1

MARIA CRHSTOU
a. OrisV
Glssa enai:
a. Kqe kaqierwnoV kdikaV sublwn
(den anafrei kaqlou oila).
Afor th glssa wV kdika, (glssa satoV, alfbhta,
aqhatik, sata MorV, sata trocaaV, glssa upologistn).
b. Paragwg fqggwn-cwn pou antistoicon se prokaqorisneV, gia
sugkekrina anqrpina snola, nnoieV (afor couV). Afor th
glssa wV oila
g. To krio so sunennhshV-epikoinwnaV twn anqrpwn sera
(pol qriabeutikV orisV).
B. Lga istorik
Glssa uprcei kai sta za kai wV kfrash tou satoV (gwneV-
stseiV) kai wV ekfor cwn. Mlista poll qhlastik coun
kanonik lexilgio (flaineV, delfnia, pqhkoi). Oi falainoqreV
ekppoun tecnhtoV couV gia na tiV xegelsoun tiV flaineV.
O nqrwpoV efnise arcik th glssa tou satoV, et
ougkrsata, argtera oila, kai, scetik prsfata kdikeV
(alfbhto k.lp).
H exlixh tou wro enai ikrografa exlixhV anqrpou.
oila
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Alfbhto
Ep ekatontdeV crnia anaptcqhke politisV thV oilaV
(proforikV), en ta palaitera alfbhta (pou dhiourgon ton
politis thV grafV ariqon lgeV cilideV crnia. To palaitero
alfbhto prin 7.000 crnia.
G. Lga gia thn ellhnik glssa
Uprcoun perpou 7.000 glsseV ston planth (kai pollV lleV pou
coun caqe).
2
MARIA CRHSTOU
Oi perisstereV den grfontai. Uprcoun lgeV dekdeV alfbhta e
ta opoa grfontai to twn parapnw glwssn perpou.
H ellhnik (kai wV oila kai wV alfbhto) enai ia ap tiV
palaitereV eurwpakV glsseV. Se Eurph uprcoun 3 kria
alfbhta (latinik, ellhnik, kurillik).
Sfwna e thn kratosa episthonik poyh, h ellhnik .glssa
ankei sthn oikogneia twn Indoeurwpakn glwssn.
[O upoqetikV laV twn Indoeurwpawn xeknhse ap thn Kentrik kai N.D. Asa kai
diaspsthke se kdouV ap thn Inda wV ton Atlantik].
Uprcan IndoeurwpakV. glsseV pou diaspsthkan.
Ktc Ivocvenokc yeooc
Arc. Ellhnik --- Na Ellhn.
Arc. Persik --- Na Persik
Indik --- Na Indik (100 dilektoi)
Slabik --- rwsik, polwnik, tsecik, slabik,
serbokroatik
Latinik --- italik, gallik, portogalik,
rounika
Keltik --- skwtszikh, irlandik, agglik
Illurik --- albanik
Gotqik --- geranik, ollandik, danzikh,
souhdik
To egaltero slabik krtoV enai oi Rsoi. Sheo ugioV eqnikiso
na xreiV th htrik sou glssa kai na th ilV.
A. H cnooq xq cqvtkq oxt cvc yeooc
H ellhnik anaptcqhke kai grfthke ap nwrV,
- apkthse kroV sto cro tou legenou palio ksou (Eurph,
Asa, Bor. Afrik)
- skhse eglh epdrash se pollV xneV glsseV. Oi orfwnoi tou
palio kairo prepe na xroun ellhnik, pwV sera ta agglik pou
coun kerdsei kinhatogrfo, thlerash, M.M.E. se Eurph kai
3
MAPIA XPHLTOY
Aerik (sthn Aerik ap Ellhnik, Ollandik , Agglik, Latinik
dilexan ta Agglik wV epshh glssa tou krtouV touV).
a. LxeiV kaqherinV zwV epikraton panto (qraboV krsiV)
xneV lxeiV arczoun e ellhnikV proqseiV (sun, pro).
b. Episthonik lexilgio
50% episthonikn lxewn coun ellhn. rza
40% episthonikn lxewn coun latinik rza (h glssa twn
orfwnwn wV 19
o
ton aina).
