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PHN NG TO KT TA
TS Vi Anh Tun
Khoa ha hc Trng i hc KHTN - HQG H Ni
Tch s tan
Qu trnh ho tan l qu trnh thun nghch, do cng tun theo nh lut tc dng
khi lng. Xt cn bng ha tan (Mn+ l ion kim loi, Xm- l gc axit hoc OH-):
MmXn
mMn+ + nXm-
T = [M]m[X]n
(*)
T c gi l tch s tan (solubility product).
Tch s tan c s dng :
So snh tan ca cc cht t tan "ng dng".
Xem mt dung dch bo ho hay cha:
Q = C Mm C Xn
Q = C Mm C Xn
Q = C Mm C Xn
Cu 1.1.
13
So snh tan ca AgCl v AgBr trong nc ct. Bit TAgCl = 10-10, TAgBr = 10-
.
2
Hng dn gii
*Ch : Mc d TAgCl= 10-10 > TMg(OH)2= 1,2.10-11, nhng trong nc ct, tan ca
Mg(OH)2 li ln hn tan ca AgCl.
Cu 1.2.
(a) Trn 1 ml dung dch K2CrO4 0,12M vi 2 ml dung dch Ba(OH)2 0,009M.
Ba2+ + CrO42-
Cb
0,034 + x
T = x (0,034 + x) = 1,2.10-10
x = 3,53. 10-9 M.
[CrO42-] = 0,034 M;
[Ba2+] = 3,53.10-9 M)
CH3NH3+ + OH-
(a) 25C, phn trm ion ho ca dung dch CH3NH2 0,160M l 4,7%. Hy tnh [OH-],
[CH3NH3+], [CH3NH2], [H3O+] v pH ca dung dch.
(b) Hy tnh Kb ca metylamin.
(c) Nu thm 0,05 mol La(NO3)3 vo 1,00 L dung dch cha 0,20 mol CH3NH2 v 0,20
mol CH3NH3Cl. C kt ta La(OH)3 xut hin khng? Cho tch s tan ca La(OH)3 l
1.10-19.
Hng dn gii
(a) [CH3NH2]= 0,152 M; [CH3NH3+]=[OH-]= 7,5.10-3; pH= 11,9
(b) 3,7.10-4
(c) Q = 2,56.10-12 > T, c kt ta)
Cu 1.4. MgF2(r)
Mg2+(aq) + 2 F-(aq)
(b) Hy tnh nng cn bng ca Mg2+ trong 1,000 L dung dch MgF2 bo ho 18C
cha 0,100 mol KF.
(c) Hy d on kt ta MgF2 c to thnh khng khi trn 100,0 mL dung dch Mg(NO3)2
3.10-3 M vi 200,0 mL dung dch NaF 2,00.10-3 M 18C.
(d) 27C nng ca Mg2+ trong dung dch bo ho MgF2 l 1,17.10-3 M. Hy cho bit
qu trnh ho tan MgF2 l to nhit hay thu nhit? Gii thch.
Hng dn gii
(a) 7,09.10-9
(b) 7,09.10-7M
(c) Q < T, khng c kt ta
(d) To nhit)
Cu 1.5. Dung dch bo ha H2S c nng 0,100 M.
Hng s axit ca H2S: K1 = 1,0 10-7 v K2 = 1,3 10-13.
(a) Tnh nng ion sunfua trong dung dch H2S 0,100 M khi iu chnh pH = 2,0.
(b) Mt dung dch A cha cc cation Mn2+, Co2+, v Ag+ vi nng ban u ca mi ion
u bng 0,010 M. Ho tan H2S vo A n bo ho v iu chnh pH = 2,0 th ion no to
kt ta?
Cho: TMnS = 2,5 10-10 ; TCoS = 4,0 10-21 ; TAg2S = 6,3 10-50.
(c) Hy cho bit c bao nhiu gam kt ta ch(II) sunfua c tch ra t 1,00 lit dung dch
bo ha ch(II) sunfat? bit nng sunfua c iu chnh n 1,00 .10-17 M? Cho cc
gi tr tch s tan: TPbSO4 = 1,6 10-8 v TPbS = 2,5 10-27.
