epeirostik vogism s @PHHWIHA rgwgo esksei irwtsei ktnhsh

Exetste sac). an oi paraktw protseic enai alhjec yeudec (aitiologste plrwc thn apnths

IF PF QF RF SF

An h

f f f

enai paragwgsimh sto

(a, b)

, tte h

enai

suneqc sto

(a, b)

An h

enai paragwgsimh sto

x0 = 0 [a, b]

kai an

f (0) = f (0) = 0

, tte

lim nf (1/n) = 0 x0 = a
, tte

An h

enai paragwgsimh sto

kai parnei th mgisth tim thc sto

f (a) = 0

An

f (x) 0
h enai ste

gia kje

x [0, )

kai

f (0) = 0
sto

, tte

f (x) 0

gia kje

x [0, )
,

f x0 (0, 2)
An 'Estw

do

forc .

paragwgsimh

[0, 2]

kai

f (0) = f (1) = f (2) = 0

tte

uprqei

f (x0 ) = 0

TF f : (a, b) R x (a, b) \ {x0 }

kai an

kai stw

uprqei to

x0 (a, b) f lim f (x) = R

. An h

enai suneqc sto , tte

x0
.

, paragwgsimh se kje

xx0

f (x0 ) = >0

UF VF

An

h .

f :RR

enai

paragwgsimh

sto

tte

uprqei

ste

na

enai

suneqc

sto

(, )
An

enai

paragwgsimh

gnhswc axousa sto

x0 R (x0 , x0 + )
sto .

kai

f (x0 ) > 0

tte

uprqei

>0

ste

na

enai

esksei ymd e9 IF
Upologste tic paraggouc (sta shmea pou uprqoun) twn paraktw sunartsewn:

f (x) =

1 x2 , 1 + x2

g (x) =

1+

1 , x

h(x) =

1+x . 1x

PF

Upologste tic paraggouc

(sta shmea

pou uprqoun) twn paraktw sunartsewn:

f (x) = sin (x + 1)2 (x + 2) ,

g (x) =

sin(x2 ) sin2 x , 1 + sin x 0

.

h(x) = sin

cos x . x

QF
(a) (b)

Exetste an

(g)

f, g, h f (x) = x x /Q f (x) = 0 xQ 2 g (x) = 0 x /Q g (x) = x xQ h(x) = sin x x /Q h(x) = x xQ

oi sunartseic enai an kai an . an kai an . an kai an an oi sunartseic sto

paragwgsimec sto

RF
(a)

Exetste

f, g, h
.

enai

paragwgsimec

sto

An

enai,

exetste

an

parg-

wgc touc

enai suneqc

f (x) = sin g (x) = x sin

2

1 x 1 x

an

x=0

, kai

f (0) = 0

(b)

an

x=0

, kai

g (0) = 0

(g)

h(x) = x sin
Dexte ti h .

1 x

an

x=0

, kai

h(0) = 0
me

SF

sunrthsh Exetste

se kje

x0 R

an h

f :RR f (x) = f :RR

sin x x

an

x=0

kai

f (0) = 1

enai

paragwgsimh

enai suneqc sunrthsh.

TF

Brete (an

uprqoun) ta shmea

sta opoa

enai paragwgsimh h sunrthsh

f : (0, 1) R

me

f (x) =

0
1 q

, ,

x /Q x= p , p, q N, q

MKD

x=0 (p, q ) = 1

UF
(f

'Estw

f :RR
.

me

f (0) = 3

kai

f (x) = sin2 (sin(x + 1))

gia

kje

xR

Upologste

thn

) (3)

VF

'Estw .

f :RR

me

f (x) = x3 + 2x + 1

Upologste

thn

(f 1 ) (y )

sta

shmea

f (0) f (1)
,

kai

f (1)

(a) Dexte

(b) An

WF f : (a, b) R a < x0 < b M |x x0 | x (a, b) f x0 >1 f =1 f

'Estw kai . gia kje . ti h enai suneqc sto . , dexte ti h enai (g) Dste pardeigma pou all h

