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Physics Formulary by ir. J.C.A. Wevers

3. Ionisation and 3-particles recombination: Ap + e A+ + 2e 4. radiative recombination: A+ + e Ap + hf 5. Stimulated emission: Aq + hf Ap + 2hf

8. Charge transfer: A+ + B A + B+

7. Penning ionisation: b.v. Ne + Ar Ar+ + Ne + e

6. Associative ionisation: A + B AB+ + e

9. Resonant charge transfer: A+ + A A + A+

11.5.2 Cross sections

Collisions between an electron and an atom can be approximated by a collision between an electron and one of the electrons of that atom. This results in Z 2 e4 d = d(E ) (40 )2 E (E )2 Then follows for the transition p q : pq (E ) = Z 2 e4 Eq,q+1 (40 )2 E (E )2 pq 1 1 Ep E ln 1.25E Ep

For ionization from state p holds to a good approximation: p = 4a2 0 Ry For resonant charge transfer holds: ex = A[1 B ln(E )]2 1 + CE 3.3

11.6 Radiation
In equilibrium holds for radiation processes: np Apq + np Bpq (, T ) = nq Bqp (, T )
emission stimulated emission absorption

Here, Apq is the matrix element of the transition p q , and is given by: Apq = 8 2 e2 3 |rpq |2 with rpq = p |r |q 3 h0 c3
q

For hydrogenic atoms holds: Ap = 1.58 108 Z 4 p4.5 , with Ap = 1/p = given by Ipq = hf Apq np /4 . The Einstein coefcients B are given by: Bpq = c3 Apq Bpq gq and = 8h 3 Bqp gp

Apq . The intensity I of a line is

A spectral line is broadened by several mechanisms: 1. Because the states have a nite life time. The natural life time of a state p is given by p = 1/
q

Apq .

, this gives From the uncertainty relation then follows: (h ) p = 1 2h = The natural line width is usually 1 = 4p
q

Apq 4

than the broadening due to the following two mechanisms: