Shear and Bending Moment

Problem:
For the loaded beam shown below, develop the corresponding shear force and bending moment diagrams. The beam is in equilibrium. For this problem L= 10 in.

Shear and Bending Moment

Overview

Anticipated time to complete this tutorial: 45 minutes

Tutorial Overview
This tutorial is divided into six parts: 1) Tutorial Basics 2) Starting Ansys 3) Preprocessing 4) Solution 5) Post-Processing 6) Hand Calculations

Audience
This tutorial assumes minimal knowledge of ANSYS 8.0; therefore, it goes into moderate detail to explain each step. More advanced ANSYS 8.0 users should be able to complete this tutorial fairly quickly.

Prerequisites
1) ANSYS 8.0 in house Structural Tutorial

Objectives 1) Learn how to define keypoints, lines, and elements 2) Learn how to apply structural constraints and loads 3) Learn how to find shear and bending moment diagrams

Outcomes
1) Learn how to start Ansys 8.0 2) Gain familiarity with the graphical user interface (GUI) 3) Learn how to create and mesh a simple geometry 4) Learn how to apply boundary constraints and solve problems

Shear and Bending Moment

Tutorial Basics
In this tutorial: Instructions appear on the left. Visual aids corresponding to the text appear on the right. All commands on the toolbars are labeled. However, only operations applicable to the tutorial are explained. The instructions should be used as follows: Bold > Text in bold are buttons, options, or selections that the user needs to click on Preprocessor > Element Type > Add/Edit/DeleteFile would mean to follow the options as shown to the right to get you to the Element Types window Text in italics are hints and notes Click on the left mouse button Click on the middle mouse button Click on the right mouse button

Example:

 Italics

MB1 MB2 MB3

Some Basic ANSYS functions are: To rotate the models use Ctrl and MB3. To zoom use Ctrl and MB2 and move the mouse up and down. To translate the models use Ctrl and MB1.

Shear and Bending Moment

Starting Ansys
For this tutorial the windows version of ANSYS 8.0 will be demonstrated. The path below is one example of how to access ANSYS; however, this path will not be the same on all computers. For Windows XP start ANSYS by either using: > Start > All Programs > ANSYS 8.0 > ANSYS or the desktop icon (right) if present.
Note: The path to start ANSYS 8.0 may be different for each computer. Check with your local network manager to find out how to start ANSYS 8.0.

Shear and Bending Moment

Starting Ansys
Once ANSYS 8.0 is loaded, two separate windows appear: the main ANSYS Advanced Utility window and the ANSYS Output window. The ANSYS Advanced Utility window, also known as the Graphical User Interface (GUI), is the location where all the user interface takes place.

Graphical User Interface

Output Window
The Output Window documents all actions taken, displays errors, and solver status.

Shear and Bending Moment

Starting Ansys
The main utility window can be broken up into three areas. A short explanation of each will be given. First is the Utility Toolbar:

From this toolbar you can use the command line approach to ANSYS and access multiple menus that you cant get to from the main menu.
Note: It would be beneficial to take some time and explore these pull down menus and familiarize yourself with them.

Second, is the ANSYS Main Menu, as shown to the right. This menu is designed to use a top down approach and contains all the steps and options necessary to properly preprocess, solve, and postprocess a model.

Third is the Graphical Interface window where all geometry, boundary conditions, and results are displayed. The tool bar located on the right hand side has all the visual orientation tools that are needed to manipulate your model.

Shear and Bending Moment

Starting Ansys
With ANSYS 8.0 open select > File > Change Jobname and enter a new job name in the blank field of the change jobname window. Enter the problem title for this tutorial. > OK

In order to know where all the output files from ANSYS will be placed, the working directory must be set, in order to avoid using the default folder C:\Documents and Settings. > File > Change Directory > then select the location that you want all of the ANSYS files to be saved. Be sure to change the working directory at the beginning of every problem. With the jobname and directory set, the ANSYS database (.db) file can be given a title. Following the same steps as you did to change the jobname and the directory, give the model a title.

Shear and Bending Moment

Preprocessing
To begin the analysis, a preference needs to be set. Preferences allow you to apply filtering to the menu choices; ANSYS will remove or gray out functions that are not needed. A structural analysis, for example, will not need all the options available for a thermal, electromagnetic, or fluid dynamic analysis. > Main Menu > Preferences

Place a check mark next to the Structural box. > OK

Look at the ANSYS Main Menu. Click once on the + sign next to Preprocessor. > Main Menu > Preprocessor The Preprocessor options currently available are displayed in the expansion of the Main Menu tree as shown to the right. The most important preprocessing functions are defining the element type, defining real constraints and material properties, and modeling and meshing the geometry.

Shear and Bending Moment

Preprocessing
The ANSYS Main Menu is designed in such a way that you should start at the beginning and work towards the bottom of the menu in preparing, solving, and analyzing your model.
Note: This procedure will be shown throughout the tutorial.

Select the + next to Element Type or click on Element Type. The extension of the menu is shown to the right. > Element Type Select Add/Edit/Delete and the Element Type window appears. Select add and the Library of Element Types window appears. > Add/Edit/Delete > Add In this window, select the types of elements to be defined and used for the problem. For a pictorial description of what each element can be used for, click on the Help button. For this model 2D Elastic Beam elements will be used. The degrees of freedom for this type of element are UX, UY, and ROTZ, which will suit the needs of this problem. > Beam > 2D Elastic 3 > OK

In the Element Types window Type 1 Beam3 should be visible signaling that the element type has been chosen.

Shear and Bending Moment

Preprocessing
Before closing the Element Type window, and with Beam3 still highlighted select the Options button. > Options... In the Beam3 Element Type Options window change the the Member force + moment output from Exclude output to Include output. This tells ANSYS to include the moment and force information needed to create the diagrams. > OK Close the Element Types window. > Close The properties for the Beam3 element need to be chosen. This is done by adding a Real Constant. > Preprocessor > Real Constants > Add/Edit/Delete The Real Constants window should appear. Select add to create a new set. > Add The Element Type for Real Constants window should appear. From this window, select Beam 3 as the element type. > Type 1 Beam3 > OK

The Real Constant window for Beam3 will appear. From this window you can interactively customize the element type.

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Shear and Bending Moment

Preprocessing
Enter the values into the table as shown at the right. > OK Close the Real Constants window. > Close

The material properties for the Beam3 element need to be defined. > Preprocessor > Material Props > Material Models The Define Material Models Behavior window should now be open. We will use isotropic, linearly, elastic, structural properties. Select the following from the Material Models Available window: > Structural > Linear > Elastic > Isotropic The window titled Linear Isotropic Properties for Material Number 1 now appears.

Enter 30e6 for EX (Young's Modulus) and 0.3 for PRXY (Poissions Ratio). > OK Close the Define Material Model Behavior window. > Material > Exit

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Shear and Bending Moment

Preprocessing
The next step is to define the keypoints (KPs) that will help you build the rest of your model: > Preprocessing > Modeling > Create > Keypoints > In Active CS The Create Keypoints in Active CS window will now appear. Here the KPs will be given numbers and their respective (XYZ) coordinates. Enter the KP numbers and coordinates that will correctly define the beam. Select Apply after each KP has been defined.
Note: Be sure to change the keypoint number every time you click apply to finish adding a keypoint. If you dont it will replace the last keypoint you entered with the new coordinates you just entered.

KP # 1: KP # 2: KP # 3: KP # 4: KP # 5:

X=0, Y=0, Z=0 X=2, Y=0, Z=0 X=4, Y=0, Z=0 X=6, Y=0, Z=0 X=10, Y=0, Z=0

Select OK when complete. In case you make a mistake in creating the keypoints, select: > Preprocessing > Modeling > Delete > Keypoints Select the incorrect KPs and select OK.

Your screen should look similar to the example below.

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Shear and Bending Moment

Preprocessing
At times it will be helpful to turn on the keypoint numbers. > PlotCtrls > Numbering > put a checkmark next to keypoint numbers > OK Other numbers (for lines, areas, etc..) can be turned on in a similar manner.

At times it will also be helpful to have a list of keypoints (or nodes, lines, elements, loads, etc.). To generate a list of keypoints: > List > Keypoint > Coordinates Only

A list similar to the one to the right should appear.

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Shear and Bending Moment

Preprocessing
The next step is to create lines between the KPs. > Preprocessing > Modeling > Create > Lines > Lines > Straight Lines The Create Straight Lines window should appear. You will create 4 lines. Create line 1 between the first two keypoints. For line 1: MB1 KP1 then MB1 KP 2. The other lines will be created in a similar manner. For line 2: MB1 KP2 then MB1 KP 3. For line 3: MB1 KP3 then MB1 KP 4. For line 4: MB1 KP4 then MB1 KP 5. Verify that each line only goes between the specified keypoints. When you are done creating the lines click ok in the Create Straight Lines window. > OK If you make a mistake, use the following steps to delete the lines: > Preprocessing > Modeling > Delete > Lines Only You should now have something similar to the image shown below.

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Shear and Bending Moment

Preprocessing
Now that the model has been created, it needs to be meshed. Models must be meshed before they can be solved. Models are meshed with elements. First, the element size needs to be specified. > Preprocessing > Meshing > Size Cntrls > Manual Size > Lines > All Lines The Element Sizes on All Selected Lines window should appear. From this window, the number of divisions per element can be defined and also the element edge length. Enter 0.1 into the Element edge length field. > OK
Note: you could change the element edge length after completing the tutorial to a different value and rerun the solution to see how it affects the results.

With the mesh parameters complete, the lines representing the beam can now be meshed. Select: > Preprocessing > Meshing > Mesh > Lines From the Mesh Lines window select Pick All. > Pick all Selecting Pick all will mesh all of the line segments that have been created. The meshed line should appear similar to the one shown below. This completes the preprocessing phase.

