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afirmativ I am Im You are Youre He is Hes She is Shes It is Its We are Were You are Youre They are Theyre Expresii uzuale: interogativ Am I? Are you? Is he? Is she? Is it? Are we? Are you? Are they? negativ I am not Im not You are not Youre not He is not Hes not She is not Shes not It is not Its not We are not Were not You are not Youre not They are not Theyre not you arent he isnt she isnt it isnt we arent you arent they arent
ARTICOLUL NEHOTRT
SINGULAR: a(un, o) - naintea cuv. care ncep cu o cons. ex: a doctor =un doctor an(un, o) - naintea cuv. care ncep cu o vocal ex: an engineer PLURAL: se formeaz adugnd litera s ex: doctors = doctori n rom. se folos. sunt doctor i sunt un doctor iar n engl. doar sunt un doctor (sunt doctor se traduce n engl. cu sunt un doctor) (Sunt doctor = I am a doctor) - aceast diferen ntre engl. i rom se ntlnete numai la singular.
ARTICOLUL HOTRT
SG.: the teacher = profesorul (the se pronun cu naintea cons. i cu i naintea vocalelor) PL: se adaug s the teachers = profesorii ________________________________________________________________ Exprimarea vrstei se face n englez cu vb. a fi nu cu vb. a avea ca n romn. She is 5 years old = Ea are 5 ani. De asemenea culorile(Ce culoare au ochii ti? What colour are your eyes?) ________________________________________________________________________
LECIA 2
sg. THIS = acesta, aceasta THAT = acela, aceea pl. THESE = acetia, acestea THOSE = aceia, acelea
Expresii uzuale:
This is French That is a Russian It is Romanian ex: What books are those? ONE. These are Those are Romanian ONES. They are Those are English books.;They are English ones.
GENITIVUL(POSESIA)
Pt. numele de fiine se folosete de obicei genitivul cu apostrof s la singular: Tony is Mr. Cliffords son.(Tony este fiul dl. Clifford) la plural: Tony is the Cliffords son (Tony este fiul Clifforzilor)
MUST =
trebuie I must read this book. probabil(n sensul de trebuie) He must be at school now.(Probabil c e la c. acum.) (aciune nceput n trec. i contin. n prez. i posibil n viitor) -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------STILL = nc ( n continuare) Shes still very prety.(E nc f. drgu) YET = nc (deja) Can your baby walk yet? (Copilaul tu poate deja s mearg?) He cant walk yet. (Nu poate s mearg nc.) (aciune care nu a nceput dar poate ncepe oricnd) (= totui Ex.: And yet she was ready in time(i totui a fost gata la timp)) -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ntrebrile disjunctive cu can, may, must se formeaz respectnd regula c n englez nu se folos. dubla negaie ca n romn. You cannt sing this song, can you? Nu ti s cni cntecul ac. nu-i aa?
LECIA 5
NTREBRILE CU DO I DOES(Prezentul Simplu)
Do you smoke? Yes I do. No, I dont. Fumezi? I, you, we, they do
Does he learn Russian? nva rusete? He, she, it does Yes, he learn Russian. Yes, he does. No he doesnt. ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
De regul dup in, with, under, before, after, at, to se folosete the i subs.: - I like to read in the garden. - I like to play with the boys. Excepii: home, school, college... After the lesson the pupil go home. After school they want to go to the cinema. -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------me = pe mine my = meu, mea, mei, mele you = pe tine your = tu him = pe el his = lui her = pe ea her = ei it = pe el us = pe noi our = nostru you = pe voi your = tu, ta, ti, tale, dtale, dvs them = pe ei, ele their= lor -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Expresii uzuale: to be right = a avea dreptate ex.: Am I right? ( Am dreptate?) to be wrong = a nu avea dreptate You are wrong(N-ai dreptate)
n momentul de fa
(now...) I am You are He is She We You They are
Am I speaking French? Interogativ: Do I,you,we,they Does he,she,it ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Lavinia is singing Tony is reading Theyre playing Lavinia is going Tony is coming Theyre taking Spot
in into
(deplasare,micare,direcie)
LECIA 7 TO BE - past
I was I was not(wasnt) You were You were not(werent) He was She was It was We were You were They were -------------------------Ex: Were you at home last night? They were glad to see us. Was I? Were you? Was I not?(wasnt I?) Were you not?(werent you?)
Ai fost acas asear? S-au bucurat(au fost bucuroi) cnd ne-au vzut.
TO HAVE - past
I, You, He, She, It, We, You, They had Ex: She had a pet when she was a little girl.(Ea a avut un animal favorit cnd era mic.) ---------------Have, had se mai folosesc n englez pt. : - a se distra: had a good time - a mnca, a bea : He had a lovely meal.; She had a glass of beer.; had dinner. - doar HAD se mai folosete pt.: a trebuit, trebuia(vezi lecia 10) =trecutul lui must
CAN- past
I, You, He, She, It, We, You, They Ex.: He couldnt go to school yesterday. 5
could
Se mai folosete n englez i cu vb. care arat o aptitudine. - Could you ride well at that time? (Clreai bine pe vremea aceea?) - Could he ski when he was young? (tia s schieze cnd era tnr?) Yes, he could ski very well.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Expresii uzuale: MUCH = mult, mult He never eats much. MANY = muli, multe He hasnt got many records. A LOT (OF) = mult, mult,muli,multe De obicei, se folosete a lot (of) n propoziiile afirmative n loc de much sau many: - He likes to eat a lot. - She has a lot of friends. ------------Se mai folosesc n expresii : ct, cte - Ct cost? = How much is it? - Cte fiice avea? = How many daughters had he?
