Training Report On BSNL

Training Report On Telecom Networks
A Practical Training Report
ON Telecom Networks Taken at (Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited,Ajmer)
Submitted to the Rajasthan Technical University, Kota in Partial fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of
BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
(Session-2010-11)
Submitted to Mr. Gaurav Bharadwaj

HOD, (ECE)
Submitted by
Parul Pareek ECE :
07EEMEC050.
GWEC, Ajmer
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to add a few heartfelt words for the people who were part of this training report in numerous ways, People who gave unending support right from the stage the training report idea were conceived. In particular I am extremely grateful to BHARAT SANCHAR NIGAM LIMITED for providing me with an excellent opportunity of undergoing summer training for the duration of four weeks. I express my effusive thanks to Mr. S. K. Sharma (S.D.E.) and the other technical staff members. With their expert guidance and kind help this training would have been a distant dream. I express my sincere gratitude to Ms. Kumud (J.T.O.) for providing me the required information for completion my job.
DEPT.OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGG.

GOVT.MAHILA ENGINEERING COLLEGE AJMER Nasirabad Road, Makhupura, Ajmer - 305002
GWEC, Ajmer
Parul Pareek 7th Sem. (ECE) GWEC, Ajmer
PREFACE
Industrial training is must for every student perusing professional degree because the ultimate goal of every student is to get the information the industrial training helps us to get an idea of things. We should known in order to get a good job i.e. have a good professional carrier. Industrial training teaches us a lot of things. It helps us to know the kind of environment we would be getting in an industry and help us to get with the kind of environment. Industrial training helps us to know what kind of grade an engineer of specific branch plays in an industry. It help us to get used to working in groups of known people in it teach us team work because my work in industrial is accomplished by a group and not an individual. In totality the industrial teaches us industrial ethics. Some advance technical knowledge how and help us to acquired with industrial working style.
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GWEC, Ajmer
INDEX
About BSNL An Overview Of Telecommunication Networks 5 6
PCM Principle Advanced Optical Networks: DWDM CDMA Technology MLLN Overview Of Intranet Wi-Max Wi-Fi
19 23 28 36 43 46 52 59 60
Conclusion Bibliography
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1. ABOUT BSNL
Bharat Sanchar Nigam Ltd. Formed in oct. 2000, is worlds 7th largest telecommunications company providing comprehensive range of telecom services in India: wire line, CDMA mobile, GSM mobile, internet, broadband, carrier services. Within a span it has become the one of the largest public sector unit in India. BSNL is the only service provider, making focused efforts and planned initiatives to bridge the rural urban digital divide ICT sector. In fact there is no telecom operator in the country to beat it reach with its wide network giving services I every nook & corner of country and operates across India except Delhi & Mumbai. BSNL cellular service cellone, has more than 20.7 million cellular customers, garnering 24 % of all mobile users as its subscribers. That means that almost every fourth mobile user in the country has a BSNL connection. In basic services, BSNL is miles ahead of its rivals, with 35.1 million Basic Phone Subscribers i.e. 85 % share of the subscribers and 92 % share in revenue terms. BSNL has set up a world class multi-gigabit, multi-protocol convergent IP infrastructure that provides convergent services like voice, data and video through the same Backbone and broadband access network. At present there are 0.6 million Data one broadband customers. The company has vast experience in Planning, Installation, network integration and Maintenance of Switching & Transmission Networks and also has a world class ISO 9000 certified Telecom Training Institute. BSNL plans to expand its customer base from present 73 millions lines to 125 million lines and infrastructure investment plan to the tune of Rs. 733 crores (US$ 16.67 million) in the next three years. Today, BSNL is India's largest Telco and one of the largest Public Sector Undertaking with estimated market value of $ 100 Billion. The company is planning an IPO with in 6 months to offload 10% to public in the Rs 300-400 range valuing the company at over $100 billion.
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Training Report On Telecom Networks The turnover, nationwide coverage, reach, comprehensive range of the telecom services and the desire to excel has made BSNL the no. 1 telecom company of India.
2. AN OVERVIEW OF TELECOMMUNICATION NETWORK

Institutional Mechanism and Role
Introduction: All industries operate in a specific environment which keeps changing and the firms in the business need to understand it to dynamically adjust their actions for best results. Like minded firms get together to form associations in order to protect their common interests. Other stake holders also develop a system to take care of their issues. Governments also need to intervene for ensuring fair competition and the best value for money for its citizens. This handout gives exposure on the Telecom Environment in India and also dwells on the role of international bodies in standardizing and promoting Telecom Growth in the world. Institutional Framework: It is defined as the systems of formal laws, regulations, and procedures, and informal conventions, customs, and norms, that broaden, mold, and restrain socio-economic activity and behaviour. In India, The Indian telegraph act of 1885 amended from time to time governs the telecommunications sector. Under this act, the government is in-charge of policymaking and was responsible for provisioning of services till the opening of telecom sector to private participation. The country has been divided into units called Circles, Metro Districts, Secondary Switching Areas (SSA), and Long Distance Charging Area (LDCA) and Short Distance Charging Area (SDCA). Major changes in telecommunications in India began in the 1980s. The initial phase of telecom reforms began in 1984 with the creation of Center for Department of Telematics (C-DOT) for developing indigenous technologies and private manufacturing of customer premise equipment. Soon after, the Mahanagar Telephone Nigam Limited (MTNL) and Videsh Sanchar Nigam Limited (VSNL) were set up in 1986. The Telecom Commission was established in 1989. A crucial aspect of the institutional reform of the Indian telecom sector was setting up of an independent regulatory body in 1997 - the Telecom Regulatory Authority of India (TRAI), to assure
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Training Report On Telecom Networks investors that the sector would be regulated in a balanced and fair manner. In 2000, DoT corporatized its services wing and created Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited. Further changes in the regulatory system took place with the TRAI Act of 2000 that aimed at restoring functional clarity and improving regulatory quality and a separate disputes settlement body was set up called Telecom Disputes Settlement and Appellate Tribunal (TDSAT) to fairly adjudicate any dispute between licensor and licensee, between service provider, between service provider and a group of consumers. In October 2003, Unified Access Service Licenses regime for basic and cellular services was introduced. This regime enabled services providers to offer fixed and mobile services under one license. Since then, Indian telecom has seen unprecedented customer growth crossing 600 million connections. India is the fourth largest telecom market in Asia after China, Japan and South Korea. The Indian telecom network is the eighth largest in the world and the second largest among emerging economies. A brief on telecom echo system and various key elements in institutional framework is given below:
Department of Telecommunications: In India, DoT is the nodal agency for taking care of telecom sector on behalf of government. Its basic functions are: Policy Formulation
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Training Report On Telecom Networks Review of performance Licensing Wireless spectrum management Administrative monitoring of PSUs Research & Development Standardization/Validation of Equipment International Relations
Main wings within DoT: Telecom Engineering Center (TEC) USO Fund Wireless Planning & Coordination Wing (WPC) Telecom Enforcement, Resource and Monitoring (TERM) Cell Telecom Centers of Excellence (TCOE)
Public Sector Units: Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited(BSNL) Indian Telephone Industries Limited (ITI) Mahanagar Telephone Nigam Limited(MTNL) Telecommunications Consultants India Limited(TCIL)
R & D Unit: Center for development of Telematics (C-DoT)
The other key governmental institutional units are TRAI & TDSAT. Important units are briefed below: Telecom Engineering Center (TEC): It is a technical body representing the interest of Department of Telecom, Government of India. Its main functions are: GWEC, Ajmer 9
Training Report On Telecom Networks Specification of common standards with regard to Telecom network equipment, services and interoperability. Generic Requirements (GRs), Interface Requirements (IRs). Issuing Interface Approvals and Service Approvals. Formulation of Standards and Fundamental Technical Plans. Interact with multilateral agencies like APT, ETSI and ITU etc. for standardization. Develop expertise to imbibe the latest technologies and results of R&D. Provide technical support to DOT and technical advice to TRAI & TDSAT. Coordinate with C-DOT on the technological developments in the Telecom Sector for policy planning by DOT. Universal Service Obligation Fund (USO): This fund was created in 2002. This fund is managed by USO administrator. All telecom operators contribute to this fund as per government policy. The objective of this fund is to bridge the digital divide i.e. ensure equitable growth of telecom facilities in rural areas. Funds are allocated to operators who bid lowest for providing telecom facilities in the areas identified by USO administrator. Wireless Planning & Coordination (Wpc): This unit was created in 1952 and is the National Radio Regulatory Authority responsible for Frequency Spectrum Management, including licensing and caters for the needs of all wireless users (Government and Private) in the country. It exercises the statutory functions of the Central Government and issues licenses to establish, maintain and operate wireless stations. WPC is divided into major sections like Licensing and Regulation (LR), New Technology Group (NTG) and Standing Advisory Committee on Radio Frequency Allocation (SACFA). SACFA makes the recommendations on major frequency allocation issues, formulation of the frequency allocation plan, making recommendations on the various issues related to International Telecom Union (ITU), to sort out problems referred to the committee by various wireless users, Sitting clearance of all wireless installations in the country etc.
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Telecom Enforcement, Resource and Monitoring (TERM) Cell: In order to ensure that service providers adhere to the license conditions and for taking care of telecom network security issues, DoT opened these cells in 2004 and at present 34 cells are operating in various Circles and big districts in the country. Key functions of these units are Inspection of premises of Telecom and Internet Service Providers, Curbing illegal activities in telecom services, Control over clandestine / illegal operation of telecom networks by vested interests having no license, To file FIR against culprits, pursue the cases, issue notices indicating violation of conditions of various Acts in force from time to time, Analysis of call/subscription/traffic data of various licensees, arrangement for lawful interception / monitoring of all communications passing through the licensee's network, disaster management, network performance monitoring, Registration of OSPs and Telemarketers in License Service Areas etc.. Telecom Centers of Excellence (TCOE): (www.tcoe.in) The growth of Indian Telecommunications sector has been astounding, particularly in the last decade. This growth has been catalyzed by telecommunications sector liberalization and reforms. Some of the areas needing immediate attention to consolidate and maintain the growth are: (i) (ii) (iii) (iv) Capacity building for industry talent pool Continuous adaptation of the regulatory environment to facilitate induction/adaptation of high potential new technologies and business models Bridging of high rural - urban teledensity /digital divide Faster deployment of broadband infrastructure across the country Enhancing talent pool, Technological innovation, Secure information infrastructure and Bridging of digital divide.
Centers of Excellence have been created to work on:
These COEs are also expected to cater to requirements of South Asia as regional
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Training Report On Telecom Networks leaders. The main sponsor (one of the telecom operators), the academic institute where the Centers are located and the tentative field of excellence are enumerated in the table below:
Field of Excellence in Telecom

Next Generation Network & Network Technology Telecom Technology & Management Technology Integration, Multimedia & Computational Math Telecom Policy, Regulation, Governance, Customer Care & Marketing Telecom Infrastructure & Energy Disaster Management of Info systems & Information Security Rural Application Spectrum Management (Proposed)
Associated Institute
IIT, Kharagpur IIT, Delhi IIT, Kanpur IIM, Ahmadabad IIT, Chennai IISc, Bangalore IIT Mumbai WPC, Chennai
Sponsor
Vodafone Essar Bharti Airtel BSNL IDEA Cellular Reliance Aircel Tata Telecom Govt with Industry consortium
Telecom Regulatory Authority of India (TRAI): TRAI was established under TRAI Act 1997 enacted on 28.03.1997. The act was amended in 2000. Its Organization setup consists of One Chairperson, Two full-time members & Two part-time members. Its primary role is to deals with regulatory aspects in Telecom Sector & Broadcasting and Cable services. TRAI has two types of functions as mentioned below: Mandatory Functions : o Tariff policies o Interconnection policies o Quality of Service o Ensure implementation of terms and conditions of license Recommendatory Functions New license policies Spectrum policies Opening of sector
Telecom Dispute Settlement Appellate Tribunal (TDSAT): TDSAT was established
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Training Report On Telecom Networks in year 2000 by an amendment in TRAI act by transferring the functions of dispute handling to new entity i.e. TDSAT. The organization setup consists of one Chairperson & two full-time members. Its functions are: 1. Adjudicate any dispute between licensor and licensee two or more licensees group of consumers
2. Hear & dispose off appeal against any direction, decision or order of the Authority under TRAI Act
Key International Standardization Bodies for Telecom sector:

ITU: It is the leading United Nations agency for information and communication technology issues, and the global focal point for governments and the private sector in developing networks and services. For nearly 145 years, ITU has coordinated the shared global use of the radio spectrum, promoted international cooperation in assigning satellite orbits, worked to improve telecommunication infrastructure in the developing world, established the worldwide standards that foster seamless interconnection of a vast range of communications systems and addressed the global challenges of our times, such as mitigating climate change and strengthening cyber security. Vast spectrum of its work area includes broadband Internet to latest-generation wireless technologies, from aeronautical and maritime navigation to radio astronomy and satellite-based meteorology, from convergence in fixed-mobile phone, Internet access, data, voice and TV broadcasting to next-generation networks. ITU also organizes worldwide and regional exhibitions and forums, such as ITU TELECOM WORLD, bringing together the most influential representatives of government and the telecommunications and ICT industry to exchange ideas, knowledge and technology for the benefit of the global community, and in particular the developing world. ITU is based in Geneva, Switzerland, and its membership includes 191 Member States and more than 700 Sector Members and Associates. On 1 January 2009, ITU employed 702 people from 83 different countries. The staff members are distributed between the Union's Headquarters
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Training Report On Telecom Networks in Geneva, Switzerland and eleven field offices located around the world. Www.itu.int Asia Pacific Telecommunity: Headquartered at Bangkok, the APT is a unique organization of Governments, telecom service providers, manufactures of communication equipment, research & development organizations and other stake holders active in the field of communication and information technology. APT serves as the focal organization for communication and information technology in the Asia Pacific region. The APT has 34 Members, 4 Associate Members and 121 Affiliate Members. The objective of the Telecommunity is to foster the development of telecommunication services and information infrastructure throughout the region with a particular focus on the expansion thereof in less developed areas. APT has been conducting HRD Program for developing the skills of APT Members to meet the objectives of APT. The topics include Information Communication Technologies (ICT), Network and Information Security, Finance and Budget, Telecommunication Management, Mobile communications, Multimedia, Satellite Communication, Telecommunications and ICT Policy and Regulation, Broadband Technologies, eApplications, Rural Telecommunications Technologies, IP Networks and Services, Customer Relations, etc. Www.aptsec.org The European Telecommunications Standards Institute: (ETSI) produces globallyapplicable standards for Information and Communications Technologies (ICT), including fixed, mobile, radio, converged, broadcast and internet technologies. It is officially recognized by the European Union as a European Standards Organization. ETSI is a not-for- profit organization with more than 700 ETSI member organizations drawn from 62 countries across 5 continents world-wide. ETSI unites Manufacturers, Network operators, National Administrations, Service providers, Research bodies, User groups, Consultancies. This cooperation has resulted in a steady stream of highly successful ICT standards in mobile, fixed, and radio communications and a range of other standards that cross these boundaries, including Security, Satellite, Broadcast, Human Factors, Testing & Protocols, Intelligent transport, Power-line telecoms, eHealth, Smart Cards, Emergency communications, GRID & Clouds, Aeronautical etc. GWEC, Ajmer
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Training Report On Telecom Networks ETSI is consensus-based and conducts its work through Technical Committees, which produce standards and specifications, with the ETSI General Assembly and Board. Www.etsi.org BSNL: Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited was formed in year 2000 and took over the service providers role from dot. Today, BSNL has a customer base of over 9 crore and is the fourth largest integrated telecom operator in the country. BSNL is the market leader in Broadband, landline and national transmission network. BSNL is also the only operator covering over 5 lakh village with telecom connectivity. Area of operation of BSNL is all India except Delhi & Mumbai. MTNL: Mahanagar Telephone Nigam Limited, formed in 1984 is the market leader in landline and broadband in its area of operation. Www.mtnl.net.in TCIL: TCIL, a prime engineering and consultancy company, is a wholly owned Government of India Public Sector Enterprise. TCIL was set up in 1978 for providing Indian telecom expertise in all fields of telecom, Civil and IT to developing countries around the world. It has its presence in over 70 countries. Www.tcil-india.com ITI: Indian telephone Industries is the oldest manufacturing unit for telephone instruments. To keep pace with changing times, it has started taking up manufacturing of new technology equipment such as GSM, OFC equipment, Invertors, Power plants, Defense equipments, Currency counting machines etc. Www.itiltd-india.com Centre for Development of Telematics (cdot): This is the R & D unit under dot setup in 1984. The biggest contribution of this centre to Indian telecom sector is the development of low capacity (128 port) Rural automatic Exchange (RAX) which enabled provisioning of telephone in even the smallest village. This was specially designed to suit Indian environment, capable of withstanding natural temperature and dusty conditions.
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Prominent Licenses provided by DoT:

o Access Service (CMTS & Unified Access Service): The Country is divided into 23 Service Areas consisting of 19 Telecom Circle Service Areas and 4 Metro Service Areas for providing Cellular Mobile Telephone Service (CMTS). Consequent upon announcement of guidelines for Unified Access (Basic& Cellular) Services licenses on 11.11.2003, some of the CMTS operators have been permitted to migrate from CMTS License to Unified Access Service License (UASL). No new CMTS and Basic service Licenses are being awarded after issuing the guidelines for Unified access Service License (UASL). As on 31 March 2008, 39 CMTS and 240 UASL licenses operated. o 3G & BWA (Broadband Wireless Access): Department of Telecom started the auction process for sale of spectrum for 3G and BWA (WiMax) in April 2010 for 22 services areas in the country. BSNL & MTNL have already been given spectrum for 3G and BWA and they need to pay the highest bid amount as per auction results. BSNL & MTNL both are providing 3G services. BSNL has rolled out its BWA service by using WiMax technology. o Mobile Number Portability (MNP) Service: Licenses have been awarded to two operators to provide MNP in India. DoT is ensuring the readiness of all mobile operators and expects to start this service any time after June 2010. o Infrastructure Provider: There are two categories IP-I and IP-II. For IP-I the applicant company is required to be registered only. No license is issued for IPI. Companies registered as IP-I can provide assets such as Dark Fiber, Right of Way, Duct space and Tower. This was opened to private sector with effect from 13.08.2000. An IP-II license can lease / rent out /sell end to end bandwidth i.e. digital transmission capacity capable to carry a message. This was opened to private sector with effect from 13.08.2000. Issuance of IP-II License has been discontinued w.e.f. 14.12.05 o INMARSAT: INMARSAT (International Maritime Satellite Organization) operates a constellation of geo-stationary satellites designed to extend phone, fax and data communications all over the world. Videsh Sanchar Nigam Ltd
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Training Report On Telecom Networks (VSNL) is permitted to provide Inmarsat services in India under their International Long Distance(ILD) license granted by Department of Telecommunications(dot). VSNL has commissioned their new Land Earth Station (LES) at Delhi, Pune compatible with 4th generation INMARSAT Satellites (I-4) and INMARSAT-B, M, Mini-M & M-4 services are now being provided through this new LES after No Objection Certificate (NOC) is issued by dot on case by case basis. o National Long Distance: There is no limit on number of operators for this service and license is for 20 years. o International Long Distance: This was opened to private sector on 1st April 2002 with no limit on number of operators. The license period is 20 years. o Resale of IPLC: For promoting competition and affordability in International Private Leased Circuits (IPLC) Segment, Government permitted the "Resale of IPLC" by introducing a new category of License called as - "Resale of IPLC" Service License with effect from 24th September 2008. The Reseller can provide end-to-end IPLC between India and country of destination for any capacity denomination. For providing the IPLC service, the Reseller has to take the IPLC from International Long Distance (ILD) Service Providers licensed and permitted to enter into an arrangement for leased line with Access Providers, National Long Distance Service Providers and International Long Distance Service Providers for provision of IPLC to end customers. o Sale of International Roaming SIM cards /Global Calling Cards in India: The cards being offered to Indian Customers will be for use only outside India. However, if it is essential to activate the card for making test calls/emergent calls before the departure of customer and /or after the arrival of the customer, the same shall be permitted for forty eight (48) hours only prior to departure from India and twenty four (24) hours after arrival in India. o Internet without Telephony: The Internet Service Provider (ISP) Policy was announced in November, 98. ISP Licenses, which prohibit telephony on Internet ,are being issued starting from 6.11.98 on non-exclusive basis. Three category GWEC, Ajmer 17
Training Report On Telecom Networks of license exist namely A,B and C. A is all India, B is telecom Circles, Metro Districts and major districts where as C is SSA wide. o Internet with Telephony: Only ISP licensees are permitted, within their service area, to offer Internet Telephony service. The calls allowed are PC to PC in India, PC in India to PC/Telephone outside India, IP based calls from India to other countries. o VPN: Internet Service Providers (isps) can provide Virtual Private Network (VPN) Services. VPN shall be configured as Closed User Group (CUG) only and shall carry only the traffic meant for the internal use of CUG and no third party traffic shall be carried on the VPN. VPN shall not have any connectivity with PSTN / ISDN / PLMN except when the VPN has been set up using Internet access dial-up facility to the ISP node. Outward dialing facility from ISP node is not permitted. o VSAT & Satellite Communication: There are two types of CUG VSAT licenses : (i) Commercial CUG VSAT license and (ii) Captive CUG VSAT license. The commercial VSAT service provider can offer the service on commercial basis to the subscribers by setting up a number of Closed User Groups (cugs) whereas in the captive VSAT service only one CUG can be set up for the captive use of the licensee. The scope of the service is to provide data connectivity between various sites scattered within territorial boundary of India via INSAT Satellite System using Very Small Aperture Terminals (VSATs). However, these sites should form part of a Closed User Group (CUG). PSTN connectivity is not permitted. o Radio Paging: The bids for the Radio Paging Service in 27 cities were invited in 1992, the licenses were signed in 1994 and the service was commissioned in 1995. There was a provision for a fixed license fee for first 3 years and review of the license fee afterwards. The license was for 10 years and in 2004 Govt offered a extended 10 years license with certain license fee waivers but with the wide spread use of mobile phones, this service has lost its utility. o PMRTS: Public Mobile Radio Trunking service allows city wide connectivity through wireless means. This service is widely used by Radio Taxi operators and GWEC, Ajmer 18
Training Report On Telecom Networks companies whose workforce is on the move and there is need to locate the present position of employee for best results. PSTN connectivity is permitted. o INSAT MSS: INSAT Mobile Satellite System Reporting Service (INSAT MSS Reporting Service) is a one way satellite based messaging service available through INSAT. The basic nature of this service is to provide a reporting channel via satellite to the group of people, who by virtue of their nature of work are operating from remote locations without any telecom facilities and need to send short textual message or short data occasionally to a central station. o Voice Mail/ Audiotex/ UMS (Unified Messaging Service): Initially a seprate license was issued for these services. For Unified Messaging Service, transport of Voice Mail Messages to other locations and subsequent retrieval by the subscriber must be on a non- real time basis. For providing UMS under the license, in addition to the license for Voice Mail/Audiotex/UMS, the licensee must also have an ISP license. The ISP license as well as Voice Mail/Audiotex/ UMS license should be for the areas proposed to be covered by UMS service. Since start of NTP-99, all access provider i.e. CMTS, UASL, Fixed service providers are also allowed to provide these services as Value Added Service (VAS) under their license conditions. o Telemarketing: Companies intending to operate as Telemarketes need to obtain this license from DoT. o Other Service Provider (including BPO): As per New Telecom Policy (NTP) 1999, Other Service Providers (OSP), such as tele-banking, tele-medicine, teletrading, e- commerce, Network Operation Centers and Vehicle Tracking Systems etc are allowed to operate by using infrastructure provided by various access providers for non-telecom services.
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3. PCM PRINCIPLE
Introduction
A long distance or local telephone conversation between two persons could be provided by using a pair of open wire lines or underground cable as early as early as mid of 19th century. However, due to fast industrial development and increased telephone awareness, demand for trunk and local traffic went on increasing at a rapid rate. To cater to the increased demand of traffic between two stations or between two subscribers at the same station we resorted to the use of an increased number of pairs on either the open wire alignment, or in underground cable. This could solve the problem for some time only as there is a limit to the number of open wire pairs that can be installed on one alignment due to headway consideration and maintenance problems. Similarly increasing the number of open wire pairs that can be installed on one alignment due to headway consideration and maintenance problems. Similarly increasing the number of pairs to the underground cable is uneconomical and leads to maintenance problems. It, therefore, became imperative to think of new technical innovations which could exploit the available bandwidth of transmission media such as open wire lines or
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Training Report On Telecom Networks underground cables to provide more number of circuits on one pair. The technique used to provide a number of circuits using a single transmission link is called Multiplexing.
Multiplexing Techniques
There are basically two types of multiplexing techniques i. ii Frequency Division Multiplexing (FDM) Time Division Multiplexing (TDM)
Frequency Division Multiplexing Techniques (FDM) The FDM technique is the process of translating individual speech circuits (300-
3400 Hz) into pre-assigned frequency slots within the bandwidth of the transmission medium. The frequency translation is done by amplitude modulation of the audio frequency with an appropriate carrier frequency. At the output of the modulator a filter network is connected to select either a lower or an upper side band. Since the intelligence is carried in either side band, single side band suppressed carrier mode of AM is used. This results in substantial saving of bandwidth mid also permits the use of low power amplifiers. Please refer Fig. 1. FDM techniques usually find their application in analogue transmission systems. An analogue transmission system is one which is used for transmitting continuously varying signals.
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Training Report On Telecom Networks Fig. 1 FDM Principle Time Division Multiplexing Basically, time division multiplexing involves nothing more than sharing a transmission medium by a number of circuits in time domain by establishing a sequence of time slots during which individual channels (circuits) can be transmitted. Thus the entire bandwidth is periodically available to each channel. Normally all time slots1 are equal in length. Each channel is assigned a time slot with a specific common repetition period called a frame interval. This is illustrated in Fig. 2.
Fig. 2 Time Division Multiplexing Each channel is sampled at a specified rate and transmitted for a fixed duration. All channels are sampled one by, the cycle is repeated again and again. The channels are connected to individual gates which are opened one by one in a fixed sequence. At the receiving end also similar gates are opened in unison with the gates at the transmitting end. The signal received at the receiving end will be in the form of discrete samples and these are combined to reproduce the original signal. Thus, at a given instant of time, only one channel is transmitted through the medium, and by sequential
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Training Report On Telecom Networks sampling a number of channels can be staggered in time as opposed to transmitting all the channel at the same time as in EDM systems. This staggering of channels in time sequence for transmission over a common medium is called Time Division Multiplexing (TDM).
Pulse Code Modulation