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Shear and Bending Moment

Solution
We will now move into the solution phase. Before applying the loads and constraints to the beam, we will select to start a new analysis: > Solution > Analysis Type > New Analysis For Type of Analysis select Static and select OK.

The way this problem is setup, no constraints need to be added. Other problems which ask you to find shear and bending moment diagrams may require the use of constraints. The forces and moments will now be added. It will be easier to select the keypoints (the locations of the forces and moments) if the keypoint numbers are turned on as previously explained. However, the current view probably shows just the elements and not the keypoints. You can see both the elements and the keypoints on the screen by selecting: > Plot > Multiplots To see just the keypoints; > Plot > Keypoints > Keypoints Use the plot menu to view your model in the way that will make it easier to complete each step in tutorial.

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Shear and Bending Moment

Solution
The loads will now be applied to the beam. > Solutions > Define Loads > Apply > Structural > Force/Moment > On Keypoints The Apply F/M on KPs window should now appear. Select KP1 (hint it might be hidden behind the symbol for the coordinate system) and select OK.

In the Apply F/M on KPs window that now appears change the direction to of the force to FY and give it a value of 400. > Apply Repeat these same steps to apply the rest of the forces and moments. Moments are applied in the same way except that in the Apply F/M on KPs window MZ is chosen as the direction. Select Apply after each one you create and close the window when you are done creating all of the them. Location KP1 KP2 KP2 KP3 KP4 KP5 Direction MZ FY MZ FY FY FY Value 400 -400 -400 200 -200 400

When you are done, your screen should look similar to the picture below.

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Shear and Bending Moment

Solution
The distributed loads will now be applied to the beam. > Solutions > Define Loads > Apply > Structural > Pressure > On Beams The Apply PRES on Beams window should appear. Select all the elements between keypoints 2 and 3 (there should be 20 in all). > Apply

The expanded Apply Pressure on Beams window should appear. From this window the direction of the pressure and its magnitude can be specified.

Enter 100 in the Pressure at Node I value field which will apply the pressure over the beam from keypoints 2 to 3. A positive entry in this field is defined as a downward pressure. > OK

The first distributed load now appears on the model.

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Shear and Bending Moment

Solution
Add the other two distributed load in a similar manner. Use the same commands as shown, but with the following changes: For the second distributed load select all of the elements between KP3 and KP4 (should be 20 of them). Set the value at node I to be -100 (this will make the load act upward). > OK For the third distributed load select all of the elements between KP4 and KP5 (should be 40 of them). Set the value at node I to be 100. > OK The model is now completed.

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Shear and Bending Moment

Solution
If you wish to view a 3D picture of your model select > Plot Controls > Style > Size and Shape The Size and Shape window opens. Click the check box next to Display of Element to turn on the 3D image. > OK

Now when you rotate your model using CTRL + MB3 , the model should appear to be 3D. You should see something similar to the image below.

You are now ready to solve the model.

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Shear and Bending Moment

Solution
The next step in completing this tutorial is to solve the current load step that has been created. Select: Solution > Solve > Current LS

The Solve Current Load Step window will appear. To begin the analysis select OK.

If a Verify window appears telling that the load data produced 1 warning, just select Yes to proceed with the solution.

The analysis should begin and when complete a Note window should appear that states the analysis is done.

Close both the Note window and /STATUS Command window. If your model is still in the 3-D view use the view icons on the right of the screen to bring the model to a front view again.

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Shear and Bending Moment

Post Processing
There are several different ways to view the results of a solution. To find the shear and bending moment diagrams we define what is called an element table and then plot a contour plot. Defining an element table is nothing more than a way of telling ANSYS which solution items you want to see. To define an element table, select the following: > General Postproc > Element Table > Define Table The Element Table Data window now appears. Select Add..

> Add...
We will define the element table items by using the By sequence num option. For the Beam3 element, the sequence numbers for the I moment (at left end of beam) and the J moment (at right end of beam) are 6 and 12. The sequence numbers for the forces in the Y direction are 2 and 8. The sequence numbers can be found for any element in the help documentation. Simply do a search in help for the element that you are using, and then scroll down in the text to find the table that lists the sequence numbers.

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Shear and Bending Moment

Post Processing
Give the first item a label name of I moment, select By sequence number, select SMISC, and type in the number 6 as shown to the right. > Apply Give the second item a label name of J moment, select By sequence number, select SMISC, and type in the number 12 > Apply Give the third item a label name of I force, select By sequence number, select SMISC, and type in the number 2 as shown to the right. > Apply Give the fourth item a label name of J force, select By sequence number, select SMISC, and type in the number 8 as shown to the right. > OK When you are done you should have four items in the Element Table Data window.

Close the Element Table Data window. > Close

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Shear and Bending Moment

Post Processing
The shear force diagram will now be plotted. > General Postproc > Plot Results > Contour Plot > Line Elem Res The Plot Line-Element Results window now appears. Select IFORCE the table item at node I and JFORCE as the table item at node J. > OK The shear force diagram is plotted on the screen and shown below. From the diagram, the max and min shear force can easily be seen.

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Shear and Bending Moment

Post Processing
The bending moment diagram will now be plotted. > General Postproc > Plot Results > Contour Plot > Line Elem Res The Plot Line-Element Results window now appears. Select IMOMENT as the table item at node I and JMOMENT as the table item at node J. > OK The bending moment diagram is plotted on the screen and shown below. From the diagram, the max and min bending moment can easily be seen.

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Shear and Bending Moment

Hand Calculations
Generally, shear and bending moment diagrams can easily be constructed by hand for problems such as the one shown in this tutorial. The purpose of the tutorial was to show how to find shear and bending moment diagrams in ANSYS, so that the process could then be applied to more complex geometry and load conditions. Please note the notation used for the hand calculations (shown at the bottom of the diagrams) as it explains why the shear diagram given by ANSYS and the one shown in the hand calculations are opposites.

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ANSYS - Structural Analysis/FEA 2D truss with inclined support and support settlement

Problem: Analyze the 2D truss as shown below. All the members have cross-sectional area of 5000 mm2 and are made of steel with Youngs modulus 210000 MPa. The settlement at support B is 10 mm. The roller at C is on a floor 45 from horizontal direction. (a) (b) If the applied force P is 200 kN, determine the member forces and stresses. Determine the maximum value of P in which the maximum member force does not exceed 600 kN.

2P P P/2
D E

P
F

L = 3000 mm

B = 10 mm L L

C 45

Step 1: Start up & Initial Set up Start ANSYS Set Working Directory Specify Initial job name: 2DTruss Set Preferences: Structural Set the unit system to SI by typing in /units, SI in the command line. Check the output window for the units in SI system. Step 2: Element Type and Real Constants Specify element type: Main Menu > Preprocessor> Element Type > Add/Edit/Delete > Add Pick Link in the left field and 2D Spar 1 in the right field. Click OK. Click Close. Main Menu > Preprocessor > Real Constants > Add/ Edit/ Delete, and click ADD Enter the cross-sectional area as 5000E-6 m2 Click OK. Click Close. Step 3: Material Properties Main Menu > Preprocessor > Material Props > Material Models > Structural > Linear > Elastic > Isotropic Enter the Elastic modulus as 210Ee9 (Pa). Save your work File > Save as Jobname.db Step 4: Modeling Create Keypoints Main Menu > Preprocessor > Modeling > Create > Keypoints > In Active CS Enter the keypoint number and coordinates of each keypoint. Click Apply after each input. Click OK when finish. Note that: If the keypoint number is not blank, the program will automatically use the smallest available number (that has not yet been specified) Create Lines from Keypoints Main Menu > Preprocessor > Modeling > Create > Lines > Lines >Straight Line
2

Select the two keypoints to be joined by the line. Continue the same to construct lines. Step 5: Meshing Main Menu > Preprocessor > Meshing > Mesh Tool There will be a Mesh Tool window pop up. In the third section Size Controls >Lines Click Set. Select Pick All. Another window pops up. Enter the number of element divisions (NDIV) as 1. Click OK. In the Mesh Tool pop up (fourth section), Mesh: Lines. Click Mesh. Select Pick All Then close the Mesh Tool window. To see node and element numbering, use: Plot Ctrls >Numbering>Node Numbers and Plot Ctrls >Numbering >Element/Attr Numbering Choose Plot > Elements to see the elements and the nodes Step 6: Specify Boundary Conditions & Loading Main Menu > Preprocessor > Loads > Define Loads > Apply > Structural > Displacement > On Nodes Now select point A. Select ALL DOF in the box showing DOF to be constrained. Set Value as 0 Click Apply Select point B. Constrain UY and set displacement value to -10e-3 m. Click OK. Since the roller at point C is 45 from global x axis. We cannot apply the support directly. We need to create a local coordinate system at point C in the orientation of the support. Work Plane > Local Coordinate Systems > Create Local CS > By 3 Nodes Read the instruction at the bottom of ANSYS window. It says Pick or enter 3 nodes: origin, X axis and XY plane. Choose the nodes in that order by clicking node 3, 5and 2, respectively (See figure below). Note that node 5 defines the direction of the x-axis and node 2 defines the xy plane. The direction of y-axis is perpendicular to the x-axis toward node 2.
3

After you clicked the 3 nodes, there will be a pop up window asking for Reference number of new CS and its type. The Reference number starts at 11 by default. Choose Cartesian CS. Click OK. Select List > Other > Local Coord Sys. You can see that the Active CS is now CS no. 11 (which is the local CS we just created). CS number 0 to 6 are global CS. Check the origin and orientation of CS 11.

