Fundamental Principles of Foundation Design

Anthony M. DiGioia Jr., PhD, PE, President DiGioia, Gray and Associates, LLC
IEEE TP&C Subcommittee Meeting Orlando, Florida January 8 11, 2007

Foundation Design Requires a Blending of Soil/Foundation Interaction Modeling and Engineering Judgment

Foundation Design Process

CONTRACT DRAWINGS AND SPECIFICATIONS CONSTRUCTION MONITORING AND AS-BUILT INFORMATION

INPUT DATA

FOUNDATION DESIGN

Input Data

SUBSURFACE INVESTIGATION

Input Data
GEOLOGY STUDY PAST SUBSURFACE INVESTIGATIONS

SUBSURFACE INVESTIGATION

Input Data
GEOLOGY STUDY PAST SUBSURFACE INVESTIGATIONS

SUBSURFACE INVESTIGATION

STRUCTURE TYPES
(Lattice Towers, Poles, H-Frames, Etc.)

AND ROLE
(Tangent, Runing Angle, Dead End, Etc.)

Input Data
GEOLOGY STUDY PAST SUBSURFACE INVESTIGATIONS

SUBSURFACE INVESTIGATION

MODE OF FOUNDATION LOADS

(Moment, Horizontal, Uplift, Compression and Combinations) STRUCTURE TYPES
(Lattice Towers, Poles, H-Frames, Etc.)

AND ROLE
(Tangent, Runing Angle, Dead End, Etc.)

Input Data

SINGLE POLE STRUCTURES

Input Data

LATTICE TOWER (FOUR-LEGGED) STRUCTURES

Input Data

H-FRAME STRUCTURES

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Input Data
GEOLOGY STUDY PAST SUBSURFACE INVESTIGATIONS

NUMBER, TYPE AND LOCATION OF BORINGS

SUBSURFACE INVESTIGATION MODE OF FOUNDATION LOADS

(Moment, Horizontal, Uplift, Compression and Combinations)

STRUCTURE TYPES
(Lattice Towers, Poles, H-Frames, Etc.)

AND ROLE
(Tangent, Runing Angle, Dead End, Etc.)

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Input Data
GEOLOGY STUDY NUMBER, TYPE AND LOCATION OF BORINGS SUBSURFACE INVESTIGATION PAST SUBSURFACE INVESTIGATIONS

LINE DESIGN CRITERIA

Line Reliability Issues Component Reliability Issues

MODE OF FOUNDATION LOADS

(Moment, Horizontal, Uplift, Compression and Combinations)

STRUCTURE TYPES
(Lattice Towers, Poles, H-Frames, Etc.)

AND ROLE
(Tangent, Runing Angle, Dead End, Etc.)

12

Input Data
GEOLOGY STUDY NUMBER, TYPE AND LOCATION OF BORINGS SUBSURFACE INVESTIGATION PAST SUBSURFACE INVESTIGATIONS

LINE DESIGN CRITERIA

Line Reliability Issues Component Reliability Issues

MODE OF FOUNDATION LOADS

(Moment, Horizontal, Uplift, Compression and Combinations)

STRUCTURE TYPES
(Lattice Towers, Poles, H-Frames, Etc.)

AND ROLE
(Tangent, Runing Angle, Dead End, Etc.)

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How should you approach obtaining subsurface information and geotechnical design parameters?
PI1

GEOTECHNICAL ISSUES
SOIL TYPES

PI3 PI2

ROCK TYPES DEPTH TO GROUND WATER DEPTH TO ROCK

PI4

PI5

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How should you approach obtaining subsurface information and geotechnical design parameters?
PI1

STRUCTURE ISSUES
STRUCTURE TYPES

PI2

PI3 STRUCTURE ROLES

PERFORMANCE CRITERIA RELIABILITY LEVEL

PI4

PI5

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 Free-Standing Lattice Tower; Concrete Spread Footings;

Frustrum Design Method

U H
Ws Wc Ws GWL

What geotechnical data do we need?

All cohesive soil All cohesionless soil Layered soil conditions
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 Free-Standing Lattice Tower; Concrete Spread Footings;

Side Friction Design Method

U H
Ws Wc Ws

GWL

What geotechnical data do we need?

