(Cooling load)

(Cooling load)

References
Pita, G.E., 1998. Air conditioning principles and systems. 3rd ed.,
Prentice Hall.
Carrier air conditioning company. System design manual, Part 1 Load
estimation. 9th ed., 1972.
McQuiston, F.C., and Spitler, J.D., 1997. Cooling and heating, Load
calculation manual. 2nd ed., ASHRAE, Inc.

 (Cooling load)


(Desired comfort conditions)

(Peak
load)

(Weather data)



2

( )

(Cooling load)


(Heat storage)

(Time lag)

(Peak load)

 (Cooling load of air-conditioning system)

Room heat gain

Q = U A CLTD
(Roof design heat transfer
coefficient, U)
(Area calculated from building plans)
(Cooling load temperature difference for
roofs, CLTD)


(Roof design heat
transfer coefficient, U):
-



(Area calculated from building plans)

(Projection area)


- (Cooling

Load Temperature
Difference for roofs, CLTD):

- CLTD

CLTD
Find CLTD from Table 1 and 2
CLTD varies on materials
Max. Temp depends on time

Q = U A CLTD
Q
U
A
CLTD

= cooling load [BTU/hr]

= roof design heat transfer coefficient [BTU/hr-ft2-F]
= area calculated from building plans [ft2]
= cooling load temperature difference for roofs [F]

CLTD

Q = U A CLTDc

Cooling load temperature difference correction

78 OF
78 OF CLTD
Cooling load temperature difference correction (wall, roofs or glass)

CLTDc = ( CLTD + LM ) + ( 78 t R ) + ( ta 85 )

CLTDc
CLTD
LM
ta

= Corrected cooling load temperature difference [F]

= Cooling load temperature difference for roofs [F] (from
Table 1, 2)
= latitude-month correction [F] (from Table 4)
= average outdoor design temperature [F]
ta = to ( DR / 2 )

to
DR

= Outside design dry bulb temperature [F] (from Table A-9)

= Daily temperature range [F] (from Table A-9)

For roof

DR

1. A 30 ft 40 ft roof of a building in Washington, D.C., is constructed of 4 in.

heavy weight concrete with 1 in. insulation and a suspended ceiling. The
inside temperature is 76 F. Find the roof cooling load at 2 PM Solar Time
on July 21.

Q = U A CLTDc
U from Table 1
CLTDc = ( CLTD + LM ) + ( 78 t R ) + ( ta 85 )

CLTD from Table 2

U from Table 4

U from Table A-9

U = 0.128 BTU / hr ft 2 F

A-9

Outside design dry

bulb temperature, t0

Daily temperature
range, DR

CLTDcorrection = {( CLTD + LM ) + ( 78 t R ) + ( ta 85 )}
Average outside temperature on a design day, ta

DR
t a = t0
2

U = 0.128 BTU / hr ft 2 F

CLTD = 29
LM = 1
t R = 76
t a = to

DR
18
= 91 = 82
2
2

CLTDc = ( CLTD + LM ) + ( 78 t R ) + ( ta 85 )
CLTDc = ( 29 1) + ( 78 76 ) + ( 82 85 ) =

29 F

Q = U A CLTDc
Q = 0.128 1200 29 = 4455 Btu / hr

Q = U A CLTDc
Q
U
A
CLTDc

= cooling load [BTU/hr]

= wall design heat transfer coefficient [BTU/hr-ft2-F]
= area of wall [ft2]
= correction cooling load temperature difference for wall [F]
(CLTD for wall from Table 2, 3 and LM from table 4 )
CLTDc = ( CLTD + LM ) + ( 78 t R ) + ( ta 85 )

2. A South-facing wall of a building in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, has a net

opaque area of 5,600 ft2. The wall is constructed of 4 in. face brick +2 in.
insulation +4 in. heavy weight concrete. The inside air temperature is 77 F.
Find the wall cooling load at 4 PM Solar Time on June 21.
Q = U A CLTDc

U from Table 3
CLTDc = ( CLTD + LM ) + ( 78 t R ) + ( ta 85 )

CLTD from Table 2

LM from Table 4

ta from Table A-9

U = 0.116 BTU / hr ft 2 F
CLTD = 15

A-9

CLTDcorrection = {( CLTD + LM ) + ( 78 t R ) + ( ta 85 )}
DR
t a = t0
2

U = 0.116 BTU / hr ft 2 F
CLTD = 15
LM = 1
t R = 77
t a = to

DR
19
= 88 = 78
2
2

CLTDc = ( CLTD + LM ) + ( 78 t R ) + ( ta 85 )
CLTDc = (15 1) + ( 78 77 ) + ( 78 85 ) =

8F

Q = U A CLTDc
Q = 0.116 5600 8 = 5200 Btu / hr



2
1.
2.