It was only in 1938; Mr. A.M. Reaves (USA) developed a Pulse Code Modulation (PCM) system to transmit the spoken word in digital form. Since then digital speech transmission has become an alternative to the analogue systems. PCM systems use TDM technique to provide a number of circuits on the same transmission medium viz. open wire or underground cable pair or a channel provided by carrier, coaxial, microwave or satellite system. Basic Requirements for PCM System To develop a PCM signal from several analogue signals, the following processing steps are required Filtering Sampling Quantization Encoding Line Coding
Signaling In Telecommunications
The term signaling, when used in telephony, refers to the exchange of control information associated with the establishment of a telephone call on a telecommunications circuit. An example of this control information is the digits dialed by the caller, the caller's billing number, and other call-related information. When the signaling is performed on the same circuit that will ultimately carry the conversation of the call, it is termed Channel Associated Signaling (CAS). This is
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Training Report On Telecom Networks the case for earlier analogue trunks, MF and R2 digital trunks, and DSS1/DASS PBX trunks. In contrast, SS7 signaling is termed Common Channel Signaling (CCS) in that the path and facility used by the signaling is separate and distinct from the telecommunications channels that will ultimately carry the telephone conversation. With CCS, it becomes possible to exchange signaling without first seizing a facility, leading to significant savings and performance increases in both signaling and facility usage.
4. ADVANCED OPTICAL NETWORKS: DWDM

Introduction
The revolution in high bandwidth applications and the explosive growth of the Internet, however, have created capacity demands that exceed traditional TDM limits. To meet growing demands for bandwidth, a technology called Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing (DWDM) has been developed that multiplies the capacity of a single fiber. DWDM systems being deployed today can increase a single fibers capacity sixteen fold, to a throughput of 40 Gb/s. The emergence of DWDM is one of the most recent and important phenomena in the development of fiber optic transmission technology. Dense wavelength-division multiplexing (DWDM) revolutionized transmission technology by increasing the capacity signal of embedded fiber. One of the major issues in the networking industry today is tremendous demand for more and more bandwidth. Before the introduction of optical networks, the reduced availability of fibers became a big problem for the network providers. However, with the development of optical networks and the use of Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing (DWDM) technology, a new and probably, a very crucial milestone is being reached in network evolution. The existing SONET/SDH network architecture is best suited for voice traffic rather than todays high-speed data traffic. To upgrade the system to handle this kind of traffic is very expensive and hence the need for the development of an intelligent all-
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Training Report On Telecom Networks optical network. Such a network will bring intelligence and scalability to the optical domain by combining the intelligence and functional capability of SONET/SDH, the tremendous bandwidth of DWDM and innovative networking software to spawn a variety of optical transport, switching and management related products. In traditional optical fiber networks, information is transmitted through optical fiber by a single light beam. In a wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) network, the vast optical bandwidth of a fiber (approximately 30 THz corresponding to the low-loss region in a single-mode optical fiber) is carved up into wavelength channels, each of which carries a data stream individually. The multiple channels of information (each having a different carrier wavelength) are transmitted simultaneously over a single fiber. The reason why this can be done is that optical beams with different wavelengths propagate without interfering with one another. When the number of wavelength channels is above 20 in a WDM system, it is generally referred to as Dense WDM or DWDM. DWDM technology can be applied to different areas in the telecommunication networks, which includes the backbone networks, the residential access networks, and also the Local Area Networks (LANs). Among these three areas, developments in the DWDM-based backbone network are leading the way, followed by the DWDM-based LANs. The development on DWDM-based residential access networks seems to be lagging behind at the current time.
Development Of DWDM Technology

Early WDM began in the late 1980s using the two widely spaced wavelengths in the 1310 nm and 1550 nm (or 850 nm and 1310 nm) regions, sometimes called wideband WDM. The early 1990s saw a second generation of WDM, sometimes called narrowband WDM, in which two to eight channels were used. These channels were now spaced at an interval of about 400 GHz in the 1550-nm window. By the mid-1990s, dense WDM (DWDM) systems were emerging with 16 to 40 channels and spacing from 100 to 200 GHz. By the late 1990s DWDM systems had evolved to the point where they were capable of 64 to 160 parallel channels, densely packed at 50 or even 25 GHz intervals. GWEC, Ajmer 25
Training Report On Telecom Networks As fig. 1 shows, the progression of the technology can be seen as an increase in the number of wavelengths accompanied by a decrease in the spacing of the wavelengths. Along with increased density of wavelengths, systems also advanced in their flexibility of configuration, through add-drop functions, and management capabilities.
Figure 1 Evolution of DWDM
Varieties Of WDM
Early WDM systems transported two or four wavelengths that were widely spaced. WDM and the follow-on technologies of CWDM and DWDM have evolved well beyond this early limitation. WDM
Traditional, passive WDM systems are wide-spread with 2, 4, 8, 12, and 16 channel counts being the normal deployments. This technique usually has a distance limitation of less than 100 km. CWDM
Today, coarse WDM (CWDM) typically uses 20-nm spacing (3000 GHz) of up to 18 channels. The CWDM Recommendation ITU-T G.694.2 provides a grid of wavelengths for target distances up to about 50 km on single mode fibers as
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Training Report On Telecom Networks specified in ITU-T Recommendations G.652, G.653 and G.655. The CWDM grid is made up of 18 wavelengths defined within the range 1270 nm to 1610 nm spaced by 20 nm. DWDM
Dense WDM common spacing may be 200, 100, 50, or 25 GHz with channel count reaching up to 128 or more channels at distances of several thousand kilometers with amplification and regeneration along such a route.
DWDM System Components

Figure 3 shows an optical network using DWDM techniques that consists of five main components: 1. Transmitter (transmit transponder): - Changes electrical bits to optical pulses - Is frequency specific - Uses a narrowband laser to generate the optical pulse 2. Multiplexer/ demultiplexer: - Combines/separates discrete wavelengths 3. Amplifier: - Pre-amplifier boosts signal pulses at the receive side - Post-amplifier boosts signal pulses at the transmit side (post amplifier) and on the receive side (preamplifier) - In line amplifiers (ILA) are placed at different distances from the source to provide recovery of the signal before it is degraded by loss. - EDFA (Erbium Doped Fiber Amplifier) is the most popular amplifier. 4. Optical fiber (media): - Transmission media to carry optical pulses
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Training Report On Telecom Networks - Many different kinds of fiber are used 5. Receiver (receive transponder) - Changes optical pulses back to electrical bits - Uses wideband laser to provide the optical pulse
Figure 3: DWDM System Components
Benefits of DWDM
Increases bandwidth (speed and distance) Does not require replacement or upgrade their existing legacy systems Provides "next generation" technologies to meet growing data needs Less costly in the long run because increased fiber capacity is automatically available; don't have to upgrade all the time.
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5. CDMA Technology
Access Network:
Access network, the network between local exchange and subscriber, in the Telecom Network accounts for a major portion of resources both in terms of capital and manpower. So far, the subscriber loop has remained in the domain of the copper cable providing cost effective solution in past. Quick deployments of subscriber loop, coverage of inaccessible and remote locations coupled with modern technology have led to the emergence of new Access Technologies. The various technological options available are as follows: 1. 2. 3. Multi Access Radio Relay Wireless in Local Loop Fiber in the Local Loop
Wireless in Local Loop (WILL) Fixed Wireless telephony in the subscriber access network also known as Wireless in Local Loop (WLL) is one of the hottest emerging market segments in global telecommunications today. WLL is generally used as the last mile solution to deliver basic phone service expeditiously where none has existed before. Flexibility and expediency are becoming the key driving factors behind the deployment of WILL. WLL shall facilitate cordless telephony for residential as well as commercial complexes where people are highly mobile. It is also used in remote areas where it is uneconomical to lay cables and for rapid development of telephone services. The technology employed shall depend upon various radio access techniques, like FDMA, TDMA and CDMA. Different technologies have been developed by the different countries like CT2 from France, PHS from Japan, DECT from Europe and DAMPS & CDMA from USA. Let us discuss CDMA technology in WLL application as it has a potential ability to tolerate a
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Training Report On Telecom Networks fair amount of interference as compared to other conventional radios. This leads to a considerable advantage from a system point of view. Spread Spectrum Principle: Originally Spread spectrum radio technology was developed for military use to counter the interference by hostile jamming. The broad spectrum of the transmitted signal gives rise to Spread Spectrum. A Spread Spectrum signal is generated by modulating the radio frequency (RF) signal with a code consisting of different pseudo random binary sequences, which is inherently resistant to noisy signal environment. A number of Spread spectrum RF signals thus generated share the same frequency spectrum and thus the entire bandwidth available in the band is used by each of the users using same frequency at the same time.
Fig-1 CDMA ACCESS A CONCEPT
On the receive side only the signal energy with the selected binary sequence code is accepted and original information content (data) is recovered. The other users signals, whose codes do not match contribute only to the noise and are not despread back in bandwidth (Ref Fig-1) This transmission and reception of signals differentiated by codes using the same frequency simultaneously by a number of users is known as Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) Technique as opposed to conventional method of Frequency Division Multiple Access and Time Division Multiple Access.
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Training Report On Telecom Networks In the above figure, it has been tried to explain that how the base band signal of 9.6 Kbps is spread using a Pseudo-random Noise (PN) source to occupy entire bandwidth of 1.25 MHz. At the receiving end this signal will have interference from signals of other users of the same cell, users of different cells and interference from other noise sources. All these signals get combined with the desired signal but using a correct PN code the original data can be reproduced back. CDMA channel in the trans and receive direction is a FDD (Frequency Division Duplexing) channel. The salient features of a typical CDMA system are as follows: Frequency of operation: Duplexing Method: RF Spacing: Coverage: 824-849Mhz and 869-894 MHz Frequency Division Duplexing (FDD) 1.25 MHz 5 Km with hand held telephones and approx. 20 Km with fixed units.
Access Channel per carrier: Maximum 61 Channels
Introduction to CDMA 2000-1X