All cohesive soil All cohesionless soil Layered soil conditions
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 Free-Standing Lattice Tower; Drilled Shaft;

Cylindrical Shear Design Method

U

What geotechnical data do we need?

All cohesive soil All cohesionless soil Layered soil conditions

H
Wc

GWL

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 Tubular Steel Pole; Drilled Shaft;

Hansen Design Method

What geotechnical data do we need?

All cohesive soil All cohesionless soil Layered soil conditions

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Foundation Design Process

CONTRACT DRAWINGS AND SPECIFICATIONS CONSTRUCTION MONITORING AND AS-BUILT INFORMATION

INPUT DATA

FOUNDATION DESIGN

20

Foundation Design Process

CONSTRUCTION MONITORING AND AS-BUILT INFORMATION

INPUT DATA

FOUNDATION DESIGN
ASCE MANUAL 74 RBD METHOD

CONTRACT DRAWINGS AND SPECIFICATIONS

21

ASCE Manual 74 Reliability-Based Design (RBD) Method

The ASCE Method allows the designer to: Consider the variability of loadings. Consider the variability of component strength. Vary reliability levels between lines. Vary reliability levels between line components.
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The Load Resistance Factor Design (LRFD) equation presented in Section 1 of Manual 74 for weather-related (reliability based) loads is as follows:
CRe > effect of [DL + Q50] in which: C = strength (resistance) factor which can be selected to adjust the reliability of the component; Re = the e-th % design strength for the component; DL = dead load effect in the component; = load factor applied to the live load effect Q50; Q50 = load effect produced by combinations of wind velocity, ice thickness, and/or temperature, which has a 50-year return period
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(1)

Load Factors to Adjust Line Reliability by Factor LRF

Line Reliability Factor (LRF) Load Factor, Load Return Period - RP (years) 1 2 4 8 1.4

1.0 1.15 1.3 50

100 200 400

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Strength Factors to Adjust Component Reliability by Factor CRF for Strength Exclusion Limit, e of 5 to 10%
Component Reliability Factor (CRF) CRF, C, for COVR = 10-20% CRF, C, for COVR = 30% CRF, C, for COVR = 40% CRF, C, for COVR = 50%

1 1.00 1.05 1.09 1.11

2 0.85 0.87 0.88 0.90

4 0.73 0.76 0.77 0.75

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NOTE: COVR = Coefficient of Variation of Resistance

Foundation Design Process

CONTRACT DRAWINGS AND SPECIFICATIONS CONSTRUCTION MONITORING AND AS-BUILT INFORMATION

INPUT DATA

FOUNDATION DESIGN
ASCE MANUAL 74 RBD METHOD

FOUNDATION DESIGN MODEL SELECTION & CALIBRATION

26

Hansen Design Model

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Calibration of Hansen Design Model

TP3 Revised, 4-in criteria Drilled Shafts Under Drained Moment 20 Tests Lognormal PDF

6000

Constant COV m

5000

least squares fit

y = mm X y = 1.242 X

Test Strength - Y (kip-ft)

4000

3000

2000

RT5 = 0.75 Rn 5 = 0.75

1000

0 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 Predicted Nominal Strength - X (kip-ft)

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MFAD Design Model

The Schematic Four-Spring Model in MFAD

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Calibration of MFAD Design Model

TP3 Revised, 4-in criteria Drilled Shafts Under Drained Moment 20 Tests Lognormal PDF

7000

6000

Constant COV m least squares fit

y = mm X y = 0.929 X 5000 Test Strength - Y (kip-ft)

4000

3000

2000

RT5 = 0.60 Rn 5 = 0.60

1000

0 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 Predicted Nominal Strength - X (kip-ft)

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CAISSON Design Model

31

Calibration of CAISSON Design Model

TP3 Revised, 4-in criteria Drilled Shafts Under Drained Moment 20 Tests Lognormal PDF
6000

5000

Constant COV m least squares fit

y = mm X y = 1.017 X Test Strength - Y (kip-ft) 4000

3000

2000

1000

RT5 = 0.42 Rn 5 = 0.42

0 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 Predicted Nominal Strength - X (kip-ft)

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Summary of Calibration Statistics and Strength Factor Data

5 (Lognormal PDF)

