18

18
Combined Axial-Bending
Mongkol JIRAVACHARADET
Reinforced Concrete Design Reinforced Concrete Design
S U R A N A R E E INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING
UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY SCHOOL OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
Design of Columns 2
Interaction Diagram
Biaxially Loaded Column
Combined Axial Load and Bending Moments Combined Axial Load and Bending Moments
Bending moments can occur in columns because:
- Unbalance gravity loads
- Lateral loads: wind, earthquake
Column2_02
P
M
P
e
Working Stress Design (WSD):
P
a
P, M
a
M
Equivalent Eccentricity Equivalent Eccentricity e e = = M M/ /P P
Minimum Eccentricity: e
min
= 0.6 + 0.03h
Strength Design Method (SDM):
P
n
P
u
, M
n
M
u
Column2_03
Column subjected to eccentric compression Column subjected to eccentric compression
P
n
e
h
width = b
c
d
d
s

cu

a
s s
A f
s s
A f
0.85
c
f
0.85
n c s s s s
P f a b A f A f = +
y
F (

L
| |
C
M 0.85
2 2 2 2
n n c s s s s
h a h h
M P e f ab A f d A f d
| | | | | |
= = + +
| | |
\ \ \
Equilibrium between external and internal axial forces requires that
Moment about centerline of the section of internal stresses and forces must be
equal and opposite to the moment of external force P
n
, so that
Column2_04
Moment Strength of Column
1
2 2 2 2
n c s
n
h a h h
M C C d T d
P e
| | | | | |
= + +
| | |
\ \ \
=
Taking moment about centroid of section:
( )
2
2
2
n c s
n
a
M C d C d d
h
P e d
| |
= +
|
\
| |
= +
|
\
Taking moment about tension steel:
T C
s
C
c
C
L
d
a/2
h/2
d
h
P
n
e
d - h/2
Column2_05
c
d
d
s

cu

a
s s
A f
s s
A f
0.85
c
f
Tension steel:
s cu
s s s cu s y
d c
c
d c
f E E f
c

= =
Compression steel:
s cu
s s s cu s y
c d
c
c d
f E E f
c



=

= =
Concrete stress block:
1
0.85
c
a c h
C f a b
=
=
Column2_06
If we know
Neutral axis (c, a)
Strain condition
(
s
,
s
)
Stress condition
( f
s
, f
s
)
Column strength
( M
n
, P
n
)
Column2_07
Small e f
s
< f
y
when
c
=
cu
= 0.003 (compression failure)
Large e f
s
= f
y
when
c
=
cu
= 0.003 (tension failure)
P
n
e
P
n
e
P
n
e
P
n
e
Small Eccentricity Large Eccentricity
Column2_08
P
n
M
n
Interaction Diagram for Combined Bending and Axial Load Interaction Diagram for Combined Bending and Axial Load
For any eccentricity, there is a unique pair of P
n
and M
n
.
P
0
e
=

0
e
s
m
a
l
l
Compression failure range
By plotting series of pairs coresponding to a different
eccentricity, will result in an interaction diagram.
Radial lines show constant e = M
n
/P
n
e e
b b
: Balance failure : Balance failure
e large
Tension failure range
e =
Column2_09
Balanced Failure, Balanced Failure, e e
b b
b b b
M P e = Condition of failure that :
Concrete reaches the strain limit:
cu
and
Tensile steel reaches the yield strain:
y
c
b
d
d
y

cu

6,120
6,120
cu
b
cu y y
c d d
f

= =
+ +
1 b b
a c =
0.85
b c b s s s y
P f a b A f A f = +
b
s s s cu s y
b
c d
f E E f
c


= =
0.85
2 2 2 2
b
b c b s s s y
a h h h
M f a b A f d A f d
| | | | | |
= + +
| | |
\ \ \
/
b b b
e M P =
Column2_10
Failure Mode Justification using e
b
Case 1: e < e
b

cu
c
b

y
M
b
M<M
b
c > c
b

s
<
y
f
s
< f
y
Compression Failure
Case 2: e > e
b

cu
c
b
M
b
M>M
b
c < c
b

s
>
y
f
s
> f
y
Tension Failure
Column2_11
EXAMPLE 1 Column strength interaction diagram. A 25 x 40 cm column is
reinforced with 4DB28. Concrete strength f
c
= 280 ksc and the steel
yield strength f
y
= 4,000 ksc
20 cm 20 cm
12.5 cm
12.5 cm
5 cm 5 cm
P
n
M
n
P
n
e
Balance condition:
6,120
35 21.2 cm, 0.85(21.2) 18.0 cm
6,120 4,000
b b
c a
| |
= = = =
|
+
\
0.85(0.28)(18)(25) 107 ton
c
C = =
21.2 5
6,120 4,677 ksc
21.2
s s cu
c d
f E
c