LECIA 8 GRADELE DE COMPARAIE ALE ADJECTIVELOR 1. adjectivele de o silab formeaz comparativul adugnd ER i superlativul adugnd EST:
high(nalt) tall(nalt) long(lung) higher(mai nalt) taller(mai nalt) longer (the) highest(cel mai nalt) (the)tallest(cel mai nalt) (the)longest :despre lucruri :despre persoane
2.adjectivele de o silab terminate ntr-o singur consoan precedat de o singur vocal dubleaz consoana final nainte de er i de est:
big thin(subire)bigger thinner - nicer - finer - (the)biggest - (the)thinnest - (the)nicest - (the) finest
Adjectivele din mai multe silabe formeaz comparativul cu more i superlativul cu the most. (R nu se pronun cnd more este rostit izolat sau este
urmat de un cuv. care ncepe cu o consoan; dar se pronun cnd cuv. urmtor ncepe cu o vocal ex: more interesting) confortable more confortable (the) most confortable careless more careless (the) most careless neatent(neglijent) --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Folosirea prepoziiilor from(de,din,de pe) se folosete doar n propoziiile care nu exprim ideea de existen in, on, under, behind n celelalte propoziii
The dress in the wardrobe is blue. Rochia din dulap este albastr. She wants to take the dress from the wardrobe. Vrea s ia rochia din dulap. The mouse on the cheese looks very clever. oarecele de pe cacaval pare f. detept. My mother wants to take the mouse from the cheese. Mama vrea s ia oarecele de pe The elephant under the bad is a toy elephant. Elefantul de sub pat este un elefant de j. My baby takes the elephant from under the bed. ia elefantul de sub pat. The cat behind the curtain is in fact a kitten. Pisica de dup perdea este de fapt o pisicu The cat is coming out from behind the curtain. Pisica iese de dup perdea. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Expresii uzuale:
Its too dear. Its quite cheap. E prea scump(). E destul de ieftin.
LECIA 9 Expresii uzuale(din Viitorul Simplu): Will you please open the window? Vrei, te rog, s deschizi fereastra? Will you please come with me? Vrei, te rog, s vii cu mine?
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IMPORTANT:
Expresii uzuale:
always often = adesea ever = vreodat sometimes never seldom = (a)rareori ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
IMPORTANT:
PARTICIPIUL TRECUT
Participiul trecut al verbelor regulate se formeaz ntocmai ca i trecutul lor. Part. trecut al vb. neregulate se nva din lista de vb. neregulate de la pg. 358. Ex.: There are many learned men in our country. Sunt muli oameni nvai n . ns. Many appreciated writers took part in the conference. Muli scriitori apreciai au luat parte la conferin. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
ADVERBUL
Adverbul se formeaz de obicei prin adugarea terminaiei ly adjectivului din care provin dar exist i adverbe care au aceeai form cu adjectivul crora le corespunde. n cazul adugrii terminaiei ly intervine o schimbare de sens. Ex.: hard= din greu, intens hardly= cu greu, de abia Adjectiv Adverb She is nice She writes nicely careless carelessly beautiful beautifully Adverbe cu aceiai form ca adjectivul:fast, hard, etc. The plaine is fast(Avionul este rapid) It goes fast(El merge repede)
LECIA 10
IMPERATIVUL (FORMA NEGATIV) Do not ask that! Dont say it! ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------HAD se mai folosete n expresii pt.: TREBUIA, A TREBUIT (must = trebuie) Trebuia neaprat s ajung acolo la timp. I really had to be there in time A trebuit s fac baie n 10 min. She had to bath in ten minutes. A trebuit s te duci s-i vezi aa de trziu? Did you have to go and see them so late? Nu trebuia s-i spui. You didnt have to tell her. -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------EXPRESII: LET
Lets go! S mergem! Let her take her dog away! S-i ia cinele de aici! Let her bath quickly! S fac baie repede! Let him speak! Las-l s vorbeasc! Let me, him, her, it, us, them come;stay; read
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------EXPRESII: May I introduce my son to you? How do you do? Ce mai faci?,Bun ziua
I am glad to meet you. mi pare bine s v cunosc. It was nice meeting you. Mi-a fcut plcere s v cunosc. ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------EXPRIMAREA I ORDINEA N PROPOZIIE PT. PRONUMELE:
LECIA 11
IMPORTANT:
Expresii uzuale:
so.....that
att de.....nct