Now we have to rotate the orientation of node 3 from global CS to the local CS Main Menu > Preprocessor > Modeling > Move/Modify > Rotate Node CS > To Active CS Pick node 3. Click OK Next, constrain UX at node 3. Check the orientation of the triangle at node 3 (Plot > MultiPlots). Apply Loading: Main Menu > Preprocessor > Loads > Define Loads > Apply > Structural > Force/Moment > On Nodes Now select Node 4 and 6 In the menu that appears, select FY for Direction of force. Enter -200e3 for Force/ moment value. Click Apply. Similarly, you can apply other forces. You can check your applied loads by from the graphic window or List > Load > Forces > On All Nodes Step 7: Solve Main Menu > Solution > Solve > Current LS Click OK Step 8: Post Processing Plot Deformed Shape Main Menu > General Postproc > Plot Results > Deformed Shape Select Deformed+Undeformed Click OK

Animate the Deformation PlotCtrls > Animate > Deformed Shape List Member Forces & Stresses Main Menu > General Postproc > Element Table > Define Element Table > Add > Select By Sequence number in the left list box, and SMISC in the right list box. Type 1 after the comma in the box at the bottom of the window. Click Apply For member stresses, choose By Sequence num> LS, 1 Main Menu > General Postproc > Element Table > List Element Table > Select SMIS1 and LS1 Click OK Now you can see the element forces and the stresses .

List the Deflections and Reaction Forces Main Menu > General Postproc > List Results > Nodal Solution Click DOF Solution and in the sub-list select Displacement vector sum Click OK

Main Menu > General Postproc > List Results > Reaction Solution Select All Items or All Structural Forces Click OK (b) From (a), the maximum member force (consider both from compression and tension) for P equal to 200 kN is 1146.4 kN. Since this is an elastic problem, you can find the maximum P that the member forces do not exceed 600 kN simply by

Pmax = 200 600 = 104.7 kN 1146.4

ANSYS - Structural Analysis/FEA 3-D Structure with Shell elements

Problem: Analyze a rectangular plate (6 m 4 m 20 mm) with 8 mm thick stiffeners subject to 30 kN/m2 pressure on an area (1 m 2.5 m) in the middle of the plate as shown in the figure below. The plates are made of steel (E = 2 105 MPa, = 0.3).

1.5 m

3m

0.3 m 1m 2m 1m

1.5 m

1.5 m
z y x

0.3 m 1m

1.5 m 1m

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STEP 1: Start up Preference> Structural /UNITS, SI STEP 2: Preprocessor Select the element type to be Shell Elastic 4-node (SHELL63) Create 2 real constant sets for the above thicknesses (0.02 and 0.008) Create the material model Create the keypoints at 1 (0, 0, 0.3) 3 (2, 0, 0.3) 5 (1, 1.5, 0.3) 7 (0, 3, 0.3) 9 (2, 3, 0.3) 2 (1, 0, 0.3) 4 (0, 1.5, 0.3) 6 (2, 1.5, 0.3) 8 (1, 3, 0.3)

Copy points 1-6, 8 and 9 a distance of 0.3 in the negative z-direction as follows: Main Menu > Preprocessor > Modeling > Copy > Keypoints then select the keypoints to be copied. Click OK. Enter the z-offset DZ as -0.3 Now 3 extra keypoints shall be used to identify the area upon which the load is applied: 18 (0, 1.75, 0.3) 19 (0.5, 1.75, 0.3) 20 (0.5, 3, 0.3) Join the point with straight lines Create areas using the generated lines

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Assign the meshing attributes such that the stiffeners will have the smaller thickness. Main Menu > Preprocessor > Meshing > Mesh Attributes > Picked Areas select the areas of the plate and assign the appropriate real constant set, then repeat the command and select the areas of the stiffeners and assign the other real constant set. Set the element size of the all the areas Main Menu > Preprocessor > Meshing > Mesh Tool Click Set in front of areas, Pick All and set the element length to 0.05 Mesh all the areas Main Menu > Preprocessor > Meshing > Mesh Tool make sure that both Quad and Free are selected, then click Mesh and select all the areas. Apply the pressure load to the middle area as -30000 Apply symmetry boundary conditions. Set Symmetry B.C. for all the lines on plane X = 0, and for those on plane Y = 3. Now set UZ to zero for all the lower lines of the outer stiffeners.

STEP 5: Solution

STEP 6: Postprocessor Check the deformed shape and Von Mises stress distribution.

Batch File
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/FILNAME, 3DShell /TITLE, 3D Shell Analysis /UNITS, SI *SET, B, 2 *SET, W, 3 *SET, T, 0.3 *SET, WL, 1.25 *SET, BL, 0.5 /PREP7 ET,1,SHELL63 R, 1,0.02 R, 2, 0.008 ! Specify material properties MP,EX,1,2 E11 MP,PRXY,1,0.3 K, 1, 0, 0, T K, 2, B/2, 0, T K, 3, B, 0, T K, 4, 0, W/2, T K, 5, B/2, W/2, T K, 6, B, W/2, T K, 7, 0, W, T K, 8, B/2, W, T K, 9, B, W, T KGEN, 2, 1, 6,1,,,-T KGEN, 2, 8,9,,,,-T K, 18, 0, W-WL, T K, 19, BL, W-WL, T K, 20, BL, W, T ! Create a line between two keypoints L, 1, 2 L, 2, 3 L, 9, 8 L, 8, 20 L, 18, 4 L, 4, 1 L, 2, 5 L, 5,8 L, 12, 15 L, 15, 17 L, 11, 14 L, 14, 16 L, 3, 12 L, 4, 13 L, 8, 16 L, 9, 17 ! Assigns values to user-named parameter ! SET, par, value

! Enter Preprocessing Module ! Specify element type (ET, itype, ename) ! Specify real constant (R, nset, r1, r2)

! MP, lab, mat, c0 (label EX = Youngs modulus - Pa) ! PRXY = Poissons ratio !Create keypoints (top of the shell) ! K, npt, x, y, z

! Generates keypoints from a pattern of keypoints ! KGEN, itime, np1, np2, ninc, dx, dy, dz ! Keypoints for area under loading

L, 3, 6 L, 20, 7 L, 4, 5 L, 10, 11 L, 13, 14 L, 1, 10 L, 5, 14 L, 18, 19

L, 6, 9 L, 7, 18 L, 5, 6 L, 11, 12 L, 14, 15 L, 2, 11 L, 6, 15 L, 19, 20

! Generates an area bounded by lines ( AL, l1, l2, l3, l4, l5, l6, l7, l8, l9, l10) AL, 7, 8, 31, 32 AL, 9, 11,14,6,32,31 AL, 11,26,19,27 AL, 14,27,22,29 AL, 11,10,1,13 AL, 1,23,15,24 AL, 13,24,21,27 AL, 5, 14,12,4 AL, 12,27,20,28 AL, 4,28,18,30

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AL, 12,13,2,3 AL, 3,25,17,28 AESIZE, ALL, 0.05 REAL,1 TYPE, 1 MAT, 1 ASEL, S, AREA,,1,2 ASEL, A, AREA, ,5, 11, 3 AMESH, ALL REAL, 2 ASEL, INVE AMESH, ALL ASEL, ALL SFA,1,,PRES,-30000 ! Boundary Conditions NSEL,S,LOC,X,0 DSYM,SYMM,X NSEL,S,LOC,Y,W DSYM,SYMM,Y NSEL,S,LOC,Z,0 NSEL,R,LOC,Y,W D, ALL, UZ, 0 NSEL,S,LOC,Z,0 NSEL,R,LOC,X,B D, ALL, UZ, 0 NSEL, ALL SFTRAN /SOLU SOLVE SAVE /POST1 PLDISP, 2 PLESOL, S, EQV, 2

AL, 2,24,16,25 ! Specifies the element size to be meshed onto areas ! Select real constant set for mesh attribute ! Select element type ! Select material type ! Select a subset of area (type S = select a new set) ! ASEL, type, item, comp, vmin, vmax, vinc ! Mesh areas (AMESH, na1, na2, ninc) ! type INVE = invert the current set

! SFA, area, lkey, lab, value, value2

! Select nodes with location X= 0 ! Symmetry along plane with normal in X direction ! Select nodes with location Y = 3 ! Symmetry along plane with normal in X direction ! Select nodes with location Z = 0 ! Reselect nodes from the current set (only at Y= W and Z = 0) ! Defines DOF constraints at nodes (D, node, lab, value) ! Select nodes with location Z = 0 ! Reselect nodes from the current set (only at X = B and Z = 0) ! Defines DOF constraints ! Transfer the solid model surface loads to the FE model ! Enter the solution processor ! Solve the current load step ! Enters the database results postprocessor ! Plot deformed shape (PLDISP, kund) ! Displays the solution results (PLESOL, item, comp, kund)

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Example: ANSYS and 3D element (solid45) In this example, we revisit problem #3 of homework 5a. This problem will now be solved using a 8-node 3D element (solid45) rather than the beam (beam3) element. Input commands for this problem are show below. Students are encouraged to consult the ANSYS online help on solid45 element for its features and limitations.
/prep7 et,1,45 mp,ex,1,66e9 mp,prxy,1,0.3 k,1,0,0,0 k,2,0.025/2,0,0 k,3,0.075/2,0,0 k,4,0.075/2,0.025,0 k,5,0.025/2,0.025,0 k,6,0.025/2,0.1,0 k,7,0,0.1,0 k,8,0,0.025,0 l,1,2,1 l,2,3,2 l,3,4,2 l,4,5,2 l,5,6,8 l,6,7,1 l,7,8,8 l,8,1,2 l,5,8,1 l,2,5,2 a,1,2,5,8 a,2,3,4,5 a,5,6,7,8 esize,,30 vext,1,3,1,,,3 vmesh,all nsel,s,loc,x,0,0 dsym,symm,x nsel,s,loc,z,0,0 nsel,r,loc,y,0,0 d,all,all,0 nsel,s,loc,z,3,3 nsel,r,loc,y,0,0 d,all,ux,0 d,all,uy,0 nsel,s,loc,z,1.2,1.2 nsel,r,loc,x,0,0 nsel,r,loc,y,0.1,0.1 f,all,fy,-5400/2 nsel,all fini !solid45: 8-node 3D element !modulus of elasticity !poisson ratio !keypoints

!create lines from 2 keypoints. !third number represent the number of divisions along the line.