| | | |
= = =
| |
\ \
Yielding 4,000 ksc
s
f =
12.32(4.0) 49.3 ton
s s y
C A f = = =
Column2_12
40 cm
5 cm
35 cm
18 cm
h
d
d
a
=
=
=
=
12.32(4.0) 49.3 ton
s y
T A f = = =
107 49.3 49.3 107 ton
b c s
P C C T = + = + =
2 2 2 2
107(20 18/ 2) 49.3(20 5) 49.3(35 20)
2,656 ton-cm 26.6 ton-m
b c s
h a h h
M C C d T d
| | | | | |
= + +
| | |
\ \ \
= + +
= =
2,656
24.8 cm
107
b
b
b
M
e
P
= = =
For c smaller than c
b
= 21.2 cmwill give e larger than e
b
: tension failure
For example, choose c = 10 cm. By definition f
s
= f
y
10 5
6,120 3,060 ksc
10
s
f
| |
= =
|
\
0.85 10 8.5 cm a = =
0.85(0.28)(8.5)(25) 50.6 ton C = =
50.6 12.32 3.06 12.32 4.0 39 ton
n
P = + =
Column2_13
50.6(20 8.5/ 2) 12.32 3.06(20 5) 12.32 4.0(35 20)
2,102 ton-cm 21.0 t-m
n
M = + +
= =
2,102
53.9 cm
39
n
n
M
e
P
= = =
For c larger than c
b
= 21.2 cmwill give e smaller than e
b
: compression failure
For example, choose c = 30 cm.
0.85 30 25.5 cm a = =
0.85(0.28)(25.5)(25) 152 ton C = =
35 30
6,120 1,020 ksc
30
s s cu
d c
f E
c

| | | |
= = =
| |
\ \
30 5
6,120 5,100 ksc
30
s
f
| |
= =
|
\
Yielding 4,000 ksc
s
f =
152 12.32 4.0 12.32 1.02 189 ton
n
P = + =
152(20 25.5/ 2) 12.32 4.0(20 5) 12.32 1.02(35 20)
2,030 ton-cm 20.3 t-m
n
M = + +
= =
2,030
10.7 cm
189
n
n
M
e
P
= = =
Column2_14
M
n
M
0
Balanced strain
condition
e
=
eb
P
b
n
n
M
e
P
=
P
n
P
0
e=0
M
b
e =
Compression controlled
Transition zone
Tension controlled
0.003
0.003
0.003
s y
<
s y
=
s y
>
Interaction Diagram
Column2_15
( )
( )
Tied column: 0.80 0.85
Spiral column: 0.85 0.85
n c g st y st
n c g st y st
P f A A f A
P f A A f A
( = +

( = +

Maximum Strength in Axial Compression-ACI Code
Minimum eccentricity: e = 0.6 + 0.03 h
e
=
0
.
6
+
0
.
0
3
h
P
n
P
0
A
P
n(max)
USE P
n(max)
e
=
0
.
6
+
0
.
0
3
h
P
n
P
0
A
P
n(max)
USE P
n
at point A
Column2_16
Column strength interaction diagram. A 25 x 40 cm column is reinforced with 4DB28.
Concrete strength f
c
= 280 ksc and the steelyield strength f
y
= 4,000 ksc
20 cm 20 cm
12.5 cm
12.5 cm
5 cm
5 cm
40 cm
5 cm
35 cm
h
d
d
=
=
=
Column2_17
Interaction Diagram for Design
P
n
D
M
n
Nominal strength
0.1
c g
f A
M
n
D
P
n
Design
curve
= 0.70 for tied column
= 0.90 for beam
0.70 0.90
Column2_18
0.00
50.00
100.00
150.00
200.00
250.00
300.00
0.00 20.00 40.00 60.00 80.00 100.00 120.00
Interaction Diagram of Rectangular Columns
h
h
b
75 . 0
kg/cm 4000
kg/cm 210
2
2
=
=
=

