmut Zon ln u tin tng hp protein, l insulin c tnh cht gn ging vi tnh cht ca protein

Cu trc phn t insulin

IV. Thuyt cu trc ca protein

Ngi ta phn bit ra 4 bc cu trc ca protein:
Cu trc bc 1: Cc axit amin c ni vi nhau bi lin kt peptit, hnh thnh nn chui polypeptide. u mnh polypeptide l nhm amin ca axit amin th nht v cui mch l nhm cacboxyl ca axit amin ci cng. Cu trc bc mt ca protein thc cht l mt trnh t sp xp ca cc axit amin trn chui polypeptide.

Cu trc bc 1

Cu trc bc 2: L s sp xp u n cc chui polypeptide trong khng gian, chui polypeptit thng khng dnh thang m xon li to nn mt cu trc xon v cu trc np gp c c nh bi cc ln kt hiro gia nhng axit amin gn nhau. Cc protein si nh keratin, colaren (c trong lng, tc, mng, sng ) gm nhiu xon . Trong khi cc protein cu trc c nhiu np gp hn. Cu trc gp
Cu trc xon

Cu trc bc 3: Cc xon v phin gp c th cun li vi nhau thnh tng bi c hnh dng lp th c rng cho tng loi protein. Cu trc ny c vai tr quyt nh i vi hot tnh v chc nng ca protein. Cu trc ny li c bit ph thuc vo tnh cht ca nhm R trong cc mch polypeptit.

Cu trc bc 4:
Khi protein c nhng chui polypeptit phi hp vi nhau th to nn cu trc bc 4 ca protein cc chui polypeptit lin kt vi nhau nh cc lin kt yu nh lin kt H2

IV. Khi nim s bin tnh: - Di tc dng ca cc tc nhn vt l nh tia cc tm, sng siu m,khuy c hc hay tc nhn ho hc nh axit, kim mnh, mui kim loi nngCc cu trc bc 2 v bc 4 ca protein b bn i nhng khnh ph v cu trc bc 1 ca n, km theo l s thay i cc tnh cht ca protein so vi ban u. l hin tng bin tnh protein, bin tnh protein c tnh cht sau: + ho tan gim do lm l cc nhm k nc. + Tng nhy i vi s tn cng ca enzym proteaza + Mt hot tnh sinh hc ban u + Tng nhy i vi s tn cng ca enzim proteaza do lm xut hin cc lin kt peptit ng vi trung tm hot ng ca proteaza + Tng nht ni ti + Mt kh nng kt tinh

V. Tnh cht vt l ca protein:

1. Tnh tan:
Tnh tan ca protein thay i ph thuc vo khi lng, trt t kt hp, tng tc gia chng v cn ph thuc vo dung mi, mi trng, nhit Cc protein hnh si nh keratin (ca mng, sng), fibroin ca t tm hon ton khng tan trong nc. Protein hnh cu ca anbumin, glubin ca sa v ca mu c th tan trong nc to thnh dung dch keo v trn b mt phn t c nhiu nhm nguyn t phn cc tch in. Ti im ng in, protein tan km nht nu thm axit hoc kim c th lm tng tan. Mt s mui trung tnh c nh hng n tnh tan ca porotein. Tnh tan ca protein tng khi nng mui thp, khi nng mui cao gy ra s kt ta protein. nhit thp, tnh tan ca protein gim.

2. S kt ta ca protein: Tnh cht ca protein thay i ph thuc vo nhit , s tch in cng du ca cc protein ng cnh nhau v ph thuc vo mc hirat ho. Khi thay i cc yu t trn, th d nh trung ho lp in tch ca phn t, loi b lp v hirat ho cc phn t protein kt ta li vi nhau thnh khi tch ra khi dung dch, hin tng ny c gi l kt ta ca protein. Rt nhiu hp cht ca phn ng vi protein to thnh dng kt ta khng mu, bao gm cc hp cht sau:

- Cc mui kim loi nng: HgCl2 ,CuSO4 (CH3COO)2Pb (CH3COO)2Zn. - Cc axit: HNO3 axit axetic, axit tricloaxetic -Cc dung mi hu c: ancol etylic, ancol metylic

- C hai loi kt ta: kt tu thun nghch v kt ta bt thun nghch. + Kt ta thun nghch: sau khi protein kt ta, nu loi b tc nhn gy ra kt ta, protein li tan trong nc to thnh dung dch keo nh trc v vn vn gi nguyn cc tnh cht ca chng. + Kt ta bt thun nghch: sau khi protein kt ta, nu loi b tc nhn gy kt ta, protein mt kh nng to thnh dung dch bn. Kt ta bt thun nghch lm thay i tnh cht ca protein, chng hn globulin tn ti dng hnh cu, khi un nng s i thnh dng dui ra!

un nng

VI. Tnh cht ho hc: 1. Tnh cht lng tnh: Ging nh amino axit v peptit, protein cng c tnh cht lng tnh v im ng in, v trong phn t cn nhiu nhm cacboxy v nhm amino t do (khng tham gia vo s hnh thnh lin kt peptit). im ng in ca protein nm trong vng 4,6 - 6,3. 2. Phn ng thu phn: un nng protein trong dung dch axit hay trong dung dch kim, hoc nh xc tc enzim, phn t protein b phn ct dn thnh cc chui polypeptit, thu phn tip tc to thnh hn hp cc -L-amino axit:

3. Phn ng nh tnh v nh lng protein: Phn ng nh tnh: - Phn ng biure: Protein phn ng vi CuSO4 trong mi trng kim cho dung dch mu xanh tm. Phn ng biure gip nhn ra lin kt peptit. - Phn ng Xangtoproteic: Protein phn ng vi HNO3 c to ra kt ta mu vng. Thc cht y l phn ng nitro ho nhn thm c trong proteinnhw phenylalanin, tyrosin, tryptophan. - Phn ng ninhirin: Protein tc dng vi dung dch ninhirin trong nc cho dung dch mu xanh. Phn ng ny c trng cho -amino axit c trong phn t protein. Phn ng nh lng: - Bc u cho phn ng buire, sau cho thm thuc th Folin-Xiocanto (hn hp axit photphmlipic v axit photphovonfamic to hp cht phc mu xanh da tri c bc sng hp th cc i 750nm. D vo cng mu ca dung dch tnh hm lng protein

VII. Mt s protein n gin v quan trng:

1. Protamin v histon: C hai loi ny u l protein n gin nht. Chng khc cc protein khc ch u c tnh cht kim yu. Tnh kim ny l do trong phn t ca chng c lysin,arginin v histiddin chim khong 80% trong protamin. Protamin c rt nhiu trong tinh trng, trong trng ca c. Tu thao ngun gc, protamin c nhng tn khc nhau, nh salnin (t c hi), scombrin (t c chy).

cu trc protamin

cu trc histon

2. Anbumin v globulin: - Nhng protein c nhin cu k nht l anbunin v globulin. Chng thng c gp trong tt c cc m ng, thc vt. Mun tch anbumin v globulin ra khi hn hp thng dung phng php kt ta (dng mui). Chng hn, ta thng dng (NH4)2SO4 c nng khc nhau, sau khi thm amino sunfat n bo ho th globulin kt ta, lc tch ly globulin ri thm (NH4)2SO4 n bo ho, anbumin s kt ta. Globulin cha 3,5% glyxin cn anbumin cha glyxin t hn nhiu.
Anbumin

globulin

3. Glutelin v prolamin (protein thc vt): Trong cc protein c ngun gc thc vt, th glutelin l quan trng nht, thng gp trong cc ht ng cc cng vi prolamin. Prolamin c trong ht u xanh, l thnh phn chnh c gluten. Gluten v prolamintan c trong cn 60-70.

prolamin

4. Cc scleoprotein: Cc protein ca cc m chng : m xng, sn, gn, lng, mc tn chung l proteinoit, l cc cht ging protein n gin song chng c vai tr rt quan trng. c im r nht ca chng l khng tan trong nc, trong cc dung dch mui, trong cc axit, baz long.

NUCLEOPROTEIT V CROMOPROTEIT

I. NUCLEOPROTEIT V CU TO HO HC CA CHNG Cc nucleoproteit u c cu to bi cc protein n gin nh prolamin, histon v cc nhm phi protein l axit nucleic

1. Axit nucleic: Axit nucleic l polime sinh hc do nhiu n v nucleotit kt hp vinhau (cn gi l polinucleotit) nh cc lien kt photphoieste.

Axit nucleic l thnh phn quan trng nht ca nhn t bo

Cc axit nucleic tn ti di dng kt hp vi protein v dng kt hp c tn l nucleoprotein hay nucleoproteit.

a. Thnh phn cu to: Axit nucleic cha cc nguyn t C, H, O, N, P. Phn t khi ca axit nucleic rt ln khong 2.000.000 n 10.000.000 vC. Axit nucleic c cu to bi cc monome la nucleotit. Mti nucleotit bao gm ba thnh phn chnh: Gc baz nit (dn xut ca d vng purin hoc d vng pimiriin Gc pentoz (ribor hoc eoxiriboz) Gc axit photphoric Ba thnh phn ny kt hp vi nhau theo t l 1:1:1

Baz nit
dn xut ca purin dn xut ca pirimiin

N N

N N H

N N

Dn xut d vng ca purin l adenin v guanin c cu trc sau:

NH2 N N
Adenin

N N H

NH2 H-N H2N N

guanin

N N H

Dn xut ca pimiriin: thng gp l xitozin, uraxin v timin

NH2 N O N H
xitozin

O H-N O N H
uraxin

O H-N O N H
timin

CH3

Gc pentoz: Hai pentoz c mt trong thnh phn cu to ca axit nuclic l

HO CH2 H H HO HO HO CH2 H H HO HO

H H
HO

H H
H

-D-Ribofuranoz

-D-2-oxiribofuranoz

Nucleozit: c to thnh t gc baz nit v gc pentoz nh lien kt N-glicozit

O H O HO N N
OH N N CH2 O H H H H OH OH
Adenozin

N N

CH2O H H HOH OH H
uridin

Nucleotit: Cn c gi l nucleozit monophotphat, chng c cu to bi gc nucleozit v mt gc axit photphoric nh lien kt este to gia H3PO4 vi nhm OH C5 hoc C3 ca pentoz
NH2 N N
NH2 N O HO P O CH2O H H OH HOH OH H N N N

N N HO CH2O H H HO H OH O P OH OH
Adenozin-3-monophotphat

Adenozin-5-monophotphat (AMP)

Trong phn t nucleozit monophotphat c th gn them mt hoc hai gc axit photphoric to thnh nucleozit iphotphat (NDP) hoc nucleozit triphotphat (NTP)
NH2 N N HO CH2O H H HO H OH O P OH OH N N

Adenozin-5-iphotphat (5-ADP)

b) . Cu trc ca axit nucleic: Nhiu n v nucleotit kt hp vi nhau nh lin kt photphoieste to nn axit nucleic
HO P O O CH 2 HH HO O O

X
H H H

P
O O CH
2

A
HH H H H

HO P O

G
O CH 2 HH O H H H

Chui polinuclotit

Lin kt este c to thnh t nhm OH ca gc photphat ca mt n v nucleotit vi nhm OH cua gc pentoz ca n v nucleotit k tip

Ta c th phn bit hai loi axit nucleic: Axit eoxiribonucleic (ADN) v axit ribonucleic (ARN). Hai loi ny khc nhau v thnh phn pentoz trong phn t, ADN khng c baz d vng uraxil cn ARN khng c d vng timin

 Axit eoxiribonucleic (AND): Axit eoxiribonucleic l polieoxiribonucleozit monophotphat, phn t khi t ti hng chc triu vC. Phn t AND gm hai chui polinucleotit c cc tri ngc nhau xon song song xung quanh mt trc chung

ng knh ca vng xon khong 20A0, chiu cao ca mi vng xon xp x 34A0, mi vngxon ca mt chui gm 10 nucleotit. AND c vai tr quan trng l chuyn giao cc c tnh di truyn gia cc th h.

 Axit ribonucleic (ARN) Axit ribonucleic l poliribonucleotit, thnh phn cu to bao gm: + Pentoz l riboz. + Cc baz nit l anenin (A), xitozin (X), guanin (G) v uraxin (U), khng c timin (T).

+ Phn t ARN ch c mt chui (khc vi ADN l hai chui ) nhng cng c cc vng c cu trc xon kp. Trong cc vng xon ny, cc baz nit cng xp xp cp i gia A v U, G v X nh lien kt hiro. Vai tr ca ARN l truyn nhng thng tin cha trong AND n t bo cht.

Cu trc ca ADN

ARN c ba loi: + ARN khun: c chc nng lm khun tng hp protein (k hiu l mARN)

+ ARN riboxom: gi vai tr cu trc trong qu trnh tng hp protein (k hiu l rARN).

+ ARN vn chuyn: c vai tr vn chuyn cc amino axit c hot ho n riboxom tng hp protein (k hiu l tARN).

II. CROMOPROTEIT Cc cromoproteit l nhng proteit phc tp c to bi nhng proteit n gin. Nhm Cromoproteit quan trng nht l cc proteit phc tp c nhm ph l pyrol thuc loi ny c cc hp cht ca Clorophyn gi vai tr quan trng trong vic ng ho kh CO2 ca cy xanh, hemoglobin ca ngi v ng vt lm nhim v chuyn oxi v CO2 trong mu

1. Cu to ho hc ca hemoglobin: Hemoglobin cu to nn hng huyt cu nn gi mt vai tr quan trng trong qu trnh h hp: l qu trnh chuyn kh t ph n cc m v ngc li

Hmoglobin bao gm cc protein l globin v nhm phi protein l heme. Heme chnh l cc hp cht m trong phn t c mt nguyn t Fe ho tri II v bn vng pyrol ni vi nhau bng nhng nhm metilen. Cc phn t heme c phn ct l porphin. Cu to ca phn t heme c trnh by hnh
CAC HINH ANH VE HEMOGLOBIN

Mt s cu trc ca hmgrbin

H2C

H3C HC N Fe N H3C N

HC CH2 N CH3

CH3 CH2-CH2-COOH

HOOC-H2C-H2C

MT WA

SAO LI MT

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