Solar radiation
Conduction

Q = U A CLTDc
Q
U
A
CLTDc

= cooling load [BTU/hr]

= wall design heat transfer coefficient [BTU/hr-ft2-F]
= area of glass [ft2]
= correction cooling load temperature difference for glass [F]
(CLTD for glass find from Table 5 and LM find from table 4 )
CLTDc = ( CLTD + LM ) + ( 78 t R ) + ( ta 85 )

3. A room has 130 ft2 of single glass windows with vinyl frame. Inside air
temperature is 75 F and outdoor average temperature on a design day is 88 F.
Find the cooling load due to conduction heat gain through the windows at 2 PM
Daylight Saving Time.
Q = U A CLTDc

U from Table A-7

CLTDc = ( CLTD + LM ) + ( 78 t R ) + ( ta 85 )

CLTD from Table 5

LM =0

ta from Table A-9

A-7

U = 0.9 BTU / hr ft 2 F
CLTD = 12
LM = 0
t R = 75
ta = 88

CLTDc = ( CLTD + LM ) + ( 78 t R ) + ( ta 85 )
CLTDc = (12 0 ) + ( 78 75 ) + ( 88 85 ) =

18 F

Q = U A CLTDc
Q = 0.9 130 18 = 2110 Btu / hr

4. A room has 130 ft2 of exterior single glass with no interior shading.
The inside design condition is 78 F and the outdoor daily average
temperature is 88 F. Determine the cooling load from conduction heat gain
through the glass at 12 noon Solar Time in summer.
Q = U A CLTDc

U from Table A-7

CLTDc = ( CLTD + LM ) + ( 78 t R ) + ( ta 85 )

CLTD from Table 5

LM =0

ta from Table A-9

A-7

U = 0.9 BTU / hr ft 2 F
CLTD = 9
LM = 0
t R = 78
ta = 88

CLTDc = ( CLTD + LM ) + ( 78 t R ) + ( ta 85 )
CLTDc = ( 9 0 ) + ( 78 78 ) + ( 88 85 ) =

12 F

Q = U A CLTDc
Q = 0.9 130 12 = 1404 Btu / hr

 (Solar radiation)
Area
Shading
Max. Solar heat
Shape

(shade)



(area calculated from building plans, A)
(Shading coefficients, SC)
(Maximum solar heat gain
factor, SHFG)
-

(Cooling load factor, CLF)

-

Q = A SC SHGF CLF
Q
A
SC
SHGF
CLF

= cooling load [BTU/hr]

= area calculated from building plans [ft2]
= shading coefficient (Table 7 and Table 11)
= maximum solar heat gain factor (Table 6)
= cooling load factor (Table 8)

5. A building wall facing southwest has a window area of 240 ft2. The glass is
in. single clear glass with light-colored interior venetian blinds. The building is of
medium construction, and is located at 40ON latitude. Find the solar cooling load
in August 3 PM Solar Time.

Q = A SC SHGF CLF
U from Table 7

U from Table 6

U from Table 10

10

Q = A SC SHGF CLF

SC = 0.67
SHGF = 196
CLF = 0.83

Q = A SC SHGF CLF
Q = 240 0.67 196 0.83
Q = 26158.94 BTU / hr

6. A building at 32ON latitude has a wall facing west with a 4 ft overhang, and
a 5 ft wide by 6 ft high window whose top is 1 ft below the overhang. How
much of the glass receives direct solar radiation at 3 PM?
W = 4 ft
A = 1 ft
B shade
L= 6 ft
C Direct solar

11

L0
= shading from overhead projection
W0

L0
= 0.97
W0
L0 = ( 0.97 ) W = ( 0.97 )( 4 ft ) = 3.9 ft

1 ft
B = 3.9 1 = 2.9 ft

= 2.9 5 = 14.5 ft 2

C = 6 B = 6 2.9 = 3.1 ft

= 3.1 5 = 15.5 ft 2

7. A room with no carpeting and a wall facing east at 40ON latitude has a total
window glass area of 80 ft2. The building is of heavy weight (H) construction.
The glass is in. single heat-absorbing glass with no interior shading
device. At 10 AM ST in June, an adjacent building shades 30 ft2 of the
window. What is the solar cooling load?
Qsolar ,total = Qshade + Qsolar

Qshade = A SC SHGF CLF

Qsolar = A SC SHGF CLF

Qsolar = A SC SHGF CLF

Qsolar = 50 0.69 216 0.5 = 3750 BTU / hr
Qshade = A SC SHGF CLF
Qshade = 50 0.69 48 0.5 = 500 BTU / hr
Qsolar ,total = Qshade + Qsolar
Qsolar ,total = 500 + 3750 = 4230 BTU / hr


2
(Input rating from electrical
plans or lighting fixture data input)
(cooling load factor for light, CLF)
-