I was so tired last night that I slept like a log(butean). It is so late that I cant call in at the butchers.(E att de trziu nct nu pot trece pe la mcelrie) We are so busy that we cant go to the cinema with you. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Expresii: had(pt. trecut), must(pt. prez.) + past participle I had my hair done yesterday. M-am coafat ieri. Trebuia s m ntlnesc cu o veche prieten. I had to meet an old friend. You had your shoes mended, hadnt you? i-ai reparat pantofii, nu? She had to have a new dress made. Trebuie s-i fac(s-i dea la fcut) o rochie nou. You must have your nails manicured. Trebie s v facei manichiura. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Numele unor magazine se formeaz prin adugarea s numelui profesiei: barbers(hairdressers) = frizerie grocers = bcnie(zahr, fin, cafea) butchers = mcelrie confectioners = cofetrie chemists = farmacie tailors = croitor
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VIITORUL SIMPLU(NEDEFINIT)
Ex.: I shall begin now. Voi ncepe acum You will see him tomorow. Ai s-l vezi mine. He will write her a letter. i va scrie o scrisoare. There will be plenty of fruit, wont there? Vor fi fructe din belug, nu-i aa? I shall go by train We ll make a good impression shall not be late shant He will She ll It will not You wont They --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ATENIE: SHALL i WILL se pot inversa ntre persoanele I, II sau III pt. a exprima pt. pers I ideea de voin, promisiune, hotrre iar pt. pers. II i III ideea de necesitate, ordin, obligaie. Ex.: I will do my best. i promit s fac tot posibilul. You shall drink that glass of milk, even if you dont like it. i poruncesc s bei p... He shall tell her the truth. El trebuie s-i spun adevrul. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
LECIA 13
Aciunea: nceput n trecut, continuat n prez. i posibil n viitor; Atenie: se deosebete de PPS datorit verbelor cu aspect progresiv continuu(a citi, a nva, a preda,a conduce(maina), etc.) Ex.: What has he been doing since this morning? Ce face de azi diminea?
He has been revising for his exam. nva pt. examen. How long have you been teaching in this school? De cnd predai... ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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Important: pt. a vedea diferena ntre PPS, PPC i TS (ex.249/p210): 1. De cnd nvei englezete? PPC aciune trecut,prez.,~viitor i verb progresiv cont. 2. Ce-ai fcut ieri diminea? TS(did) ac. trecut ncheiat i timpul precizat exact 3. Ce-ai fcut toat sptmna aceasta? PPS interval de timp nc nencheiat etc. -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Expresii uzuale: big i large se refer la volum, capacitate sau cantitate iar great la importan This volume is very thick.It has many pages. thick = gros empty = gol(goal) full = plin() The engine of a car is heavy. It is not light. greu; uor This question is difficult. It is not easy. greu: uor -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Prepoziii i expresii:
There is a piece of cheese on a plate on the kitchen table. (Este o bucat de brnz, pe o farfurie, pe masa din buctrie.) There are several chairs round the kitchen table.(n jurul mesei din buctrie sunt mai multe scaune) Below(sub) the kitchen floor there is a cellar(pivnia) and above(deasupra) the kitchen ceiling, there is the garret(podul). The cupboard is against one of the kitchen walls and opposite the cupboard there is the clock. (Dulapul se afl lipit de unul dintre pereii buctriei i fa n fa cu dulapul se afl ceasornicul.)
below the clock = sub ceas under gas cooker = sub aragaz a butterfly comes through the window = un fluture intr pe(prin) fereastr it flies up to = zboar n sus throws the butterfly out of the window = arunc fluturele pe fereastr
LECIA 14
alt, alt ali, alte cealalt celelalte altul, alta alii, altele cellalt, cealalt ceilali, celelalte This old car is
is are is are
is Another are Other is The other are others mine(a mea) your These French magazines are his hers This fat little dog is ours This bad tape-recorder is yours theirs
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Expresii uzuale: He cant hear. Hes deaf. smell=miros; odour=miros (plcut sau neplcut) He cant see. Hes blind. fragrance = miros plcut(parfum) Can you smell the smell of roast chicken? No, I cant. I have a cold(guturai).
Exprimarea faptului de a fi mirat i impresionat What a charming girl! Ce fat fermectoare! How pretty your house is! Ce drgu e casa voast!
