Concrete Anchorage

By Jason Oakley, P.E.

New Anchorage Design Requirements

Why Cracked Concrete? Structural Requirements (2006 IBC) Anchorage Design Provision (ACI 318 App. D) Design Example Software that helps Evolution of anchorage Code Reports

Why Cracked Concrete?

Stress Concentration

Studies Show

Anchors lose capacity when in a crack

Ex: a crack width of 0.4 mm, losses are are
CIP=25%
1.0

expansion=40%

0.75

TC/TUCC 0.50

adhesives=50%

0.25

0.8 0.4 1.2 1.6 Crack Width (mm)

When & Where to Use Cracked Concrete Anchors

Tension Zone Zone

Any application where seismic

forces are considered
Regardless of location (moderate/severe regions)

What makes an anchor work in CC?

Tri-segmented clip design

Grabs at least 2 sides of crack Distributes loads more uniformly redundancy

2 Teeth per segment

Creates ledges when installed Provides secondary secondary expansion as crack cycles

The code has changed

New Codes have adopted new

design provisions The new test standard addresses anchor performance in cracked concrete
07 CBC 06 IBC ACI 318 - App. D ACI 355.2 AC 308 bonded

AC 193a mechanical/screw

Structural Requirements (2006 IBC)

CIP / Post-installed Mech. Anchors

Per IBC 2006, Section 1911
Allowable Stress Design Approach Applies to castcast-inin-place anchors only Does not apply to postpost-installed anchors Earthquake loads not permitted

CIP / Post-installed Mech. Anchors

Per IBC 2006, Section 1912
Strength Design Approach Covers CIP and postpost-installed mechanical anchor Appendix D referenced Does not cover screw and bonded type anchors

STRUCTURAL

CIP / Post-installed Mech. Anchors

--STRUCTURAL--

Per 2006 IBC, Section 1908.1.16 Concrete

Appendix D modified for SDC C/D/E/F: Anchor steel must have ductile failure mode or Fixture must yield at anchor nominal strength or Design strength = 2.5 x factored forces
non-ductile overstrength factor

STRUCTURAL

Steel Failure

Steel Failure

Steel Failure

Fuse

Fuse

Plastic Hinge Mp

Use over-strength factor

Mu x 2.5

Anchorage Design Provision (ACI 318 App. D)

Anchorage Design Provision (ACI 318 App. D)

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Anchorage Design Provision (ACI 318 App. D)

Appendix D
Strength Based Design Approach

Nn > Nu Vn > Vu

Design Strength > Factored load

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ACI 318-05, Appendix D

Design equations check 6

different failure modes
Steel capacity Tension and Shear Concrete breakout capacity Tension and Shear Pullout/Pull-through capacity Tension only Concrete Pryout Shear only.

ASD method used safety factors

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USD considers the spread of the data

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Concrete Breakout Strength (Tension)

Concrete Breakout Strength (Tension)

100000 80000 60000 40000 20000 0 0 2 4 6 8 10 12

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Concrete Breakout Strength (Tension)

What happens when we get close to an edge?

Concrete Breakout Strength (Tension)

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Concrete Breakout Strength (Tension)

Not considered suppl. Reinf.!!

Concrete Breakout Strength (Tension)

Suppl. Reinf.

(CIP) Only 7 to 20% increase in CBS! (PI)

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Concrete Breakout Strength (Shear)

Concrete Breakout Strength (Shear)

Capacity doubles!

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Concrete Breakout Strength (Shear)

Must use rational engineering judgment:
100 100 100

(1) 5/8 5/8 x 55-1/8 1/8 emb. Shear = 6,800 lbs (2) 5/8 5/8 x 55-1/8 1/8 emb. Shear = 7,025 lbs!!
Treat as one anchor if adjacent anchor is greater than 3 x hef away

Concrete Breakout Strength (Shear)

Flaw of 05 ACI-318 App. D.. h,V (added in 08 ACI 318)

See: Shear Toward a Free Edge paper by Burdette Code fix: h,V = [1.5 x ca1 / ha ]1/2

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Concrete Breakout Strength (Shear)

h,V makes a big difference...... ca1

No h,V ca1 = 160 Include h,V 37.5

Big difference?

Concrete Breakout Strength (Shear)

Btw, lightweight concrete factor is not correct..

Should be 0.6software uses 0.6, not 0.85

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Simple Design Example

Strong Bolt
(ESR(ESR-1771)

Example (STB)

(8d) 5 1 kip @ 45 deg. hef = 4-1/2

5/8 Strong-Bolt CC / SDC F / STRUCTURAL

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Example (Strong-Bolt) TENSION

Steel
Ns = 1 x 0.167 x 125,000 = 21 kips Concrete 0.5 1.5 Nb = 17 x (4,000) 4.5 = 10.3 kips [basic] ed,N = 0.7 + 0.3 x 5 / (1.5 x 4.5) = 0.92 [edge] c,N = 1.0 [cracked] cp,N = 1.0 [does not apply to CC] 2 Anc = (5 + 1.5 x 4.5) x (2 x 1.5 x 4.5) = 159 in [edge] 2 2 ANno = 9 x 4.5 = 182 in [1 anchor; no edge] Ncb = 159/182 x 10.3 x 0.92 x 1.0 x 1.0 = 8.3 kips Pullout 0.7 Npn,cr = 5,200 x (4,000/2,500) = 7.2 kips

Example (Strong-Bolt) TENSION

Steel
Ns = 0.75 x 21 kips = 16 kips [ductile steel] Concrete Ncb = 0.65 x 8.3 kips = 5.4 kips [no supplementary reinf.] Pullout Np = 0.65 x 7.2 kips = 4.7 kips Pullout governs

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Anchor Categories
Example: Anchor A: Reference Test = 10000#
Reliability Test = 8600# w = 0.012 w = 0.020

8600#/10000# = 0.86

0.65 0.55 0.45

Example (Strong-Bolt) SHEAR

Steel
Vsa = 9.7 kips Concrete Vb = 7(4.5/0.625)0.2(0.625)0.5(4,000)0.5(5)1.5 = 5.8 kips ed,V = 1.0 c,V = 1.0 [cracked] 2 AVc = 2 x (1.5 x 5) x (1.5 x 5) = 113 in [edge] 2 2 AVco = 4.5 x 5 = 113 in Vcb = 113 /113 x 1.0 x 1.0 x 5.8 = 5.8 kips Pryout Vcp = 2 x 8.3 = 16.6 kips

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Example (Strong-Bolt) SHEAR

Steel
Vs = 0.65 x 9.7 kips = 6.3 kips [ductile steel] Concrete Vcb = 0.70 x 5.8 kips = 4.1 kips [no supplementary reinf.] Pryout Vp = 0.70 x 16.6 kips = 11.6 kips Concrete governs

Example (Strong-Bolt)

0.75 x Ncb = 0.75 x 4.7 k = 3.5 kips 0.75 x Vcb = 0.75 x 4.1 k = 3.1 kips NDOF 2.5 x 0.707 x Pmax 2.5 x 0.707 x Pmax + = 1.2 3.5 3.1 Pmax = 1.1 kips > 1 kip OK
Pmax 0.707Pmax

0.707Pmax

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Reality Check Time

CC/UCC = 0.65 to 0.8, call it 0.70 Seismic: 0.75 factor (code: SDC C, D, E or F) Then you apply phi factor:
0.65 (cat. 1) What is left? 0.7*0.75*0.65 = 0.34 If we assume 15% COV for CC tests N5%=0.49Navg_ult: 0.34/1.1*0.49 = 0.15*Navg_ult (S.F. = 6.6) Oh, and if its not ductile, divide by 2.5! (S.F. = 16)

Ultimate Strength Design (USD)

4 6

4 Nua

Anchor Software
Tension (lbf) No Edge 4 single edge 4 double edge 3,000 3,000 3,000 Shear (lbf) 1,900 900 550

Vuay x 3-7/8 emb. STB

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Evolution of Anchorage

Bonded Anchors

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In the old days - ASD

****TENSION****
Dia. 5/8 5/8 Emb. 5 5 4-1/2 1/2 Edge 7-1/2 1/2 1-3/4 3/4 2-1/2 1/2 Bonded TCA 6,700 lbs 2,100 lbs 3,300 lbs 3,700 lbs 1,400 lbs

Bonded anchor was dominant!

Bonded anchor evolution

(5/8 dia. x 5 emb. in 4 ksi NWC) Old adhesive New adhesive

ASD TENSION
Critical Edge Min. Edge

prev. prev. ESR (UCC)

8.9 k @ 7.5 7.5 4.3 k @ 1.75 1.75

LARR (UCC)
6.4 k @ 7.5 7.5 3.1 k @ 11-7/8 7/8

New Code/ESR (CC)**

2.1 k @ 12.5 12.5 750 lbs @ 33-1/8 1/8

TCA (CC) **
1.3 k @ 9 9 1.3 k @ 5 5

50% loss

19-D or 1911.2

**2.5 NDOF included

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Double anchor example (AC 308)

Whats the ASD value for a dry, structural connection in CC and SDC C F for (2) ATR x 9 emb.? ASD = 0.65 x [(105 / 74) x 0.98 x 0.95 x 1.0 x 0.19] x 15,200 / 1.1 / 2.5 = 0.65 x 0.25 x 15,200 / 1.1 / 2.5 = 0.059 x 15,200 = 900 lbs [bond strength governs]

Cracked Concrete

compared with single anchor (AC 58)

1.75
Take (1) ATR x 6 emb. @ 1-3/4 What do we get? Live pull test = 10 to 12 kips (steel fails 90% of the time witnessed by almost 1,000 eng./arch./plan checkers, contractors, etc.) 18,556 x 0.59 = 11 kips (coincidence?) ASD (old) = 11 / 4 x 1.33 = 3,650 lbs 3650 lbs vs. 900 lbs. @ the edge @ 3 less emb.
Cracked Concrete

@ the anchors

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Shear walls (ASD / 2006 I.B.C.)

4
5/8 dia. a

Wood
b
a CIP
Max Tension
8 emb

b 8 12 12 8 10 10 8 10 10

Tension 2.7 k 8.9k 1.2k 2.7k 1.7k 2.5k

3-3/4 3/4 12 12 1-3/4 3/4 10 10 6-5/8 5/8 10 10

**

SETSET-XP

41.5 **ductile

8 emb

IXP
6-5/8 5/8 emb

Shear walls (ASD / 2006 I.B.C.)

4
5/8 dia. a

Wood
b
a CIP
Max Tension
8 emb

b 8 12 12 8 10 10 8 10 10

shear 290 plf 960 plf 130 plf 295 plf 190 plf 280 plf

3-3/4 3/4 12 12 1-3/4 3/4 10 10 6-5/8 5/8 10 10

**

SETSET-XP

41.5 **ductile

8 emb

IXP
6-5/8 5/8 emb

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Shear walls (ASD / 2006 I.B.C.)

Titen HD
2,500 psi NWC / CC / USD 567 plf
(140 lbs/bolt!)

1-3/4

THD x 3-1/4 emb.

5 3 typ.

Wood allowable = 1,040 lbs / bolt

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2006 IBC Compliant Code Reports

Current Pending

ESR 1771 (Strong(Strong-Bolt)

Concrete / LWCMD
LWCMD

SET XP

Concrete Concrete Concrete

ESR 2138 (pins) ESR 1772 (SET)

Concrete / Steel / CMU / CMU / URM CMU CMU

Titen HD

Torque Cut

ESR 1056 (Titen HD) ESR 1396 (Wedge(Wedge-All)

Questions

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