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Power Quality
Power Quality
UNIT - I
INTRODUCTION TO POWER QUALITY
ENERGY
ENERGY CAN NEITHER BE CREATED NOR BE DESTROYED BUT IT CAN BE CONVERTED FROM ONE FORM TO ANOTHER FORM.
ELECTRICAL ENERGY
GENERATION OF ELECTRICAL ENERGY IS NOTHING BUT THE CONVERSION OF VARIOUS OTHER FORMS OF ENERGY INTO AN ELECTRICAL ENERGY.
BLOCK DIAGRAM
GENERATION TRANSMISSION & DISTRIBUTION CUSTOMERS
INDUSTRIAL CUSTOMERS
RESIDENTIAL CUSTOMERS
COMMERCIAL CUSTOMERS
TRANSIENTS
Used in the analysis of power system variations to denote an event that is undesirable and momentary in nature. Classified in to 2 categories
(i) Impulsive Transient (ii) Oscillatory Transient
TYPES OF TRANSIENTS
IMPULSIVE TRANSIENT It is a sudden, non-power frequency change in the steady state condition of voltage, current (or) both that is unidirectional in polarity. They are normally characterized by their rise and decay times, which can also be revealed by their spectral content. OSCILLATORY TRANSIENT It is a sudden, non-power frequency change in the steady state condition of voltage, current or both, that includes both positive & negative polarity. Example : Capacitor Bank Energization.
OVERVOLTAGE
An overvoltage is an increase in the r.m.s. ac voltage greater than 110 % at the power frequency for a duration longer than 1 min. It is a result of load switching. Eg : Switching OFF a Large load Energizing a capacitor bank
UNDERVOLTAGE
An undervoltage is a decrease in the rms ac voltage to less than 90 % at the power frequency for a duration longer than 1 min. Example : Load Switching Capacitor Bank Switching off
INTERRUPTIONS
An interruption occurs when the supply voltage or load current decreases to less than 1p.u for a period of time not exceeding 1 min.
It can be the result of power system faults, equipment failures and control malfunctions.
VOLTAGE SAG
A sag is a decrease to between 0.1 and 0.9 p.u in r.m.s voltage or current at the power frequency for durations from 0.5 cycle to 1 min.
VOLTAGE SAG
VOLTAGE SWELL
A swell is defined as an increase 1.1 and 1.8 p.u in r.m.s voltage or current at the power frequency for durations from 0.5 cycle to 1 min.
VOLTAGE IMBALANCE
Also called Voltage Unbalance Maximum deviation from the average of the three phase voltages (or) currents.
SYSTEM MODEL
Electric Utility Transformer System+Transformer+Feeder Electric Equivalent (Plant) Load Load Bus
Vs
Rs
Ls
VL
Nonlinear Load (NLL)
Switched/Modulated Power Filter or Static Capacitor Compensator Conv erter Ty pe Arc Ty pe Dy namic Cy clical Ripple Inrush Temporal Motorized on/of f SMPS ASD Saturation Ty pe
* Smart-controllers are based on specif ied control objectiv es Control Signals Smart Controller * eight designs (Dr. A.M. Sharaf )
YF(s)
is Vs Ps
N L L
Nonlinear Load
WAVEFORM DISTORTION
Steady-state deviation from an ideal sine wave of power frequency principally characterized by the spectral content of the deviation. 5 types of waveform distortion
1. DC offset 2. Harmonics 3. Inter-Harmonics 4. Notching 5. Noise
ITI CURVE
ITI Curve ---- Information Technology Industry Council Curve A set of curves published by ITI representing the withstand capabilities of computers connected to power systems in terms of magnitude and duration of the voltage disturbance.
CBEMA CURVE
CBEMA ---- Computer Business Equipment Manufacturers Association. A set of curves representing the withstand capabilities of computers in terms of the magnitude and duration of the voltage disturbance. Standard for measuring the performance of all types of equipment and power systems.
CBEMA CURVE