Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Preface...
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Murtaza Amiji, NMS Communications Samuel S. May, Senior Research Analyst, US Bancorp Piper Jaffray Others as noted on specific slides
We intend ongoing improvements to this tutorial and solicit your comments at:
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Outline
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Brief history of cellular wireless telephony Radio technology today: TDMA, CDMA Demographics and market trends today 3G vision, 3G migration paths Based on GSM-MAP or on IS-41 today 3GPP versus 3GPP2 evolution paths 3G utilization of softswitches, VoIP and SIP Potential for convergence
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Outline (continued)
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Evolving services
SMS, EMS, MMS messaging Location Video and IP multimedia Is there a Killer App? Whats really happening? When?
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Business models
Slide 4
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3G Tutorial
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History and Evolution of Mobile Radio Evolving Network Architectures Evolving Services Applications Business Models
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Mobile Subs
0
95 92 96 99 97 93 91 94 98 19 19 19 19 19 19 20 19 19 19 20
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00
01
2 3 1 2 4 7 5 3 1 2 4 7 5 6 2 6 1 5
7 2 3 6 4 7 5 3 1
Frequency reuse
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First Generation
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US trials 1978; deployed in Japan (79) & US (83) 800 MHz band two 20 MHz bands TIA-553 Still widely used in US and many parts of the world Sweden, Norway, Demark & Finland Launched 1981; now largely retired 450 MHz; later at 900 MHz (NMT900) British design; similar to AMPS; deployed 1985 Some TACS-900 systems still in use in Europe
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Second Generation 2G
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Utilize/extend Intelligent Network concepts Improve fraud prevention Add new services There are a wide diversity of 2G systems
IS-54/ IS-136 North American TDMA; PDC (Japan) iDEN DECT and PHS IS-95 CDMA (cdmaOne) GSM
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Compression plus error protection bits Aggressive compression limits voice quality 3 calls per radio channel using repeating time slices Development through 1980s; bakeoff 1987
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IS-54 / IS-136 standards in US TIA ATT Wireless & Cingular use IS-136 today
Plan to migrate to GSM and then to W-CDMA NTT DoCoMo has largest PDC network
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iDEN
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Time division multiple access technology Based on GSM architecture Just below 800 MHz cellular band Digital replacement for old PMR services
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Nextel has highest APRU in US market due to Direct Connect push-to-talk service
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Also based on time division multiple access Digital European Cordless Telephony
Focus on business use, i.e. wireless PBX Very small cells; In building propagation issues Wide bandwidth (32 kbps channels) High-quality voice and/or ISDN data Similar performance (32 kbps channels) Deployed across Japanese cities (high pop. density) 4 channel base station uses one ISDN BRI line Base stations on top of phone booths Legacy in Japan; new deployments in China today
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All users share same frequency band Discussed in detail later as CDMA is basis for 3G Claimed improved capacity & simplified planning
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First deployment in Hong Kong late 1994 Major success in Korea (1M subs by 1996) Used by Verizon and Sprint in US Simplest 3G migration story today
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cdmaOne IS-95
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TIA standard IS-95 (ANSI-95) in 1993 IS-95 deployed in the 800 MHz cellular band
J-STD-08 variant deployed in 1900 MHz US PCS band IS-95A provides data rates up to 14.4 kbps IS-95B provides rates up to 64 kbps (2.5G) Both A and B are compatible with J-STD-08
