Summary of IS 1893 Part 1 Modifications made in fifth revision of EQ code: 1. Only four zones are there.

. II, III, IV and V. I and II zones are mixed 2. Values of the Seismic Zone factor have been modified to more realistic values 3. Response Spectra are specified for three types of founding strata a. Rock and hard Soil b. Medium soil c. Soft soil 4. New expression for Fundamental Natural Period Ta of multi story building 5. Response reduction factor was introduced to consider the effect of energy dissipation in ductile deformation or frictional energy dissipation in the cracks 6. A lower bound for the design of Base Shear on the basis of Ta The Zones are defined on the basis of: 1. Tectonics (folding and faulting in the earth crust) 2. Lithology (Rock origin, formation and mineral composition study) 3. Maximum intensities as recorded from damage surveys Base Isolation systems can be used to reduce the effect of EQ on a structure. Seismic Mass It is the seismic weight divided by the acceleration due to gravity Seismic Weight It is the total dead load plus appropriate amounts of specified imposed loads This code specifies design forces for the structures standing on rocks or soils which do not settle liquefy or slide due to loss of strength during ground vibrations. The approach in the code has a approach that it ensures that the structure has a minimum strength to: Withstand the minor EQ without any damage in minor EQ Resist moderate EQ without any significant damage Withstand the major EQ without any permanent damage EQ is not likely to occur simultaneously with the wind or maximum flood or maximum sea waves Load Combinations Plastic Design of Steel Structures 1. 1.7 (DL + LL) 2. 1.7(DL EL) 3. 1.3(DL + LL EL) Limit State Design of RC and Prestressed Concrete Structures

1. 2. 3. 4.

1.5 ( DL + LL) 1.2 (DL + LL IL) 1.5 (DL EL ) 0.9 DL 1.5 EL

Design Horizontal EQ Load i) ii) When lateral load resisting elements are in orthogonal directions, the structure shall be designed considering the whole EQ load in one direction at a time. When lateral load resisting elements are in other directions, the structure shall be designed considering full load in one direction and 0.3 times load in the other direction e.g. ( ELx 0.3 Ely) and ( ELy 0.3 Elx)

Design Vertical EQ Load 2/3 of design Horizontal EQ Load Combination for Two or Three Component Motion Two approaches are there: Either Use i) ELx 0.3 Ely 0.3 ELz ii) ELy 0.3 Elx 0.3 ELz iii) ELz 0.3 Elx 0.3 Ely Or Use SRSS (Square root of sum of squares) EL = ELx2 + Ely2 + ELz2 Both of the above two approaches gives the same results Increase in Permissible Stresses 6.3.5 of IS 1893 ( Part 1 ) i) ii) Increase in permissible stresses in materials Increase in allowable pressure in soils

Design Spectrum Ah = Z I Sa/ (2 R g) If T <= 0.1 s, the value will not be taken less than Z/2 irrespective the value of I/R. Z = zone factor from table 2 I = Importance factor from table 6 R = Response reduction factor ( however I/R shall not be greater than 1 ) Sa/g = Average response acceleration coefficient

For structures and foundations at depths of 30m or below, Ah/2 value should be taken. For Structures and foundation at the depths between ground level and 30m, the values should be interpolated between Ah and 0.5Ah. A building should possess four main attributes to perform well against EQ: 1. 2. 3. 4. Simple and regular configuration Adequate lateral strength Stiffness Ductility

Design Imposed Load EQ load = DL + 0.3 LL for IL <= 3 kN/m2 = DL + 0.5 LL for IL > 3 kN/m2 Imposed Loads on the roofs need not be considered on the roofs in case of seismic load calculations. No Reduction in Imposed Loads should be done on the basis on number of stories above or large beam/ slab span as discussed in IS 875 (Part 2) Where imposed loads can be found more accurately assessed, the coefficient used in the above equations (0.3, 0.5) should not be used and the exact value of imposed load can be used. E.g. equipment in a plant room whole weight (M) of the equipment should be taken not 0.3M or 0.5M The impact effect of and imposed load should not be considered while calculating the imposed load. Irregular Buildings Plan Irregularities 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Torsion Irregularities delta 1 > 1.2 delta 2 Re- entrant corners A/L > 0.15 0.20 Diaphragm Discontinuity Opening in a slab Out of plane Offset Shear wall shift at the floor above Non- Parallel System non- parallel shear walls

