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11-8575 :
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www.escwa.un.org

Copyright ESCWA 2011

Printed at ESCWA, Beirut

E/ESCWA/EDGD/2011/1
United Nations Publication
ISSN. 0255-5123
11-0037 August 2011 - 521

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ISSN. 0255-5123
11-0036
UNITED NATIONS PUBLICATION


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-
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: ( )2 0 0 9

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2009 www.centralbank.ae :
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21
10
-
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18


27 .

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2005 2009 2.79
4.80 2.30
3.03 1.29

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( )

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10 900
1 049
1 688
1 298
234
12 097

12 806
2 915
1 688
3 500
122
18 293

14 187
1 756
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13 700
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2 622
1 242
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28
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2 829
1 467
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52
4 333
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8.4 4 003
7.8
257
5.5 2 211
3.1 8 722
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0.3
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6.8 7.8
9.5 18.4
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4.5 50 852 60 060 46 912 39 324 27 266

5.4

5.6

5.6

5.9

5.6 19 601 24 188 23 171 21 709 13 006

4.8 70 453 84 248 70 083 61 033 40 272

7.8
6.0

6.9
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5.6
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4.4
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2 385
1 434
3 034
1 070
33
4 804
6 712
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10.4 13.3 15.4 22.1 14.0

2.7 2.7 3.1 2.0 1.8
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: .

31

2010-2009

8.72 .

0.50 1.43
1.68
2.21 .


2008
.

.

11.57
2007 6.71
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32

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2.82 2008
2.38 2009
38.15
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1.55 2008
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50


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14.3 10.4
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33

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33 1.75
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10

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32.20
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.



. 2005

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( 2009-2005 )

2009 2008 2007 2006 2005

313
64
132
508

540
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762

350 573 840

64
60
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1 105 1 751 1 594

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( )11
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134.90 86.26
41.29 31.98
.


.


2007 2009
. 26.79
16.14 250.85
35

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( 2010-2005 )
2005

2006

244 406
17 364
12 062
87 143
123 893
646 121

158 561
21 123
13 037
60 913
141 923
326 364

250 857
26 796
22 767
95 518
193 513
522 721

127 105
19 955
15 643
76 657
113 527
246 810

131 798
16 141
18 362
87 932
104 226
318 785

37 639
3 242
3 157
4 917
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29 785
4 624
2 712
8 304
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41 298
4 931
2 404
16 093
134 904

35 984
4 931
2 105
14 789
83 185

31 985
3 033
3 200
18 298
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28 066
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76 326

139 026 128 462

860 947 1 259 451

599 697 1 112 173

139 867 199 630

739 564 1 311 803

: .

131.79
193.51
104.22 .


39 522.72
2007 318.78 .2009

36

2009

119 295
16 285
18 742
103 812
111 394
321 881

721 921 1 130 989

2008
2007

/
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677 244

142 783
820 027

691 409

125 709
817 118

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1.3 230 446
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37

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TdG GSCG

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38.2
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( )
( )
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3 938
3 551
3 162
6 674
7 714
71 262

8 230
3 222
2 995
15 060
8 385
63 268

3 384 2 603
3 729 4 100
3 533 2 926
7 511 8 755
8 433 9 534
97 352 122 720

12 614 11 455
84 078 82 832
38 270 32 505
99 921 89 478
41 950 40 298
11 349 106 111
8 767 7 793

13 208
79 727
40 484
93 853
47 053
12 439
9 792

15.1 9.7 10.1 9.5 13 860

15.2 19.3 23.6 30.6 5 474
5.0 7.6 9.6 9.5 3 578
15.0 9.4 13.2 20.6 33 141
5.3 6.9 8.3 11.8 7 680
13.3 18.5 27.3 39.6 60 261

26.4
27.1
6.7
39.5
6.9
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20.5 11.5 11.9 15.4 20.3 12 399 10 116 96 301 123 941 15 063

10 605
78 180
29 435
71 165
38 413
10 048
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15 137
66 901
43 869
93 173
51 106
14 325
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83.5
60.0
105.5
211.8
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77.4
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62.3
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66.1
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38 2009 264
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56 2009
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.
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2008
/
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25.4
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51

2010-2009

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5.4
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8.6
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52

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13.4


2011 14 . 2008

2009
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.
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2010
1.6-
2011 1 .


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.

4.6 .2009

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4.4
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2010-2009

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3.5 2010
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0.6
2009

.

.

.

. 2009


.
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3.4 2010 3.8

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2009
5.1 9.9
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.

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4.9
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1.9
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.
2009
2010
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:
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15 2009
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53

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2.7 2010 3.2
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1.6
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3.1 .

.

.
4
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2.8 2009
3.5 2008
.

2.2
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3.6
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.
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54

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4.3 2010 3.9
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5.2 .2009
15
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55

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8.5 .2009 / 2008


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6.9
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56

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22 / 2008
/ 2009
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4.5
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4.5
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57

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58

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2009 .2010 ( -33).




2009

59

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2010-2009

2009-2004
( )
2009 2008 2007 2006 2005 2004

14.7
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24.5 2007 24.8
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2010-2009

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( .)14
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71

.14

2010-2009

( 2009-2005 )
2009 2008 2007 2006 2005

117 151 138 145 152

160 194 179 172 164
79 97 95 88 89
82 83 91 88 83
59 66 68 62 63
72 88 78 75 69
90

92

96

86 102

59

85

58
86

58
88

52
76

84 110 112 113 117

64 80 85 86 90
28 38 38 38 41
89 90 88 90 91
61 73 66 60 55
36 49 33 32 34
58 21 77 77 68
67
95

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.
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.