!create areas using 4 keypoints. Keypoints must be in either !clockwise or counter clockwise order.

!define number of division for the depth. !esize command must be issued prior to vext command !extruding the areas parallel to global z-axis to create volumes !vext,first area,last area,increment,x,y,z !mesh all volumes !select a new set of nodes from x = 0 to x = 0 !apply symmetry !select a new set of nodes from z = 0 to z = 0 !select nodes from the previous set from y = 0 to y = 0 !constain ux, uy, uz !select nodes on the other end of the beam !constrain ux !constrain uy !select node on the top of the beam

!apply load !reselect all nodes

/solu solve fini /post1 lpath,1,7 pdef,sigbot,s,z lpath,381,397 pdef,sigtop,s,z plpath,sigtop plpath,sigbot fini

!create path between node 1 and 7 !store sz under sigbot for this path !create path between node 381 and 397 !store sz under sigtop for this path !plot sigtop !plot sigbot

ANSYS TUTORIAL Analysis of a Beam with a Distributed Load

In this tutorial, you will model and analyze the beam below in ANSYS. Step-by-step instructions are provided beginning on the following page.

The steps that will be followed are:

Preprocessing: 1. Change Jobname. 2. Define element type. 3. Define real constants. 4. Define material properties. 5. Create keypoints. (5 total) 6. Create lines between keypoints. (4 total) 7. Specify element division length. 8. Mesh the lines Solution: 9. Apply constraints and loads to the model. 10. Solve. Postprocessing: 11. Plot deformed shape. 12. List reaction forces. 13. List the deflections. 13. Exit the ANSYS program. _____________________________________________________________________________ Notes: Moment of Inertia, I = 394 in4 (enter as IZZ in ANSYS); Cross-sectional area, A=14.7 in2; Height = 12.19 in; Modulus of Elasticity, E=30E6 psi (enter as EX in ANSYS); <=0.29 (enter as NUXY in ANSYS).

Note: The instructions below do not provide every single mouse click, but, hopefully all steps needed will be apparent from the instructions. Also, as noted in other tutorials, the commands can be entered directly at the command line instead of using the menu picks. In this tutorial,

however, the commands are not provided. They can be determined, however, by selecting HELP on a related dialogue box. If something is not clear, please ask. Preprocessing: 1. Change jobname: File -> Change Jobname Enter beam2, and click on OK. 2. Define element types: Preprocessor -> Element Type -> Add/Edit/Delete Click on Add.., highlight Beam, then 2D elastic, click on OK, then Close. Note that in ANSYS this element is sometimes referred to as BEAM3, because it is element type 3 in the ANSYS element library. 3. Define the real constants for the BEAM3, which are moment of inertia, cross-sectional area and height: Preprocessor -> Real Constants -> Add Click OK for Type 1 BEAM3 After filling in the values, click on OK, then Close. Note that in this case, the crosssection shape was not provided, so nothing was input for SHEARZ. In this case, shear deformation effects will be neglected. 4. Define Material Properties: Preprocessor -> Material Properties -> -Constant- Isotropic OK for material set number 1, then enter the values for EX and NUXY, then OK. (or choose some other Jobname)

In this tutorial, you will create keypoints, then lines, then mesh the lines. In the meshing process, ANSYS automatically creates nodes and elements. 5. Create 5 keypoints: #1 at the left end, #2 at the first pin joint from the left, #3 at the end of the distributed load, #4 at the second pin joint, and #5 at the right end. To create keypoints:

Preprocessor -> -Modeling- Create -> Keypoints -> In Active CS

Enter 1 for keypoint number (ANSYS would automatically number keypoints if you leave this blank). Enter the location as (x,y,z)=(0,0,0). Note that we will enter the locations in inches, with keypoint 1 located at the origin of the global x-y-z Cartesian coordinate system. (Note: For this problem, all keypoints will be in the x-y plane, with z=0). Click on Apply. Continue defining keypoints 2-5, using the locations based on the sketch of the beam. But, after entering the keypoint 5 location, click on OK instead of Apply. As a check to ensure all keypoints were entered correctly, list the keypoints: Utility Menu ->List -> Keypoints If any errors were made in defining the keypoints, you can redefine a keypoint by repeating the procedure of step 5. Of course, you dont need to redefine all keypoints simply to move one. Just repeat the keypoint creation command for the incorrectly placed node. Turn on keypoint numbering: Utility Menu -> PlotCtrls -> Numbering. Check keypoint numbering, then click OK. The keypoint numbers may already be showing, but this will force the display of keypoint numbers on subsequent plots.

6. Create lines between keypoints: Preprocessor -> Create -> Lines -> Straight Line A picking menu appears. Pick keypoint 1, then keypoint 2, and a line is created between the two keypoints. Continue creating lines in this way, one between keypoints 2 and 3, one between keypoints 3 and 4, and one between keypoints 4 and 5. After the last line is created, you can just click on CANCEL in the picking box. The lines are already created, so this will close the box.

7. Instead of using the default mesh for each line, specify a number of element divisions per line so that all elements in the model are 4 inches long (this length is arbitrary): Preprocessor ->-Meshing- Size Ctrls -> -Lines- All Lines In the box that appears, enter 4 for SIZE, then OK. 8. Mesh the lines:

Preprocessor ->-Meshing- Mesh -> Lines -> Pick All At this point, the nodes and elements are created. To see a node plot, go to the top utility menu, and choose Plot -> Nodes. There will be a dot for each node. Now, go back and replot the lines: Plot -> Lines.

Solution: 9. Apply constraints and loads: Solution -> -Loads- Apply -> -Structural- Displacement -> On Keypoints Click on keypoints 2 and 4, then click OK in the picking menu that has appeared. Choose UX and UY, and use the default value of zero. If the ALL DOF label is highlighted, make sure to unselect the ALL DOF label! If the ALL DOF label is highlighted, unselect it by clicking on it. After confirming that only UX and UY are highlighted, click OK. These elements have 3 dof per node: 2 translations (UX and UY) and one rotation. We do not want to constrain the rotation. To apply the force, choose: Solution -> -Loads- Apply -> -Structural- Force/Moment -> On Keypoints. Pick keypoint 5, then OK in the picking menu, choose FY for Lab, and enter -8000 for the force value. Click on OK. To apply the distributed load, choose: Solution -> -Loads- Apply -> -Structural- Pressure -> On Beams DO NOT CHOOSE On Lines this does not work for beam elements! A picking menu appears. Click on the line between keypoints 1 and 2, and the line between keypoints 2 and 3, then OK. A box appears. Enter 150 for VALI. You dont need to enter anything else. Click OK. 10. Solve the problem: Solution -> -Solve- Current LS Click OK in the Solve Current Load Step Box. Postprocessing: 11. Plot the deformed shape:

General Postproc -> Plot Results -> Deformed Shape You will probably want to choose Def + undeformed, then OK. 12. List reaction forces: General Postproc -> List Results -> Reaction Solution Use the default All items, and click on OK. 13. List the x and y direction deflections for each node: General Postproc -> List Results -> Nodal Solution -> DOF Solution -> ALL DOFs If desired, one could plot and list the element stress components, but first tables of these stresses must be defined via the ETABLE command. This is overviewed in the first beam tutorial. 14. Exit ANSYS. Toolbar: Quit ->Save Everything -> OK

ANSYS - Structural Analysis/FEA Dynamic Analysis

Problem: Determine the mode shapes and frequencies of a cantilever conical pole as shown in the figure below. The pole is 3 m long, 30 cm diameter at the bottom and 15 cm diameter at the top. The pole is made of wood with Youngs modulus = 13.1 GPa, Poissons ratio = 0.29 and density = 470 kg/m. Also, reanalyze the cone for the case that there is a cylindrical-shape defect ( 15 cm, 0.5 m height) inside the pole as shown.

15 cm

15 cm 0.6 m

0.5 m
15 cm

Defect 3m
(no material)

1.9 m

30 cm

30 cm

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STEP 1: Start up Preference> Structural /UNITS, SI STEP 2: Preprocessor Select the element type to be Structural Solid Brick 8-node 45 (Solid 45). Material Model Modulus of elasticity = 13.1 GPa Poissons ratio = 0.29 Density = 470 kg/m Modeling For the first model, Main Menu > Preprocessor > Modeling > Create > Volume > Cone > By dimensions Enter the dimension of the pole without the cavity. The bottom radius is 0.15 m and the top radius is 0.075 m. Z1 is the z-coordinate of the base and Z2 is that of the top. The starting and ending angles define the sector of the base circle that will be generated to a cone. For the second model, Create the main cone as explained in the previous step. Then create another cylinder for the defect. Subtract the cylinder from the cone as follows: Main Menu > Preprocessor > Modeling > Operate > Booleans > Subtract > Volumes Select the cone first then click OK. After that, select the cylinder and click OK. Meshing Assign an element length of 0.05 for all the areas as follows: Main Menu > Preprocessor > Meshing > Mesh Tool Click Set in front of areas and enter 0.05. Click OK

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Make sure that the Tet and Free options are selected then click OK and select the volume to automatically mesh it. Analysis Type Set the analysis type to modal. Main Menu > Preprocessor > Loads > Analysis Type > New Analysis Select Modal and click OK Main Menu > Preprocessor > Loads > Analysis Type > Analysis Options Set the number of modes to extract = 20 and click OK In the next dialogue box, dont change the frequency range. Just click OK to accept the defaults. Boundary Conditions Fix the base of the cone by set the All DOF of the base area to 0. Main Menu > Preprocessor > Loads > Define Loads > Apply > Structural > Displacement > On Areas Pick the base area. Select All DOF.. Click OK. STEP 3: Solution STEP 4: Postprocessor The results for this type of analysis must be read first before it can be displayed. Select the frequency for which the results shall be read and displayed. To select the frequency Main Menu > General Postproc > Read Results > By Pick Select the required frequency and click Read, then click Close Plot the deformed shape to observe the mode shape. Main Menu > General Postproc > Plot Results > Deformed Shape

Repeat the same analysis and post-processing for the two models and observe the change in the natural frequencies and the mode shapes (use Results Viewer to view animation).