Network entity description: Base station subsystem (BSS) Base station subsystem is the general term for the wireless devices and wireless channel control devices that serve one or several cells. Generally, a BSS contains one more base station controllers (BSC) and base transmitter stations (BTS).
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Architecture of CDMA MSC Based WLL system
MS Um BT S Abis
BSS
M SC E B SC A
PSTN Ai B
M S C/SSP Q C
VLR
D H
MC
MC
HLR
MSS
AUC
RG MT T CP r e s e n t a tio n
Mobile switch center (MSC) MSC is a functional entity that performs control and switching to the mobile stations within the area that it serves, and an automatic connecting device for the subscriber traffic between the CDMA network and other public networks or other MSCs. MSC is the kernel of the CDMA cellular mobile communication system, and it is different from a wired switch in that an MSC must consider the allocation of the wireless resources and the mobility of subscribers, and at least it must implement the follows processing activities: 1. Location Registration processing; 2. Handoff. Gateway MSC (GMSC) When a non-CDMA subscriber calls a CDMA subscriber, the call will first be routed to an MSC, which will inquires the corresponding HLR and further route the call to the called partys MSC. This kind of MSC is called Gateway MSC (GMSC). It is up to the network operator to select which MSCs as GMSCs.
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Training Report On Telecom Networks Visitor location register (VLR) VLR is responsible for the storage and updating of the subscriber data of mobile stations that roamed to the service area of this VLR. The VLR is generally configured together with the MSC. When the mobile station enters a new location area, the MSC will notice the VLR, which will initiate registration processing to the HLR to update the subscriber location information. The VLR also stores necessary information for the establishment of calls in the database for the MSC to search. One VLR can cover one or more MSC areas. Home location register (HLR) The HLR provides subscriber information storage and management functions for the mobile network, including mobile subscriber subscription and cancellation and service authorization and cancellation. At the same time, it helps in the implementation of subscribers call and service operations. A CDMA can contain one or more HLRs based on the number of subscribers, equipment capacity and network organization mode, with multi-HLR mode realized in the form of virtual HLRs. The subscriber information stored in the HLR includes the following two types in information: 1. Subscription information 2. Subscriber-related information stored in the HLR Authentication center (AUC) Authentication center is a function entity for the management of authentication information related to the mobile station. It implement mobile subscriber authentication, stores the mobile subscriber authentication parameters, and is able to generate and transmit the corresponding authentication parameters based on the request from MSC/VLR. The authentication parameters in the AUC can be stored in the encrypted form. The authentication center is generally configured together with the HLR. The authentication parameter stored in the AUC includes: 1. Authentication key (A_KEY); 2. Share secret data (SSD);
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Training Report On Telecom Networks 3. Mobile identification number/international mobile subscriber identity (MIN/IMSI); 4. Authentication algorithm (AAV); 5. Accounting (COUNT). Short message center (MC or SC) As an independent entity in the CDMA cellular mobile communication system, the short message center works in coordination with other entities such as MSC, HLR to implement the reception, storing and transfer of the short messages from CDMA cellular mobile communication system subscribers, and store subscriber-related short message data. Short message entity (SME) SME is a function entity for synthesis and analysis of short messages. Operation and maintenance Center (OMC) The OMC provides the network operator with network operation and maintenance services, manages the subscriber information and implements network planning, to enhance the overall working efficiency and service quality of the system. There two type of operation and maintenance centers: OMC-S and OMC-R. An OMC-S is mainly used for the maintenance work at the mobile switching subsystem (MSS) side; an OMCR is mainly used for the maintenance work at the base station subsystem (BSS) side. Third Generation Standards CDMA2000/FDD-MC CDMA2000 using Frequency Division DuplexingMulticarrier (FDD-MC) mode. Here multicarrier implies N x 1.25 MHz channels overlaid on N existing IS-95 carriers or deployed on unoccupied spectrum. CDMA2000 includes: 1. 1x using a spreading rate of 1.2288 Mcps 2. 3x using a spreading rate of 3 x 1.2288 Mcps or 3.6864 Mcps 3. 1xEV-DO (1x Evolution - Data Optimized)using a spreading rate of 1.2288 Mcps optimized for data WCDMA/FDD-DS Wideband CDMA (WCDMA) Frequency Division
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Training Report On Telecom Networks Duplexing-Direct Sequence spreading (FDD-DS) mode. This has a single 5 MHz channel. WCDMA uses a single carrier per channel and employs a spreading rate of 3.84 Mcps. UTRA TDD/ TD-SCDMA Universal Mobile Telephone Services Terrestrial Radio Access (UTRA) and TD-SCDMA. These are Time Division Duplexed (TDD) standards aimed primarily at asymmetric services used in unpaired (i.e., no separate uplink and downlink) bands. TD-SCDMA is based on a synchronous Time Division scheme for TDD and wireless local loop applications. The frame and slot structure are the same as W-CDMA. However, in TDD mode each slot can be individually allocated either the uplink or the downlink.
EV-DO
EV-DO is a mobile technology that facilitates higher throughput on mobile platform. The third generation of cellular standards has seen a dominance of CDMA as the underlying access technology. UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunication Services) is 3G evolution for GSM world. The standardization work for UMTS is being carriedout by 3GPP. The standardization work for CDMA 2000 and its enhancements is being carried out under the supervision of 3GPP2.
1x Evolution-Data Optimized, abbreviated as EV-DO or 1xEV-DO, is an evolution of CDMA 2000 1x to support higher data rates. It is defined in TIA (Telecommunication Industry Association) standard IS 856. It is commonly referred to as DO. It is officially termed as "CDMA2000, High Rate Packet Data Air Interface". Working on same carrier bandwidth of 1.25 MHz as CDMA 2000 1x systems, 1xEV-DO provides significantly higher data rates to Access Terminals (mobile devices). Downlink data rates supported are up to 2.4576 Mb/s in Rev. 0 and up to 3.1 Mb/s in Rev. A. Traditional wireless networks create a physical path between receiving and sending devices, much like traditional telephone networks. EVDO instead adopts the same
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Training Report On Telecom Networks approach used for the internet. IP, the Internet Protocol, breaks data into small pieces called packets. Each packet is sent independently of all the other packets. This saves bandwidth for use by other devices; when neither party on a phone call is speaking, the connection consumes no bandwidth because there are no packets to send. Radio resources are allocated only at the time of actual data transfer leading to better spectral efficiency. EV-DO does not support voice services. In Forward link supports data rates up to 2.4576 Mbps. There is no power control in Forward Link. Peak data rate in Reverse Link is 153.6 kbps. Generic Model of CDMA 2000 1x EVDO System: A generic model of a CDMA 2000 1 x EV-DO System typically consists of: a) Access Network (AN) consisting of Radio Node (RN) & Radio Network Controller b) Packet Core Network (PCN) a) Radio Node (RN): It is a multiple circuit transceiver which shall radiate to cover a cell or a sector. It consists of radio modules, base band signal processor, network interface, antenna, feeder etc. It can be co-located with RNC or remotely located. RN shall include the functions related to channel coding/decoding, interleaving, encryption, frame building, modulation/demodulation, RF transceiver, antenna diversity, low noise amplification etc. as per CDMA 2000 1 x EV-DO standards. The AN obtains the timing reference and positioning reference from the GPS system and hence the GPS receiver shall form an integral part of the RN along with other fixtures such as GOS antenna, cable etc. AN split mounting arrangements with tower mountable RF components such as PAs, LNAs, Filters etc. are also acceptable. b) Radio Network Controller (RNC): It is responsible for inter connection between the RN and the PCN and it provides control and management for one or more RNs. It assigns traffic channels to individual users, monitors system performance and provides interface between the RN and the PCN. RNC performs the radio processing functions such as management of the radio resources, radio channel management, local connection management etc. GWEC, Ajmer 36
Training Report On Telecom Networks It also processes information required for decision on handover of calls from one RN to another. RNC can be collocated with the PCN or remotely located. The Packet Control Function (PCF) shall form an integral part of RNC. Packet Core Network (PCN): The packet data core network provides packet data services to Access Terminal (AT) and consists of PDSN, HA, AAA, AN-AAA and FA functionalities. The functional entities AAA and ANAAA may be a single physical entity or two separate physical entities. Operations and Maintenance Centre (OMC): The Operations and Maintenance Centre (OMC) allow the centralized operation of the various units in the system and the functions needed to maintain the sub systems. The OMC provides the dynamic monitoring and controlling of the network management functions for operation and maintenance.
6. LEASED LINES
And MLLN- MANAGED LEASED LINE NETWORK