10% diforeV lleV (kurwV Arabik) (p.c. lgebra, alchea, zenq,
nadr, azioqio).
g. Ap ellhnik alfbhto
- Latinik (Dut. Eurph Aerik)
- Kurillik (Anat. Eurph).
d. Onata (topwnia, anqrwponia) p.c. Eurph (ellhnik noa).
Se onata kria den uprcei tso eglh epdrash. To 25% twn
gallikn coun ellhnik rza.
E. EpidrseiV xnwn glwssn se ellhnik
Uprcoun pollV epidrseiV ap diforeV glsseV, exaitaV twn
scsewn (poleikn, eporikn, qrhskeutikn kai llwn) pou
anaptcqhkan kai anaptssontai e llouV laoV. MerikV ttoieV
periptseiV enai:
a) ProellhnikV lxeiV se topwnia se ttoV, -ssoV,
-nqoV, p.c. LukabhttV, erbinqoV (rebqi), skbroV, se lxeiV thV
kaqherinV zwV.
b) persikV ( p.c h lxh satrphV)
g) latinikV (skla, prta, gta). EpshV se lxeiV nautikV orologaV
(p.c. grgoV= se xnouV shanei neoV pou rcetai ap thn Ellda.
Sthn ellhnik shanei NA neoV).
Antidneio = ia lxh cnetai ap glssa sou kai xanrcetai se sna
e llh orf (p.c h lxh oikologa, arcik saine lgoV gia thn
oika, thn pran oi xnoi, llaxan th shasa thV, tra plon shanei
thn episth pou elet thn allhlepdrash twn organisn pnw
ston planth).
d) slabikV, -ba (Arcwba), -ra (Zagor)
4
MARIA CRHSTOU
H.. kotctoi, ccvtu, pouo (cve q cq uoapopouo uaupci ovo otu
cqviku).
c) uuvikc (tu kupiu oiouuu ovoutu a.. Ntuu, Mcq, k.u.).
Hou toaevuiu tq Attikq civui Apuvitiku. O Kouvtoupietq ocv
qcpc kuu cqviku, uu civc apocopo tq cqvikq Aqokputiu.
ot) toupkikc (aououki, ovoutu uqtev, ukev), Lupuq,
Kuuq auaoutoq, tuoi, upuoi, tuouki.
) uikc oqcpu cci tccieoci q caiopuoq tq.
q) uikc video, kupicpu, Iax, internet aupuqo oiktuo
uaooiotev.
St. Kinduneei h ellhnik glssa na caqe;
1
H
POYH
Nui, iuti,
u. Eiooq cvev ccev cvouviu caiopuoq uoeooev aou
ouv oc Euou (tu uaokopiotiku tev ovoutev u civui uiku a..
Nuvou, Muipq, oc uuiu oou iuvc Aiku).
. Aciacviu teciu tq eoou teq q eoou tev vcev,
uivq q eoou tev aoitikev, tev MME, tev caioqev oev tev
oociev, tev ooikev iiev.
. Aaokoaq uao tqv upuiu aupuoooq (cioio, aoutoviko ouotqu,
cieoq epev oiouokuiu Apuiev, cieoq poou ckkqoiu. Avoiu
ckkqoiuotikq eoou. (Lqcpu q caiopuoq ckkqoiu
uvucuevci).
o. Icvikotcpu kupiupiu tou aoitioou tq cikovu (tqcopuoq,
kivqutopuo, video, koik, peu, p.c. k..a) oc upo tou
aoitioou tou oou (oiiu, iio, puq).
O Kopuq kui uoi oioi apotcivuv ku0upcuouou. Hcpuouv oi cci
ku0qqtq, oi oe oi: acpiokciou, okccu.
Yaupci q tuoq apoo0coq v a.. uvouvocp
5
MARIA CRHSTOU
2
H
POYH
u) Avuaocuktq q eooikq uqcaiopuoq.