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For Model 1
SET 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 TIME/FREQ 34.007 34.084 141.56 141.94 342.15 343.63 482.30 573.41 622.57 625.38 972.71 976.88 1003.1 1378.4 1381.8 1385.2 1576.1 1825.8 1832.6 2163.3 LOAD STEP 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 SUBSTEP 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 CUMULATIVE 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

Mode 1 & 2 (1st harmonic mode 1 in y direction, mode 2 in x direction)

Mode 3& 4 (2nd harmonic)

Mode 5&6 (3rd harmonic)

Mode 8 (elongation)

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For Model 2
SET 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 TIME/FREQ 36.781 36.846 135.28 135.88 349.63 351.06 496.21 595.08 621.37 623.90 945.73 959.75 964.36 1176.0 1402.8 1407.6 1518.1 1840.5 1845.9 2157.4 LOAD STEP 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 SUBSTEP 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 CUMULATIVE 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

Mode 20

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ANSYS - Structural Analysis/FEA Nonlinear Analysis

Problem: Consider a rectangular plate 6 m 4 m 20 mm subject to pressure on an area (1 m 2.5 m) in the middle of the plate.The plates and stiffeners are made of steel (E = 2 105

MPa, = 0.3). Assume elastic plastic material and yield stress y = 207 MPa.

(a) Find limit pressure for the plate if it is simply supported all around the outer edges (no stiffeners).

(b) Reanalyze for the limit load the plate if there are stiffeners (30 cm width x 8 mm thick) around the outer edges of the plate and the plate is supported at the corner as shown in the figure below.

Sym.along y = 3

Sym.along x = 0

y x

3m

0.3 m

2m *note: Apply pressure 100000 and see when the structure collapse (or the analysis stops) Notice buckling of the stiffeners in case (b)

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STEP 1: Start up Preference> Structural /UNITS, SI STEP 2: Preprocessor Select the element type to be Shell 8-node 93 (SHELL93) Create 2 real constant sets for the above thicknesses (0.02 and 0.008) Create the material model Main Menu> Preprocessor > Mat Props > Material Models> Linear > Elastic> Isotropic Enter EX = 2e11 Pa and PRXY = 0.3 Main Menu> Preprocessor > Mat Props > Material Models> Inelastic> Rate Independent> Isotropic Hardening Plasticity > Mises Plasticity > Bilinear Enter yield stress = 207 e6 Pa and Tangent modulus = 0 Click Graph to check your material model.

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Create plate model (as explained in Tutorial 7) Set the element size of the all the areas to be 0.1 and mesh all the areas. Dont forget to assign meshing attribute corresponding to the thickness of the plates for case (b). Apply boundary conditions. Set Symmetry B.C. for all the lines on plane X = 0, and for those on plane Y = 3. For (a), set UZ = 0 for outer edge of the plate (plane X = 2 and plane Y = 0). For (b), set UZ = 0 for the corner node Apply pressure 100000 Pa on area 1 STEP 5: Solution Main Menu > Solution > Analysis Type > Solution Controls For (a), in Basic tab, Analysis Options Small Displacement Analysis Time Control Time at the end of load step = 1 Automatic time stepping = Program Chosen

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 Number of substeps = 20, Min no. of substeps = 10 Write Items to Results File All solution items Frequency Write every Nth substep, N= 1 Click OK

For (b), in Basic tab, Analysis Options Large Displacement Analysis Time Control Time at the end of load step = 1 Automatic time stepping = Program Chosen Number of substeps = 20, Max no. of substeps = 30, Min no. of substeps = 10 Write Items to Results File All solution items Frequency Write every Nth substep, N= 1 Click OK Main Menu > Solution > Solve > Current LS

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STEP 6: Postprocessor Main Menu > General Postproc > Read Results > By Pick > Pick the substep of interest and check Von Mises stress/ strain distribution. You can also use Results Viewer to view results and animation of the substeps. Batch File for (b)
/FILNAME, NonlinearPlate /TITLE, Nonlinear Analysis for Plate with Stiffeners /UNITS, SI *SET, B, 2 *SET, W, 3 *SET, T, 0.3 *SET, WL, 1.25 *SET, BL, 0.5 *SET, P, -100000 /PREP7 ET,1,SHELL93 R, 1,0.02 R, 2, 0.008 ! Assigns values to user-named parameter ! SET, par, value

! Enter Preprocessing Module ! Specify element type (ET, itype, ename) ! Specify real constant (R, nset, r1, r2)

! Specify material properties MP,EX,1,2 E11 ! MP, lab, mat, c0 (label EX = Youngs modulus) MP,PRXY,1,0.3 ! PRXY = Poissons ratio ! Activate a data table for nonlinear material properties (Bikinematic hardening) TB,BISO,1 TBDATA,,207E6,0 ! Data table, Yield stress= 30000 psi, Second slope = 0 K, 1, 0, 0, T K, 2, B, 0, T K, 3, B, W, T K, 4, 0, W, T KGEN, 2, 1, 3,1,,,-T K, 8, 0, W-WL,T K, 9, BL, W-WL, T K,10, BL, W, T !Create keypoints (top of the shell)

! Generates keypoints from a pattern of keypoints ! Keypoints for area under loading

! Create a line between two keypoints L, 1, 2 L, 2, 3 L, 3, 10 L, 4, 8 L, 8, 1 L, 8, 9 L, 5, 6 L, 6, 7 L, 1, 5 L, 3, 7 ! Generates an area bounded by lines ( AL, l1, l2, l3, l4, l5, l6, l7, l8, l9, l10) AL, 4, 5, 7, 8 AL, 3, 8, 7, 6, 1, 2

L, 10, 4 L, 9, 10 L, 2, 6

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AL, 1, 12, 9, 11 AL, 2, 13, 10, 12 AESIZE, ALL, 0.1 REAL, 1 TYPE, 1 MAT, 1 ASEL, S, AREA,,1,2 AMESH, ALL REAL, 2 ASEL, INVE AMESH, ALL ASEL, ALL SFA,1,,PRES,P ! Boundary Conditions NSEL,S,LOC,X,0 DSYM,SYMM,X NSEL,S,LOC,Y,W DSYM,SYMM,Y NSEL,S,LOC,X, B NSEL,R,LOC,Y, 0 NSEL,R, LOC, Z, 0 D, ALL, UZ, 0 NSEL, ALL SFTRAN /SOLU SOLCONTROL,ON AUTOTS,ON NLGEOM, ON NSUBST, 20,30 ,10 OUTRES, ALL, ALL SOLVE SAVE /POST1 SET, LAST PLESOL, S, EQV, 2

! Specifies the element size to be meshed onto areas ! Select element type ! Select material type ! Select a subset of area (type S = select a new set) ! Mesh areas (AMESH, na1, na2, ninc) ! type INVE = invert the current set

! SFA, area, lkey, lab, value, value2

! Select nodes with location X= 0 ! Symmetry along plane with normal in X direction ! Select nodes with location Y = 3 ! Symmetry along plane with normal in X direction ! Select nodes with location X = B ! Reselect nodes with location Y = 0 and Z = 0 ! Defines DOF constraints at nodes (D, node, lab, value) ! Transfer the solid model surface loads to the FE model ! Enter the solution processor ! Use optimized nonlinear solution defaults ! Automatic time stepping ! Large Deformation Analysis ! Number of substeps to be used for this load step ! Solve the current load step ! Enters the database results postprocessor ! Read the last data set ! Displays the solution results (PLESOL, item, comp, kund)

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ANSYS - Structural Analysis/FEA Plane Stress Analysis

Problem: A 120mm square plate with a slot hole in the center as shown below is subjected to distributed tensile force of 50 kN/m on each side of the plate. Given Youngs modulus 200 GPa and Poissons ratio 0.3, determine the maximum stress in the plate. Also, if the hole in the middle of the plate is replaced by a 40 mm diameter circular hole (with no slot), find the maximum stress in the plate.

50 kN/m

60 mm 20 mm

50 kN/m
40 mm 20 mm 60 mm

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STEP 1: Start up Preference> Structural /UNITS, SI STEP 2: Preprocessor : Define Element Type Preprocessor > Element Type > Add In the pop-up window click Add...> Solid > Quad 4 node 42 (PLANE 42). Click Apply. In the pop-up window click Options.... Keyopt 3 = Plane stress ( /PREP7 ET, 1, PLANE42,,,0)

STEP 3: Material Properties Preprocessor > Material Models > Structural > Linear > Elastic> Isotropic EX = 200e9 and PRXY = 0.3. (MP, EX, 1, 200e9 MP, PRXY,1, 0.3) STEP 4: Modeling Create all keypoints and lines. (Ex: K, 1, 0.02, 0 K, 2, 0.06, 0 etc. L, 1, 2 .etc.)