Q = 3.4 W BF CLF
Q = cooling load from lighting [BTU/hr]
W = lighting capacity [W]
BF = ballast factor (BF = 1.25 for fluorescent, BF = 1 for incandescent)
CLF = cooling load factor for lighting (normally use CLF = 1)

8 A room has eight 40 W fluorescent lighting fixtures in use. The cooling

system operates only during occupied hours. What is the cooling load from the
lighting?
Q = 3.4 W BF CLF
Q = 3.4 ( 40 W ) (1.25 ) (1)
= 1360 BTU / hr

CLF

16
(Temperature swing)

(No. of people in space, n)
(Sensible heat gain, SHG, table 13)
(Latent heat gain, LHG, table 13)
(Cooling load factor for people, CLF, table
14)
-

Qsensible = n QS CLF
Qlatent = n QL

CLF

CLF = 1

9. What is the heat gain from 240 people at night in a movie theater at 75 F DB?

qs = 245 BTU / hr
qL = 105 BTU / hr

 CLF=1
14
13

qs = 245 BTU / hr
qL = 105 BTU / hr

Qs = n qs CLF = 240 245 1.0

= 58,800 BTU / hr

QL = n qL = 240 105
= 25, 200 BTU / hr

Qtotal , people = Qs + QL
= 58,800 + 25, 200
= 84, 000 BTU / hr

2
(Heat gain for power)
-

Q = ( P ) ( EF )
P = power rating from electrical plans or manufacturers data [BTU/hr]
EF = efficiency factors and arrangements to suit circumstances


(Heat gain for power)
- (Cooling load factor for power,
CLF)

Q = ( Heat gain ) ( CLF )

Q
= cooling load [BTU/hr]
Heat gain = heat gain for power [BTU/hr]
CLF
= cooling load factor

10. A hotel with 150 rooms has a fan-coil air conditioning unit in each room,
with a 0.16 HP motor. What is the heat gain (load) to the building from
the units?
16

 0.16 HP 1160 BTU/hr

Q = 1160 150 = 174, 000 BTU / hr





Cooling coil load



Qsensible = ( Sensible heat gain ) CLF

Qlatent = ( Latent heat gain )

Q = U A T
Q
U
A
T

= cooling load [BTU/hr]

= design heat transfer coefficient for partition, ceiling, floor [BTU/hr-ft2-F]
= area calculated from building plans [ft2]
= design temperature difference, unconditioned area to room, partition,
ceiling, floor [F]



4

(Ventilation and infiltration, m)

(Outside inside air temperature difference, t)

(Outside-inside air humidity ratio difference, W)
-



(Outside-inside air enthalpy difference, H)
-

Heat gain from Infiltration and Ventilation

Qs = 1.1( CFM )(TD )

1.1 =

( 60 min/ hr )( 0.244 Btu / lb F )

(13.34 ft

/ lb )

CFM = [ft3/min]
TD = [F]
CFM = ACH

V
60

ACH = No. of air changes per hour (Table 17)

V = Volume of room [ft3]

Heat gain from Infiltration and Ventilation ()

QL = 0.68 ( CFM )(Wo Wi )
60 min/ hr )(1050 Btu / lb )
(
0.68 =
(13.34 ft 3 / lb ) ( 7000 gr.lb )

CFM = [ft3/min]
Wo, Wi = [grw/lba]
CFM = ACH

V
60

ACH = No. of air changes per hour (Table 17)

V = Volume of room [ft3]

Cooling coil load

Air conditioning
equipment cooling coil
Ventilation (Outside air)
Heat gain to ducts
Heat from air conditioning equipment (e.g. pump, fan)
Air leakage from ducts

Infiltration & Ventilation

-
-

0.5 cfm/ft sash crack

0.5 cfm/ft2 door area

1.0 cfm/ft2 door area

1.0 cfm/ft2 door area

11 cfm/ft door crack

* 25 mph (2200 fpm)

 (Peak cooling load)

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

12. The Stellar Dome enclosed athletic stadium seats 40,000 people. The
space design conditions are 80 F and 50 % RH, and outdoor design
condition 94 F DB and 74 F WB. What is the cooling load due to
ventilation?

