To find pressure loss

1. duct size is known.

2. flow rate is known.
S.1 Compute the loss pressure for each branch of simple
Duct system shown in figure using loss coefficient
method.
Plenum
1
400cfm
50ft, 10in
200cfm
50 ft, 9in
120cfm
40 ft, 6 in
a
2
3
Solution:
For section 1-a
(i) for plenum exit loss
C = 0.85 ( from T-4 )
ft/min 385 . 733
) 12 / 10 )( 4 / (
400
A
Q
V
2
u
u
u
= = =
t

2
2
u
a - 1
4000
733.385
0.85
4000
V
C H
(

=
(

=
For straight line 1-a ( 50 ft )
100
0.09
L
P
in 10
400cfm
=
|
.
|

\
|
A

( ) water of in 0.045 50
100
0.09
P
a 1
= = A

Plenum
1
400cfm
50 ft, 10 in
a
water of in 0.0735 0.0285 0.045 a - 1 Run for loss pressure total = + =
section a- 2
( )( )
ft/min 633.79
12
9
4
280
A
Q
V
2
d
d
d
= = =
t
water of in 0.002 P
ft/min 633.79 V
ft/min 733.385 V
fit
d
u
= A
(
(

=
=
For straight run
water of in
100
08 . 0
L
P
in 9
cfm 280
=
A

water of in 0.04 50
100
0.08
P
st
= = A

water of in 0.042 0.002 0.04 2 - a Run for loss pressure total = + =
280 cfm
50 ft, 9in
a 2
Section a-3
( ) ( )
ft/min 611.154
12
6
4
120
A
Q
V
2 2
b
b
b
= = =
t
0.48 C
off take 45 loss) (branch
0.833
733.385
611.154
V
V
b u
b
=
(
(
(

= =
$
( ) water of in 0161 . 0
4000
733.385
0.48
4000
V
C H
2
2
u
b b
=
(

=
(

= i
a
3
V
U
V
d
V
b
120cfm
40ft, 6 in
( ) loss elbow 45
$
ii
) 2 - T from 1
D
R
assume ( 0.37 C : = =
water of in 0.0086
4000
611.154
0.37
4000
V
0.37 H
2
2
b
e
=
(

=
(

=
( ) loss elbow 90
$
iii
water of in 0.0086 H
e
=
( ) ) ft (40 loss Run Straight iv
water of in
100
0.12
L
P
in 6
cfm 120
=
|
.
|

\
|
A

( ) water of in 0.048 40
100
0.12
P
st
= = A
water of in 0.0813
0.048 0.0086 0.0086 0.0161 3 - a Run for loss pressure total
=
+ + + =
total pressure loss for section 1-2 is
pa 28.7595 0 water of in 0.1155 0.042 0.0735 P
2 - 1
= = + = A
Total pressure loss for section 1-3 is
pa 38.54 water of in 0.1548 0.0813 0.0735 P
3 1
= = + = A
=
+==========================+
Equivalent Length Method
S.2 Compute the loss pressure for each branch of simple
duct system shown in figure using Equivalent Length
approach.
Section 1-a
ft 85 (35) 50 L
a 1
= + =

ft water/100 of in 0.09
L
P
in 10 : dia
cfm 400
=
|
.
|

\
|
A

=
water of in 0.0765 85
100
0.09
L
L
P
P
a - 1
= =
|
.
|

\
|
A
= A
Plenum
1
400cfm
50ft, 10in
200cfm
50 ft, 9in
120cfm
40 ft, 6 in
a
2
3
Section a-2
ft 55 ) 5 ( 50 L
2 - a
= + =
water of in
100
0.08
L
P
in 9 : dia
cfm 200
=
|
.
|

\
|
A

=
water of in 0.044 55
100
0.08
P
2 - a
= = A
Section a-3
ft 90 ) 10 ( ) 5 ( ) 35 ( 40 L
3 - a
= + + + =
water of in 0.12
L
P
in 6 : dia
cfm 120
=
|
.
|