Hng dn gii
a)
[S 2 ] =
K a1K a 2
C H S = 1,3.1017
[ H ] + [ H + ]K a1 + K a1K a 2 2
+ 2
[Mn2+] [S2-] = 10-2 1,3 .10-17 = 1,3 .10-19 < TMnS = 2,5 .10-10
b) C:
khng c kt ta
[Co2+] [ S2-] = 10-2 1,3 .10-17 = 1,3 .10-19 > TCoS = 4,0 .10-21
; c kt ta
[Ag+] 2[S2-] = (10-2)2 1,3 .10-17 = 1,3 .1021 > TAg2S = 6,3 .10-50
; c kt ta
CoS
Ag2S
c) C:
[Pb2+][SO42-] = 1,6.10-8.
4
1.2
m Mn+ + n XmmS
nS
1
T = [M]m[X]n = [mS]m[nS]n
C:
T m+n
S = m n
m n
*Nhn xt: Cng thc trn ch ng nu Mn+ v Xm- khng tham phn ng no khc.
Cu 1.6. Cho tch s tan ca Ag2CrO4 25oC l 2,6.10-12.
(a) Hy vit biu thc tch s tan ca Ag2CrO4.
(b) Hy tnh [Ag+] trong dung dch bo ha Ag2CrO4.
(c) Hy tnh khi lng Ag2CrO4 c th tan ti a trong 100 ml nc 25oC.
(d) Thm 0,1 mol AgNO3 vo 1,0 lit dung dch bo ha Ag2CrO4. Gi thit th tch dung
dch khng thay i. Hy cho bit [CrO42-] tng, gim hay khng i? Gii thch.
Trong dung dch bo ha Ag3PO4 25oC, nng Ag+ l 5,3.10-5 M.
(e) Hy tnh tch s tan ca Ag3PO4 25oC.
(g) Lm bay hi 1,00 lit dung dch bo ha Ag3PO4 25oC n cn 500 ml. Hy tnh
[Ag+] trong dung dch thu c.
p s
b. 8,66.10-5 M.
c. 2,88.10-3 gam;
d. gim;
e. 2,63.10-18.
g. khng i, 5,3.10-5 M)
5
2. Kt ta phn on
Nu trong dung dch c cha hai hay nhiu ion c kh nng to kt ta vi cng mt
ion khc, nhng cc kt ta hnh thnh c tan khc nhau nhiu th khi thm cht to kt
ta vo dung dch, cc kt ta s ln lt c to thnh. Hin tng to thnh ln lt
cc kt ta trong dung dch c gi l kt ta phn on.
*iu kin kt ta hon ton:
[X] < 10-6M, hoc
%X cn li trong dung dch < 0,1%
Cu 2.1.
Thm AgNO3 rn vo dung dch NaCl 0,10 M v Na2CrO4 0,0010 M. Cho tch
[ Ba 2 + ] =
a.
[ SO42 ] =
[ Sr 2 + ] =
[ Ba 2 + ]
TSrSO4
[ SO42 ]
1.10 10
= 10 5 M
5
1,0.10
3.107
= 3.10 2 M > 0,01 M
5
1,0.10
Sr2+ cha kt ta. Vy c th s dng phng php ny tch hon ton hai mui ra
khi nhau.
b. tan ca AgCl trong nc ct:
S1 = [ Ag + ] = TAgCl = 1,30.10 5 M
Tnh tan ca AgCl trong dung dch amoniac 1,0 M.
AgCl + 2 NH3
b
cb
Ag(NH3)2+ + Cl
1,0
1,0 - 2x
x2
= 2,55.10 3
2
(1,0 2 x )
K=
S2 = x = 4,59.10-2 M;
x = 4,59.10-2 M
S2
= 4,6.103 lan )
S1
3. Cc yu t nh hng n tan
Trong thc t, ion kim loi ca kt ta c th to phc vi OH- v anion ca kt ta
c th phn ng vi H+ trong dung dch. Ngoi ra, nhng cu t khc c trong dung dch
cng c th tham gia phn ng vi cc ion ca kt ta hoc t nht cng lm bin i h s
hot ca chng. Nhng yu t u nh hng n tan ca kt ta.
3.1 nh hng ca pH
7
Cu 3.1.
(a) Hy cho bit dung dch ca cc mui sau c tnh axit, baz hay trung tnh?
b.
