Scalar vs Vector: Scalar: distance, speed, time, work, energy, power, heat Vector: position, displacement, velocity, acceleration,

force, momentum, impulse

Motion & Forces: Kinematics (how objects move):

- =

- = + - =
(+) 2 2 2

- = +

- 2 = 2 + 2
Dynamics (why objects move): Gravitational Force < Electromagnetic Force < Weak Nuclear Force < Strong Nuclear Force Newtons 1st Law: Inertia (object with no net force acting on it moves with constant velocity which may be 0.) Newtons 2nd Law: = Newtons 3rd Law: 1st object exerts a force to 2nd object, then 2nd object exerts same amount of force to 1st object in opposite direction.

- = , = ( )
Terminal Velocity: Velocity that free-falling objects reach when Fnet becomes 0.

Universal Gravitation: Keplers Law: Planet orbits in ellipses with sun as one focus. Also, they swipe the same area in equal time intervals. 2 3

- =

2 2

- = =
-

Cavendishs experiment:

Momentum:

- = - : =
-

+ = +

Work & Energy Work:

- = - =

- =

- =

- =
Energy:

100% =

100%

- = , =
-

2 2

, =

2 2

: =
Elastic Collision (kinetic energy conserved), Inelastic Collision (kinetic energy is not conserved), Completely Inelastic Collision (stick together or fall apart)

Thermal Energy: Kinetic-molecular theory: Material is made up of many tiny particles that are always in motion. When hot, these particles move faster, having higher energy than

cool body. Thermal Energy: Total internal energy of the object. Conduction: Transfer of kinetic energy when particles collide. Convection: Transfer of energy through motion of fluid. Radiation: Transfer of thermal energy through space in the form of electromagnetic waves. Thermal Equilibrium: Achieved at the same temperature, not thermal energy. 0K = -273.15C = absolute zero (particles stop to move) Heat: Energy transferred due to difference of temperature. Specific heat: Amount of energy needed to increase 1C

- =

Wave and Optics: Waves: Transverse wave: particles of medium vibrate perpendicularly to the direction of the wave. Longitudinal wave: particles of medium vibrate in the direction of the wave. Surface wave: mixture of transverse & longitudinal waves. Pulse: single disturbance.
1

- =
-

Max: crests, min: troughs. v = f, At the same medium = same velocity. Going into different medium = same frequency. -> reason of light diversion. Node (fixed), Antinode (max amplitude), Standing wave (wave that appears to be standing still). Wave can reflect (invert), refract (upright), diffract (radiate)

Snells Law: sini = sinr

- =
-

Total internal reflection: happens when is at critical angle. Mirage: sky is refracted to the observers eyes due to hot air at the ground and cold air at the sky.

Optics: Mirror (virtual image), Concave mirror (real if do > f), Convex mirror (virtual) Lens: Concave lens (Virtual), Convex lens( real if do >f)

- 2f = c 1

- =
-

focal length is positive for: concave mirror, convex lens. Negative for convex mirror, concave lens. Distance is positive for real images/objects and negative for virtual images/objects. Chromatic aberration: light is slightly dispersed in lenses due to different wavelengths of light. To avoid this, achromatic lens is there. Parabolic mirror is the best, not spherical. Youngs double slit experiment: light diffracts and they will create bright, dark patterns repeated.

Single slit experiment: bright, dark patterns with fading away pattern.

- = =