\
|
A

=
water of in 0.108 90
100
0.12
P
3 a
= = A
=
The pressure loss for section 1 to 2 is
Pa 30.00
water of in 0.1205 0.044 0.0765 P P P
2 - a a - 1 2 - 1
=
= + = A + A = A
The pressure loss for section 1 to 3 is
pa 45.9
water of in 0.1845 0.108 0.0765 P P P
3 a a - 1 3 - 1
=
= + = A + A = A
=
+======================+
TO FIND DUCT SIZE
Equal Friction Method
S-3 Select duct sizes for the simple duct system of shown
in figure using Equal Friction Method. The system is
for a residence. The total pressure for the duct system
is 0.12 in of water and the loss in total pressure for
each diffuser at the specified flow rate is 0.02 in of
water.
Plenum
o
a b
150cfm
150cfm
200cfm
1
5
2
3
4
20ft
15ft
17ft
30ft
10ft
ft 167 30) 10 5 35 5 (35 10 17 20 L
e123
= + + + + + + + + =
ft 152 30) 5 5 5 5 35 ( 30 17 20 L
e124
= + + + + + + + + =
ft 160 30) 10 50 35 ( 15 20 L
e15
= + + + + + =
L
e123
is design line.
water of in 0.1 0.02 - 0.12 P = = A
water/ft of in 10 0.598 0.000598
167
0.1
L
P
L
P
3 -
design 123
= = =
|
.
|

\
|
A
=
|
.
|

\
|
A
cfm 500 150 200 150 cfm
1
= + + =
cfm 350 200 150 cfm
2
= + =
line. of all for equal is ft 100 water / of in 0.0598
L
P
design
=
|
.
|

\
|
A
ft/min 660 V in, 9 . 11 D cfm 500 cfm
1 1 1
= = =
ft /min 600 V in, 2 . 10 D cfm 350 cfm
2 2 2
= = =
ft/min 490 V in, 5 . 7 D cfm 150 cfm
3 3 3
= = =
ft/min 525 V in, 4 . 8 D 200cfm cfm
4 4 4
= = =
ft/min 490 V in, 5 . 7 D cfm 150 cfm
5 5 5
= = =
+===========================+
Balance Capacity Method
S-4 Select duct sizes for the simple duct system of shown
in figure using Balance Capacity Method. The system
is for a residence. The total pressure for the duct
system is 0.12 in of water and the loss in total pressure
for each diffuser at the specified flow rate is 0.02 in of
water.
Plenum
o
a b
150cfm
150cfm
200cfm
1
5
2
3
4
20ft
15ft
17ft
30ft
10ft
ft 167 30) 10 5 35 5 (35 10 17 20 L
e123
= + + + + + + + + =
ft 152 30) 5 5 5 5 35 ( 30 17 20 L
e124
= + + + + + + + + =
ft 160 30) 10 50 35 ( 15 20 L
e15
= + + + + + =
L
e123
is design line.
water of in 0.1 0.02 - 0.12 P = = A
water/ft of in 10 0.598 0.000598
167
0.1
L
P
L
P
3 -
design 123
= = =
|
.
|

\
|
A
=
|
.
|

\
|
A
cfm 500 150 200 150 cfm
1
= + + =
cfm 350 200 150 cfm
2
= + =
2,3. 1, line for line design is ft 100 water / of in 0.0598
L
P
design
=
|
.
|

\
|
A
ft/min 660 V in, 9 . 11 D cfm 500 cfm
1 1 1
= = =
ft /min 600 V in, 2 . 10 D cfm 350 cfm
2 2 2
= = =
ft/min 490 V in, 5 . 7 D cfm 150 cfm
3 3 3
= = =
According to the theory, the pressure of all line are equal.
P P
4 3
A = A
( ) ft 90 30 10 5 35 10 L
e3
= + + + + =
water of in 0.05038 90
L
P
P
design
3
=
|
.
|