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------EXPRESII UZUALE: which=pe care,care(din mai muli(multe)); what = care Which of them shall I lend you? Pe care vrei s i-o (i le) mprumut? Which book did you like best? Care carte i-a plcut mai mult? My sons are twins. I dont always know which is which. Nu i deosebesc ntotdeauna. What is your name? What is the capital of France? -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Imperativul cu YOU exprim un ordin categoric sau precizeaz persoana: You stop that noise at once! ncetez imediat cu zgomotul! You boil the eggs while I toast the bred! Tu fiebe oule n timp ce eu prjesc pinea. -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------EXPRESII UZUALE: two of them= doi dintre ei both= amndoi I saw two of them in the street this morning. doi dintre ei The two of them(both of them) are very fat. amndoi
LECIA 15 Compuii lui some, any, no + thing, where, body, one (+ else)
EXPRESII UZUALE: some: se folosete n propoziiile afirmative i se traduce prin nite, ceva, civa, cteva, puin(). Ex.: There is some tea left(A mai rmas nite(puin) ceai). any: n prop. interogative i negative =nite, cteva, civa, puin(), vreo respectiv=nu, nici un, nici o. Ex.: Is there any milk in that bottle? E puin lapte n sticl? any n prop. afirmative = oricare, orice Ex.:Take any record you like. no se folosete n propoziiile negative, cu verbul la form afirmativ i se traduce prin nu, nici un, nici o, ca i not any. Ex.. He has no new people(s). N-are nici un elev nou. -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------EXPRESII UZUALE: somebody(someone) = cineva(prop. afirm.) anybody(anyone) = cineva(prop. inter.),nimeni(prop. neg., vb. neg.), oricine(prop. afirm.) nobody(no one) something = ceva somewhere = undeva anything = ceva(prop. interog.),nimic(prop. neg.,vb. la forma neg.),orice(prop. afirm.) anywhere = undeva,nicieri,oriunde nothing = nimic nowhere = nicieri 14
ATENIE: CEVA: something n prop. afirm. i anything n cele interogative NIMIC: nothing cnd vb. e afirmativ i anything cnd vb. e negativ UNDEVA: somewhere n prop. afirm. i anywhere n prop. interog. NICIERI: nowhere cnd vb. e afirmativ i anywhere cnd vb. e neg. ORIUNDE: anywhere n prop. afirm. -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Somebody, someone, something, somewhere ct i formele lor pt. interogativ i negativ (anybody, nobody) pot fi nsoite de else = -alt Ex.: I saw somebody(someone) else there (Am vzut pe altcineva acolo). Pt. obinuirea dintre prop. afirm. i cele inter. i neg. ex. 306/247 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
nici unul (una) any i none =dintre mai muli either i neither = din doi any=vreunul Ex.:Have you met any of my pupils?(I-ai cun. pe vreunii dintre elevii mei?) any=nici unul Ex.: I dont know any of them. Nu cunosc pe nici unul. (vb. la f. neg.) none=nici unul Ex.: I know none of them. Nu cunosc pe nici unul. (vb. la f. afirm.)
either=vreunul Ex.: Have you met either ( vreuna ) of my two daughters? either = nici unul Ex.. I havent met either of them. N-am cunoscut pe nici una. neither = nici unul Ex.. Ive met neither of them. N-am cunoscut pe nici una. -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------S-A NTMPLAT, DIN NTMPLARE, NTMPLAREA A FCUT S, NTMPLTOR = It so happened that I I happened It so happened that we heard (didnt hear) the telephone bell. (S-a ntmplat s auzim tel.) We happened to hear (not to hear) the telephone bell. The girl happened to be very pretty. -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------EXPRESII: You are wicked = Eti ru ( n general ) You are being wicked = Eti ru (n cazul de fa cu implicaia c de obicei nu este) Se folosete i cu : nasty(nesuferit), mean(urcios,meschin) -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------POLISEMIA LUI JOIN: - a uni A bridje joins the two banks(Un pod unete cele dou maluri) - a se ntlni - a se nscrie He is going to join our club.(Se va nscrie n clubul nostru) - a se altura(la o petrecere, joc, conversaie) - a se nrola (n armat) He joined the army. -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------A ATEPTA to wait for - implic ateptare activ to expect - implic ateptare pasiv
15
LECIA 16
Cnd pronumele interogativ sau subs. precedat de un adjectiv interogativ este subiect, predicatul din propoziia interogativ rmne la forma obiniut (cea din propoziiile afirmative):What impressed you most? Whose (al cui, a crui) horse came first? Cnd sunt complemente directe, interogativul se formeaz cu do, does sau did: What do you want? Whom = who(n scris i n vorbirea ngrijit) = which Whom did you meet? -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------The man(driver, girl) whom(that) I saw is mad(cousin). Whom (that) se folosete cu persoane. whom = pe care, pe cine, cruia The picture (statue, painting) which (that) I noticed was very expensive. Which (that) se folosete cu lucruri, animale. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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LECIA 17
1. A. mi spuneai c vrei s te odihneti un timp. atenie You told me that you wanted to rest for a while. spuneai se traduce cu T.S nu B. Sperai c profesorul nu poate veni. sperai cu T.C. You hoped that the theacher couldnt come. C. Mi-a spus c sora ei e la coal. He told me that her sister was at school. n rom. se poate folosi trecut - prezent(i t.-t.) dar n englez numai trecut - trecut. 2. A. I thought that Lavinia had finished the book. B. Speram c a fcut o bun impresie acolo. atenie speram se trad. cu T.S. I hoped he had cut a good figure there. C. Ne-a spus c btrnul a fost clcat de o main. She told us that the old man had been run over by a car. atenie had been este TPS D. Le-am spus c-i vizitez pe prinii lor de muli ani. I told them that I had been visiting their parents for many years. TPCont. Cnd n rom. se folosete trecut- trecut (sau trecut- prezent dar este o ac. trecut anterioar unei alte ac. trecute i neterminat) n englez se folosete Trecut-Trecut Perfect Simplu sau Cont.
