Tng qut gin Frost: Gin Frost c dng trong in ho m t mi tng quan bn ca cc trng thi oxi ho khc nhau

nhau ca cht nn (oxidation state diagram). Mi gin s tng ng vi mt gi tr pH nht nh, v ng vi mi gi tr pH th cc thng s bn ca tng trng thi cht nn s khc nhau. C th ni, gin Frost thc ra l bn (version) Latimer hai chiu (2D) vi s thm vo thng s s electron trao i.

Hnh trn m t m hnh chung nht ca gin Frost, tng ng vi h sau: M(II) + 2e --> M (0) ; E- = -a M(VI) + 4e --> M (II) ; E- = b Vic s dng gin ny s hu dng trong vic hnh dung kh nng, tin trnh nhng phn ng c hng s cn bng ln hn n v hoc mang mt gi tr khc kh phn on, m ta ko cn thit phi qua tnh ton. Nh ta bit, trong tng bn phn ng, mi electron trao i s mang theo mt gi tr nng lng t do xc nh, tun theo cng thc sau: G = -nFE Do vy, biu din th cn bng (volt-equivalent) phn ng, ta c mt i lng hp l l nE-, trong , E- l dc ca ng biu din (xem hnh). Trn gin Frost, nguyn t thng c t ti im chun bng 0 volt. im cng nm bn di trong gin Frost th c trng h thng ti im cng bn. T cho ta xc nh c trng thi oxi ho bn nht ca nguyn t. Nhng im nm pha trn bn phi trong gin Frost c trng cho nguyn t trong h s phn ng mnh lit vi tc nhn oxi ho mnh (cht kh mnh). Bng vic phn tch thng s trn gin , ta c th ch ra c kh nhiu tnh cht (properties), mi tng quan cng nh kh nng chuyn ho (bng phn ng) qua li

gia cc trng thi oxi ho khc nhau ca cht nn. Gin Frost c th c xy dng t gin Latimer, ch cn bit s electron trao i trong mi bn phn ng. Gi tr nm trn trc y ca gin thu c bng cch nhn s lng electron dch chuyn khi thay i trng thi oxi ho vi s thay i th kh chun, hoc nng lng t do (F). Chng hn nh vi gin Latimer ca Vanadi trong dung dch acid nh sau:

Ta c th xy dng gin Frost:

Lu i vi nhng trng thi oxi ho ca Vanadium, mt c trng l trong dung dch acid, trng thi s oxi ho +3 chim u th, trong khi xt v mt kh nng xy ra phn ng t oxi ho - kh (s oxi ho bn) th hai trng thi +2 vi +4 cng bn. r hn, ta xt gin Frost ca Mn lm v d:

Nhng thng tin g c th bit c v ko th bit c t gin Frost: + bn nhit ng i vi nhng trng thi bn di ca gin . Tht vy, nm v tr cng thp trong gin , bn nhit ng cng cao. Nh gin trn, Mn (II) l bn nht v mt nhit ng. + Nhng hnh thi trn vng li ca ng biu din thng km bn, c th thc hin s d phn. Nh MnO42- v Mn (III) c khuynh hng xy ra phn ng d phn (disproportionation reaction). + Nhng hnh thi trn vng lm ca ng biu din khng b d phn, tng ng vi trng thi oxi ho bn. Nh MnO2 l mt trng thi oxi ho bn. C th m hnh ho gin hai im trn nh sau:

gin (a) tng ng vi trng thi phn ng oxi ho - kh kt hp (proportionation), ngc li gin (b) tng ng trng thi phn ng t oxi ho - kh hay d phn (disproportionation). Trng thi C (species) gin (a) tng ng vng lm, th hin trng thi oxi ho bn; trong khi trng thi C gin (b) tng ng vng li, th hin trng thi oxi ho km bn. + Nhng hnh thi cng nm v pha trn bn tri ca gin s l tc nhn oxi ho mnh. MnO4- l mt cht oxi ho mnh. + Nhng hnh thi cng nm v pha trn bn phi ca gin s l tc nhn kh mnh. Mn kim loi l mt cht kh va phi. + Gin Frost m t bn nhit ng ca nhiu hnh thi khc nhau, mc d c nhng hnh thi c a ra c th khng bn v mt nhit ng, d dn n s kh, ng hc ca cc phn ng ny rt chm. V d: Mc d yu t nhit ng lc hc ca s kh ion permanganate MnO42- v Mn(II) l u tin, nhng phn ng xy ra chm nu ko c s tham gia ca xc tc. Tht vy, dung dch permanganate c th c bo qun v dng trong phng th nghim. + Thng tin thu c t gin Frost i vi mi hnh thi di iu kin chun (pH = 0 i vi dung dch acid v pH = 14 i vi dung dch base). Thay i pH c th lm thay i bn tng i ca cc hnh thi. Th ca nhiu qu trnh bao gm ion hydrogen s thay i vi pH v nng ca hnh thi thay i. V d: Di iu kin base, dung dch Mn2+ khng tn ti, thay vo l trng thi kt ta Mn(OH)2.