y
c
f
f
ksc ,
g
n
A
P
ksc ,
h A
M
g
n

g
= 0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.05
0.06
0.07
0.08
Column2_19
Example: Design a rectangular reinforced concrete column with ties for service
dead and live loads of 120 and 80 tons, respectively. Service dead and live load
moments at the top about the strong axis are 15 and 8 t-m, respectively.
Moments are negligible about weak axis. Assume moments at the bottom of the
column as half those at the top. The column has unsupported height of 2.5 m and
is bent in double curvature about strong axis and single curvature about the weak
axis. Use f
c
= 210 ksc and f
y
= 4,000 ksc.
1) Determine required strength
P
u
= 1.4(120) + 1.7(80) = 304 ton
M
u
= 1.4(15) + 1.7(8) = 34.6 t-m
2) Check column slenderness. Assume a 40 x 60 cm column size
a. Slenderness about weak axis (40 cm width)
k = 1.0 for braced compression member
r = 0.3x40 = 12 cm
kL
u
/r = (1.0)(250)/12 = 20.8
Column2_20
With negligible moment about the weak axis, assume M
1
/M
2
= 1.0
kL
u
/r < 34 - 12(M
1
/M
2
) = 22 (single curvature)
Therefore, slenderness may be neglect about the weak axis.
b. Slenderness about strong axis (60 cm width)
k = 1.0 for braced compression member
r = 0.3x60 = 18 cm
kL
u
/r = (1.0)(250)/18 = 13.9
M
1
/M
2
= -0.5
kL
u
/r < 34 - 12(-0.5) = 40
Therefore, slenderness may be neglect about the strong axis.
Column2_21
3) Design of column reinforcement
304(1,000)
Compute 126.7
40 60
34.6(1,000)(100)
24.03
40 60 60
u
g
u
g
P
A
M
A h
= =

= =

From interaction diagram, read
g
= 0.025
A
st
=
g
A
g
= 0.025(40)(60) = 60.0 cm
2
USE 10DB28(A
s
=61.58cm
2
) Place 5DB28 bars on each 40 cm side.
4) Select lateral reinforcement
Use DB10 ties with DB28 longitudinal bars
Spacing not greater than: 16(2.8) = 44.8 cm
48(1.0) = 48.0 cm
column size = 40 cm (control)
USE DB10 @40 cm
Column2_22
0.00
0.20
0.40
0.60
0.80
1.00
1.20
1.40
1.60
1.80
2.00
0.00 0.10 0.20 0.30 0.40 0.50 0.60 0.70 0.80 0.90 1.00 1.10
'
n
g c
P
A f

'
n
g c
M
A hf

h
h
b
= 0.80

g
m=0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
Normalized Interaction Diagram
Column2_23
Biaxial Biaxial Bending and Compression Bending and Compression
e
x
e
y
P
n
h
b
x x
y
y
M
nx
= P
n
e
nx
M
ny
= P
n
e
ny
Load Contour Method Load Contour Method: :
Cut failure surface at constant P
n
P
n
P
n
M
ny
M
nx
M
0x
M
0y
Load contour
M
nx
M
ny
M
0x
M
0y
2
1
0 0
1.0
ny
nx
x y
M M
M M

| | | |
+ =
| |
|
\ \
Column2_24
Modified Load Contour Method Modified Load Contour Method
The interaction expression for the load and bending moments about the two axes is
1.5
1.5
ny
n nb nx
no nb nbx nby
M
P P M
1.0
P P M M
| |
| | | |
+ + =
|
| |
|