Design Model Hansen MFAD CAISSON

n 20 20 20

mm 1.24 0.93 1.02

COVm(%) 28.9 24.9 49.9

0.75 0.60 0.42

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Foundation Design Process

INPUT DATA FOUNDATION DESIGN CONTRACT DRAWINGS AND SPECIFICATIONS CONSTRUCTION MONITORING AND AS-BUILT INFORMATION

ASCE MANUAL 74 RBD METHOD

FOUNDATION DESIGN MODEL SELECTION & CALIBRATION

LABORATORY TESTING PROGRAM

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Laboratory Testing Program

COHESIVE SOILS
Total Density Moisture Content Undrained Shear Strength Modulus of Deformation

COHESIONLESS SOILS
Total Density Moisture Content Angle of Internal Friction Compaction Characteristics Modulus of Deformation
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Engineering Property Correlations Cohesionless Soils

36

Engineering Property Correlations Cohesive Soils

37

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Foundation Design Process

INPUT DATA FOUNDATION DESIGN ASCE MANUAL 74 RBD METHOD FOUNDATION DESIGN MODEL SELECTION & CALIBRATION LABORATORY TESTING PROGRAM CONTRACT DRAWINGS AND SPECIFICATIONS CONSTRUCTION MONITORING AND AS-BUILT INFORMATION

SELECTION OF GEOTECHNICAL DESIGN PARAMETERS

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Selection of Geotechnical Design Parameters

BORING LOG

SUMMARY of LAB TEST RESULTS

SUMMARY of SELECTED GEOTECHNICAL DESIGN PARAMETERS

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Selection of Geotechnical Design Parameters

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Foundation Design Process

INPUT DATA FOUNDATION DESIGN ASCE MANUAL 74 RBD METHOD FOUNDATION DESIGN MODEL SELECTION & CALIBRATION LABORATORY TESTING PROGRAM SELECTION OF GEOTECHNICAL DESIGN PARAMETER CONTRACT DRAWINGS AND SPECIFICATIONS CONSTRUCTION MONITORING AND AS-BUILT INFORMATION

FOUNDATION DESIGN

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Foundation Design Process

Laterally Loaded Drilled Shaft
M50 =1000 kip-ft
ll = ll = ll ll = ll

Groundwater level at surface Stiff to very stiff clay T =120 pcf su = 2.0 ksf

D=?

5 FT

Using the reliability-based design approach, determine D for the Hansen, MFAD and CAISSON design methods.
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Foundation Design Process

Laterally Loaded Drilled Shaft

Lognormal PDF
Design Model Hansen MFAD CAISSON 5 0.75 0.60 0.42 The Required Nominal Design Moment Capacity (1) 1333 1667 2381

(1) The nominal design capacity moment required = M50/5

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Foundation Design Process

Nominal Moment Capacity (Mn) Versus Embedment Depth
3000 2900 2800 2700 2600 2500 2400 2300 2200 2100 2000 1900 1800 1700 1600 1500 1400 1300 1200 1100 1000 10.0 10.5 11.0 11.5 12.0 12.5 13.0 13.5 14.0

Nominal Moment Capacity (kip-ft)

CAISSON

Mn =2381 k-ft MFAD

Mn =1667 k-ft

HANSEN

Mn =1333 k-ft

Embedment Depth (ft)

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Foundation Design Process

Design Moment Capacity (5Mn) Versus Embedment Depth
2000 1900 1800 1700

CAISSON MFAD HANSEN

D esign M om ent C apacity 5M n (kip-ft)

1600 1500 1400 1300 1200 1100 1000 900 800 700 600 500 400 300 200 100 0 10.0 10.5 11.0 11.5 12.0 12.5 13.0 13.5 14.0 14.5 15.0 15.5 16.0

Embedment Depth (ft)

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Summary
FOUNDATION DESIGN REQUIRES A BLENDING
SOIL/FOUNDATION INTERACTION MODELING ENGINEERING JUDGEMENT

A WELL-PLANNED SUBSURFACE INVESTIGATION IS CRITICAL IMPLEMENTATION OF THE RBD METHOD IN ASCE MANUAL 74 IS RECOMMENDED CALIBRATING FOUNDATION DESIGN METHODS PROVIDES A RATIONAL DESIGN FRAMEWORK FOR DEVELOPING STRENGTH FACTORS FIELD INSPECTION OF CONSTRUCTION AND GEOTECHNICAL PARAMETER CONFIRMATION ARE CRITICAL

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