Regula e uor de dedus pt. c prin astfel de fraze se exprim anterioritatea(pt. care se folos. TPS sau TPC)
3. A. Eram sigur c nu v va dezamgi. I was sure that he wouldnt disapoint you. B. Spunea c va trebui s se coafeze. atenie spunea, eram se trad. cu TS She said she would have to have her hair done. C. Ai promis c nu-l vei certa. You promised you wouldnt scold him. n rom. se folosete trecut - viitor iar n engl. se folosete trecut - Future in the Past. 4. n englez, cnd n propoziia principal se folosete viitorul, n propoziia subordonat temporal (introdus prin when, whenever, till, until, as soon as, as long as, etc.) sau condiional(introdus prin if ) se folosete prezentul. I shall see you when (if ) I have time (it is possible). -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------17
EXPRESII: for me, you, him, her, us, you, them O sa-i cumprm un cadou. Well buy a present for her. -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------FOLOSIREA LUI SEVERAL I MORE Mi-a spus c are mai multe romane englezeti. several se folosete cnd poate fi She told me she had several English novels. nlocuit i cu cteva, civa Mi-a spus c are mai multe cri romneti dect englezeti. She told me she had more Romanian books than English books.
LECIA 18
Exprimarea condiionalului optativ din rom. a mnca se face cu should i would. n engleza contemporan would se poate folosi i la pers. I sg. i pl. Ex.: I would like a vrea s, mi-ar plcea s We would be very glad am fi foarte bucuroi s El n-ar face una ca asta. He wouldnt do such a thing. (El) ar putea s citeasc ac. carte Engl. He could read this English book. ATENIE Ar putea s o piard. He might lose it. -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------IF CLAUSE Dac ar cnta ar fi cntat T.S. T.P.S.(had+vb.3) PRINCIPALA
ar...(would, should+vb.) (Future in the Past) atenie: ar putea = could Pt. a ine minte regula : n mod normal ambele ar trebui s se formeze cu F. in the Past dar are prioritate principala. Am face o excursie n Italia dac am economisi destui bani. T.S. We should go on a trip to Italy if we saved enough money. Dac n-a fi vzut eu nsumi, nu mi-a face griji. If I hadnt seen it myself I shouldnt worry. T.P.S.
Se mai poate folosi urmtoarea form: vezi tabelul de la sfritul leciei
Atenie pt. c la la unele prop. sensul e clar de viitor dar se exprim prin trecut : Ex.: Dac vremea ar fi frumoas ne-am duce la plimbare. If the weather were fine we should go for a walk. -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------AR TREBUI = I, You, He, She, We, You, They should (should not(shouldnt) Ex.: You should go and see the film. Ar trebui s te duci s vezi filmul. -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------18
A PUTEA, AI PUTEA
I could, You could Ex.: N-am putea fi suprai pe ea. We couldnt be angry with her. Ai putea cumpra aceast cravat pentru tata? Could you buy this tie for father. -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------AR PUTEA(n sensul de posibilitate) It might rain in the afternoon. S-ar putea s plou dup-amiaz. They might come any minute now. Ar putea sosi din clip n clip.
IF CLAUSE
IF CLAUSE PRINCIPALA TPS(had+vb3) should(would)+have+vb3 dac a fi, ai fi...+vb. a fi, ai fi...+vb. atenie: ar fi trebuit = had had ar fi putut = could have If the mud hadnt been so deep, the wheels of the car wouldnt have got stuck in it. Dac noroiul n-ar fi fost att de mare, roile mainii nu s-ar fi npotmolit n el. We shouldnt have missed the train if we had hurried a bit. N-am fi pierdut trenul dac ne-am fi grbit puin.
Se mai poate folosi urmtoarea form: Had we hurried a bit, we shouldnt have missed the train. ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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PRINCIPAL S+should(pers. 1)+ vb. 1 would Should they invite me to the party, I should refuse them. Dac m-ar invita la petrecere i-a refuza. Should you call on the Cliffords now you would meet Lavinia there.
LECIA 19
Diferite excepii: 1. Dup verbele to make i to let urmeaz infinitivul scurt (fr to): Ex.: He made her come with him. A pus-o s vin cu el. He let her come with him. A lsat-o s vin cu el. 2. Dup verbe ca to see, to hear, to watch, to feel urmez fie infinitivul scurt, fie forma n ing: Ex.: I heard her sing(ing). Am auzit-o cntnd. She watched him eat(ing) L-a privit cum mnnc. 3. Dup verbe ca to want, to wish, to expect, to like poate urma un acuzativ+infinitivul cu to. Ex.: She wanted him to go. Ea voia ca el s plece. They expected Mary to answer. Se ateptau ca Mary s rspund. Aceast construcie se folosete atunci cnd aciunea celui de-al doilea verb este fcut de alt persoan dect subiectul primului verb. Dac acuzativul se omite, se subnelege c aciunea celui de-al doilea verb este nfptuit de subiect. Ex.: She wanted him to go. Ea vroia ca el s plece. She wanted to go. Ea vroia s plece. 4. Dup verbe ca to belive, to consider, to think, to report se folosete aceeai construcie (She belives him to be a good student) cu deosebirea c ideea poate fi exprimat i n felul urmtor: She belives that he is a good student. -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------He is said to sing very well She was heard to speak English correctly The student happens to have a good English pronunciation. The girl seems is likely is sure prez. They are given some new book trecut The children were offered some picture postcards viitor The Browns will be lent pens ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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Diat. pasiv se formeaz cu participiul trecut. -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Pt. accentuare se poate folosi do la imperativ i la indicativul prezent i trecut, n propoziiile afirmative: Do come here! Vino-ncoace (neaprat, te rog)! I do want it. O vreau (cu adevrat, neaprat). She did know it. O tia (cu siguran, fr ndoial). atenie vb.1
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Expresii uzuale:
A face mai bine s, ai face mai bine s...=I had better + vb.1
Ex.: He had better start learning. Ar face mai bine s nceap s nvee. ---------------------
Ex.:Having raised the tent, the two men congratulated one another. Dup ce au ridicat cortul cei doi brbai s-au felicitat. Having seen the film, I refused the invitation to go with them to the cinema. (As I had seen the film, I refused their invitation to go with them to the cinema.) Deoarece vzusem filmul, am refuzat invitaia lor de a m duce cu ei la cinema.