Sensible heat
Qs = 1.1( CFM )(TD )
Qs = 1.1(15 40, 000 )( 94 80 )
= 9, 240, 000 BTU / hr

Latent heat
QL = 0.68 ( CFM )(Wo Wi )
QL = 0.68 (15 40, 000 )( 95 70 )
= 7,344, 000 BTU / hr

Total heat
Qtotal = Qs + QL
= 9, 240, 000 + 7,344, 000
= 16,584, 000 BTU / hr
=1,382 Tons

13. A 36 in. 12 in. duct, 50 ft long, carrying air at 60 F, runs through a space
at 90 F. The duct is insulated to an overall U = 0.25. What is the heat gain
to the air in the duct?
Q = U A T
1 ft
1 ft

A = 2 36 in
+ 2 12 in
50 ft
12 in
12 in

= 400 ft 2
Q = ( 0.25 )( 400 )( 90 60 )
= 3, 000 BTU/hr

()

11. A room facing east in the Shelton Motel in St.Louis, Mo., has a 60 ft2
window and a 40 ft2 wall area. The glass is in. single clear glass with
light-colored interior venetian blinds. The wall is a metal curtain wall with a
U-value of 0.14, Building construction is lightweight. Find the time and
value of room peak cooling load. The room is a 78 F DB.

A-9

t0

DR

Table 6 Maximum solar heat gain factor (SHGF) BTU/hr.ft2 for sunlit glass,
north latitudes

CLTDcorrection = {( CLTD + LM ) + ( 78 t R ) + ( ta 85 )}

10

A-7

LM = 0

t a = t0

DR
18
= 94 = 85
2
2

CLTDcorrection = {( CLTD + LM ) + ( 78 t R ) + ( ta 85 )}

CLTDcorrection = {( CLTD + 0 ) + ( 78 78 ) + ( 85 85 )}

Overall heat
transfer, U

CLTD

The Superb Supermarket, shown in Fig., is located in Indianapolis,

Indiana. It is a one-story building with a basement used for storage.
Construction and conditions are follows:
Roof is 4 in. h.w. concrete slab, 2 in. insulation,
Gypsum board ceiling, U = 0.09 BTU/hr-ft2-F,
Walls are 4 in. face brick, 4 in. common brick, 2 in. insulation, in.
gypsum wall board, U = 0.11,
Front window is in. single heat absorbing glass, 10 ft high,
aluminum frame, not shaded,
Doors are in. single clear glass, aluminum frame,
Receiving door is 1 in. steel with urethane core,
Occupancy is 60 people,
Construction is medium (M) weight,
Lighting is 3 watts per square foot of floor area, fluorescent fixtures,
Outdoor ventilation rate as per Table 17
Store is open from 10 AM to 8 PM
Determine the require cooling load

East
6x7

6x7

West

14

83x10

6x7
90

Table 6 SHGF

A-7

Project

Supermarket

Location

Indianapolis, Indiana

Lat.

39 N

Design
condition

DB
F

WB
F

Outdoor

90

74

Room

76

%
RH

Humidity
ratio
101

50

66

Daily Range

22

Ave outdoor temp (t0)

79

Peak day

Jul-21

Peak time

17.00

CLTD
(F)

CLTDC
(F)

Conduction

Direction

Area
(ft2)

Glass

1.01

830

13

7544.7

1.01

42

13

381.8

1.01

42

13

381.8

Wall

0.11

840

11

646.8

(Group B)

0.11

840

17

13

1201.2

0.11

1176

26

22

2845.9

0.11

388

17

13

554.8

Roof/Ceiling

0.09

5400

36

32

15552.0

Floor

0.35

5400

14

26460.0

0.39

42

23

376.7

Door

27

Direction

SHGF

Area (ft2)

SC

CLF

Solar

216

830

0.69

0.58

71747.9

Glass

216

42

0.94

0.58

4946.1

216

42

0.94

0.22

1876.1

Watts
Light

16200

3.41

BF

CLF

1.2

66290.4
Q

People

250

SHG

60

No.

200

LHG

60

No.

15000
12000

Room/building cooling load

Ventilation

CLF
Btu/hr

227,806.2

1.1

1080

CFM

14

TC

16632

0.68

1080

CFM

35

gr/lb

25704

Duct gain
Fan gain
Cooling coil load

Btu/hr

270,142.2

1C
1 bar
1 atm

=
=
=
=
1 kcal
=
=
1 kJ
=
1 Btu
=
1 kJ/kg =
1 kcal/kg =
1 Btu/lb =

Conversion units

5/9( F - 32 )
14.5 lbf/in2
14.696 lbf/in2
1.01325 bar
427 kgf m
3.968 Btu
0.964 Btu
0.252 kcal
0.239 kcal/kg
4.19 kJ/kg
0.556 kcal/kg

1 TR (Ton refrigeration)

=
=
=
=

=
=
=
=

1.02 kgf/cm2
1.033 kgf/cm2
760 mm Hg or 760 torr
4.1868 kJ

=
=
=
=
=

0.239 kcal
1.055 kJ
0.42 Btu/lb
1.8 Btu/lb
2.33 kJ/kg

(1 2000 lb 144 Btu/lb)/ 24 hr

12000 Btu/hr = 200 Btu/min
3024 kcal/hr = 50.4 kcal/min
12660 kJ/hr = 211 kJ/min = 3.5167 kW