All variants designed for TIA IS-41 core networks (ANSI 41)
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GSM
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Joint European effort beginning in 1982 Focus on seamless roaming across Europe Time division multiple access (8 users per 200KHz) 900 MHz band; later extended to 1800MHz Added 1900 MHz (US PCS bands) Well defined interfaces; many competitors Network effect (Metcalfes law) took hold in late 1990s Tri-band GSM phone can roam the world today
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PDC 7%
1G Separate Frequencies
Frequency
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2G TDMA
200 KHz
Frequency
Time
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2G & 3G CDMA
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Originally developed for the military Resists jamming and many kinds of interference Coded modulation hidden from those w/o the code
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3G Vision
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Universal global roaming Multimedia (voice, data & video) Increased data rates
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International Standardization
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Radio standards and spectrum ITUs umbrella name for 3G which stands for International Mobile Telecommunications 2000
IMT-2000
ARIB, TIA, TTA, TTC, CWTS. T1, ETSI - refer to reference slides at the end for names and links Focused on evolution of access and core networks
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Macrocell
Microcell
Picocell
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GSM evolution (TDMA); 200 KHz channels; sometimes called 2.75G Evolution of IS-95 CDMA, i.e. cdmaOne New from 3GPP; UTRAN FDD New from 3GPP; UTRAN TDD New from China; TD-SCDMA
* Paired spectrum;
Now known as cdmaOne or IS-95 cdmaOne operators dont need additional spectrum 1xEVD0 promises higher data rates than UMTS, i.e. W-CDMA Arguable (and argued!) cmdaOne interfaces were vendor-specific Hopefully CDMA2000 vendors will comply w/ 3GPP2
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Wideband CDMA
Committed standard for Europe and likely migration path for other GSM operators
z z z
Legally mandated in Europe and elsewhere Sales of new spectrum completed in Europe
TD-SCDMA
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Good match for asymmetrical traffic! Single spectral band (1.6 MHz) possible Costs relatively low
Handset smaller and may cost less Power consumption lower TDD has the highest spectrum efficiency Relatively hard to meet specifications
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Migration To 3G
2.5G 2G 1G
Analog Voice
GSM GPRS
2.75G
Intermediate Multimedia
3G
Multimedia
Packet Data
Digital Voice
W-CDMA (UMTS)
EDGE
115 Kbps
NMT
9.6 Kbps
384 Kbps
Up to 2 Mbps
TDMA TACS
9.6 Kbps
GSM/ GPRS
(Overlay) 115 Kbps
TD-SCDMA
2 Mbps?
iDEN
9.6 Kbps
iDEN PDC
9.6 Kbps (Overlay)
AMPS CDMA
14.4 Kbps / 64 Kbps
cdma2000
1X-EV-DV
144 Kbps
PHS
64 Kbps
1984 - 1996+
1992 - 2000+
2001+
2003+
2003 - 2004+
Source: U.S. Bancorp Piper Jaffray
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Cost of moving from GSM to cdmaOne overrides the benefit of the CDMA migration path
x x
x x x
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800, 900, 1800, 1900, 2100, 2500, ? MHz GSM (TDMA), W-CDMA, CDMA2000, TD-SCMDA
Advanced silicon Software defined radio Improved batteries Two cycles of Moores law? i.e. 3 yrs?
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3G Tutorial
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History and Evolution of Mobile Radio Evolving Network Architectures Evolving Services Applications Business Models
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Evolving CN Architectures
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Mobile Application Part defines extra (SS7-based) signaling for mobility, authentication, etc.
TIA (ANSI) standard for cellular radio telecommunications inter-system operation All IP still being defined many years away GAIT (GSM ANSI Interoperability Team) provides a path for interoperation today
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Typical 2G Architecture
PSDN
BSC BTS BSC HLR SMS-SC MSC/VLR BSC
PLMN
MSC/VLR BSC
Tandem CO
PSTN
Tandem CO
CO
MSC Mobile Switching Center VLR Visitor Location Register HLR Home Location Register