\
|
A
= A
( ) ft 75 30 5 5 5 30 L
e4
= + + + + =
ft water/100 of in 0.07176 water of in 10 0.7176
75
0.0538
L
P
3 -
4
= = =
|
.
|

\
|
A
ft/min 560 V in, 1 . 8 D
200 cfm
ft water/100 of in 07176 . 0
L
P
4 4
4
4
= =
(
(
(

=
=
|
.
|

\
| A
Section a-5
o4 o5
P P A = A
.. equ:(1)
b4 ab oa a5 oa
P P P P P A + A + A = A + A
b4 ab a5
P P P A + A = A
equ:(2)
ft 75 L L
4 b4
= =
ft 22 5 17 L L
2 ab
= + = =
water of in 01315 . 0 22 10 0.598 L
L
P
P P
3 -
2 2 2 ab
= =
|
.
|

\
|
A
= A = A
water of in 0538 . 0 75 10 7176 . 0 L
L
P
P P
3
4
4
4 b4
= =
|
.
|

\
|
A
= A = A

water of in 0.0669 0.01315 0.0538 P P

a5 5
= + = A = A
( ) ft 105 30 10 50 15 L
a5
= + + + =
water/ft of in 10 637 . 0
ft 105
water of in 0669 . 0
L
P
L
P
3
a5
a5
5

= =
A
=
|
.
|

\
|
A
ft/min 489 V in, 7.5 D 150 cfm ft, water/100 of in 0637 . 0
L
P
5 5
= =
(

= =
|
.
|

\
| A
+========================+
S-5 Design the duct system of shown in figure by using
the equal friction method. The velocity in the duct attached
to the plenum must not exceed 900 ft/min and the overall
loss in total pressure should not exceed about 0.32 in of
water. Total pressure losses for the diffusers are all equal to
0.04 in of water. The lengths shown are the total equivalent
length of each section. Use English unit.
For main duct velocity = 900 ft/min
cfm
1
= 100+250+250+100+100 =800
Plenum
o
a
b
c
d
1 2 3 4
5
6
7 8
9
55 ft 25 ft 40ft 45ft
95ft
1
0
0

f
t

1
0
0

f
t

8
0

f
t

1
0
0

f
t

250 cfm 250 cfm
100cfm
100cfm 100 cfm
from chart,
ft water/100 of in 0.096
L
P
ft/min 890 V in, 9 . 12 D
cfm
ity duct veloc main
design
1 1
1
=
|
.
|

\
|
A
= =
(

lines. all for equal is

L
P
design
|
.
|

\
|
A
From chart,
ft/min 870 V in, 12.2 D 700 100 100 250 250 cfm
2 2 2
= = = + + + =
ft/min 780 V in, 4 . 10 D 450 250 100 100 cfm
3 3 3
= = = + + =
ft/min 700 V in, 5 . 9 D 350 250 100 cfm
4 4 4
= = = + =
ft/min 530 V in, 9 . 5 D 100 cfm
5 5 5
= = =
ft/min 660 V in, 2 . 8 D 250 cfm
6 6 6
= = =
ft/min 530 V in, 9 . 5 D 100 cfm
7 7 7
= = =
ft/min 530 V in, 9 . 5 D 100 cfm
8 8 8
= = =
ft/min 660 V in, 2 . 8 D 250 cfm
9 9 9
= = =
+===========================+
S-6 Design the duct system of shown in figure by using
balance capacity method. The velocity in the duct attached
to the plenum must not exceed 900 ft/min and the overall
loss in total pressure should not exceed about 0.32 in of
water. Total pressure losses for the diffusers are all equal to
0.04 in of water. The lengths shown are the total equivalent
length of each section. Use English unit.
For main duct velocity = 900 ft/min
cfm
1
= 100+250+250+100+100 =800
Plenum
o
a
b
c
d
1 2 3 4
5
6
7 8
9
55 ft 25 ft 40ft 45ft
95ft
1
0
0

f
t

1
0
0

f
t

8
0

f
t

1
0
0

f
t

250 cfm 250 cfm
100cfm
100cfm 100 cfm
from chart,
ft water/100 of in 0.096
L
P
ft/min 890 V in, 9 . 12 D
cfm
ity duct veloc main
design
1 1
1
=
|
.
|

