DESIGN CALCULATIONS FOR BOILER Design Parameters Type of the building Number of occupants in the Main Hospital Number

of occupants in the Amenities Hot water requirement per occupant per hr at peak demand Cold water requirement per occupant per day No. of hours for Hot water storage No. of days for cold water storage Design Temperature for hot water Design Temperature for Cold water Specific Heat capacity of water No. of hours for heating hot water 1) Hot Water Requirement From plumbing guide, the peak consumption per hour per occupant in litres of hot water for a hospital is 30 litres The number of people served in the main hospital is approximately 300 people Amount of hot water = 9,000 Litres required using the no. of Amount of hot water required using the No. of Areas No. of Beds General Wards Maternity Wards Isolation Wards Amenity Wards 220 58 22 14 HOTEL 300 50 30.00 60.00 3 5 65 10 4.20 2 Persons Persons Litres Litres Hours Days
0 0

C C

kJ/kg Hours

Hot Water Requirement

Amount of hot water 6,600.00 Litres 2,610.00 Litres 1,034.00 Litres 980.00 Litres 11,224.00 Litres

30 45 47 70 Total

The number of people served in the amenities is approximately 50 people Amount of hot water required = Allow for kitchen and laundry use = Total 1,500 1,200 2,700 Litres Litres Litres

2) Main Hospital Calorifier The size of the calorifier is based on maximum draw-off of hot water in any one hour at peak load conditions then the boiler is sized on a basis of heating this quantity of water up to the desired temperature in 2-3 hours.

The hot water required in main hospital = Taking this as 90% due to cold water mixing Actual water storage =

11,224

Litres

12,471

Litres

This is the amount of water required per day, therefore storing water for four hours Actual water storage for 4 hours = Taking a safety factor of 5%, then The size of the calorifier is
2 V=r h

4157.04

Litres

4,365

Litres

Choosing a vertical type calorifier of capacity of 4,365 litres, then the dimensions are:V - Volume = V/h m2 or 878mm r- Radius h - Height r2 r2

Assuming a height of 1800mm

= 4365/1.8 = 0.7716

0.878391 metres

Taking care of the space occupied by the heating element (approx. 5%) r D = = 0.922311 1.844622 metres metres or or 922mm 1845mm

Therefore, the actual diameter of the calorifier is 1845mm, which can be rounded-off to 1850mm Summary of main hospital calorifier Type: Vertical arrangement type

Capacity: 4,500 litres Diameter: 1,850mm Height: 1,800mm

3) Amenities Calorifier The hot water required in amenities = Allow for kitchen and laundry use = Total Amount of hot water required = Taking this as 90% due to cold water mixing Actual water storage Therefore the size of the calorifier is V=r2h r
2

1,500 Litres 1,200 Litres 2,700 Litres

3,000 Litres 3,000 Litres

Choosing a vertical type calorifier of capacity of 3,000 litres, then the dimensions are:V - Volume = = = r = V/h 3/1.8 0.5308 m2 or 729mm r- Radius h - Height

Assuming a height of 1800mm

0.72855 metres

Taking care of the space occupied by the heating element (approx. 5%) r D = = 0.764978 1.529956 metres metres or or 765mm 1530mm

Therefore, the actual diameter of the calorifier is 1530mm, which can be rounded-off to 1500mm Summary of amenites calorifier Type: Vertical arrangement type

Capacity: 3,000 litres Diameter: 1500mm Height: 1800mm

4) Boiler Sizing The boiler is sized on a basis of heating the quantity of hot water required up to the desired temperature in 2-3 hours. Total Amount of hot water required = 10,000+3000= 13,000 Litres Amount of heat energy required to raise water temperature in two hours = MC M - Mass flowrate C - Specific heat capacity of water Heat energy = 13,000 x 4.2 x (65-10) = 2 x 3600 417.08 - Temperature change

KW

Assumming 10kw for taking care of the losses due to radiation from boiler, mains, cylinders and fittings Heat energy = 427.08 KW 427.08 KW