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Network Planes
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Like PSTN, 2G mobile networks have one plane for voice circuits and another plane for signaling Some elements reside only in the signaling plane
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Based on SS7
ISUP and specific Application Parts Mobility, call-handling, O&M Authentication, supplementary services SMS, HLR: home location register has permanent data VLR: visitor location register keeps local copy for roamers
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PSTN-to-Mobile Call
PLMN
(Visitor)
PLMN
(Home)
PSTN
SCP
(STP) 4 Provide Roaming 3 5 Routing Info VMSC 6 IAM GMSC (SSP) (STP) 1 IAM (SSP) 514 581 ... 2
MS
BSS VLR
(SSP)
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GSM 2G Architecture
NSS BSS Abis E A B MS BTS BSC MSC VLR C D H GMSC PSTN
PSTN
SS7
HLR
AuC
BSS Base Station System BTS Base Transceiver Station BSC Base Station Controller MS Mobile Station
NSS Network Sub-System MSC Mobile-service Switching Controller VLR Visitor Location Register HLR Home Location Register AuC Authentication Server GMSC Gateway MSC GSM Global System for Mobile communication
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Enhancing GSM
z z z z
significant payback for enhancements Overcome fading DFCA: dynamic frequency and channel assignment z Allocate radio resources to minimize interference Also used to determine mobiles location
Frequency hopping
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TFO Concepts
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Improve voice quality by disabling unneeded transcoders during mobile-to-mobile calls Operate with existing networks (BSCs, MSCs)
New TRAU negotiates TFO in-band after call setup TFO frames use LSBits of 64 Kbps circuit to carry compressed speech frames and TFO signaling MSBits still carry normal G.711 speech samples Same speech codec in each handset Digital transparency in core network (EC off!) TFO disabled upon cell handover, call transfer, inband DTMF, announcements or conferencing
Limitations
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GSM Coding
G.711 / 64 kb
C D
GSM Coding
D C
Ater TRAU
PSTN*
MSC MSC
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C D
GSM Coding
T F O
GSM Coding
D C
Ater TRAU
PSTN*
MSC MSC
(*) or TDM-based core network (**) or 7 bits if Half-Rate coder is used www.nmscommunications.com
Defined for UMTS (W-CDMA) Being retrofitted for GSM Defined by 3GPP2 for CDMA2000 AMR 8 rates: 12.2, 10.2, 7.95, 7.4, 6.7, 5.9, 5.15 & 4.75bps, plus silence frames (near 0 bps) SMV 4 rates: 8.5, 4, 2 & 0.8kbps Dynamically adjust to radio interference conditions
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Enhancing GSM
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Trade off speech and error correction bits Fewer dropped calls Less interference (approach 0 bps during silences) More calls per cell 3x in overlay (cell edges); 1x reuse in underlay Aggregate channels to surpass 9.6 kbps limit (50k)
z z z
First introduction of packet technology Support higher data rates (115 kbps) Subject to channel availability
z z z
Share aggregate channels among multiple users All new IP-based data infrastructure No changes to voice network
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PSTN
SS7
Gn
PSDN
SGSN
IP
GGSN
BSS Base Station System BTS Base Transceiver Station BSC Base Station Controller
NSS Network Sub-System MSC Mobile-service Switching Controller VLR Visitor Location Register HLR Home Location Register AuC Authentication Server GMSC Gateway MSC
SGSN Serving GPRS Support Node GGSN Gateway GPRS Support Node
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1997
2000
2003
2003+
3G
GSM evolution
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EDGE
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Enhanced Data rates for Global Evolution Increased data rates with GSM compatibility
Still 200 KHz bands; still TDMA 8-PSK modulation: 3 bits/symbol give 3X data rate Shorter range (more sensitive to noise/interference)
Allows IS-136 TDMA operators to migrate to EDGE New GSM/ EDGE radios but evolved ANSI-41 core network
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Core network evolves from GSM-only to support GSM, GPRS and new W-CDMA facilities Adds 3G radios Adds softswitch/ voice gateways and packet core First IP Multimedia Services (IMS) w/ SIP & QoS All IP network; contents of r6 still being defined