3 Ag+ + PO43-
Ag3PO4
3S
T = (3S )3 S
S=4
T
1,3.1020
=4
= 4,68.10 6 M
27
27
OCN- + H+
Ag+ + OCN
HOCN
T = [Ag+][OCN-]
Ka =
(1)
[ H + ][OCN ]
[ HOCN ]
(2)
Lp phng trnh
[Ag+] = [OCN-] + [HOCN]
[H+] + [HOCN] = 10-3
(3)
(4)
Gii h:
(2, 4)
[ HOCN ] =
103.[OCN ]
3,3.10 4 + [OCN ]
(5)
8
[ Ag + ] = [OCN ] +
(3, 5)
103 [OCN ]
3,3.10 4 + [OCN ]
(6)
t [OCN-]= x
(1,6)
10 3 x
(x +
) x = 2,3.10 7
4
3,3.10 + x
x= 2,98.10-4 = [OCN-]
(5)
[HOCN]= 4,75.10-4
(4)
[H+]= 5,25.10-4
(1) =>
[Ag+]= 7,72.10-4 = S.
*Nhn xt: v nng ca ion cc ion v phn t gn bng nhau nn khng th gii gn
ng c)
Cu 3.3.
nng mol ca H2S trong dung dch bo ha. Gi thit rng qu trnh ha tan H2S khng
lm thay i th tch ca dung dch.
(b) Dung dch FeCl2 0,010 M c bo ha H2S bng cch xc lin tc dng kh H2S vo
dung dch. Cho TFeS = 8,0 .10-19. H2S c Ka1 = 9,5 .10-8 v Ka2 = 1,3 .10-14. Hng s ion ca
nc Kw = 1 .10-14. Hy cho bit thu c nhiu kt ta FeS hn th cn phi tng hay
gim pH ca dung dch?
(c) Hy tnh pH cn thit lp nng Fe2+ gim t 0,010 M xung cn 1,0 .10-8 M.
(d) Ngi ta thm axit axetic vo dung dch phn (b) nng u ca axit axetic t
0,10 M. Hy tnh nng u ca natri axetat cn thit lp nng Fe2+ trong dung
dch thu c l 1,0.10-8 M. Khi tnh ch s to thnh H+ do phn ng: Fe2+ + H2S
FeS (r) + 2H+. Bit axit axetic c Ka = 1,8 .10-5. Gi s vic thm axit axetic v natri
axetat khng lm thay i th tch ca dung dch.
(e) Hy tnh pH ca dung dch m trc khi xc kh H2S.
Hng dn gii
(a.
[ H 2 S ] = CH 2 S
0,44
22,4
=
= 0,196 M
0,1
b. Tng pH.
c. C:
TFeS
8,0.10 19
[S ] =
=
= 8,0.10 11
2+
8
[ Fe ] 1,0.10
Mt khc:
[S 2 ] =
[H + ] =
[ H 2 S ]K a1 K a 2
[ H + ]2
[ H 2 S ]K a1K a 2
0,196 9,5.108 1,3.1014
=
= 1,77.10 6 M
2
11
[S ]
8.10
pH = 5,75;
d.
0,02
CH3COO- + H+
b
cb
CH3COOH
0,02
a-0,02
0, 1
0,1 + 0,02
[CH 3COO ]
[CH 3COOH ]
C:
pH = pK a + log
a = 1,25 M
e.
[CH 3COO ]
1,25
pH = pK a + log
= 4,74 + log
= 5,84 )
[CH 3COOH ]
0,1
Cu 3.4.
(QG 2007) Mt dung dch c ba cht HCl, BaCl2, FeCl3 cng nng
a 0,02
0,12
M; th tch ca dung dch khng thay i khi cho CO2 v NaOH vo; cc hng s: pKa
ca H2CO3 l 6,35 v 10,33; pKs ca Fe(OH)3 l 37,5 v ca BaCO3 l 8,30; pKa ca Fe3+
l 2,17. Hy tnh pH ca dung dch thu c.
Hng dn gii
H+ + OH-
H2O
0,015 0,015
10
CO2 + 2 OH0,03
CO32- + H2O
0,06
Fe3+ + 3 OH0,015
0,03
Fe(OH)3
0,045
Ba2+ + CO320,015
BaCO3
0,015
0,015-x
x2
= 10 3, 67
0,015 x
K b1 =
x = 1,69.10-3 M
Cu 3.5.