Therefore net boiler power =

Designing for two boilers arranged to take two thirds of the net heat load to allow for diversity, then the net power of each boiler is 284.72 KW

From the available catalogues, the boiler with the nearest power is 290kw 5) Feed Tanks Feed tanks are sized according to the reliability of water source. If pressure and flow is good, one hour storage under peak load conditions is suffice otherwise 2-3 hours. Another method is allowing 0.5-3 litres of water per kilowatt power of the boiler, then allowing for 100mm of water for space above ball valve which is almost result to double the capacity. Using the second method, the size of the feed tank will be:Feed tank capacity 3 litres = x 300 (Boiler capacity) = 900 litres

Allowing for space above ball valve Feed tank capacity 900 = litres x 2 = 1,800 litres

8) Fuel The choice of fuel depends on availability, cost of maintenance, capital charges on storage space, flue etc. There are about 5 types of boiler oil available - class D (gas oil), Class E (Light oil), Class F (medium oil), Class G (Heavy oil), and kerosine. The choice of fuel for this particular project is class D (Gas oil) since it requires no preheating, is clean in burning in fully-automatic burners, has lower sulphur content, ease in maitenance and low cost. It is also recommended for boilers up to 1000kw The following are the characteristic of Class D oil Specific gravity at 15.60C - 0.835 Viscosity, Redwood No. 1 at 380C secs - 34 Calorific value, MJ/kg - 45.5 9) Fuel Storage Fuel storage sized on 2-3 weeks running of the boiler on full load is sufficient. The full load can be reasonably assummed to be 12 hours/day. The minimum tank capacity is 3,500 litres and is necessary to provide two or more tanks, this allows for one tank to be filled while the other one is in use thus allowing sludge and water, if any, to settle.

Fuel consuption = Boiler Capacity (kw) Gross calorific value (J/kg) x efficiency, h = 300 (45.5 x 1000) x 75% =

Assumming 75% efficiency 0.008791209 kg/s

= = Storing for 3 weeks (21 days x 12 hours) = 252 hours Fuel Storage = Fuel consuption x No. of hours = 34l/s x 252 hrs =

31.65kg/hr 34 litres per hour

8568.00

Litres

Allowing for 10% for space on top of the fuel tank, then Fuel Storage = 9,424.80 Litres

Another method of sizing the fuel storage is using the recommended number of litres for a certain boiler power. The recommended number of litres for 300kw boiler is 35 litres per kw. Using the second method, Fuel Storage = 35 x 300 = 10,500 Litres

Taking the average of the two methods, the a capacity of 10,200 litres is sufficient.
5

Therefore, the bulk storage tank for this project is:Gross Capacity - 11,000 litres Net Capacity - 10,200 litres Diameter Length 10)Oil Sump An oil sump should be provided with a ball float and electrical contact so as to cut-off the oil supply to the burner(s) should there be an oil leak. This should also be connected to fire valve on the outlet of the oil storage tank. 2,000mm 3,500mm

11)Chimney Cross sectional area can be calculated by assumming 5-8m/s of natural draught, boiler duty of 300kw, oil fired with chimney temperature average of 2600C and product of combustion per MJ of boiler output of 1.4m3/MJ X-area = 1.4 x 1000 x 1000 300 x 1000 4.666666667

From the graph, the boiler of duty 300kw can be served well by a chimney of 300mm diameter. The chimney to be lagged and cladded the whole length.

12)Insulation The hot and return pipes should be insulated in total with a minimum of 25mm insulation

13)Pressures It is desirable for the pressures of cold and hot water to be roughly equal. This is achieved by arranging for the cold feed to mixers to be fed from the same tank as the hot-water supply, preferably from a separate down-feed pipe so that the pressure is not affected by other draw-off points.

In this project, this is achieved by tapping hot-feed pipe from the tank placed in the roof of the main hospital while the supply to ammenities is tapped from a tank placed on a tower in the boiler room. This balances the pressures in both areas.