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LECIA 20
(rar ntlnit) ADJECTIVUL POSESIV(my, your, his, her, our, their) CU VB.+ING Ex.: Mother is proud of my speaking English so well. Mama e mndr c eu vorbesc englezete att de bine. I insisted on their staying a little longer. Am insistat ca ei s stea un pic mai mult. -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------EXPRIMAREA TIMPULUI I SPAIULUI Its a ten minutes walk to their villa. atenie: its nu there is Sunt 10 minute de mers pn la vila lor. Its ten miles to the next village. Sunt 10 mile pn la satul urmtor. Where shall we be in another twenty years? Unde vom fi peste ali 20 de ani? -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------For me, you, him, her, us, them (for-Infinitive construction) It is important for me to buy a house. She bought a magazine for me to read. Biatului i este greu = Its difficult for the boy = E greu pt. biat -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Pronumele relative whom, which(la acuzativ) se pot omite, prepoziia care le precede plasndu-se la sfrit: Ex.: The man youre talking about is a doctor. (The man about whom youre talking is a doctor.) The book hes looking for is here. (The book for which hes looking is here.) EXPRIMRILE CONCENTRATE sunt specifice limbii engleze; reprezint de obicei condensarea a dou propoziii: He shouted himself hoarse=He shouted until he became hoarse=A strigat pn a rguit. She sang the baby to sleep. L-a adormit pe copil cntndu-i. -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------to worth = a merita EXPRESII UZUALE is doing it atenie: It isnt worth reading that book - it isnt, wasnt i nu doesnt wasnt the trouble(osteneala) -dup worth urmeaz vb.+ing the money i nu infinitiv(to read) -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------You ought to pay her a visit = S-ar cuveni s-i faci o vizit. You ought to have visited her from time to time = S-ar fi cuvenit s o vizitezi din cnd n cnd. You shouldnt buy so many handkerchiefs = N-ar trebui s cumperi attea batiste. Tom shouldnt have bought that tie = Tom, n-ar fi trebuit s cumpere cravata aceea.
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You shouldnt have insisted = Nu trebuia s insiti. The doctor must have been detained in the hospital = Dr. trebuie s fi fost reinut la spital. He has to learn his lesson = Trebuie s-i nvee leciile. They will have to punish him = Vor trebui s-l pedepseasc.
He is to have a talk with the architect, isnt he? Urmeaz s stea de vorb cu arhitectul, nu? They are to meet and have a talk about the plans for the house= Urmeaz s se ntlneasc i ... He was to go to the mountain = Trebuia(urma) s plece la munte. You dont need to persuade me he is a good architect=Nu trebuie(nu e nevoie) s m convingi c el e un bun arhitect. You neednt have driven me to the station = N-ar fi trebuit s m duci la gar cu maina. --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------SHALL, WILL + BE + vb.+ing What will you be doing tomorrow at this time of the day? Ce-o s facei mine la ora asta? At eight oclock tomorow we shall be taking leave of our neighbours. Mine la ora 8 o s ne lum rmas bun de la vecinii notri. Today week they will be basking in the sun at the seaside. De azi ntr-o sptmn vor face plaj la mare. When she is away he will be thinking about her. Cnd ea va fi plecat el se va gndi la ea. -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Unii vorbitori de limba englez, n vorbirea familiar, omit pronumele cu funcie de subiect. Ex.: Thought youd gone without me. Am crezut c ai plecat fr mine. Seems rather tedious to me. Mi se pare cam plicticos.