Du hiu cho thy mt ngi c nguy c mc bnh gout l nng axit uric
(HUr) v urat (Ur-) trong mu ca ngi qu cao. Bnh vim khp xut hin do s kt
ta ca natri urat trong cc khp ni. Cho cc cn bng:
HUr (aq) + H2O
Ur- (aq) + Na+ (aq)
pK = 5,4 37C
NaUr (r)
11
[Ur ]
pH = pK a + log
[ HUr ]
d. C
[Ur ]
= pH pK a = 7,4 5,4 = 2
[ HUr ]
log
[Ur ]
= 10 2 = 100
[ HUr ]
V trong mu khng c kt ta NaUr nn [Ur-] < 4,910-4 (kt qu tnh c phn (b)).
[Ur ] 4,9.10 4
[ HUr ] <
=
= 4,9.10 6 < S HUr = 5.10 4 M
100
100
[Ur ]
1,5.10 3
pH = pK a + log
= 5,4 + log
= 5,88
[ HUr ]
5.10 4
Cu+ + NH3
[Cu(NH3)]+
[Cu(NH3)]+ + NH3
[Cu(NH3)2]+
lg1 = 6,18
lg2 = 4,69
(b) Hy tnh th tch dung dch amoniac 0,1 M ti thiu cn dng ha tan hon ton 1
gam CuBr.
(c) Biu thc tnh tch s tan iu kin ca CuBr nh sau:
T' = ([Cu + ] + [Cu(NH3 )]+ + [Cu(NH3 ) 2 ]+ ) [Br - ]
Cu+ + Br-
a.
CuBr
C:
Mt khc:
S=
=>
V = 34,9 lit;
1
= 2,00.10 4
143,35V
b.
CuBr
[Cu(NH3)]+
lg1 = 6,18
[Cu(NH3)]+ + NH3
[Cu(NH3)2]+
lg2 = 4,69
(1)
(2)
(1)
pT = 7,4
Gi s:
C:
Cu+ + Br-
Cu+ + NH3
C:
(2)
[Br-] = [Cu(NH3)2+]
[NH3] + 2[Cu(NH3)2+] = 0,1
1, 2
[Cu(NH3 ) 2+ ]
[ Br - ]
[ Br - ]
=
=
=
[Cu + ][NH3 ] [Cu + ](0,1 - 2[Br - ]) 10-7,4
(0,1 - 2[Br - ])
[ Br ]
S=
1
= [ Br ] = 0,05
143,35V2
V2 = 0,140 lit
Zn (r) + 4 OH-
E = -1,285 V
Zn (r)
E = - 0,762 V
o
c. Cch 1: Thit lp cng thc tnh EZn ( OH ) 24 / Zn theo EZn 2+ / Zn .
EZn 2+ / Zn = E
o
Zn 2+ / Zn
0,0592
0,0592 [ Zn(OH ) 24 ]
2+
o
+
lg[ Zn ] = EZn 2+ / Zn +
lg
2
2
[OH ]4
o
= E Zn
2+
/ Zn
0,0592
0,0592 [ Zn (OH ) 24 ]
lg +
lg
2
2
[OH ]4
2+
( OH ) 2 / Zn
/ Zn
4
0,0592
lg
2
= 4,67.1017;
Cch 2:
14
Zn(r) + 4 OH-
[Zn(OH)4] 2- + 2 e
E1 = +1.285 V
Zn(r)
E2 = -0.762 V
G2 = -zFE2 = 147.04 kJ/mol
Zn2+ + 4 OH-
K =e
G
RT
=e
[Zn(OH)4] 2-
100920
8, 314298
G = G1 + G2 = -100.92 kJ/mol
= 4,90.1017
T
= 1,25.10 8 M .
2
[OH ]
d.
[ Zn 2+ ] =
e.
T
4
8
= [OH ]2 (1 + [OH ] ) = 2,56.10 M .
g. Kt qu khc nhau: (2,56- 1,25)/2,56 = 51%; rt ln; nh vy s to phc nh hng
ng k n tan)
Cu 3.8. (IChO 43) PbO l mt oxit lng tnh. Khi ha tan vo nc xy ra cc cn
bng:
PbO (r) + H2O
T = 8,010-16
Ka = 1,010-15
a.
b.