Upojtoume

ti

uprqei

>0

ste

|f (x) f (x0 )|

paragwgsimh sto

x0

Poi

enai h

tim thc

f (x0 )

den enai paragwgsimh sto

x0

IHF

Dste pardeigma sunrthshc

f : (0, 1) R

h opoa:

(a) enai suneqc sto

(b) enai suneqc sto

(0, 1) (0, 1)

all den

enai paragwgsimh sto shmeo

all den enai paragwgsimh

sta shmea

x0 = xn =

1 2. 1 n,

n2

IIF
(a) (b)

(g)

(d)

f :RR f (1) = 0 f (2) = 1 f (1) > 0 f (1) = 0 f (2) = 1 f (1) < 0 f (0) = 0 f (3) = 1 f (1) = 0 f f (m) = 0 f (m) = (1)m m Z |f (x)|
Dste pardeigma sunrthshc me tic , kai . , kai . , , kai h enai kai gia kje , 'Estw

exc idithtec:

gnhswc axousa sto

1 2

gia kje

[0, 3] xR
.

IPF
x0

f, g : R R

kai stw

x0 R

Upojtoume ti:

kai h

enai suneqc sto

x0

Dexte ti h sunrthsh ginmeno

f (x0 ) = 0 f f g
, h kai

enai paragwgsimh sto

enai paragwgsimh sto

x0

IQF
(a)

Gia

kajema

ap

tic

paraktw

sunartseic

brete

th

mgisth

thn

elqisth

tim

thc

sto

disthma pou upodeiknetai.

(b)

(g)

f (x) = x3 x2 8x + 1 [2, 2] 5 f (x) = x + x + 1 [1, 1] 3 f (x) = x 3x [1, 2]

sto sto . sto . Dexte ti h exswsh:

IRF
(a) (b)

(g)

4ax3 + 3bx2 + 2cx = a + b + c 6x4 7x + 1 = 0 x3 + 9x2 + 33x 8 = 0

qei to Dexte ti h exswsh pol treic

qei toulqiston ma rza sto

(0, 1)

pol do pragmatikc

rzec.

qei akribc ma

pragmatik rza.

ISF ITF IUF

kai to

pragmatikc rzec an

xn + ax + b = 0 n
o sto

qei to pol do pragmatikc rzec an o enai perittc.

enai rtioc

'Estw

f (x) = 0

qei akribc

a1 < < an n1

kai

stw

f (x) = (x a1 ) (x an )

Dexte

ti

exswsh

lseic.

Sqediste tic

grafikc parastseic

twn sunartsewn

f (x) = x +

1 , x

f (x) = x +

3 , x2

f (x) =

x2 , x2 1 R

f (x) =

1 1 + x2

jewrntac san pedo orismo touc to megaltero uposnolo tou

sto opoo mporon na oriston.

IVF

(a)

Dexte

ti:

ap

la

ta

orjognia

parallhlgramma

me

stajer

diagnio,

to

tetrgwno

qei to

mgisto embadn.

(b) Dexte ti:

ap la ta orjognia parallhlgramma me stajer permetro, to tetrgwno qei

to mgisto embadn.

IWF PHF PIF

Brete .

ta

shmea

thc

uperbolc

x2 y 2 = 1

pou

qoun

elqisth

apstash

ap

to

shmeo

(0, 1)

Pnw

se

kklo

aktnac

jewrome

do

antidiametrik

shmea

A, B

Brete

ta

shmea

tou

kklou gia ta opoa to

trgwno

AB

qei th mgisth dunat permetro.

Dnontai pragmatiko arijmo

n k=1

a1 < a2 < < an

Na breje h elqisth tim thc sunrthshc

f (x) =

(x ak ) a>0
.