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z z z z
3GPP Release 99
3GPP Release 4
3GPP Release 5
3GPP Release 6
3G Radios
BSS A
CN
Abis
E B BSC
PSTN
PSTN
Gb
MSC Gs VLR
C D H
GMSC
SS7
Gr HLR Gn
Iub
IuPS RNC
PSDN
SGSN
IP
GGSN
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Soft Switching
BSS A Mc BSC Gb MSC Server Gs IuCS RNS ATM VLR
CN Nb CS-MGW Nc Mc B C D H Gr IuPS RNC HLR Gn SGSN GGSN GMSC server PSTN CS-MGW
Abis
PSTN
SS7 IP/ATM
Gc Gi
AuC
Iub
PSDN
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like TFO but using packet-based core network Select same codec at both ends during call setup Supports sudden channel rearrangement (handovers, etc.) via signaling procedures When TrFO impossible, TFO can be attempted z e.g. transit between packet-based and circuitbased core networks
Out-of-band negociation
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2G handset to 3G handset: by combining TrFO and TFO, in-path transcoders can be avoided
2G PLMN
MSC CS-MGW CS-MGW
TRAU
2G MS
3G UE
GMSC Server
C D
T F O
T F O
GSM Coding
D C
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IP Multimedia
BSS A/IuCS Mc BSC Gb/IuPS MSC Server Gs IuCS RNS ATM
CN Nb CS-MGW Nc Mc B C VLR D H Gr IuPS RNC HSS Gn SGSN GGSN IM-MGW IM Gs PSTN GMSC server PSTN CS-MGW
Abis
PSTN
SS7 IP/ATM
Gc Gi
AuC
Iub
IP Network
IP
Mg MRF Mc MGCF CSCF
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Separate organization, as 3GPP closely tied to GSM and UMTS Goal of ultimate merger (3GPP + 3GPP2) remains
z z z
1xRTT IP packet support (like GPRS) 1xEVDV adds softswitch/ voice gateways 3x triples radio data rates
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BTS
MS
BTS Base Transceiver Station BSC Base Station Controller MS Mobile Station MSC Mobile Switching Center HLR Home Location Registry SMS-SC Short Message Service Serving Center STM Synchronous Transfer Mode
HLR
STM over T1/T3 or AAL1 over SONET
BTS IS-95
PST N
MSC
MS
BSC Proprietary Interface A1 Signaling interface for call control and mobility Management between MSC and BSC A2 64 kbps bearer interface for PCM voice A3 Signaling interface for inter-BSC mobile handoff
SMSSC
A5 Full duplex bearer interface byte stream (SMS ?) A7 Bearer interface for inter-BSC mobile handoff
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CDMA2000 1x Network
HLR
STM over T1/T3 or IS-2000 A Ref (A1, A2, A5) STM over T1/T3 AAL1 over SONET
PST N
MSC
BTS AQuarter Ref (A10, A11) IP over Ethernet/AAL5
MS
SMSSC
Internet
BTS
IP Router
IP Firewall
IP Router
BTS Base Transceiver Station RADIUS over UDP/IP BSC Base Station Controller MS Mobile Station MSC Mobile Switching Center HLR Home Location Registry SMS-SC Short Message Service Serving Center AAA STM Synchronous Transfer Mode PDSN Packet Data Serving Node AAA Authentication, Authorization, and Accounting PDSN Home Agent Mobile IP Home Agent A10 Bearer interface between BSC (PCF) and PDSN for packet data A11 Signaling interface between BSC (PCF) and PDSN for packet data
Home Agent
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Establish, maintain, and terminate PPP sessions with mobile station Support simple and mobile IP services
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Route packets between mobile stations and external packet data networks Collect usage data and forward to AAA server
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AAA server
Authentication: PPP and mobile IP connections Authorization: service profile and security key distribution and management Accounting: usage data for billing Track location of mobile IP subscribers when they move from one network to another Receive packets on behalf of the mobile node when node is attached to a foreign network and deliver packets to mobiles current point of attachment
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IP BTS - IP Base Transceiver Station IP BSC - IP Base Station Controller AAA - Authentication, Authorization, and Accounting PDSN - Packet Data Serving Node Home Agent - Mobile IP Home Agent
IP BTS
Internet
IP Firewall
IP BSC
IP Router
IP Router
IP BTS
AAA
PDSN
Home Agent
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IS-2000
S IP P ro x y
MGCF (Softswitch)
SG W
P ST N
M GW
Internet
IP Firewall PDSN + Router IP Router
SIP Proxy Session Initiation Protocol Proxy Server MGCF Media Gateway Control Function SGW Signaling Gateway (SS7) MGW Media Gateway (Voice)
IP BSC
IS-2000
Nextgen MSC ?