.
0.10
0.15 0.5
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1995


( -35).


.
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72

-35

10
14 .



12 6.3

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25.4
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41
66
( 2007 15 -36) .
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2
9 11

6 2005 5.5
2009
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25 (
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14 1986
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1997 2003

2010-2009

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2000

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6 1995 3
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55 201.1
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73

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140.5 .2009 24
346.6 430.5 .
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2
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430.5 2009 61
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2005 2008
( )

2007 2006 2007 2006

25.4 25.6 432.6 378.9
130.8 2008 89.7

65.8 65.5 7 111 6 054
2009 46
14.1 14.3
79.1 63.4
.

41.0
42 1 860 1 788.6


6.3
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48 40.2
825.7 2008 520.2

11.7 11.5
143 118.6
2009
: 2008
E/ESCWA/EDGD/2008/4 60 ( .)17
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( 2009-2005 )
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jOZCG

e
IG IQdG
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: E/ESCWA/EDGD/2008/4 2008
E/ESCWA/EDGD/2009/7 2009 .2010

74

2010-2009

.16

( 2009-2005 )
2005

309 957

403 841

101 359
6 109
8 827
10 060
15 237
59 510

118 571
7 219
10 897
16 433
16 574
70 128

150 260
8 584
15 977
23 403
21 294
90 439

10 498
14 960
6 690
12 832
9 695
19 812
4 800

11 548
17 307
8 074
13 268
10 931
20 594
7 934

13 531
21 552
8 742
14 832
13 129
27 033
9 840

201 101

79 286
280 388

2006

2007

2008

239 822

89 654
329 476

108 658
418 615

2009

201 210
11 894
22 923
27 874
25 693
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Nicita, A. and Olarreaga, M., 2007, Trade, Production, and Protection Database, 19762004, The World Bank Economic Review 21(1), pp. 165-171.

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The private .
savings rate as sp=(Yp-C)/X; the import propensity as
m=M/X and the tax rate t=T/X. From these relationships,

()1

one gets a typical Keynesian income multiplier function:

Co-operation and Development (OECD) (2008), table 11.1:

Summary of changes in income inequality and poverty.

() 23
( )24

.World Bank (2000), p. 4

United Nations Research Institute for Social Development
(UNRISD) (2006), p. 4.

( ) 25
.1993
( )26
UNRISD .
(2006), p. 4.

() 27
( )28
( )29
( )30
( )31
( )32

.Ibid., p. 5
.Nasr (2001), p. 32

.World Bank (2000), p. i

.Ali and Fan (2007), p. 5
.World Bank (2009), p. 16

.World Bank (2004), p. 95

.

.
( ) 33 45
1987 36 .World Bank (2004), p. 98 .1996
(.World Bank (2002), p. 64 )34
(Adams and Page (2001) as quoted in: World Bank (2004) )35
For a sharply

()2

which can also be written as:

p. 121. See also: ILO (2008), p. 11.

different view on inequality see: University of Texas

http://utip.gov.

at:

available

Project,

Inequality

utexas.edu/about.html.

() 36
version of the Keynesian multiplier illustrated

)37( Inby this .2008
Taylor (2000), the direct own multiplier effects
(.UNRISD (2006), p. 12 )38
(or stances) Ip/sp, G/t and E/m are scaled by their
.ILO (2011), table A5, p. 64 )39( respective leakages. Each stance can be observed
.ESCWA (2008b), p. 3 )40( relative to X in order to see which components of
.World Bank (2007a), pp. 58 and 59 )41( aggregate demand are contractionary and which
provide stimulus to the economy.
(.Ibid., p. 59 )42

( )22
(.World Bank (2010) and Tzannatos (2000), p. 14 )43
.
(World Bank (2005), p. 10. Only Jordan and Yemen have )44

implemented far reaching pension reform in 1995, 2000
.
and 2003. See also Loewe (2009), p. 18.
The
gap .
( )45
between rich and poor and the number of people below

the poverty line have both grown over the past two
( 58.6 )
decades. The increase is widespread, affecting three ( 59.7 ) . 62.7
quarters of OECD countries. The scale of the change is
.
moderate but significant. Organisation for Economic
.UNRSID (2006), p. 10

118


2010-2009

( )46
() 47
( )48
( )49
() 50
( )51

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.2008-2007

.World Bank (2004), p. 107
.World Bank (2007b) 2013
.World Bank (2007a), p. 61
( )54 2008
.2008
.
( )55 .
.
(.Loewe (2004) )56
.World Bank (2005), p. 1
.2008
.World Bank (2008), p. 22

119

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Abadie, A. and Gardeazabal, J. 2003. The

Economic Costs of Conflict: A Case
Study of the Basque Country. The
American Economic Review. 93 (1):
113-32.

Berg, J. and Taylor, L. 2000. External

Liberalization, Economic Performance
and Social Policy. Center for Economic
Policy Analysis. Working Paper Series I.
New School University: New York.

Abu-Bader, S. and Abu-Qarn, A. 2003.

Government Expenditures, Military
Spending and Economic Growth:
Causality Evidence from Egypt, Israel
and Syria. Journal of Policy Modeling.
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