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For arc line from node 5 to 6, Preprocessor> Modeling > Create > Arcs > By End KPs & Rad. Pick node 5 and 6 then click OK. Then, click the center of the arcline (node 7) and click OK. In the pop up window, enter the radius of the arcline, RAD = 0.02. Click OK (LARC, 5, 6, 7, 0.02)

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Create areas by lines Preprocessor > Modeling > Create > Areas > Arbitraly > By lines Pick all the lines, click OK. (AL, 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 5)

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Mesh area Preprocessor > Meshing > Mesh Tool > Size controls: Areas > Set Enter 0.002 (AESIZE, 0.002)

Make sure that in the Mesh section, Shape: Quad and Free meshing are picked. Click Mesh. Pick the area then click OK. (AMESH)

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Apply pressure on line 2 and symmetry on line 1 and 4.

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(SFL, 2, PRES, -50000 DL, 1, 1, SYMM DL, 4, 1, SYMM) STEP 5: Solution (/SOLU SOLVE) STEP 6: Postprocessor /POST1

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ANSYS Structural Analysis/FEA: Tutorial

Simple 3-D truss

Problem: Analyze the tetra-pod and check if the members buckle elastically. The tetrapod has a 5mx5m base and is 5m high. All members are round pipes 76.2 mm and 5.72 mm thick. A vertical force of 600 kN is applied at the top. Assume that all joints are hinged. y = 250 MPa. Check factor of safety against yielding.

600 kN

5m

5m

5m

Step 1: Start up & Initial Set up Start ANSYS -- Start > Programs > ANSYS 9.0 > ANSYS Set Working Directory -- File > Change Directory and enter the required path Specify Initial job name -- File > Change Jobname Set Preferences -- Main Menu > Preferences Select Structural, H-method Type the following command in the input window to set the ANSYS environment SI units. /units, SI Press Enter Step 2: Set element type and constants Specify element type: Main Menu > Preprocessor> Element Type > Add/Edit/Delete > Add Pick Link in the left field and 3D finit stn 180 in the right field. Click OK to select this element Specify Element Real Constants Main Menu > Preprocessor > Real Constants > Add/ Edit/ Delete, and click ADD Enter the area of the link member.

1 1 Area = 76.22 (76.2 2 5.72) 2 106 = 1266.5 106 m 2 4 4

Step 3: Specify Material Properties Main Menu > Preprocessor > Material Props > Material Models In the frame labelled Material Models Available of the Define Material Model Behaviour dialogue box, double-click on Structural, Linear, Elastic, and Isotropic. Enter the Elastic modulus as 200e9 (Pa) and Poisson ratio as 0.28. Close the menus.

Save your work File > Save as Tetrapod.db Step 4: Specify Geometry Create Keypoints Main Menu > Preprocessor > Modeling > Create > Keypoints > In Active CS Enter 1 for Keypoint number. Enter 0 for X ,0 for Y and 0 for Z. Click apply. Enter 2 for Keypoint number Enter 5 for X ,0 for Y and 0 for Z. Click apply. Enter 3 for Keypoint number Enter 5 for X , 5 for Y and 0 for Z. Click apply. Enter 4 for Keypoint number. Enter 0 for X , 5 for Y and 0 for Z. Click apply. Enter 5 for Keypoint number. Enter 2.5 for X , 2.5 for Y and 5 for Z. Click Ok.

Create Lines from Keypoints Main Menu > Preprocessor > Modeling > Create > Lines > Lines >Straight Line Select the two keypoints to be joined by the line. Continue the same to construct lines. After constructing all the lines, click OK.

You can change the directions of the coordinates by clicking the options on the right side of the window. Step 5: Meshing This step makes the lines created above into finite elements. Note that simply creating the geometry does not make it into a finite element model. You must still make into a finite element mesh. Main Menu > Preprocessor > Meshing > Mesh Attributes > All Lines Choose the corresponding material, real constant set and element type number. (In this problem, we only have one set.) Click OK

Set Mesh Size Main Menu > Preprocessor > Meshing > Size Cntrls > Manual Size > Lines > All Lines Enter number of element divisions as 1 Click OK Mesh Main Menu > Preprocessor > Meshing > Mesh Tool Select Mesh Lines from the drop-down menu Click Mesh

Mesh Lines menu will pop up Click Pick All

To see the elements created by meshing follow the menu path below: Plot > Elements Plot Ctrls >Numbering >Element/Attr Numbering To see the nodes created by meshing follow the menu path below: Plot > Nodes Plot Ctrls >Numbering >Node Numbers Step 6: Specify Boundary Conditions & Loading Main Menu > Preprocessor > Loads > Define Loads > Apply > Structural > Displacement > On Keypoint Now select Keypoint 1,2,3,4 Select ALL DOF in the box showing DOF to be constrained. Set Value as 0

Click Ok Apply Loading: Main Menu > Preprocessor > Loads > Define Loads > Apply > Structural >Force/Moment > On Keypoint Now select Keypoint 5 In the Graphics window, click on Keypoint 5; then in the pick menu, click OK. In the menu that appears, select FZ for Direction of force.

Enter -300000 for Force/ moment value.

Click OK. The negative sign for the force indicates that it is in the negative z-direction. You'll see a vector indicating the applied force in the Graphics window.

Step 7: Solve Main Menu > Solution > Solve > Current LS Click OK in the Solve Current Load Step pop up window ANSYS performs the solution and a yellow window should pop up saying "Solution is done". Congratulations! You just obtained your first ANSYS solution. Close the yellow window. Step 8: Post Processing Plot Deformed Shape Main Menu > General Postproc > Plot Results > Deformed Shape Select Deformed+Undeformed Click OK

Animate the Deformation PlotCtrls > Animate > Deformed Shape List Member Forces & Stresses Main Menu > General Postproc > Element Table > Define Element Table > Add >

A new window will pop up. Select By Sequence number in the left list box, and SMISC in the right list box. Hence, SMISC, appears in the text box below the right list box. Type 1 after the comma.

Click Apply Do the same as above

You can go to help>ANSYS element reference>Element library>LINK180 to see the element output definitions.

To list the member forces and stresses Main Menu > General Postproc > Element Table > List Element Table > Select SMIS1 and LS1 Click OK Now you can see the element forces and the stresses.

Plot Stresses Main Menu > General Postproc > Element Table > Plot Element Table > Select LS1 Click OK Plot Forces Main Menu > General Postproc > Element Table > Plot Element Table > Select SMIS1 Click OK

Factor of safety : F.S. =

250 Mpa =1.72 145 Mpa

Pcr =

2 EI min
( KL) 2

KL = 0.5 L = 0.5 6.12 = 3.06 (L is the length of the bar)

I=

64

(76.24 61.164 ) 109 = 9.6815 107 m 4

= 204093 > 183712 N -- No buckling

Pcr =

2 200 109 9.6815 107

3.062

List the Deflections Main Menu > General Postproc > List Results > Nodal Solution Click 'DOF Solution' and in the sub-list select 'Displacement vector sum Click OK List Reaction Forces Main Menu > General Postproc > List Results > Reaction Solution Select All Items or All Structural Forces Click OK To display the geometry and the boundary condition after the solution in case if you are not able to see the loading and the boundary conditions in the model, do the following: Plot Ctrls > Symbols > Click the radio button corresponding to the All Boundary Conditions in the second line Click OK Now you will be able to see the loading and the boundary conditions Capturing Image of the Graphics Window Plot Ctrls > Capture Image > You will see a new window with the image, save it. This can be used to capture the images of the Finite Element Model with the loading and B.C and result plots.

Practical Application of Finite Element VII. Simplified ANSYS model ANSYS 10 or 11 ED (Education version or Academic version) will be used for modelling the structure. A disadvantage of this software is the limitation of nodes (10000 nodes) and the amount of elements (1000 elements). Therefore, the reinforced concrete is restricted to model in the range of element given. The results may be acceptable in this situation.

Figure 5 VII.1. Element types Preprocessor -> Element type -> Add/Edit/Delete -> Add Choose Concrete 65 (SOLID65)

Figure 6 Similarly to choose: BEAM -> PLASTIC 23 (BEAM23) In the OPTION of BEAM23, choose ROUND SOLID BAR at Cross-section K6 VII.2. Real Constants Preprocessor -> Real Constants -> Add/Edit/Delete -> Add - Choosing SOLID65 as SET 1 and no input data at here because the rebar will be modelled as BEAM23. In addition, SOLID65 element only supports 3 rebars however there are 4 rebars in this problems. - Similarly to choose BEAM23 as SET 2: OUTER DIAMETER OD: 0.012 VII.3. Material properties

TU T NGUYEN @00221721

Practical Application of Finite Element There are 2 material properties needing to be input. One is concrete, one is rebar. Preprocessor -> Material Props -> Material Models

Figure 7 + Concrete (Material Model Number 1): Structural -> Linear -> Elastics -> Isotropic: o o EX (Youngs modulus): 3E10 PRXY (Poissons ratio): 0.2

Structural -> Nonlinear -> Inelastic -> Rate Independent -> Isotropic Hardening Plasticity -> Mises Plasticity -> Multilinear

In this situation, the ratio between stress and strain must be equal to Youngs module at the first data, and then this ratio is decreased to the last data when the compressive strength increases. As the figure below shown, the cross-area is safe-area, where the reinforced concrete does not crack or crush.