PPF

'Estw

Dexte

ti

h mgisth tim thc

sunrthshc

f (x) =
enai sh me

1 1 + 1 + |x| 1 + |x a|

2+a 1+a .
ti oi ti sunartseic uprqei

PQF

Upojtoume .

kai

enai na

paragwgsimec shmeo kai sto

sto

[a, b]
gia

kai

ti

f (a) = g (a)
oi

kai

f (b) = g (b)

Dexte

toulqiston

twn grafikn parastsewn twn

kai

sta

(x, f (x))

x (a, b) (x, g (x))

ste

to

opoo

efaptmenec

enai parllhlec tautzontai.

PRF

Dnontai do paragwgsimec sunartseic

kje

x (a, b)

Dexte

ti

anmesa

se

do

rzec

f, g : (a, b) R f (x) = 0
thc

brsketai

f (x)g (x) f (x)g (x) = 0 g (x) = 0

mia rza thc

gia ,

kai antstrofa.

PSF PTF

'Estw

uprqoun

f : [a, b] R x1 = x2 (a, b)
,

suneqc ste

[a, b] f (x1 ) + f (x2 ) = 0

sto , me

paragwgsimh .

sto

(a, b)

me

f (a) = f (b)

Dexte

ti

'Estw

f : (0, +) R

paragwgsimh,

x+

lim f (x) = 0

Dexte

ti

x+

lim (f (x + 1) f (x)) = 0.

PUF PVF

'Estw

Dexte ti

f : (1, +) R lim [f (x + x) f (x)] = 0

x+

paragwgsimh sunrthsh me thn idithta: .

|f (x)|

1 x

gia kje

x>1

f, g f (0) = g (0) = 0
'Estw (a) An h

do sunartseic suneqec sto kai

f (x) > 0 g (x) > 0

,

sto

[0, a] (0, a)

kai paragwgsimec sto

(0, a)

Upojtoume ti

f
f g

enai axousa sto

(0, a)

, dexte ti h

(b) An h

enai

axousa sto

(0, a)

, dexte

ti

f (x) x enai axousa sto (0, a). f g enai axousa sto (0, a).

eskseiX ekjetik ki logrijmik sunrthsh trigwnometrik sunrtsei ymd e9 PWF

(a) An

0<a<1

a>1

, dexte ti

(loga ) (x) =
(b) Dexte ti, gia kje

1 . x ln a

a>0

(ax ) = ax ln a.

Epshc,

ax

enai

kurt sto

kai h

loga x

enai kolh sto

(0, +)

QHF

(a) Dexte

ti

gia

kje

(b) Dexte ti gia

kje

xR x>0

isqei

ex 1 + x

isqei

1 log x x 1. x
isqei

QIF

Dexte ti gia

kje

x>0

kai gia

nN ln x n n x 1 n x ln x.
kje gia

Sumpernate ti

limn n ( n x 1) = ln x
gia kje

x>0

QPF

(a) Dexte ti

xR

isqei

lim n ln 1 +

x = x. n

(b) Dexte ti gia

kje

xR

isqei

lim

1+

x n

= ex .

QQF

Meletste th sunrthsh

f (x) =
sto

ln x x
Poic enai megalteroc, o

(0, +)

kai sqediste

th grafik thc parstash.

QRF

Dexte ti oi sunartseic

ln

kai

exp

ikanopoion

ta exc:

(a)

gia kje

s>0

ex = + x+ xs lim
kai (b)

x+
Dhlad, h

lim

ln x = 0. xs
opoiadpote (meglh) dnamh tou

auxnei sto

exp +

auxnei

sto

taqtera

ap

en

ln

bradtera ap

opoiadpote

(mikr) dnamh tou

QSF
pou

'Estw

f :RR

paragwgsimh

sunrthsh

me

thn

idithta

mia stajer.

Dexte ti uprqei

aR

ste

f (x) = aecx (a, b)

, ste

gia kje

f (x) = cf (x) xR

gia .

kje

xR

QTF

'Estw

kje

f : [a, b] R R g : [a, b] R
, h sunrthsh

suneqc, paragwgsimh sto me

f (a) = f (b) = 0

Dexte ti:

gia

g (x) := f (x) + f (x)

qei mia rza sto disthma

(a, b)

QUF
+

'Estw .

a, b R
ti

me

Dexte

uprqei

a<b (a, b) x 0, 2

kai stw

ste

f : (a, b) R f ( ) > f ( )

paragwgsimh sunrthsh ste . [

Updeixh:

Jewrste thn

limxb f (x) = ex f (x)

.]