IP B TS
AAA
Hom e Agent
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Single point for hooks and extensions Controls traffic between visited mobile system and home mobile system Treats GLR as roaming users HLR Treats GLR as VLR/SGSN at visited network Interacts with all VLRs in visited network
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z z z
HLR
Home PLMN
GLR
Visited PLMN
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Handsets, radio network, core network Near term fix Leverage common specifications (esp. IETF RFCs) Align terms, interfaces and functional entities Developing Harmonization Reference Model (HRM)
z z
3G Tutorial
z z z z z
History and Evolution of Mobile Radio Evolving Network Architectures Evolving Services Applications Business Models
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SMS, EMS, MMS Location-based services 3G-324M Video VoIP w/o QoS; Push-to-Talk IP Multimedia Services (w/ QoS) Converged All IP networks the Vision
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Point-to-point, short, text message service Messages over signaling channel (MAP or IS-41) SMSC stores-and-forwards SMSs; delivery reports SME is any data terminal or Mobile Station
PSDN
PC
SMEs
SMS GMSC Gateway MSC SMS IWMSC InterWorking MSC SC Service Center SME Short Messaging Entity
HLR
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SMS Principles
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Basic services
SM MT (Mobile Terminated) SM MO (Mobile Originated) (3GPP2) SM MO can be cancelled (3GPP2) User can acknowledge
Relays and store-and-forwards SMSs Can be compressed (MS-to-MS) And/or segmented in several SMs
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SMS Transport
MS
SC
z z
Optional in 3GPP2 SC informs HLR/VLR that a message could not be delivered to MS HLR informs SC that the MS is again ready to receive Usually SS7; SMSC may have IP option
Messages-Waiting
Alert-SC
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EMS Principles
z z z
Enhanced Message Service Leverages SMS infrastructure Formatting attributes in payload allow:
Text formatting (alignment, font size, style, colour) Pictures (e.g. 255x255 color) or vector-based graphics Animations Sounds 2G SMS spec had room for payload formatting 2G MS ignore special formats
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Text; Speech (AMR coding) Audio (MP3, synthetic MIDI) Image, graphics (JPEG, GIF, PNG) Video (MPEG4, H.263) Will evolve with multimedia technologies WAP, HTTP, SMTP, etc. Media format conversions (JPEG to GIF) Media type conversions (fax to image) SMS (2G) terminal inter-working
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z z
MMs can be forwarded (w/o downloading), and may have a validity period One or multiple addressees Addressing by phone number (E.164) or email address (RFC 822) Extended reporting
Supports an MMBox, i.e. a mail box Optional support of media streaming (RTP/RTSP)
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MMS Architecture
SMTP, POP/IMAP SN SN
MMS Relay / Server
MAP
MMS User Agent
SMTP
MM4
SN
PLMN
UE HLR MM1
SN SN
MMS Relay / Server (or ProxyRelay Server) WAP Gw
PDN
MM7
SOAP/HTTP WSP-HTTP
(*) Optional
SN
Value-Added Services Application
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Location
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FCC mandated; not yet functioning as desired Most operators are operating under waivers
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In network technologies (measurements at cell sites) Handset technologies Network-assisted handset approaches Location computation and mobile location servers
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Location Technology
z z z
TA: Timing Advance (distance from GSM BTS) TOA: Time of Arrival TDOA: Time Difference of Arrival EOTD: Enhanced Observed Time Difference AOA: Angle of Arrival GPS: Global Positioning System A-GPS: Assisted GPS
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Location-Based Services
z z z z z
Emergency services
E911 - Enhanced 911 friend finder, directions coupons or offers from nearby stores Traffic & coverage measurements law enforcement locates suspect
Commercial services
Network internal
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Location Information
z z z z
with timestamp
a QoS measure authorized clients secure info exchange privacy control by user and/or operator
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BSC MSC
PDE
SN PDE
PDE Position Determining Entity MPC Mobile Positioning Center ESRK Emergency Service Routing Key ALI DB Automatic Location Identification Data Base
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UE (User Entity)