Figure 8 A: Safe area, B: Starting cracking, C: Totally collapsed Strain 0.0005 0.0010 TU T NGUYEN @00221721 Stress 1.5E7 2.1E7 2

Practical Application of Finite Element 0.0015 0.0020 0.0025 0.0030 2.4E7 2.7E7 3.0E7 2.4E7

Structural -> Nonlinear -> Inelastic -> Non-linear Metal Plasticity -> Concrete o o o o Shear transfer coefficients for an open crack (ShrCf-Op): 0.5 Shear transfer coefficients for a closed crack (ShrCf-Cl): 0.9 Uniaxial tensile cracking stress (UnTensSf): 3E6 Uniaxial crushing stress (positive) (UnComSt): 3E7

+ Rebar (Material Properties 2): Structural -> Linear -> Elastics -> Isotropic: o o EX (Youngs modulus): 2E11 PRXY (Poissons ratio): 0.3

Structural -> Nonlinear -> Inelastic -> Rate Independent -> Isotropic Hardening Plasticity -> Mises Plasticity -> Bilinear o o Yield Stress: 460 N/mm2 Tang mod: 0

Figure 9 VII.4. Modelling The beam given is symmetrical geography and concentrated load, therefore, one half of the beam will be taken for simplification of computer model. L = 5.5/2 = 2.75mm D = 0.4m B = 0.25m There are 4 rebars, the cover is 0.05m

Therefore, the model will have 780 nodes (6 nodes in Z direction, 5 nodes in Y direction, 26 nodes in X direction and have 4x5x25 = 500 elements < 1000 elements. Modelling structural form with first-six-nodes in Z direction, after that using COPY function to finish the model. Preprocessor -> Modelling -> Create -> Nodes -> In Active CS Node TU T NGUYEN @00221721 X Y Z 3

Practical Application of Finite Element 1 2 3 4 5 6 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25

- These nodes need to copy to become the structural model. Co-ordinate Axis X Axis Y Axis Z + Generating node in Y direction Modelling -> Create -> Copy -> Nodes -> Copy - ITEM NUMBER OF COPIES: 5 - DX (X-offset in active CS): 0 - DY (X-offset in active CS): 0.1 - DZ (X-offset in active CS): 0 + Generating node in X direction - ITEM NUMBER OF COPIES: 26 - DX (X-offset in active CS): 0.11 - DY (X-offset in active CS): 0 - DZ (X-offset in active CS): 0 VII.5. Creating element SOLID65 will be created with all nodes. The node list should be opened to simply create each element. Element Attributes of SOLID65: Element type of number : SOLID65 Material Number: 1 Real Constant set number: 1 Distance from NODE I to NODE J 0.11 0.1 0.05

Creating SOLID65 element, Command-line should be input E,1,31,32,2,7,37,38,8 because of a simple creation in three-dimension (3D). Similar way to the other SOLID65 element.

Element Concrete block 1 Concrete block 2

Input Command-line E,1,31,32,2,7,37,38,8 E,2,32,33,3,8,38,39,9

TU T NGUYEN @00221721

Practical Application of Finite Element Concrete block 3 Concrete block 4 Concrete block 5 E,3,33,34,4,9,39,40,10 E,4,34,35,5,10,40,41,11 E,5,35,36,6,11,41,42,12

Element Attributes of BEAM23: Element type of number : BEAM23 Material Number: 2 Real Constant set number: 2

Element Rebar 1 Rebar 2 Rebar 3 Rebar 4

Node I 8 9 10 11

Node J 38 39 40 41

Comment on creating To simply create element in 3D, at command-line: e,8,38 for Rebar 1. Similarly to creating node, the rebar 1 should be copy to the end of the beam: ITEM NUMBER OF COPIES: 25, and NODE NUMBER INCREMENT: 30

1
ELEMENTS FEB 12 2010 11:21:44

Reinforcement

Figure 10 Rebar created in concrete

TU T NGUYEN @00221721

Practical Application of Finite Element

ELEMENTS FEB 12 2010 12:12:54

Y Z X

Reinforcement

Figure 11 Structural Model finished

VII.6. Applying boundary condition Solution Type o o Solution -> Analysis Type -> New Analysis -> Choose Structural Solution -> Soln Controls Define loads: o Solution -> Define Loads -> Apply -> Structural -> Displacement -> On Node UX is applied for nodes from 751 to 780 at the end of the structural model. UY and UZ is applied for nodes 1,2,3,4,5, 6. Frequency: Write every substep (Investigation cracks start to take shape in the reinforced concrete) Number of substeps: 20 Max no. of substeps: 1000000 Min no. of substeps: 20

TU T NGUYEN @00221721

Practical Application of Finite Element

TS FEB 12 2010 16:51:33

Y Z X

Support of the beam

Figure 12 o Solution -> Define Loads -> Apply -> Pressure -> On Elements (External load applieds for investigating cracks and crush of concrete at L/3 = 1.8666) The 500000N applies at sixteenth element on top of the reinforced concrete. VII.7. Results To view the region of crack and crush: - General PostProc -> Read Results -> By Pick, - General PostProc -> Plot Results -> Concrete Plot -> Crack/Crush o Plot symbols are located at: Integration pts o Plot crack faces for: any cracks Time history:

TU T NGUYEN @00221721

Practical Application of Finite Element

Figure 13 Time history Investigation of a cracked line is at 0.9 of time-line:

CRACKS AND CRUSHING STEP=1 SUB =18 TIME=.9 FEB 12 2010 15:56:05

Y Z X

Figure 14 No Crack and Crush However, crack and crush start occurring in concrete block at the last step:

TU T NGUYEN @00221721

Practical Application of Finite Element

1
CRACKS AND CRUSHING STEP=1 SUB =999999 TIME=1 FEB 12 2010 16:06:37

Y Z X

Figure 15 Crack and crush with Element Centroids

1
CRACKS AND CRUSHING STEP=1 SUB =999999 TIME=1 FEB 12 2010 16:11:52

Figure 16 View at the region of crack

TU T NGUYEN @00221721

Practical Application of Finite Element

1
CRACKS AND CRUSHING STEP=1 SUB =999999 TIME=1 FEB 12 2010 22:18:49

Y Z X

Figure 17 Crack and Crush with Integration pts Reinforced concrete has more cracked line when the analysis of plastic criteria with 170kN
1
CRACKS AND CRUSHING STEP=1 SUB =11 TIME=.002737 FEB 12 2010 15:09:47

Region of crack and crush

Y Z X

Figure 17 Analysis of plastic criteria

TU T NGUYEN @00221721

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ANSYS - Structural Analysis/FEA Thermal Analysis

Problem: For the two-dimensional stainless-steel shown below, determine the temperature distribution. The left and right sides are insulated. The top surface is subjected to heat transfer by convection. The bottom and internal portion surfaces are maintained at 300 C. (Question 13.26 page 507 - Logan, 2000)

T = 40 C

h = 50 W/(m C)

300 C

0.4 m

300 C

0.2 m

300 C

0.3 m

0.2 m

0.3 m

(Thermal conductivity of stainless steel = 16 W/m.K)

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STEP 1: Start up Set Preferences: Thermal analysis STEP 2: Define Element Type Choose element type: Thermal Solid Quad 4-node 55 (PLANE55).

No Real Constant is required for this option for PLANE55. STEP 3: Material Properties Main Menu > Preprocessor > Material Props > Material Models > Thermal > Conductivity > Isotropic Set the thermal conductivity (KXX) as 16 W/(m K)

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STEP 4: Modeling Due to symmetry, we can create only half of the structure. Main Menu > Preprocessor > Modeling > Create > Keypoints > In Active CS Keypoint 1 Localed at 0, 0, 0 Keypoint 2 Localed at 0.4, 0, 0 Keypoint 3 Localed at 0.4,-0.4, 0 Keypoint 4 Localed at 0.1,-0.4, 0 Keypoint 5 Localed at 0.1,-0.2, 0 Keypoint 6 Localed at 0,-0.2, 0

Create Lines from Keypoints Main Menu > Preprocessor > Modeling > Create > Lines > Lines >Straight Line

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Create Areas Using Lines Main Menu > Preprocessor > Modeling > Create > Areas> Arbitrary >By Lines Select all lines and click OK

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STEP 5: Meshing Assign element length of 0.05 for the area Main Menu > Preprocessor > Meshing > Mesh Tool In Size Controls, click Set next to Areas. Click on the area and click OK. In the pop-up window enter Element edge length = 0.05. Click OK.

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In the Mesh Tool window, choose Mesh: Areas, Shape: Tri, Free Click Mesh and select the area to automatically mesh it.

STEP 6: Apply Boundary Conditions and Loading Main Menu > Preprocessor > Loads > Define Loads > Apply > Thermal > Temperature > On Lines Select the appropriate lines and input the temperature Main Menu > Preprocessor > Loads > Define Loads > Apply > Thermal > Convection > On Lines Select the appropriate lines and input the convective heat transfer coefficient and bulk temperature

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STEP 7: Solve Main Menu > Solution > Solve > Current LS Click OK in the Solve Current Load Step pop up window STEP 8: Post Processing

Main Menu > General Postproc > List Results > Nodal Solution. In the list click Nodal Solution > DOF Solution > Temperature Click OK. A list of the nodal temperatures will be displayed.
Main Menu > General Postproc > Plot Results > Contour Plot > Nodal Solution > DOF Solution > Temperature Click OK

A contour plot will be displayed for the distribution of the temperatures within the element calculated based on the shape function of every element and the calculated nodal temperatures.