\ \
\
where
P
n
= nominal axial compression (positive), or tension (negative)
M
nx
, M
ny
= nominal bending moments about the x- and y-axis respectively
P
no
= maximum nominal axial compression (positive) or axial tension (negative)
= 0.85 f
c
(A
g
A
st
) + f
y
A
st
P
nb
= nominal axial compression at the limit strain states (
t
= 0.002 )
M
nbx
, M
nby
= nominal bending moment about the x- and y-axis respectively,
at the limit strain state (
t
= 0.002 )
Column2_25
T
C
s
C
c
C
L
d
a/2
h/2
d
h
P
n
e
d - h/2
d
nb c 1 b s s s y
P 0.85f c b A f A f = +
The value of P
nb
and M
nb
can be obtained from:
nb nb b c s
a
M P e C d d C (d d d ) Td
2
| |
= = + +
|
\
where
a = depth of the equivalent block =
1
c
b
b
y s
0.003 6,120
c d d
f / E 0.003 6,120 4,000
| |
| |
= =
|
|
|
+ +
\
\
s
f
= stress in the compressive reinforcement
y s y
f if f f =
T = Force in the tensile side reinforcement
Column2_26
EXAMPLE 18 3 : Design of a Biaxially Loaded Column by the Modified Load
Contour Method
A nonslender corner column is subjected to a factored compressive load P
u
= 100 ton,
a factored bending moment M
ux
= 18 t-m about the x axis, and a factored bending
moment M
uy
= 12 t-m about y axis. Given f
c
= 280 ksc, f
y
= 4,000 ksc
x
y
M
uy
M
ux
x
y
P
u
= 100 ton
e
x
e
y
Solution: Step 1: Calculate equivalent uniaxial bending moment assuming equal
numbers of bars on all faces
Assume that = 0.70 for tied columns.
Required nominal P
n
= 100/0.7 = 143 ton
Column2_27
Required nominal M
nx
= 18/0.7 = 25.7 t-m
Required nominal M
ny
= 12/0.7 = 17.1 t-m
e
y
= M
nx
/ P
n
= 25.7(100)/143 = 18.0 cm
e
x
= M
ny
/ P
n
= 17.1(100)/143 = 12.0 cm
x
y
P
u
e
x
e
y
b
h
M
ux
M
uy
x : axis parallel to the shorter side b
y : axis parallel to the longer side h
Assume column section : b = 30 cm, h = 50 cm, d = 5 cm, and A
s
= 8DB25

s
=
y
= 0.002
Balance failure

cu
= 0.003
c
b = 30 cm
h

=

5
0

c
m
5 cm
5 cm
d

=

4
5

c
m
c 0.003
0.6
d 0.003 0.002
= =
+
c = 0.6(45) = 27 cm
a =
1
c = 0.85(27) = 23 cm
Column2_28

s
=
y
= 0.002

cu
= 0.003
c

=

2
7

c
m
T = A
s
f
y
0.85f
c
a

=

2
3

c
m
C
c
C
s1
C
s2
f
s
= 6120(1-d/c) = 6120(1-5/27)
= 4987 ksc USE f
y
= 4000 ksc
f
s
= 6120(1-25/27) = 453 ksc
P
nb
= nominal axial compression at the limit strain
= C
c
+ C
s1
+ C
s2
T
C
c
= 0.85f
c
b a = 0.85(0.28)(30)(23) = 164.2 ton
C
s1
= (3DB25=14.73)(4.0) = 58.9 ton
C
s2
= (2DB25=9.82)(0.453) = 4.5 ton
T = (3DB25=14.73)(4.0) = 58.9 ton
P
nb
= 164.2 + 58.9 + 4.5 58.9 = 168.7 ton
Compute P
nb
:
Column2_29
M
nbx
= 164.2(25 23/2) + 58.9(25 5) + 58.9(45 25)
Compute M
nbx
:
T = A
s
f
y
0.85f
c
a

=

2
3

c
m
C
c
C
s1
C
s2
nbx c s
h a h h
M C C d T d
2 2 2 2
| | | | | |
= + +
| | |
\ \ \
= 4573 t-cm = 45.7 t-m
nbx
by
nb
M 4573
e 27.1 cm
P 168.7
= = =
e
by
> e
y
= 17.8 cm, hence compression failure
Compute M
nby
:
b = 30 cm
h

=

5
0

c
m
M
y

cu
=
0.003

y
=
0.002
c
nbx
a
nbx
=
1
c
nbx
= 0.85(0.6)(d=25) = 13 cm
M
nby
= 0.850.285012.75(15 13/2) + 58.9(15 5)
+ 58.9(25 15)
= 2468 t-cm = 24.7 t-m
Column2_30
no c g st st y
P 0.85f (A A ) A f = +
= 0.85 x 0.24 (30 x 50 8 x 4.91) + 8 x 4.49 x 4.0
= 442 ton
Using the interaction surface expression for biaxial bending
1.5
1.5
ny
n nb nx
no nb nbx nby
M
P P M
P P M M
| |
| | | |
+ + |
| |
|

\ \
\
1.5 1.5
143 168.7 25.7 17.1
442 168.7 45.7 24.7
| | | |
= + +
| |

\ \
= -0.094 + 0.422 + 0.576 = 0.904 < 1.00 OK
Hence, accept the design, namely,
b = 30 cm, h = 50 cm, d = 45 cm, and A
s
= 8DB25
Column2_31