[OH-] = 2,83.10-7
pH = 7,45;
[Pb(OH)3-][H3O+] = 1.10-15
15
[H3O+]= 1.10-13
pH = 13;
c.
S = [Pb2+] + [Pb(OH)3-];
d.
S = 3,78.10-6M;
M rng: chng minh rng Smin ti gi tr pH = 9,40;
8.10-16 1015
1015
12
+ 2
S = [Pb ] + [Pb(OH) ] =
+
= 8.10 [ H ] + +
[OH- ]2 [ H + ]
[H ]
2+
1015
=0
[ H + ]2
S ' = 16.1012 [ H + ]
e.
S = 8.1012 [ H + ]2 +
1015
= 10 3
[H + ]
7,95 pH 12,00)
Ag(NH3)2+
1,2 = 1,7.107
Hng dn gii
Cc cn bng xy ra:
AgI
Ag+ + 2 NH3
NH3 + H2O
Ag+ + IAg(NH3)2+
NH4+ + OH-
(1)
1, 2
[ Ag ( NH 3 ) 2 ]
=
= 1,7.10 7
[ Ag + ][ NH 3 ]2
(2)
16
Kb =
[ NH 4 ][OH ]
= 1,75.10 5
[ NH 3 ]
(3)
(4)
(5)
[NH4+] = [OH-]
(6)
Gi s
[NH3] = 0,1 M
+
(3)
(4)
[I-] = [Ag(NH3)2+]
(7)
(1)
8,3.1017
8,3.1017
[ Ag ] =
=
+
[I ]
[ Ag ( NH 3 ) 2 ]
(8)
(2)
[ Ag ( NH 3 ) 2 ]
= 1,7.107
17
8,3.10
0,12
+
[ Ag ( NH 3 ) 2 ]
[Ag(NH3)2+] = 3,76.10-6 M
[ Ag + ] =
8,3.1017
8,3.1017
=
= 2,21.1011
+
6
[ Ag ( NH 3 ) 2 ] 3,76.10
KTGT: tha mn
Cu 3.10.
Tnh nng cn bng ca cc ion Ag+, Br-, Cl-, Ag(NH3)2+, NH4+ v OH-
trong dung dch bo ho AgCl v AgBr vi NH3 0,020M. Gi thit rng phc Ag(NH3)+
to thnh khng ng k.
Cho TAgCl = 10-10; TAgBr = 5.10-13; 1,2 = 108 v Kb= 1,8.10-5.
Hng dn gii
AgCl
Ag+ + Cl
TAgCl = 10-10
AgBr
Ag+ + Br
TAgBr = 5.10-13
Ag+ + 2 NH3
Ag(NH3)2+
1,2 = 108
NH3 + H2O
NH4+ + OH-
Kb = 1,8.10-5
17
C:
Gi s:
(1)
(2)
(1)
[AgL2] = [Cl-]
(3)
(2)
(4)
T AgCl
[AgL2] = 1,2[Ag+][NH3] 2 = 1, 2
(4)
[NH3]= 1,67.10-2M
[ Ag + ] =
[ Br ] =
T AgCl
[Cl ]
TAgBr
+
[ Ag ]
[Cl ]
[ NH 3 ] 2 = 1, 2
T AgCl
[ AgL 2 ]
[ NH 3 ] 2
= 6.10 8 M
= 8,33.10 6 M
[OH-] = [NH4+] =
Cu(OH)2 trong 25,00 mL dung dch NH3. Bit nng cn bng ca NH3 trong dung dch
thu c l 1,00 .103 M, hng s bn tng cng ca phc Cu(NH3)42+ l 1,4 = 1011,75.
i. Hy tnh nng mol tng cng ca ng trong dung dch thu c.
ii. Hy tnh nng cn bng ca cc cu t cha ng trong dung dch.
iii. Hy tnh nng cn bng ca NH4+.
iv. Hy tnh pH ca dung dch.
v. Hy tnh nng ca dung dch NH3 ban u.
Hng dn gii
a. i.