Euou ikpo cpo tou cioiou u civui cviko q cikto. Akou, q
ouvuq iu eoou civui ouvuptqoq oi ovov tou aupc0ovto, uu
ioie tou aupovto aou cci to uvtiotoio c0vo kui aoitioo.
) Aciacviu Lqcpu oe oi vcoi civui aou aio opecvoi uao tov
auuio kuipo e ouvoo, uou ooi ocoov tccievouv to oocio kui
upuutoouvq otou kute tev 30ctev ocv uaupci oc apuq. Eaiacov
oi vcoi iouv uvuou c to epo kui povo aou piokovtui. Oi
ckuototc vcoi oiuopoaoiouvtui eooiku auvtotc (ioe iu vu
ckvcupioouv tou uou q vu qv tou kutuuuivouv). Acv uaupouv
aiu auvoooi q upuutoi, uu cviku opecvoi. To aupc0ov ocv
qtuv kuutcpo. Bcuiu tu M.M.E. iuvc tuaoaoiqcvu, uu
auuiotcpu iououv cipotcpu.
) H oupovq cqvikq eoou cci ooiotqtc c tqv Apuiu oc
ouvtuq, puutikq, uuqto, uu kui aoc oiuopc (oc
oiuotqutu, aupupuou, ikpu puutu, otiq, uaeciu ateocev,
ckiocev ).
Eaioq oiuopu oc apoopu oi0oev kui oiaev ouevev e
uoikq cciq tq eoou to qtqu civui q oeotq oiouokuiu kui
u0qoq tq vcu cqvikq kupie.
H ku0upcuouou qtuv iu apooau0ciu vu tiuouv iu cvoiucoq
eoou upuiu kui Aqotikq. 1tuv eooiko opuvo, kutuvoqto uao
kooo, aou aopouoc vu putci.
a.. oi oikiu, uu ooaitiov, outiov, oi tq oikiu, Apotcpu oi
ku0upcuouoiuvoi civuv ouvtqpqtikoi. To 1974 o Icepio Puq e
uaoupo auiociu uaouoioc ae caioqq eoou civui q Aqotikq (oc
otputo, oikuioouvq, oociu).
Oi oaououiotcpoi aoiqtc tou ciuv cvq qtpikq eoou (Loeo,
Kuuq).
o) O aoitioo tq cikovu uoikcitui, uv upuktqpictui ovo ctoi,
iuti oc p.c. oiuuci kui iio. O aoitioo cikovu caikuuatci
aoitioo oou (Multimedia cci cou uaou).
AITIA KAI EPIPTSEIS APO TH CRHSH
SUNTOMOGRAFIN STH GLSSA MAS
(PROFORIKH KAI GRAPTH)
6
MARIA CRHSTOU
Atia: - h biasnh kai o lgoV diaqsioV crnoV se sunduas e tiV
pollV upocreseiV aV.
- h pollaplthta twn apascolsewn aV pou aV anagkzei na
droe se poll eppeda.
- h angkh na knoue oikonoa crnou kai na suntoeoue to
crno aV sebenoi to crno twn llwn.
- hsh: ap Aerik kai Eurph rcontai ontla sunteushV
lxewn (NATO).
coue plon arktiklexawV arcik lxewn, suntoografeV,
suntoeseiV, polusllabwn lxewn, exeurwpasneV dqen lxeiV
(surtx, biofr).
SunpeieV: - uioqeton poula na kaqestV aklisaV.
- dusceranoun thn proforik ekfor (G.C.K)
- dhiourgon allkota akosata (PERPA)
- alloinoun auqentikV ellhnikV lxeiV (agrx)
- tenoun na dieqnopoisoun th glssa aV
- kaqiernontai lxeiV pou den katalgoun se anektV katalxeiV,
all teleinoun se p, x
- genik upobaqzetai h poithta tou lgou aV kai sucn
kaqstatai problhatik h sunennhsh, tan oi suntoografeV
den enai diadedoneV.