Leased Lines
A leased line is a permanent fiber optic or telephone connection between two points set up by a telecommunications carrier. A leased line is also sometimes referred to as a dedicated line. They can be used for telephone, data, or Internet services. Oftentimes businesses will use a leased line to connect to geographically distant offices because it guarantees bandwidth for network traffic. For example, a bank may use a leased line in order to easily transfer financial information from one office to another. A GWEC, Ajmer 37
Training Report On Telecom Networks leased line can span long or short distances and customers generally pay a flat monthly rate for the service depending on the distance between the two points. Leased lines do not have telephone numbers because each side of the line is always connected to one another, as opposed to telephone lines which reuse the same lines for numerous conversations through a process called "switching." The information sent through the leased line travels along dedicated secure channels, eliminating the congestion that occurs in shared networks.
MLLN MANAGED LEASED LINE NETWORK

The MLLN service is specially designed mainly for having effective control and monitoring on the leased line so that the down time is minimized and the circuit efficiency is increased. This mainly deals with data circuits ranging from 64 Kbps to 2048 Kbps.
NETWORK ARCHITECTURE:
Main DXC 256 Ports
DXC-64
DXC-64
DXC-128
VMUXs
Modems
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Fig. 1 Network Architecture of MLLN DXC Capacity 1/0 cross-connect capability Non-Blocking Architecture Redundancy Power Supply Switching Matrix Cross-connect Memory DXC (64 ports upgradeable to 128 ports) DXC (96 ports upgradeable to 128 ports) DXC (128 ports upgradeable to 256 ports) DXC (256 ports)
Expansion to be made possible by addition of cards only. Fully Managed from Centralized NMS VMUX Type - I, Type - II, Type - III with the configurations given below 64 kbps VMUX Type I VMUX Type II 32 16 N*64 kbps 8 4 E1 Links 12 4
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Training Report On Telecom Networks VMUX Type III 8 4 4
Expansion to be made possible on the same chassis by addition of cards Type III VMUX > 230V AC Powered > -48V DC Powered VMUX to be able to extend hotline circuits > Point to point and Point to Multi-point circuit routing should be possible HDSL Driving Distance: > 3.5km at 2Mbps > 5 km at 1Mbps > 7km for 64/128kbps (at 0.5mm dia copper cable NTU (Network Terminating Unit) Capacity > 64/128kbps NTU with V.35 > 64/128kbps NTU with G.703 > N x 64kbps NTU with V.35 > N x 64kbps NTU with G.703 > N x 64kbps NTU with Ethernet Interface Line Loop Testing as per ITU-T Rec V.54 64kbps NTU to work up to 128kbps N x 64kbps NTU to work up to 2Mbps NTU to send power off signal to the NMS at the time of NTU getting switched off.
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Training Report On Telecom Networks STU-160 works up to 128kbps CTU-S and CTU-R works up to 2Mbps on a single pair of copper All NTUs support V.54 line loop testing and support dying gasp to send power off signal at time of power off condition. NMS (Network Management System) o MLLN NMS o Billing and Accounting System o Web Self-care system o We have offered Tellabs Network Manager Release 13 to meet the requirements o MLLN NMS performs all the management functions on the network o Supports regional partitioning and VPN capabilities o Offered Performance Monitoring, Recovery, Reporting Packages o Offered HP Open view and Cisco works which would reside on SNMP server for managing the servers and IT elements
Different Nodes Used in MLLN

A node can be described as a digital multiplexer equipped with several trunk interfaces and as a digital cross-connect device equipped with several channel interfaces. The cluster node is used in the network as a high capacity cross-connection device with several subracks. The basic nodes and midi nodes are used as flexible multiplexers or medium capacity cross-connect equipment. They have both one subrack. Cluster Node:It is built in Master-slave architecture. The cluster node represents the largest node of the System. It is built in master-slave architecture. It consists of a master sub
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Training Report On Telecom Networks rack and 1 - 8 slave sub racks. Slave sub racks can be either double (32 unit slots), single (16 unit slots) or midi (8 unit slots) sub racks. The maximum cross-connect port capacity of a cluster node is
8 * 64 Mbit/s = 512 Mbit/s = 256 * 2048 kbit/s port = 64 * 8448 kbit/s port. Each slave sub rack brings 64 Mbit/s to the cross-connect port capacity. The cluster node can be expanded without disturbing the existing traffic. The cluster node cross-connects at TS (64 kbit/s) level. The cluster nodes master subrack is mechanically similar to the double subrack in the basic node. The difference is that the motherboard and bus extender cards are different. Basic Node:The Basic Node is the basic building block of the system. (16 unit slot). It is used in local exchange or backbone networks or customer premises networks, depending on the needed services and application. The cross connect port capacity of a Basic node is 64 Mbps = 32*2048 kbps port = 8*8448 kbps port Midi Node:It is a small size flexible access node for customer premises. Midi node has the same cross-connect functionality as the basic node (64 Mbps) One slot wide multifunctional interface unit XCG designed for the Midi node. Midi node supports mainly the same interface units as the basic node. Mini Node:The mini node is a small cross-connect device, which can operate as either part of the network connected to the network manager or as a separate cross-connect device controlled and supervised locally. The mini node is functionally very close to the basic node. The main difference is that in the mini node the common units (Control Unit, Cross-connection Unit and Power Supply Unit) are integrated to the node. The cross-connect port capacity of a mini node is 64 Mbit/s. It supports 2-4 interface modules with 1, 2, 5 or 10 interfaces each. Due to this limitation of the number of interfaces, it is impossible to use all the cross-connection capacity available. The cross-connection capabilities of a mini node are the same as in SXU-A unit in a basic GWEC, Ajmer 42
Training Report On Telecom Networks node. mini nodes can make cross-connections both at 64 kbit/s and 8 kbit/s level, the bit level cross-connection capacity is 95 TS and CAS cross-connection capacity is 32 TS. Typically mini nodes are used as an access level node in a network or as base station transmission equipment in mobile networks.
Tellabs 8170 cluster node Tellabs 8160 accelerator node A111 Tellabs 8150 basic node Tellabs 8140 midi node
Tellabs 8110 network terminating unit Tellabs 8120 mini node Tellabs 8130 micro node
Fig. 3 Different Nodes
Micro node : The total cross-connection capacity of a micro node is 64 Mbit/s. The micro node is fully non-blocking. They can make cross-connections both at time slot and at bit level. The bit level cross-connection capacity is 127 TS (8128 kbit/s). micro nodes do not support CAS signalling. The cross-connection delay is one frame (125 s). The accuracy of the internal clock is 30 ppm and it supports both fallback list and quality levels. The micro node does not have a build-in test generator or a receiver for circuit loop testing. Accelerator Node:It is an access node combining PDH and SDH technologies. PDH features:-Support for many existing interfaces units GWEC, Ajmer 43
Training Report On Telecom Networks -Two X-buses and consequently 2 x 64 Mbps = 128 Mbps capacity Application e.g. DSLAM Cross connections are done only at TS level, 64 kbps. Operated with the network manager Switch Node:It is an N.E with ADM, LTM and SDXC. Operated with the network manager
7. OVERVIEW OF INTRANET
WHAT IS INTRANET
Smaller private version of Internet. It uses Internet protocols to create enterprisewide network which may consists of interconnected LANs. It may or may not include connection to Internet. Intranet is an internal information system based on Internet technology and web protocols for implementation within a corporate organization.
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Training Report On Telecom Networks This implementation is performed in such a way as to transparently deliver the immense informational resources of an organization to each individuals desktop with minimal cost, time and efforts. The Intranet defines your organization and display it for everyone to see.
If everyone knows what the company stands for, what the companys strategic vision is, what the guiding company principles are, who the clients and partners are, then they can focus more clearly on what their own contributions are to the organization. Every organization can constantly refer to the central messages and develop their own supporting sites accordingly. Use the Web as an information, communications, and project-management tool across the organization.
Who needs an Intranet?

In an Intranet environment is used to communicate over two or more networks across different locations. 1. Users having multi-locations with multi-networks. 2. Users having single locations with multi-networks. 3. Users having single locations with single networks.
Whats really HOT about Intranets?