Vertical Irregularities 1. Stiffness Irregularity Soft Storey ki < 0.7ki+1 or ki < 0.8(ki+1 + ki+2 +k i+3)/3 2. Stiffness Irregularity Extreme Soft Storey ki < 0.6ki+1 or ki < 0.7(ki+1 + ki+2 + ki+3)/3 3. Mass Irregularity Wi > 2.0 Wi+1 or Wi > 2.0 Wi-1 4. Vertical Geometric Irregularity Li > 1.5 Li-1

5. In- plane Discontinuity in the Vertical Elements Resisting Lateral Force in plane shift of shear wall location by a distance more than wall length 6. Discontinuity in Capacity Weak Storey Fi < 0.8 Fi+1 Design Seismic Base Shear (VB) VB = Ah W Where Ah = Design horizontal acceleration spectrum W = Seismic weight Fundamental Natural Period For moment resisting frame building without brick infill panels Ta = 0.075 h0.75 (for RC frame building) = 0.085 h0.75 (for steel frame building) For all other buildings including moment resisting frame building with brick infill panels Ta = 0.09 h/ d Where h = height of the building in m (mostly above ground- see clause 7.6.1 of IS 1893 Part 1) d = base dimension of the building at the plinth level, in m, along the considered direction of the lateral force Distribution of Design Base Shear Qi = VB * Wihi2 / (Wjhj2) Qi = Design lateral force at floor i Wi = Seismic weight of floor i hi = Height of floor i measured from base n = no. of storeys in the building Dynamic Analysis Dynamic Analysis should be done for: 1. Regular Buildings greater than 40m height in zones IV and V, and greater than 90m height in zones II and III. 2. Irregular Buildings All framed buildings higher than 12m in zones IV and V, and those greater than 40m in height in zones II and III. Damping values

Concrete = 5% Steel = 2% Procedure for Dynamic Analysis 1. Find design lateral force at each floor in each mode k Qik 7.8.4.5 (c) Qik = Ak ik Pk Wi Ak = design horizontal acceleration Pk = Modal participation factor 7.8.4.5 (b) ik = mode shape coefficient Wi = seismic weight of floor i 2. Find Peak shear force (Vik) acting in storey i in mode k - 7.8.4.5 (d) Sum of all Qik above floor i Vik = Qik 3. Find Peak shear force (Vi) acting in storey i due to all modes considered 7.8.4.5 (e) Combine all Vik (for all modes to be considered) to find V i by using CQC method (7.8.4.4.) Torsion Design eccentricity to be used to take the effect of torsion in a building edi = 1.5 esi + 0.05bi or esi 0.05bi

Whichever gives the severe torsion condition to the structure Where esi = static eccentricity at floor i defined as the distance between centre of mass and centre of rigidity bi = floor plan dimension of floor i, perpendicular to the direction of force The factor 1.5 is for dynamic amplication factor and 0.05 for accidental eccentricity. Building with Soft Storey E.g. stilt building A building with car park at GF, which has open spaces in place of walls Special arrangements to be made to make the stoery stiffer, see clause 7.10

Deformations 7.11 Storey drift limitation = 0.004 times the height of storey = h/250 When the whole building deforms in EQ, even though the shear walls (or other EQ resistance system) resists the EQ loads but the whole structure deforms and it should be ensured that the other non EQ resistant members (Columns etc) dont loose their vertical load carrying capacity due to P-delta effect. Two buildings should be separated by a minimum distance so that they dont damage each other under deflection caused by the EQ. Foundations (7.12.1) Foundation (e.g pile cap, individual footings) prone to differential settlement should be connected by ties which can resist axial compression or tension equal to Ah/4 times the larger of the column or pile cap load. Cantilever - Vertical Projections (Stacks, chimneys, towers, tanks etc at the roof) These should be designed for 5 * Ah. Cantilever horizontal Projections (Cornices, balconies etc) Should be designed for 5 * 2/3 * Ah = 10/3 * Ah Connection between Parts Connection between elements (beam columns, columns foundations) should be design for (Qi/Wi) * (DL + LL) of the smaller member connected, but Qi/Wi should not be less than 0.05. Friction should not be relied upon for this aspect.