VOCABULAR
alluring = ademenitor, tentant to admitt = a recunoate asleep = adormit awfully = ngrozitor(oare) bacon = costi to bake(a cake) = a coace(o prjitur) to bask = a se nclzi(la soare);a face plaj to bath = a se sclda, a face baie beard = barb besides = lng,pe deasupra, n afar de to bind,bound,bound = a lega boil = a fierbe careless = neatent(neglijent) ham = unc hen = gin lend, lent = a mprumuta lettuce = salat verde (to speak) loud = (a vorbi) tare to live = a locui to mend = a repara novel = roman (to) pour = a turna, vrsa purse = pung quite(moderate) = ct se poate de (moderat) to race = a ambala(motorul) scold = a certa
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ceiling = tavan cheap = ieftin() chips = cartofi pai comb = pieptene confectioners = cofetrie cough = a tui to count = a numra, SOCOTI dear(car) = (main)scump() cel mai drag = dearest elbow = cot at first = la nceput fleas = purici fragrance = miros plcut(parfum) freckles = pistrui fair, blond = blond fizzy = acidulat() gay = vesel grapes = struguri to greet = a saluta grow = a cultiva(legume), a crete(hair, oranges); grown-ups=aduli Whom = pe care, pe cine, cruia Which = pe care...
sentence = propoziie to shedd leaves = a scutura frunzele sheet = cearaf shelf = raft ship = vapor slices of bread = felii de pine slipper = papuc to stirr = a amesteca, a agita stuffy = nchis(aer) sum = adunare swear = a njura tall(tree) = (copac)nalt thick(book) = (carte) groas tipsy = ameit de butur utter = a rosti(cuvinte) waiter = chelner warm = cald wheel = volan whom = pe care, pe cine = who=which whose = al cui, a crui weak = slbit wrist-watch = ceas de mn pt. persoane se folosete cu lucruri, animale
GUSTURI: dulce=sweet; amar=bitter; srat=salted,salt(y),saline; acru=sour,tart PR:blond=blond,fair-haired; brunet=brunette,dark-haired ;aten=chestnut,brown-haired HAINE: pantaloni=trousers; costum=suit; fust=skirt; rochie=dress; bluz=blouse; cma=shirt; osete(brbteti)=socks; palton,hain=coat; canadian=sport coat familiar oficial five (minutes) past twelve 12.05 twelve five (a) quarter past five 5.15 five fifteen half-past one 13.30 thirteen thirty twenty-five (minutes) to seven 18.35 eighteen thirty-five (a) quarter to ten 21.45 twenty-one forty-five The second of January, nineteen seventy-one DATA: 2nd January 1971 23(r)d April 1996 The twenty-third of April, nineteen ninety-six ORA: Expresii: to learn by heart = a nva pe dinafar saving money = a strnge bani look out of the window = a se uita pe fereastr to cut a good figure = a face impresie bun to pay a visit = a face o vizit to sleep like a log = a dormi butean
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to call in at the = a trece pe la to take a taxi = a lua un taxi the taxi will take us = taxiul ne va duce to get on(into) the train = a se urca n tren to give a lift = a duce cu maina to ring up = a suna(la telefon) to iron the trousers = a clca pantalonii to be out of order = a fi stricat at once = imediat students in English = studeni la englez which of all = care din toi(toate) to let him alone = a-l lsa n pace we shant(shall not) mind = nu ne suprm(n sensul de viitor) serve me right = aa-mi trebuie to be run over by a car = a fi clcat de o main to have a hangover = a fi mahmur(beat) bottle of scent = ap de colonie to get in time to = a ajunge la timp I cant grumble = nu pot s m plng what film is on there = ce film ruleaz acolo to pull my leg = a m pcli It isnt worth the trouble = nu merit osteneala They are to leave on Monday = Urmeaz s plece luni. today three weeks = de azi n 3 sptmni; two months today; tomorrow three weeks to take leave = a-i lua rmas bun to leave for Italy = a pleca n Italia to have my tooth filled(participiu trecut) = s-mi plombez mseaua to have his hair cut = s se tund
proverbe:
Barking dogs seldom bite=Cinii care latr rar muc. There is no rose without thorns (ghimpi). Out of sight, out of mind = Ochii care nu se vd se uit. Never put off till tomorrow what you can do today. to put off = a amna No man is born wise.
CONJUNCIE= parte de vorbire neflexibil care leag dou propoziii ntr-o fraz sau dou cuvinte cu acelai rol sintactic ntr-o propoziie PREPOZIIE= parte de vorbire neflexibil care exprim raporturi sinctactice de dependen ntre prile diferite ale unei propoziii
de repetat ex.: 167/p.144; 169/147; 205/p.179;208/181; 247/208; 443/348 (interog., neg. cu did have,didnt have) atenie: had = a trebuit, trebuia trecut must = trebuie prezent There must be a mistake. Trebuie s fie o greeal. expresie 25
The Present Perfect Tense Simple(traducere: am citit, merg) indic anterioritatea fa de prezent
S+have/has+vb.(III) Se folosete n urmtoarele cazuri: 1. cu adverbe care exprim un timp nedefinit sau o frecven ca: ever, never, always, sometimes, often, seldom, rarely, usuallly, frequently, repeatedly Ex.: L-am ntlnit adesea pe la expoziii. I have often met him at some exhibitions. 2.cnd aciunea nu este localizat d.p.d.v. al timpului sau locului I have read the book. Ex.. Am citit cartea. 3. cnd aciunea este nceput n trecut i se continu i n prezent(eventual i n viitor) Ex.: De cnd l cunoti? How long have you known him? I have known him for five years/since 1970. Atenie: n cazul verbelor cu aspect progresiv continuu se folosete Present perfect continuous(Ex.: De cnd nvei englezete? How long have you been studying English? I have been learning English for four years/since 1971(since I entered this school). 4. cnd aciunea menionat s-a efectuat n cadrul unui interval de timp nc nencheiat, care mai continu i n prezent(i eventual i n viitor); se folos. cu today, this week... Ex.: L-am vzut de dou ori sptmna/luna/primvara asta.
