Trigonometric Identities

Trigonometric Identities
Basic Identities: y sin = r x cos = r y sin tan = x = cos x cos 1 cot = y = = sin tan r 1 sec = x = cos r (2) x

(1)

(3) (4) (5) r 1 csc = y = sin (6)

2 /3 3 /4 5 /6

/2, 90

Unit Circle
/3, 60 /4, 45 /6, 30 1 sin

cos

7 /6

11 /6 4 /3 5 /3 3 /2 7 /4

5 /4

Trigonometric Identities

Table of Values from 0 to 2 :

degrees radians sin (y/r) cos (x/r) tan (y/x) cot (x/y) sec (r/x) csc (r/y) 0 0 30 /6 1 2 3 2 3 3 3 2 3 3 2 45 /4 60 /3 90 /2 120 2 /3 135 3 /4 150 5 /6 1 2 3 2 3 3 180

0 1 0

2 2 2 2 1 1

3 2 1 2

1 0

3 2 1 2

2 2 2 2

0 -1 0

3 3 3 2 2 2 2 3 3

- 3 3 3

-1 -1

- 3 -2 3 3 2

-1

-2 2 3 3

- 2 2

Table continued
degrees radians sin (y/r) cos (x/r) tan (y/x) cot (x/y) sec (r/x) csc (r/y) 210 7 /6 1 2 - 3 2 3 3 3 -2 3 3 -2 225 5 /4 240 4 /3 270 3 /2 300 5 /3 315 7 /4 330 11 /6 1 2 3 2 - 3 3 - 3 2 3 3 -2 360 2

- 2 2 - 2 2 1 1

- 3 2 1 2

-1 0

- 3 2 1 2

- 2 2 2 2 -1 -1

0 1 0

3 3 3 -2 -2 3 3

- 3 - 3 3 2 -2 3 3

- 2 - 2

-1

2 - 2

Trigonometric Identities

Some useful trigonometric relationships: sin 2 + cos 2 = 1 1 + tan2 = sec2 1 + cot 2 = csc2 (divide [ 7 ] by sin2 ) (divide [ 7 ] by cos2 ) (7) (8) (9)

sin( ) = sin cos cos sin cos ( ) = cos cos + sin sin tan ( ) = tan tan 1 + tan tan

( 10 ) ( 11 )

( 12 )

sin =
2

1 (1 - cos 2 ) 2 1 (1 + cos 2 ) 2

( 13 )

cos =

( 14 ) ( 15 ) ( 16 )

sin 2 = 2sin cos cos 2q = cos2 q - sin 2 q = 2cos2 q - 1 = 1 - 2sin 2 q tan 2 = 2 tan 1 - tan 1 - cos 2 1 + cos 2
2

( 17 )

sin

= 2 = 2

( 18 )

cos

( 19 )

Trigonometric Identities

tan

1 - cos sin = = 2 sin 1 + cos

( 20 )

All of the above relationships are easily proved from Euler's identity ei = cos + isin , and it also follows that e-i = cos - isin , ei + e -i = cos (- ) 2 ei - e-i = - sin (- ) 2i ( 21b ) ( 21a )

cos = sin =

( 22 )

( 23 )

and these identities can be manipulated to get a new and sometimes more convenient expression for the trigonometric function of an angle. Just in case you doubt this method, we append some derivations:
i -i 2 i -i 2

cos + sin = e
2i

e +e 2 + e
2i

+ -2+e -4 -e 4
2i

e -e 2i
-2i

+2+e 4 e
2i

-2i

( 24 )
-2i

+2+e

-2i

+2 - e

= 1. e
2i

sin 2 =

-e 2i

-2i

Trigonometric Identities
2 2

- e 2i

-i

(e + e )(e - e ) = 2i = (e + e ) sin = 2 cos sin .

i -i

-i

-i

( 25 )

The hyperbolic functions are analogous to the trig functions and often arise in physical situations. Their relations to the trig functions are as follows: ex - e-x 2 e-i(ix) - ei(ix) = -i sin (ix) , 2

sinh x =

( 26 )

cosh x =

ex + e -x e-i(ix ) + e i(ix) = = cos (ix) , 2 2

( 27 )

x cos x = cosh i = cosh (-ix) = cosh (ix) ,

( 28 )

x sin x = i sinh i = i sinh (-ix) = -i sinh (ix). (The following laws apply for all triangles with angles, A, B and C and opposite side lengths as defined in the figure.)

( 29 )

B c A b

a C

Law of Sines:

sin A sin B sin C = b = c a

( 30 ) ( 31 )

Law of Cosines: c2 = a2 + b2 - 2abcos C

Trigonometric Identities

Derivatives of Trig Functions: d du (sin u) = cos u dx dx d du (cos u) = - sin u dx dx d 2 du (tan u) = sec u dx dx d 2 du (cot u) = -csc u dx dx d du (sec u) = sec u tan u dx dx d du (csc u) = - csc u cot u dx dx References: Shenk, Calculus and Analytic Geometry Boas, Mathematical Methods in the Physical Sciences ( 32 )

( 33 )

( 34 )

( 35 )

( 36 )

( 37 )