QVF

Dexte ti gia kje

isqei

sin x

2x .

QWF
kai thn

(b) kai

f :RR f (x) + f (x) = 0 g = f 2 + (f )2 f :RR f (x) + f (x) = 0

(a) 'Estw .] 'Estw 'Estw

do

forc

paragwgsimh . Dexte ti

sunrthsh.

Upojtoume

ti

f (0) = f (0) = 0
Jewrste

gia kje

xR

f (x) = 0

gia kje

xR

Updeixh:

do

forc

paragwgsimh . Dexte

sunrthsh.

Upojtoume gia kje

gia kje

xR

ti

f (x) = cos x

f (0) = 1 f (0) = 0 xR
ti , .

RHF

f :RR

h sunrthsh

f (x) = sin x x +
(a) Dexte ti: gia kje , , ,

x3 . 6
.

x 0 f (x) 0 f (x) 0 f (x) 0 xR 1

,

(b) Dexte ti,

gia

kje

x2 2

cos x 1 x

kai, gia

kje

x0

x3 sin x x. 6
qei akribc ma lsh se kje disthma thc morfc

RIF
(b)

(a)

Dexte

ti

exswsh .

tan x = x

Ik = k 2 , k + 2 ak limk (ak+1 ak )
'Estw h lsh

thc

parapnw

exswshc

sto

disthma

Ik k N
,

Brete,

an

uprqei,

to

rio

kai dste gewmetrik

ermhnea.

esksei ymd f9 RPF

Dnontai pragmatiko arijmo

a1 < a2 < < an

Na breje h elqisth tim thc sunrthshc

g (x) =
k=1

|x ak | nN

RQF RRF RSF

sto sto

'Estw

kai

stw

diaforetikc lseic,

lec sto disthma

f (x) = (x2 1)n (1, 1)

. gia touc

Dexte

ti

exswsh

f (n) (x) = 0

qei

akribc

Na brejon

loi oi

a>1

opoouc h anisthta

xa ax

isqei gia

kje

x>1

'Estw

(0, 1) [0, 1]

kai

f : [0, 1] R 0 f (x) 2f (x)

suneqc sunrthsh me gia kje

f (0) = 0 x (0, 1)
.

Upojtoume ti h ti h

enai paragwgsimh kai sh me

Dexte

enai

stajer

RTF RUF RVF

'Estw .

f :RR
Dexte ti

paragwgsimh sunrthsh.

Upojtoume ti

f (x) > f (x)

gia kje

xR

kai

f (0) = 0

f (x) > 0
ti

gia kje

x>0

'Estw

>0

Dexte

h exswsh

ex = 1 + x + x2 /2
sunrthsh.

qei akribc ma

pragmatik rza.

'Estw

Dexte ti:

gia

f : (0, +) R >1
kje ,

paragwgsimh

Upojtoume

ti

enai

fragmnh.

x+

lim

f (x) = 0. x f : [0, 1] R
me

RWF SHF SIF SPF

'Estw

a>0

Dexte ti den uprqei paragwgsimh sunrthsh

f (0) = 0

kai

f (x) a

gia kje

x (0, 1]

'Estw

f : (a, b) R

paragwgsimh

sunrthsh.

An

enai

asuneqc

se

kpoio

shmeo ).

x0 (a, b)
'Estw

, dexte oti h

asunqeia thc

sto

x0

enai ousidhc (den uprqei to rio

xx0

lim f (x)

f : (a, b) R

paragwgsimh sunrthsh me

xb

lim f (x) = +

Dexte ti an uprqei to

xb

lim f (x)
'Estw

tte enai so me

f : (0, +) R
x+

paragwgsimh

sunrthsh

me

x+

lim f (x) = L R

Dexte

ti

an

uprqei to

lim f (x)

tte enai

so me