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ANSYS - Structural Analysis/FEA Water Tank (Axisymmetric model)

Problem: Analyze a cylindrical water tank with inside diameter 50 meter as shown in the figure below. The tank is made of concrete 30 cm thick (y = 35 MPa). Assume live load on the cover of the tank is 0.7 kN/m2 and the cover dead load is equal to the live load. Stiffness of the soil below the tank is 25000 kN/m. The active and passive pressure coefficients are 0.27 and 0.49, respectively. Soil density is 1842 kg/m3. Neglect the upward pressure from the soil below the tank.

0.15 m D.L. = L.L. = 700 N/m

2

2m

= 1842 kg/m3
Ka = 0.27 Kp = 0.49

3m

50 m

0.3 m

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STEP 1: Start up Preference> Structural /UNITS, SI STEP 2: Preprocessor : Define Element Type Preprocessor > Element Type > Add In the pop-up window click Add...> Solid > Quad 8 node 82 (PLANE 82). Click Apply. In the pop-up window click Options.... Keyopt 3 = Axisymmetric

Preprocessor > Element Type > Add In the pop-up window click Add...> Surface Effect > 2D structurl 153 (SURF153). Click Apply. In the pop-up window click Options.... Keyopt 6 = Negative pressure only.

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STEP 3: Real Constants and Material Properties Preprocessor > Real Constants > Add/Edit/Delete > Add... Element type for Real Constants Select Type 2 (SURF153) In the next pop-up window, EFS = 25E6 N/m

Preprocessor > Material Models > Structural > Linear > Elastic> Isotropic EX = 30E9 Pa and PRXY = 0.2. To include material self weight in the calculation enter the material density Preprocessor > Material Models > Structural > Density DENS = 2400 kg/m3 STEP 4: Modeling Create keypoints Preprocessor > Modeling > Create > Keypoints > In Active CS Enter the location of each keypoint K, 1, K, 4, 0, 0 25, 0.3 K, 2, 25.3, 0 K, 5, 25.3, 3 K, 3, 0, 0.3 K, 6, 25, 4.85

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K, 7, 25.15, 4.85 Create area

K, 8, 25.15, 5

K, 9, 25.3, 5

Preprocessor > Modeling > Create > Areas > Arbitrary > Through KPS Select keypoints (1-2-5-9-8-7-6-4-3-1) to create an area. Mesh area Preprocessor > Meshing > Mesh Tool > Size controls: Lines > Set Click Pick All. Enter Element edge length = 0.15, click OK. Mesh: Areas click Mesh

Apply contact surface to the bottom of the tank From the menu bar Select > Entities... In the pop-up window select Nodes, By location, Y coordinates Enter 0 in the Min, Max box Click OK To see the selected nodes Plot > Nodes Preprocessor > Meshing > Mesh Attributes > Default Attribs Change TYPE to Type 2 (SURF153) Preprocessor > Modeling > Create > Elements > Surf/ Contact > Surf to Surf. Click OK and Pick All in the pop-up window. Now the contact elements are created. Reselect all the nodes by
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Select > Entities... > Nodes, By Num/Pick, OK, Pick All To see the full structure of your axisymmetric model PlotCtrls > Style > Symmetry Expansion > 2D-Axisymmetric > Full Expansion Apply load Calculate design load from the tank cover. Total load = (1.5L.L. +1.25D.L.)*Area / perimeter = (1.5*700+1.25*700)*25/2 Distributed load on line 6 = Total load/0.15. Case 1: The tank is empty. There will be an active earth pressure acting outside the tank. Maximum active earth pressure at the bottom = Ka*soil*soil depth = 0.27*1842*9.81*3 Apply triangular pressure to line 2 (be careful of the direction of the line)

Case 2: The tank is full. In this case, the loads are from water pressure, water weight and passive earth pressure. Maximum water pressure at the bottom = water*water depth = 1000*(5-0.3) Apply triangular pressure to line 7. Water weight (/m) = 1000*(5-0.3) - Apply uniform water weight to line 8
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Maximum passive earth pressure at the bottom = Kp*soil*soil depth = 0.49*1842*9.81*3 Apply triangular pressure to line 2. STEP 5: Solution STEP 6: Postprocessor Determine the maximum displacements. Check the maximum compressive stress with the allowable stress

a = c y = 0.6 35 10 6 = 21 10 6 Pa

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2D Continuous Beam with Distributed Load

ANSYS - Structural Analysis/FEA

Problem: For a steel continuous beam with distributed loads as shown below, calculate the load factor if the moment capacity of the cross section is limited to Mmax = zFy, where, = 0.9. The beam is made of steel with Youngs modulus of 200 GPa, Poisson ratio 0.30 and the allowable stress (Fy) 350 MPa. The beam has a box cross-section (HSS 356x250x16) (Figure 2) with plastic section modulus (z) 1910103 mm3. (not the same as elastic section modulus).

200 kN/m

50 kN
50 kN/m 150 kN/m

A
3.0 m

E
7.0 m

B
7.0 m

C
2.1 m

Figure 1: Continuous Beam

14.29 mm

356 mm

254 mm

Figure 2: Beam cross-section

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Step 1: Start up & Initial Set up Set preferences and unit. Step 2: Specify Element types and Material Properties Use BEAM3 element. Step 3: Specify Sections Main Menu > Preprocessor > section > beam > common sections. We can define the cross section from this window. Choose sub-type of the beam to be a box cross-section and select Offset to: Centroid. This defines the reference axis of the beam. Click Preview to see the data summary.

Now look at the values of Iyy and Izz. In this figure, y-axis is in the horizontal direction and z-axis is in the vertical direction.

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y y

The orientation of the beam (

or

) is defined by the value of Area moment of

z y y

inertia you enter for Real Constants (Enter the value of Iyy for

and Izz for

). Note

that the axis for the cross-section is not necessarily the same as the Global Axis. In general, we want the beam to have larger dimension in the global Y-axis. Thus, we define Real Constants by entering Iyy in the Area moment of inertia box and the Total beam height is 0.356.

Step 4: Specify Geometry Create keypoints (at point A, B, C and D) and connect them to create lines. Note that Keypoint 2 and 3 are needed to define the boundary conditions. Another point E at 3 m from Keypoint 1 is also needed to define a concentrated load.

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To create point E, Main Menu > Preprocessor > Operate > Booleans > Divide > Lines w/ Options. Pick the line to be divided by clicking on L1. Click Ok. Enter NDIV = 2 and RATIO = 3/7. Click OK.

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Step 5: Meshing

Main Menu> Preprocessor> Meshing> Mesh Attributes> Default Attribs

Click OK. Main Menu > Preprocessor > Meshing > Mesh Tool There will be a Mesh Tool window pop up. In the third section Size Controls >Lines, click Set. Select Pick All. Another window pops up. Here, you can either define the element edge length or number of element divisions. Enter the element edge length to be 0.1. Click OK.

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In general, the size of element will influence the accuracy of the solution. Smaller size of elements (or more numbers of elements) gives more accurate results but requires more time to obtain the solutions. However, for this beam problem, only 3 elements are needed (AB, BC and CD) to obtain the exact solution. In the example, we use more numbers of element in order to obtain a smooth bending moment diagram. In the Mesh Tool pop up (fourth section), Mesh: Lines. Click Mesh. Select Pick All To see node and element numbering, use: Plot Ctrls >Numbering>Node Numbers and Plot Ctrls >Numbering >Element/Attr Numbering Choose Plot > Elements to see the elements and the nodes

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Step 6: Specify Boundary Conditions & Loading Main Menu > Preprocessor > Loads > Define Loads > Apply > Structural > Displacement > On Keypoint Now select Keypoint 1, select UX, UY. Set UX, UY as 0. Click Apply.

Next, constrain UY of Keypoint 2 and 3.

Apply Loading: Main Menu > Preprocessor > Loads > Define Loads > Apply > Structural >Force/Moment > On Keypoint Now select Keypoint 5. Select FY and enter -50000 as the Force value.
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Apply distributed load Main Menu> Preprocessor> Loads> Define Loads> Apply> Structural> Pressure> On Beams Now select all elements between point A and B by click on Box and drag a box to cover all the elements. Click OK. For uniform distributed load, enter VALI = 200e3 kN/m Note that, the positive value indicates the direction of pressure acting inward the beam surface.

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Similarly, distributed loads on beam BC and CD can be added.

Step 7: Solve Main Menu > Solution > Solve > Current LS Click OK in the Solve Current Load Step pop up window. Step 8: Post Processing Plot Deformed Shape Main Menu > General Postproc > Plot Results > Contour Plot> Nodal Solution Select DOF solution> UY In Items to be plotted, select Deformed+Undeformed Click OK

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Create Element Table Main Menu > General Post Proc > Element Table > Define Table Click Add. In the next window select By Sequence number, in the right window select SMISC and enter SMISC, 6 at the bottom text box. (MMOMZ = Member moment at node i1) Click Apply. Then add SMISC, 12 (MMOMZ = Member moment at node j1) Then add LS, 2,5 (SBYT = Bending stress on the element +Y side of the beam1) Then add LS, 3,6 (SBYB = Bending stress on the element -Y side of the beam1) Click OK Click Close
1

See BEAM3 - Table 3.2 (Element Output Definitions) for description of each option.

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Plotting Bending Moment Diagram Main Menu > General Post Proc > Plot Results > Contour Plot > Line Element Res

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Similarly, you can plot the stresses at the top (or bottom) fibers of the beam by selecting LS2 (or LS3) from the list

List Stress Values Main Menu > General Post Proc > Element Table > List Element Table > Select LS2 and LS3 Click OK You will be able to see the bending stress values of each element in +Y and Y direction and the maximum stresses.

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Calculate Load Factor Mmax = 0.9 (350 10 6 Pa ) (1910 10 3 10 9 m 3 ) = 601650 N m In this problem, the maximum moment is 979907 N m

Load factor = 601650/979907 = 0.614

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