\
|
A
= =
(

ft 260 95 45 40 25 55 L
e12345
= + + + + =
ft 245 80 45 40 25 55 L
e12346
= + + + + =
ft 220 100 40 25 55 L
e1237
= + + + =
ft 180 100 25 55 L
e129
= + + =
ft 155 100 55 L
e18
= + =
water of in 0.2496 260
100
096 . 0
P
5 - o
= = A
6 - o 5 - o
P P A = A
6 - d d - o 5 - d d - o
P P P P A + A = A + A
water of in 0912 . 0 95
100
096 . 0
L
L
P
P
5
design
5 - d
= =
|
.
|

\
|
A
= A
water of in 0912 . 0 P P
5 - d 6 - d
= A = A
water of in 10 14 . 1
80
0912 . 0
L
P
L
P
3
6
6 - d
6

= =
A
=
|
.
|

\
|
A
ft/min 690 V in, 2 . 8 D
250 cfm
114 . 0
ft 100
L
P
6 6
6
6
= =
(
(
(

=
= |
.
|

\
| A
7 - o 6 - o
P P A = A
7 - c c - o 6 - d d - 4 - c c - o
P P P P P A + A = A + A + A
water. of in 0432 . 0 45
100
096 . 0
L
L
P
P
4
design
d - 4 - c
= =
|
.
|

\
|
A
= A
water of in 0912 . 0 P P
6 6 - d
= A = A
water of in 1344 . 0 0912 . 0 0432 . 0 P P P
6 - d d - 4 - c 7 - c
= + = A + A = A
3
7 - c
7 - c
7
10 344 . 1
100
1344 . 0
L
P
L
P

= =
|
|
.
|

\
| A
=
|
.
|

\
|
A
ft/min 600 V in, 6 . 5 D
100 cfm
0.1344
ft 100
L
P
7 7
7
7
= =
(
(
(

=
=
|
.
|

\
| A
9 - o 7 - o
P P A = A
7 - c c - b b - o 9 - b b - o
P P P P P A + A + A = A + A
7 - c c - b 9 - b
P P P A + A = A
water of in 0384 . 0 40
100
096 . 0
L
L
P
P
3
design
c - b
= =
|
.
|

\
|
A
= A
water of in 1728 . 0 1344 . 0 0384 . 0 P P P P
7 - c c - b 9 - b 9
= + = A + A = A = A
water /ft of in 10 152 . 1
150
1728 . 0
L
P
3
9

= =
|
.
|

\
|
A
ft/min 700 V in, 0 . 8 D
250 cfm
1152 . 0
ft 100
L
P
9 9
9
9
= =
(
(
(

=
=
|
.
|

\
| A
9 o 8 - o
P P

A = A
9 b b - a a - o 8 - a a - o
P P P P P
=
A + A + A = A + A
9 - b b - a 8 - a
P P P A + A = A
water of in 024 . 0 25
100
096 . 0
L
L
P
P
2
design
b a
= =
|
.
|

\
|
A
= A

water of in 1968 . 0 1728 . 0 024 . 0 P

8 - a
= + = A
t water /f of in 10 968 . 1
100
1968 . 0
L
P
3
8 - a

= =
|
.
|

\
|
A
ft/min 700 V in, 2 . 5 D
100 cfm
ft water/100 of in 1968 . 0
ft 100
L
P
8 8
8
8
= =
(
(
(

=
= |
.
|

\
| A
+=========================+