Cu(OH)2
Cu2+ + 2 OHS
2S
C:
S =3
ii. C:
4,50.1021
= 1,04.10 7 M
4
5,00.103
97,59
=
= 2,05.10 3 M
0,025
b. i.
CCu 2+
ii.
Cu(OH)2
Cu2+ + 2 OH-
Cu2+ + 4 NH3
C:
Cu(NH3)42+
1, 4
[Cu ( NH 3 ) 24 + ]
=
[Cu 2 + ][ NH 3 ]4
T = 4,50.10-21
1,4 = 1011,75
(1)
(2)
[Cu ( NH 3 ) 24 + ] [Cu ( NH 3 ) 24 + ]
=
= 1,778[Cu ( NH 3 ) 24 + ] (3)
1, 4 [ NH 3 ]4 1011,75 (10 3 ) 4
(2)
[Cu 2 + ] =
(1, 3)
[Cu2+] = 1,31.10-3
[Cu(NH3)42+] = 7,38.10-4
19
NH4+ + OH-
iii.
NH3 + H2O
C:
[ NH 4+ ][OH ] [ NH 4+ ]2
Kb =
=
[ NH 3 ]
[ NH 3 ]
Kb =10-4,76
iv. C:
v.
4,08.10-3 M)
4. Xc nh tch s tan
4.1. Da vo tan
Cu 4.1. Thm t t dung dch bari nitrat 0,0010 M vo 200 ml dung dch NaF 0,040 M.
Khi 35 ml dung dch bari nitrat c thm vo th thy kt ta BaF2 bt u xut hin.
Hy tnh tch s tan ca BaF2.
p s: (1,72.10-7)
Cu 4.2. Dung dch bo ha Cd(OH)2 c pH = 9,56. Hy tnh tch s tan ca Cd(OH)2.
p s: (2,39.10-14)
Cu 4.3.
Bit 1 lit dung dch NH3 1M ha tan c ti a 0,33 gam AgBr. Hy tnh
[ Ag ( NH 3 ) 2+ ]
[ Ag ] =
= 3,02.1010
2
1, 2 [ NH 3 ]
T = [Ag+][Br-]= 5,32.10-13)
Cu 4.5.
Hg2Cl2.
Hng dn gii
Hg22+ + 2 e
Hg22+ + 2 Cl-
2 Hg
Hg2Cl2
T = [Hg22+][Cl-] 2
o
o
Thit lp cng thc tnh EHg 2 Cl 2 / Hg theo EHg 22+ / Hg .
o
EHg 2+ / Hg = EHg
+
2+
/ Hg
2
0,0592
0,0592
T
o
lg[ Hg 22 + ] = EHg
+
lg
2+
/
Hg
2
2
2
[Cl ]2
o
= EHg
+
2+
/ Hg
2
0,0592
lg T 0,0592 lg[Cl ]
2
EHgCl
/ Hg
o
= EHgCl
/ Hg
o
= EHg
+
2+
/ Hg
2
0,0592
lg T
2
T = 2,51.10-18
21
S(2S)2 = T
S =3
T
= 8,56.10 7 M )
4
E1= 0,439 V
E2= 0,089 V
(3) Ag/AgI (bo ha), PbI2 (bo ha ) // KCl (bo ha), HgCl2/Hg
E3= 0,230 V
p s: a) 1,37.10-16;
b) [Ag+] = 4,58.10-14; [I] = 2,99.10-3;
[Pb2+]= 0,5 ([I] [Ag+]) = 1,5.10-3;
T = 1,34.10-8
E0, V (298K)
Sn2+ + 2e Sn
-0,14
Sn4+ + 2e Sn2+
+0,15
Hg22+ + 2e 2 Hg
+0,79
Hg2Cl2 + 2e 2 Hg
+0,27
+ 2 C l
(a) Hy tnh hng s cn bng ca phn ng sau 298 K:
Sn (r) + Sn4+ (aq)
2 Sn2+ (aq)
G = 237,1 kJ.mol1
Hng dn gii
K = 10
a.