From a technology point of view, an Intranet is simply beautiful. because: 1. It is scaleable. 2. It is Interchangeable. 3. It is platform independent GWEC, Ajmer 45
Training Report On Telecom Networks 4. It is Hardware independent. 5. It is vendor independent.
Why Intranet for an Organization:

Quick access to voice, video, data and other resources needed by users. Variety of valuable applications of Intranet applications improve communication and productivity across all areas of an enterprise. An Intranet can give immediate access to products specifications, pricing charts and new collaterals, sales lead, competitive information and list of customer wins including profit/loss analysis, thus boosting the success of the business.
A Typical Intranet setup
Technical Overview Of The Intranet Technology

Intranet runs on open TCP/IP network, enable companies to employ the same type of servers and browser used for World Wide Web for internal applications distributed over the corporate LAN.
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Training Report On Telecom Networks A typical Intranet implementation involves a high end machine called a server which can be accessed by individual PCs commonly referred to as clients, through the network. The Intranet site setup can be quite inexpensive, especially if your users are already connected by LAN. Most popular Intranet web servers can run on a platform widely found in most organizations. Basic requirements for setting up an intranet site are: Requirements: Software: Server : OS can be Windows server, Unix, LINUX .Web Server s/w should be installed Client : OS can be Windows workstation, LINUX .Web Browser software
Hardware: Server: 4 GB RAM, 360 GB secondary storage, Pentium processor with CD ROM. Client: 1GB RAM, 180 GB Secondary storage, Pentium processor.
8. Wi-MAX
Introduction:
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Training Report On Telecom Networks Broadband wireless sits at the confluence of two of the most remarkable growth stories of the telecommunications industry in recent years. Both wireless and broadband have on their own enjoyed rapid mass-market adoption. The staggering growth of the Internet is driving demand for higher-speed Internet-access services, leading to a parallel growth in broadband adoption. So what is broadband wireless? Broadband wireless is about bringing the broadband experience to a wireless context, which offers users certain unique benefits and convenience. There are two fundamentally different types of broadband wireless services. The first type attempts to provide a set of services similar to that of the traditional fixed-line broadband but using wireless as the medium of transmission. This type, called fixed wireless broadband, can be thought of as a competitive alternative to DSL or cable modem. The second type of broadband wireless, called mobile broadband, offers the additional functionality of portability, nomadicity and mobility. Mobile broadband attempts to bring broadband applications to new user experience scenarios and hence can offer the end user a very different value proposition. Wi-MAX is an acronym that stands for World-wide Interoperability for Microwave Access and this technology is designed to accommodate both fixed and mobile broadband applications.
EVOLUTION OF BROADBAND WIRELESS

WiMAX technology has evolved through four stages, albeit not fully distinct or clearly sequential: (1) narrowband wireless local-loop systems, (2) first-generation lineof-sight (LOS) broadband systems, (3) second-generation non-line-of-sight (NLOS) broadband systems, and (4) standards-based broadband wireless systems.
Wimax And Other Broadband Wireless Technologies

WiMAX is not the only solution for delivering broadband wireless services. WiMAX occupies a somewhat middle ground between Wi-Fi and 3G technologies when compared in the key dimensions of data rate, coverage, QoS, mobility, and price. Table provides a summary comparison of WiMAX with 3G and Wi-Fi technologies.
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Training Report On Telecom Networks Table Comparison of WiMAX with Other Broadband Wireless Technologies Parameter Fixed WiMAX Mobile WiMAX HSPA 1x EV-DO Wi-Fi
Rev A Standards IEEE 2004 Parameter Fixed WiMAX Mobile WiMAX HSPA 14.4Mbps 9.4Mbps 3.5MHz in 46Mbps with 3:1 DLwith to-UL ratio TDD; using codes; all 15 B will support more 7.2Mbps with 10 4.9Mbps codes 1.4Mbps Peak uplink 3.3Mbps data rate 3.5MHz 3:1 in 7Mbps in 10MHz initially; 1.8Mbps using using 3:1 DL-to-UL 100Mbps using 802.11n than peak 1x Rev A 3.1Mbps; Rev. using 802.11a/g; 54 Mbpsshared EV-DO Wi-Fi 802.16- IEEE 802.16e-2005 3GPP Release 6 3GPP2 IEEE 802.11a/g/n
Peak down 3:1 DL-to-UL 32Mbps with 1:1 link data ratio TDD; rate 6.1Mbps with 1:1
layer 2 throughput
DL-to-UL ratio; 4Mbps using 5.8Mbps later
ratio; 6.5Mbps 1:1 with 1:1 20MHz Bandwidth 3.5MHz 7MHz 3.5GHz 10MHz 5.8GHz band QPSK, Modulation QPSK, 16 QPSK, 16 QAM, 64 QPSK, 16 QAM 8 PSK, QAM BPSK, QPSK, 16 16 QAM, 64 QAM QAM, 64 QAM QAM and 3.5MHz, 7MHz, 5MHz 1.25MHz 802.11a/g; 20/40MHz 802.11n for in 5MHz, 10MHz, and band; 8.75MHz initially in for
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Multiplexin TDM g Duplexing Frequency TDD, FDD 3.5GHz 5.8GHz initially Coverage (typical) Mobility 35 miles
TDM/OFDMA
TDM/CDMA
TDM/CDMA CSMA
TDD initially
FDD
FDD
TDD
and 2.3GHz, 2.5GHz, and 800 / 900 / 1,800 800/900/1,80 2.4GHz, 5GHz 3.5GHz initially / 1,900/ 2,100 0/1,900MHz MHz < 2 miles 13 miles 13 miles < 100 ft indoors; < 1000 ft outdoors
Not applicable Mid
High
High
Low
A broad industry consortium, the WiMAX Forum has begun certifying broadband wireless products for interoperability and compliance with a standard. WiMAX is based on wireless metropolitan area networking (WMAN) standards developed by the IEEE 802.16 group and adopted by both IEEE and the ETSI HIPERMAN group.
WiMAX NETWORK ARCHITECTURE

The WiMAX NWG has developed a network reference model to serve as an architecture framework for WiMAX deployments and to ensure interoperability among various WiMAX equipment and operators. The network reference model envisions a unified network architecture for supporting fixed, nomadic, and mobile deployments and is based on an IP service model. Below is simplified illustration of an IP-based WiMAX network architecture. The overall network may be logically divided into three parts: 1. Mobile Stations (MS) used by the end user to access the network. 2. The access service network (ASN), which comprises one or more base stations and one or more ASN gateways that form the radio access network at the edge.
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Training Report On Telecom Networks 3. Connectivity service network (CSN), which provides IP connectivity and all the IP core network functions. The network reference model developed by the WiMAX Forum NWG defines a number of functional entities and interfaces between those entities. Fig below shows the logical representation of the network architecture.
R2
NAP
NSP
Mobile Subscriber Station

R1
BS BS
R6 ASN
ASN GW (FA)
HA
R3
AAA
CSN
R5 R4
Another ASN
Another Operators CSN
ASN-ACCESS SERVICES NETWORK NAP-NETWORK ACCESS PROVIDER CSN- CORE SERVICES NETWORK NSP- NETWORK SERVICES PROVIDER BS- BAS STATION HA-HOME AGENT FA-FOREGN AGENT AAA-AUTHENTICATION AUTHONZATION & ACCOUNTING
Fig. WiMAX Network Reference Model Base Station (Bs): The BS is responsible for providing the air interface to the MS. Additional functions that may be part of the BS are micro mobility management functions, such as handoff triggering and tunnel establishment, radio resource
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Training Report On Telecom Networks management, QoS policy enforcement, traffic classification, DHCP (Dynamic Host Control Protocol) proxy, key management, session management, and multicast group management. Access Service Network Gateway (Asn-Gw): The ASN gateway typically acts as a layer 2 traffic aggregation point within an ASN. Additional functions that may be part of the ASN gateway include intra-ASN location management and paging, radio resource management and admission control, caching of subscriber profiles and encryption keys, AAA client functionality, establishment and management of mobility tunnel with base stations, QoS and policy enforcement, foreign agent functionality for mobile IP, and routing to the selected CSN. Connectivity Service Network (Csn): The CSN provides connectivity to the Internet, ASP, other public networks, and corporate networks. The CSN is owned by the NSP and includes AAA servers that support authentication for the devices, users, and specific services. The CSN also provides per user policy management of QoS and security. The CSN is also responsible for IP address management, support for roaming between different NSPs, location management between ASNs, and mobility and roaming between ASNs, subscriber billing and inter operator settlement, interCSN tunneling to support roaming between different NSPs. Reference Points: The WiMAX NWG defines a reference point as a conceptual link that connects two groups of functions that reside in different functional entities of the ASN, CSN or MS. Reference points may not be a physical interface except when the functional entities on either side of it are implemented on different physical devices. Reference point R1 R2 End points MS and CSN MS and CSN Description Implements the air interface ( IEEE 802.16e ) specifications. For authentication, authorization, IP host configuration management and mobility management, only a logical interface GWEC, Ajmer 52
Training Report On Telecom Networks between MS and CSN Supports AAA, policy enforcement,and mobility mgmt. capabilities A set of protocols originating/terminating in various entities within the ASN. In Release I , R4 is the only interoperable interface between different ASNs or R5 R6 CSN and CSN BS and ASN-GW heterogenous ASNs. A set of protocols for interworking between home and visited network. A set of control and bearer plane protocols for communication between BS and ASN-GW. It may serve as a conduit for exchange of different MAC states R7 ASN-GW-DP and R8 EP BS and BS information between neighboring BSs. An optional set of control plane protocols functions identified in R6. A set of control plane message flows and bearer plane data flows between BSs to ensure fast and seamless handover.
R3 R4
ASN and CSN ASN and ASN
ASN-GW- for co-ordination between two group of
9. AN INTRODUCTION TO WIRELESS-FIDELITY (WI-FI)

Scope:
Wi-Fi is a registered trademark by the Wi-Fi Alliance. The products tested and approved as "Wi-Fi Certified" are interoperable with each other, even if they are from different GWEC, Ajmer 53
Training Report On Telecom Networks manufacturer. It is Short form for Wireless-Fidelity and is meant to generically refer to any type of 802.11 network, whether 802.11b, 802.11a, dual-band, etc.
General description of Wi-Fi Network:

A Wi-Fi network provides the features and benefits of traditional LAN technologies such as Ethernet and Token Ring without the limitations of wires or cables. It provides the final few metres of connectivity between a wired network and the mobile user thereby providing mobility, scalability of networks and the speed of installation. WIFI is a wireless LAN Technology to deliver wireless broad band speeds up to 54 Mbps to Laptops, PCs, PDAs , dual mode wifi enabled phones etc. In a typical Wi-Fi configuration, a transmitter/receiver (transceiver) device, called the Access Point (AP), connects to the wired network from a fixed location using standard cabling. A wireless Access Point combines router and bridging functions, it bridges network traffic, usually from Ethernet to the airwaves, where it routes to computers with wireless adapters. The AP can reside at any node of the wired network and acts as a gateway for wireless data to be routed onto the wired network as shown in Figure-1. It supports only 10 to 30 mobile devices per Access Point (AP) depending on the network traffic. Like a cellular system, the Wi-Fi is capable of roaming from the AP and reconnecting to the network through another AP. The Access Point (or the antenna attached to the Access Point) is usually mounted high but may be mounted essentially anywhere that is practical as long as the desired radio coverage is obtained.
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Figure -1: A typical Wi-Fi Network. Like a cellular phone system, the wireless LAN is capable of roaming from the AP and re-connecting to the network through other APs residing at other points on the wired network. This can allow the wired LAN to be extended to cover a much larger area than the existing coverage by the use of multiple APs such as in a campus environment as shown in Figure 2.
Figure -2: Extending Wi-Fi coverage with multiple APs.
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Training Report On Telecom Networks An important feature of the wireless LAN is that it can be used independent of a wired network. It may be used as a stand alone network anywhere to link multiple computers together without having to build or extend a wired network. Then a peer to peer workgroup can be established for transfer or access of data. A member of the workgroup may be established as the server or the network can act in a peer to peer mode as Shown in Figure-3.
Figure-3: Wireless LAN workgroup. End users access the Wi-Fi network through Wi-Fi adapters, which are implemented as cards in desktop computers, or integrated within hand-held computers. Wi-Fi wireless LAN adapters provide an interface between the client Network Operating System (NOS) and the airwaves via an antenna. The nature of the wireless connection is transparent to the NOS. Wi-Fi deals with fixed, portable and mobile stations and of course, the physical layers used here are fundamentally different from wired media.
Wi-Fi Network Configuration:

A Wireless Peer-To-Peer Network: This mode is also known as ADHOC mode. WiFi networks can be simple or complex. At its most basic, two PCs equipped with wireless adapter cards can set up an independent network whenever they are within range of one another. This is called a peer-to-peer network. It requires no administration or pre-configuration. In this case, each client would only have access to the resources of the other client and not to a central server as shown in Figure-4. GWEC, Ajmer 56
Figure-4: A Wi-Fi Peer-To-Peer Network. Client and Access Point: This is known as INFRASTUCTURE mode and is normally employed. However, wireless gateway can be configured to enable peer to peer communication in this mode as well. In this mode, one Access Point is connected to the wired network and each client would have access to server resources as well as to other clients. The specific number client depends on the number and nature of the transmissions involved. Many real-world applications exist where a single Access Point services from 15 to 50 client devices as shown in Figure-5.
Figure-5: A Server and Clint Wi-Fi Network. Multiple Access Points and Roaming:
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Training Report On Telecom Networks Access points can be connected to each other through UTP cable or they can be connected to each other over radio through wireless bridging. There is an option to connect access points in a mesh architecture where in event of a fault in an access point the network heals itself and connectivity is ensured through other access point. This changeover takes place dynamically. Access Points have a finite range, of the order of 500 feet indoor and 1000 feet outdoors. In a very large facility such as a warehouse, or on a college campus, it will probably be necessary to install more than one Access Point. Access Point positioning is done by a site survey. The goal is to blanket the coverage area with overlapping coverage cells so that clients might range throughout the area without ever losing network contact. The ability of clients to move seamlessly among a cluster of Access Points is called roaming. Access Points hand the client off from one to another in a way that is invisible to the client, ensuring unbroken connectivity as shown in Fig-6.
Figure-6: Multiple Access Points and Roaming. Use of an Extension Point: To solve particular problems of topology, the network designer some times uses Extension Points (EPs) to augment the network of Access Points (APs). Extension Points look and function like Access Points, but they are not tethered to the wired network as are APs. EPs function just as their name implies: they extend the range of the network by relaying signals from a client to an AP or another EP. EPs may be strung together in order to pass along messaging from an AP to farflung clients as shown in Figure-7.
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Figure -7: Wi-Fi network with Extension Point (EP). The Use of Directional Antennae: One last item of wireless LAN equipment to consider is the directional antenna. Lets suppose you had a Wi-Fi network in your building-A and wanted to extend it to a leased building-B, one mile away. One solution might be to install a directional antenna on each building, each antenna targeting the other. The antenna on A is connected to your wired network via an Access Point. The antenna on B is similarly connected to an Access Point in that building, which enables Wi-Fi network connectivity in that facility as shown in Figure-8.
Figure-8: A Wi-Fi network using Directional Antennae.
Abbreviations:
1. LAN: 2. AP: 3. EP: 4. ISM: GWEC, Ajmer Local Area Network. Access Point. Extension Point. Industrial scientific & medical 59
Training Report On Telecom Networks 5. MAC: 6. CSMA/CA: Collision Avoidance. 7. CDMA 2000 1x EV-DO: CDMA 2000 1x Evolution Version Data Only. 8. IEEE: 9. OSI: 10. WEP: Institute of Electrical & Electronics Engineers. Open systems Interconnect. Wireless Equivalent Privacy. Media Access Control. Carrier Sense multiple Access with
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CONCLUSION
I saw various division of C.T.O. Compound Ajmer Exchange and tried to group as much as I could, which switched my knowledge and logic. As a student of ECE. I learned Telecom Networks which is mainly concerned with my focus area. At last, I would like to say thanks again all staff of the unit who helped me through my training period.
THANKS! PARUL PAREEK Final Year ECE GWEC, AJMER
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Bibliography 1. Material provided by BSNL training center.

2. www.wikipedia.org
3. www.tec.gov.in 4. www.tcoe.in 5. www.tdsat.nic.in 6. www.itu.int 7. www.aptsec.org 8. www.etsi.org 9. www.mtnl.net.in 10.www.tcil-india.com 11.www.itiltd-india.com
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Training Report On Telecom Networks

A Practical Training Report

ON Telecom Networks Taken at (Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited,Ajmer)

Submitted to Mr. Gaurav Bharadwaj

Training Report On Telecom Networks

DEPT.OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGG.

Training Report On Telecom Networks

Parul Pareek 7th Sem. (ECE) GWEC, Ajmer

Training Report On Telecom Networks

Training Report On Telecom Networks

Training Report On Telecom Networks

2. AN OVERVIEW OF TELECOMMUNICATION NETWORK

R & D Unit: Center for development of Telematics (C-DoT)

Training Report On Telecom Networks

Centers of Excellence have been created to work on:

Field of Excellence in Telecom

Telecom Dispute Settlement Appellate Tribunal (TDSAT): TDSAT was established

Key International Standardization Bodies for Telecom sector:

Training Report On Telecom Networks

Prominent Licenses provided by DoT:

Training Report On Telecom Networks

Pulse Code Modulation

4. ADVANCED OPTICAL NETWORKS: DWDM

Development Of DWDM Technology

Figure 1 Evolution of DWDM

DWDM System Components

Figure 3: DWDM System Components

Training Report On Telecom Networks

Fig-1 CDMA ACCESS A CONCEPT

Access Channel per carrier: Maximum 61 Channels

Introduction to CDMA 2000-1X

Training Report On Telecom Networks

Architecture of CDMA MSC Based WLL system

And MLLN- MANAGED LEASED LINE NETWORK

MLLN MANAGED LEASED LINE NETWORK

Main DXC 256 Ports

Training Report On Telecom Networks

Training Report On Telecom Networks VMUX Type III 8 4 4

Different Nodes Used in MLLN

Fig. 3 Different Nodes

Who needs an Intranet?

Whats really HOT about Intranets?

Training Report On Telecom Networks 4. It is Hardware independent. 5. It is vendor independent.

Why Intranet for an Organization:

A Typical Intranet setup

Technical Overview Of The Intranet Technology

EVOLUTION OF BROADBAND WIRELESS

Wimax And Other Broadband Wireless Technologies

DL-to-UL ratio; 4Mbps using 5.8Mbps later

Training Report On Telecom Networks

Not applicable Mid

WiMAX NETWORK ARCHITECTURE

Mobile Subscriber Station

Another Operators CSN

ASN and CSN ASN and ASN

ASN-GW- for co-ordination between two group of

9. AN INTRODUCTION TO WIRELESS-FIDELITY (WI-FI)

General description of Wi-Fi Network:

Training Report On Telecom Networks

Figure -2: Extending Wi-Fi coverage with multiple APs.

Wi-Fi Network Configuration:

Training Report On Telecom Networks

Training Report On Telecom Networks