Chapter 5

Karnaugh Map and Minimization Procedures

Lesson 1
KARNAUGH MAP

Ch05L1-"Digital Principles and Design", Raj Kamal, Pearson Education, 2006

Outline
Three variable Karnaugh map Four variable Karnaugh map Five/Six Variable Karnaugh Map

Ch05L1-"Digital Principles and Design", Raj Kamal, Pearson Education, 2006

Map from 3 variables Truth table or SOP form Boolean Expression

A two-dimensional map built from a truth table or 3 variables SOP form Boolean Expression Since number of rows in three variable (three inputs) truth table are 8, the map has 8 cells Two cells horizontal and four cells vertical. [It can also be vice versa.]
Ch05L1-"Digital Principles and Design", Raj Kamal, Pearson Education, 2006 4

Map for F = A.B.C + A.B.C C

AB AB 00

C 0

C 1

AB 01 AB 11 AB 10 1

m(3, 4)

Ch05L1-"Digital Principles and Design", Raj Kamal, Pearson Education, 2006

Map for F = A.B.C + A.B.C +A.B.C + A.B.C + A.B.C C C C AB 0 1

AB 00 1 1 1

AB 01 AB 11 AB 10 1

m(0, 3, 4, 5, 7 )
6

Ch05L1-"Digital Principles and Design", Raj Kamal, Pearson Education, 2006

Filling the cell with 1s

1 When output is 1 for a given combination of A, B and C, we place 1 at the corresponding cell. 2 Complete the step 1 for all the rows of truth table with outputs = 1.

Ch05L1-"Digital Principles and Design", Raj Kamal, Pearson Education, 2006

Corresponding miniterms of the cells

C
AB AB 00

C 0 m0 m2 m6 m4

C 1 m1 m3 m7 m5
8

AB 01 AB 11 AB 10

Ch05L1-"Digital Principles and Design", Raj Kamal, Pearson Education, 2006

Map for F = (A+ B + C) . (A+ B+ C) C

AB A+B 00

C 0

C 1
0

A+B 01 A+B 11 A+B 10

0

M(1, 6)

Ch05L1-"Digital Principles and Design", Raj Kamal, Pearson Education, 2006

Filling the cell with 0s from POS form

1 When output is 0 for a given combination of A, B and C, we place 0 at the corresponding cell. 2 Complete the step 1 for all 8 rows of truth table with outputs = 0.

Ch05L1-"Digital Principles and Design", Raj Kamal, Pearson Education, 2006

10

Corresponding Maxterms of the cells

C
AB A+B 00

C 0 M0 M2 M6 M4

C 1 M1 M3 M7 M5
11

A+B 01 A+B 11 A+B 10

Ch05L1-"Digital Principles and Design", Raj Kamal, Pearson Education, 2006

Outline
Three variable Karnaugh map Four variable Karnaugh map Five/Six Variable Karnaugh Map

Ch05L1-"Digital Principles and Design", Raj Kamal, Pearson Education, 2006

12

Map from 4 variables Truth table or SOP form Boolean Expression

A two-dimensional map built from a truth table or 4 variables SOP form Boolean Expression Since number of rows in a four variable (three inputs) truth table are 16, the map has 16 cells Four cells horizontal and four cells vertical.
Ch05L1-"Digital Principles and Design", Raj Kamal, Pearson Education, 2006 13

Map for F = A.B.C.D + A.B.C.D + m(3, 6, 8) A.B.C.D CD CD C CD CD AB 00 01 10 11

AB 00 1 1

AB 01 AB 11 AB 10 1

Ch05L1-"Digital Principles and Design", Raj Kamal, Pearson Education, 2006

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Map for F = A.B.C.D + A.B.C.D + m(4, 8, 10) A.B.C.D CD CD C CD CD AB 00 01 10 11

AB 00

AB 01 AB 11 AB 10

1
15

Ch05L1-"Digital Principles and Design", Raj Kamal, Pearson Education, 2006

Filling the cell with 1s

1. When output is 1 for a given combination of A, B, C and D, we place 1 at the corresponding cell. 2. Complete the step 1 for all 16 rows of truth table with outputs = 1.

Ch05L1-"Digital Principles and Design", Raj Kamal, Pearson Education, 2006

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Corresponding Miniterms of the cells C

AB AB 00 CD CD

00
m0 m4 m12

01
m1 m5

CD 11
m3 m7

CD

10
m2 m6

AB 01 AB 11 AB 10

m13 m8 m9

m14 m15 m11 m10

17

Ch05L1-"Digital Principles and Design", Raj Kamal, Pearson Education, 2006

Filling the cell with 0s from POS form

1 When output is 0 for a given combination of A, B and C, we place 0 at the corresponding cell. 2 Complete the step 1 for all the rows of truth table with outputs = 0.

Ch05L1-"Digital Principles and Design", Raj Kamal, Pearson Education, 2006

18

Map for F = (A+B+C+D) . (A+B+C+D) M(0, 10) C+D C+D C+D C+D C AB 00 01 11 10
A+B 00 0

A+B 01 A+B 11 A+B 10

0
19

Ch05L1-"Digital Principles and Design", Raj Kamal, Pearson Education, 2006

Corresponding Maxterms of the cells C

AB A+B 00 C+D C+D
C+D

C+D

00
M0 M4
M12

01
M1 M5

11
M3 M7

10
M2 M6 M14 M10
20

A+B 01 A+B 11 A+B 10

M8

M13 M15 M9 M11

Ch05L1-"Digital Principles and Design", Raj Kamal, Pearson Education, 2006

Outline
Three variable Karnaugh map Four variable Karnaugh map Five/Six Variable Karnaugh Map

Ch05L1-"Digital Principles and Design", Raj Kamal, Pearson Education, 2006

21

Five Variable Map - Left part A = 0 C

BC BC 00 DE DE

00
m0 m4 m12

01
m1 m5

DE 11
m3 m7

DE

10
m2 m6

BC 01 BC 11 BC 10

m13 m8 m9

m14 m15 m11 m10

22

Ch05L1-"Digital Principles and Design", Raj Kamal, Pearson Education, 2006

Five Variable Map - Left part A = 1 C

BC BC 00 DE DE

00
m16 m20

01
m17 m21

DE 11
m19

DE

10
m18 m22

BC 01 BC 11 BC 10

m23

m28

m29 m24 m25

m30 m31 m27 m26

23

Ch05L1-"Digital Principles and Design", Raj Kamal, Pearson Education, 2006

Six Variable Map - Left Top part A, B = 0, 0 EF EF EF C EF CD 00 01 10 11

CD 00 m0 m4 m12 m1 m5 m3 m7 m2 m6

CD 01 CD 11 CD 10

m13 m8 m9

m14 m15 m11 m10

24

Ch05L1-"Digital Principles and Design", Raj Kamal, Pearson Education, 2006

Six Variable Map - Right Top part A, B = 0, 1 EF EF EF C EF CD 00 01 10 11

CD 00
m16 m20

m17 m21

m19

m18 m22

CD 01 CD 11 CD 10

m23

m28

m29 m24 m25

m30 m31 m27 m26

25

Ch05L1-"Digital Principles and Design", Raj Kamal, Pearson Education, 2006

Six Variable Map - Left Bottom part A, B = 1, 1 EF EF EF C EF CD 00 01 10 11

CD 00

CD 01 CD 11 CD 10
m56 m57 m63 m59 m62 m58
26

Ch05L1-"Digital Principles and Design", Raj Kamal, Pearson Education, 2006

Six Variable Map - Right Bottom part A, B = 1, 0 EF EF EF C EF CD 00 01 10 11

CD 00
m32

m34

CD 01 CD 11 CD 10
m40 m42
27

Ch05L1-"Digital Principles and Design", Raj Kamal, Pearson Education, 2006

Summary

Ch05L1-"Digital Principles and Design", Raj Kamal, Pearson Education, 2006

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Karnaugh Map has cells. On moving from one cell to nearby cell, a variable complements First column and last column adjacent First row and last row adjacent Each cell represent one miniterm or one Maxterm Map reflect the truth table Map reflects the Boolean expression for output in SOP or POS form
Ch05L1-"Digital Principles and Design", Raj Kamal, Pearson Education, 2006

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End of Lesson 1
THREE VARIABLE KARNAUGH MAP

Ch05L1-"Digital Principles and Design", Raj Kamal, Pearson Education, 2006

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THANK YOU

Ch05L1-"Digital Principles and Design", Raj Kamal, Pearson Education, 2006

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