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I have seen/met him twice this week/month/spring 5. cnd aciunea s-a efectuat(i terminat) foarte de curnd; se folos. cu: lately, just, recently, in the last few days/weeks, of late Ex.. Abia a sosit. He has just come/arrived n ultima vreme nu l-am prea vzut. I have not seen much of him lately. 6. cnd aciunea(neprecizat n timp, dar desigur de domeniul trecutului, deci ncheiat) are rezultate, consecine, efecte vizibile n prezent: Ex.: A plouat. It has rained. 7. situaia atipic nlocuind viitorul II din romn n secundarele temporare, n cadrul regulilor corespondenei timpurilor i voi mprumuta/i mprumut cartea dup ce o voi fi citit/ o voi citi/ o citesc eu. I shall/will lend you the the book after/when I have read it.
Evident, n vorbirea indirect prezent perfect se va transforma n past perfect dac principala va fi la un timp trecut: Mi-a spus c va pleca la plimbare dup ce va fi mncat/ dup ce mnnc/ dup ce va mnca. He told me (that) he would go for a walk after/ when he had finished dinner. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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Future-in-the-Past
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TO WISH + SUBJUNCTIVE
PREZ.: S MERG PERF.: S FI MERS When the verb to wish is followed by an objective clause the verb in such a clause has to be in the Past Tense: Ex.: I wish I found a larger dictionary. A dori s gsesc un If that verb is To Be we have to use Past Subjunctive of the verb which is were for all persons singular and plural(I, he, she, it, we, you, they, were). Ex.: I wish I were a student sooner. A dori s fiu student mai repede. She wishes she were in the mountains now. ROM.: CONJUNCTIVUL
If
I. Pr. S. Pr. C. II. Past Tense III. Past P. T. Simple
Main
Future. T. S. Future. T. C. Would(should) + VB. Future in the Past Would(should) + had + vb.(III)
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NOUN CLAUSES : alternatives with WHETHER = dac (ns nu condiional) (atenie:weather =vreme) Ex.: He doubted whether formal visits would be of much help. wondered the little girl told the truth. worried discussed FAIRLY (destul de, ct se poate de) - is used with a pleasant or positive idea Ex.: Your composition was fairly good. RATHER(mai degrab, de fapt) - unpleasant or negative idea Ex.: This exercise will be rather difficult. -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Since poate avea nelesul cteodat de because Ex.: Since he did not get along very well with his brother, he set out to make his own way in the world. -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------COMPOUND ADJECTIVES 1. adjective + noun + -ed or -d Ex.: gentle-faced 2. noun + Past Participle middle-aged; man-made 3. adverb + Past Participle well meant(bine intenionat); far-fetched(exagerat) -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------IF + WOULD If you would like me to try = Dac dorii s ncerc. Wed be very happy if you would come to us next Sunday. Would is used after if when we are interested in the listeners wish or will -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------When wish is followed by a sentence the verb of the subordinate sentence is either in the Past Tense or the Past Perfect Tense: Ex.. I wish I could help them = A vrea s o pot ajuta. I wish I had helped them = A vrea s o fi ajutat. I wish I knew what is happening = A vrea s tiu ce s-a ntmplat. They wished they had stayed at home = Ar fi vrut s fi stat acas. When wish is followed by the verb to be in the subordinate clause to be is used in the Past Subjunctive, which is were in all persons: Ex.: I wish I were in the mountains. She wished she were a pianist. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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POSIBILITY Present She may be at home. She might be at home now(stronger doubt). She may have had an accident. Ar putea s aib un accident. Past She might have had an accident. Ar fi putut... PROBABILITY Present She must be at home now. She must have had an accident. Past
IMPOSIBILITY Present She cant be at home now. Nu poate fi acas acum. He couldnt be at a snack-bar now. Nu ar putea fi la bar acum. She couldnt have had any engine trouble. Nu ar fi putut s aib ... Past
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feebly = slab former = cel dinti fulfill = a executa, a ndeplini furthermore = n plus glance = privire fugar hasty = grbit hence = de aceea, de acum ncolo, de aici inexhaustible = inepuizabil kite = zmeu de hrtie ladder = scar leak = sprtur lest = ca s nu, ca nu cumva (eye)lids = pleoape loaves of breds = pini ntregi lobby = hol EXPRESII: to get along = a se mpca(cu cineva) strong-willed = hotrt on the verge = pe punctul
to stun = a ului swift = grabnic, repede threaten = a amenina thus = astfel trend = direcia to twinkle = a licri, a clipi to urge = a ndemna to utter = a rosti valiant = brav, curajos to vanish = a disprea vengeful = rzbuntor to weld = a suda welfare = bunstare wheel = roata wide = lat, larg wit = isteime within = cuprins n, n interior
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