May assist in position calculation distributed among cells Standalone equipment (2G) or integrated into BSC (2G) or RNC (3G)
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over RR/BSSAP
SN
CN
LCS Client
SGSN LMU Location Measurement Unit SMLC Serving Mobile Location Center
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Location Request
z
From Location Interop Forum Based on HTTP/SSL/XML Allows Internet clients to request location services
z z
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Initial mobile video service uses 3G data bandwidth w/o IP multimedia infrastructure
Deployed by DoCoMo in Japan today 64 kbps H.324 video structure MPEG 4 video coding AMR audio coding
RNC
Iu-cs
MSC
UTRAN
3G-324M Mobile 3G-324M
Multi-Media GW
IP Network
H.323
H.248 or RAS
RTP
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PSTN I/F
Control stacks ISDN call setup | H.323 or SIP H.245 negotiation | over TCP Video repacking of H.263 frames Audio vocoder AMR G.711
IP I/F
Slide 91
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PSTN I/F
Control stacks ISDN call setup H.245 negotiation Audio/video sync and stream control Video buffering of H.263 frames Audio buffering of AMR frames
Slide 92
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Push-toTalk
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Based on totally proprietary iDEN Other carriers extremely jealous Short delays OK Always on IP isnt always on; radio connection suspended if unused; 2-3 seconds to re-establish
z z
Issues remain
Sprint has announced they will be offering a push-to-talk service on their 1xRTT network
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All IP Services
z z
IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) 3GPP Multi-Media Domain (MMD) 3GPP2 Voice and video over IP with quality of service guarantees
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Presence Location Instant Messaging (voice+video) Conferencing Media Streaming / Annoucements Multi-player gaming with voice channel
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3G QoS
z z z
Conversational, streaming, interactive, background Traffic handling priority Allocation/retention priority Error rates (bits and/ or SDUs) Transfer delay Data rates (maximum and guaranteed) Deliver in order (Y/N)
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Ability to specify
Independent of circuit-switched networks Packet-switched transport for signaling and bearer traffic UTRAN 3G (W-CDMA) radio network GERAN GSM evolved radio network
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IMS Architecture
Media Server Application Server
Internet
Gi Mb ISC Gi/Mb Mb
SIP phone
PS
UE SGSN
Gm
HSS
IM-MGW GGSN
Go Cx
MRF
Mp Mb
Mb TDM ISUP
IMS
Mw Mg
PSTN
Mn MGCF CPE
P-CSCF Signaling
CSCF
CSCF Call Session Control Function IM-MGW IM-Media Gateway MGCF Media Gateway Control Function MRF Media Resource Function
SIP
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But executed anywhere (home, visited or external network) and delivered anywhere
Service execution Service control S-CSCF
ISC Gm ISC
ISC
Application Server
Internet
Media Server
PS UE P-CSCF
Mw
Gm
PS UE P-CSCF
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MMD Architecture
Databases AAA
Internet
Mobile IP Home Agent MS Access Gateway Border Router Core QoS Manager MGW MRF MRFC MGCF AAA Authentication, Authorization & Accounting MGW Media Gateway MGCF Media Gateway Control Function MRFC Media Resource Function Controller MRFP Media Resource Function Processor Session Control Manager CPE IM-MGW + MGCF P-SCM = P-CSCF I-SCM = I-CSCF 3GPP / 3GPP2 mapping S-SCM = S-CSCF L-SCM = Border Gateway Control Functions MRFP
TDM ISUP
SIP phone
Packet Core
Integrated in P-CSCF
MMD
Signaling
PSTN
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3G Tutorial
z z z z z
History and Evolution of Mobile Radio Evolving Network Architectures Evolving Services Applications Business Models
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Killer Applications
z
Postal mail, telephony, email, instant messaging, SMS, chat groups community Designer clothing, ring tones identity The web, TV, movies Movies $63B (worldwide) (1997) Phone service $256B (US only) See work by Andrew Odlyzko; here: http://www.dtc.umn.edu/~odlyzko/doc/recent.html
z z
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Many potential niche applications All IP mobile networks years away Separate platforms for voice mail, pre-paid, Deploying innovative services difficult Poor match for application-based services
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Today, without all IP infrastructure Text messaging plus speech recognition-enabled voice services Evolve from as new services become available Integrate TDM voice and IP data Support multiple applications Flexible billing and provisioning