2 ( 0 ,15 + 0 ,14 )
0 , 0592
= 6,27.10 9
b. Xc nh tch s tan:
Cch 1:
-1
Hg22+ + 2e 2 Hg
22
Hg2Cl2
Hg22+ + 2 Cl-
G30
100,3.103
ln T =
=
= 40,48
RT
8,314 298
T = 2,62.10-18
Cch 2:
Hg22+ + 2 e
Hg22+ + 2 Cl-
o
Thit lp cng thc tnh EHg
Cl
2
Hg2Cl2
/ Hg
o
EHg 2+ / Hg = EHg
+
2+
/ Hg
2 Hg
T = [Hg22+][Cl-]2
o
theo EHg
2+
2
/ Hg
0,0592
0,0592
T
o
lg[ Hg22 + ] = EHg
+
lg
2+
2 / Hg
2
2
[Cl ]2
o
= EHg
+
2+
/ Hg
2
0,0592
lg T 0,0592 lg[Cl ]
2
/ Hg
o
= EHgCl
/ Hg
o
= EHg
+
2+
/ Hg
2
0,0592
lg T
2
T = 2,71.10-18
Tnh tan:
C
Hg2Cl2
Hg22+ + 2 ClS
2S
S(2S)2 = T
T 3 2,62.1018
S=
=
= 8,68.10 7 M
4
4
c. C:
G0 = -nFE0pin
23
E 0pin =
Cu 4.8.
G 0
nF
237,1.103
= 1,23V
2 96485
in.
Gi s pin phng in hon ton v lng Zn c d.
(c) Hy tnh in lng c phng thch trong qu trnh phng in.
Trong mt th nghim khc, KCl c thm vo dung dch AgNO3 pha bn phi
ca pin ban u. Xy ra phn ng to kt ta AgCl v lm thay i sc in ng. Sau khi
thm xong. Sc in ng bng ca pin bng 1,04V v [K+] = 0,300M.
(d) Hy tnh [Ag+] ti trng thi cn bng.
(e) Hy tnh [Cl-] ti trng thi cn bng v TAgCl.
Cho: EoZn2+/Zn= -0,76V; EoAg+/Ag= 0,80V.
p s:
b. 1,52V
c. 9649C
d. 7,3.10-10M
(d) Hy cho bit sut in ng ca pin trn tng hay gim bao nhiu V khi p sut ca
hidro gim mt na?
Vng kim loi khng tan trong dung dch axit nitric nhng tan c trong nc
cng toan (l hn hp gm axit clohidric c v axit nitric c c t l th tch tng ng
l 3 : 1). Vng phn ng vi nc cng toan to thnh ion phc [AuCl4]-.
(e) S dng cc gi tr th kh chun cho di y, hy tnh hng s bn tng cng ca
phc [AuCl4]-.
E(Pb2+/Pb) = - 0,126 V
Hng dn gii
a.
H2SO4 H+ + HSO40,01
H+ + SO42-
HSO4-
0,01
cb
0,01 - x
0,01 + x
Ka2 =
x = 4,53.10-3 M
[SO42-]= x = 4,53.10-3 M
(0,01 + x) x
= 10 1,92
0,01 x
b.
pH = 1,84;
Catot (+)
PbSO4 + 2e Pb + SO42-
Anot (-)
H2 2 H+ + 2e
PbSO4 + H2 Pb + 2 H+ + SO42c. C:
0
E catot = E Pb
+
2+
/ Pb
Eanot = EH0 + / H +
2
0,0592
lg[ Pb 2 + ]
2
0,0592 [ H + ]2
0,0592 (15.103 ) 2
lg
=0+
lg
= 0,108V
pH 2
2
1
2
0
E pin = Ecatot Eanot = EPb
+
2+
/ Pb
0,0592
lg[ Pb 2 + ] + 0,108 = 0,188
2
[Pb2+]= 1,81.10-6 M
25
0
H + / H2
0,0592 [ H + ]2
0,0592 (15.103 ) 2
+
lg
=0+
lg
= 0,099V
2
pH 2
2
0,5
Ecatot khng i, Eanot tng (-0,099 + 0,108) = 0,009V, vy Epin gim 0,009 V;
e.
+1 Au3+ + 3e Au
AuCl4- + 3e Au + 4 Cl-
Au3+ + 4Cl-
AuCl4-
G30
144,7.103
=
= 54,4
RT
8,314 298
ln 1, 4 =
1,4 = 2,31.1025)
26