Multi-application platform
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Travel information
Make request via voice Receive response in text Make request via voice Receive initial response in text Get updates while traveling via voice or SMS or rich graphics Record message via voice or text Deliver message via voice, SMS, WAP, or email
Directions
One-to-many messaging
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Text or voice menus Voice to hear message Voice or text to select (and authorize payment) While listening to a voice message from a customer, obtain a text display of recent customer activity SMS and voice alert Voice conference, and text updates, while traveling to site of emergency
Unified communications
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Early Deployments
z
SMS alert at start of coverage Live voice coverage or text updates SMS broadcast with phone # & URL Choice of text display or voice (text-to-speech) Adding voice menus to existing text-based service Voice flattens menus, eases access
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SGSN
CGSN
SIP
3G MSC Server
H.248
RNC
3G Wireless Network
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3G Tutorial
z z z z z
History and Evolution of Mobile Radio Evolving Network Architectures Evolving Services Applications Business Models
www.nmscommunications.com
3G
Software/Hardware Cost z z z z
CDMA upgrade to 2.75G is expensive; to 3G is cheap GSM upgrade to 2.5G is cheap; to 3G is expensive TDMA upgrade to 2.5G/3G is complex Takeaway: AT&T and Cingular have a difficult road to 3G
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3G Spectrum Expensive
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z z
Only $15k~$20k per base station Allows operators to experiment with data plans
But falls short because: z Typically 30~50 kbps z GPRS decreases voice capacity
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Modem GSM/TDMA Analog Modem GPRS ISDN CDMA 1x EDGE DSL W-CDMA Cable
Technology 2G Wireless Fixed Line Dial-up 2.5G Wireless Fixed Line Digital 2.75G Wireless 2.75G Wireless Fixed Line DSL 3G Wireless Fixed Line Cable
Throughput <9.6 Kbps 9.6 Kbps 30-40 Kbps 128 Kbps 144 Kbps 150 - 200 Kbps 0.7 - 1.5 Mbps 1.0 Mbps 1.0 - 2.0 Mbps
z z z
EDGE is 2.75G, with significantly higher data rates than GPRS Deploying EDGE significantly cheaper than deploying W-CDMA Takeaway: Look for EDGE to gain traction in 2002/2003+
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Operators need to learn how to make money with data Likely to stay many years with GPRS/EDGE/CDMA 1x Bottom line: wide-scale 3G will be pushed out
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Risk:
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Business Models
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Cautious partnering; Slow roll out of services Small screens, slow (9.6 kbps) data rate Free development software No access restrictions DoCoMos bill-on-behalf available for 9% share 55,000 applications, 30M subscribers !
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Faster than 3G
11 or 56 Mbps vs. <2 Mbps for 3G when stationary With the added convenience of mobile Same user interface (doesnt rely on small screens) Same programs, files, applications, Websites.
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Low cost, low barriers to entry Organizations can build own networks
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N M S COMMUNICATIONS
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ITU GSM, W-CDMA, UMTS Third Generation Patnership Project (3GPP) IS-95), IS-41, IS2000, IS-835
CWTS (China)
ARIB (Japan) TTC (Japan) TTA (Korea) ETSI (Europe) T1 (USA) TIA (USA)
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3GPP: http://www.3gpp.org 3GPP2: http://www.3gpp2.org 3G All IP Forum: http://www.3gip.org IPv6 Forum: http://www.ipv6forum.com Mobile Wireless Internet Forum: http://www.mwif.org UMTS Forum: http://www.umts-forum.org GSM Forum: http://www.gsmworld.org Universal Wireless Communication: http://www.uwcc.org Global Mobile Supplier: http://www.gsacom.com
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Location-Related Organizations
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http://www.locationforum.org/ Responsible for Mobile Location Protocol (MLP) Now part of Open Mobile Alliance (OMA) http://www.openmobilealliance.org/ Consolidates Open Mobile Architecture, WAP Forum, LIF, SyncML, MMS Interoperability Group, Wireless Village http://www.opengis.org/ Focus on standards for spatial and location information http://www.wliaonline.com
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N M S COMMUNICATIONS