Coc Khoan Nhoi Vung Casto

GS.TS.Nguyn vit Trung, Th.S.
Nguyn tun Anh

CC KHOAN NHI TRONG VNG C HANG NG CAST
GS. TS. NGUYN VIT TRUNG (Ch bin) ThS. NGUYN TUN ANH, KS . L QUANG HANH
NH XUT BN XY DNG
H NI THNG 11-2004
GS.TS.Nguyn vit Trung, Th.S. Nguyn tun Anh

CHNG M U
Trong nhng nm gn y, cng vi s pht trin ca cc cng trnh xy dng quy m ln, mng cc khoan nhi ngy cng tr thnh mt hnh thc mng su c dng nhiu cho cc cng trnh xy dng, giao thng, thu li, cng nghip, nh cao tng v c bit l trong cc cng trnh cu. S d vic p dng cc khoan nhi trong xy dng cu ng t nc ta pht trin mnh ch yu v cc khoan nhi c cc u im c bn nh: Thit b n gin, thi cng d dng, u t t v c bit l bin cc cng vic thi cng di nc tr thnh thi cng trn mt nc, n ph hp vi thc t ca Vit Nam. S dng cc khoan nhi y nhanh c tin thi cng, c tc dng ln trong vic h gi thnh xy dng cu. u nhng nm 90, Vit Nam ln u tin ngnh xy dng cu ng dng cng ngh cc khoan nhi ng knh F1.4m h su 30m khi thi cng cu Vit Tr. T n nay cng ngh thi cng cc khoan nhi c pht trin rt nhanh. Chng ta lm ch cng ngh thi cng cc ng knh t 1 2m h su trong t t 40 60m, thm ch su n 80 100 m. Cc khoan nhi hin nay c th ni l gii php ch yu gii quyt k thut mng su, trong cc iu kin a cht t yu hoc a cht phc tp, c bit l trong vng hang ng cast. Qua my chc nm p dng, thng qua vic nghin cu, th nghim, tng kt, chng ta c c Quy trnh Thit k mng cc 22TCN-21-86 trong c quy nh vic thit k cc khoan nhi, Quy trnh Thi cng v Nghim thu cc khoan nhi 22TCN-257-2000. Chng ta c phng php tnh ton kh nng chu ti thng ng v nm ngang ca cc khoan nhi ni chung, nhng cc tham s xc nh kh nng chu ti ca cc khoan nhi trong vng c hang ng cast th n nay vn cha c tng kt.
1. Cc u khuyt im ca cc khoan nhi :
Trong nn t dng cc loi my khoan khoan thnh cc l c ng knh v su nht nh, sau th lng ct thp v b tng to thnh cc th c gi l cc khoan nhi. a. Cc khoan nhi c cc u im sau: (1) iu kin p dng rt ph bin: Cc khoan nhi c th p dng rng ri vi cc loi t nn nh: t st, t ct, t si sn, t si cui, phong ho, nguyn khi. Thch hp vi cc loi kt cu cu nh: Dm gin n, dm lin tc, cu vm, cu khung... C th thi cng c c ch nc su. (2) Thit b thi cng n gin: Cc thit b thi cng d ch to, thm ch cn c th dng cc my khoan thm d a cht. Cc loi thit b ln tng i t nn cc n v thi cng cu d u t mua sm thit b. (3) Dng kt cu m tr cu n gin: C th dng kt cu m tr mt hng cc, thi cng n gin, c th trnh vic thi cng di nc. i vi mt s cng trnh cn trnh nh hng n cc cng trnh ln cn xy dng hoc khu vc dn c ng c th cc khoan nhi rt thch hp.

(4) Gi thnh h: Tit kim kinh ph xy dng. (5) Trong qu trnh thi cng vn c th tip tc kim tra a tng: C th cn c theo cu to a tng v yu cu thit k iu chnh chiu di v ng knh cc. Khng b hn ch bi cc iu kin v xe cn trc v vn chuyn. Cc u im trn c ngha rt ln i vi vic thi cng cu. Vic s dng kt cu mng cc khoan nhi trong cu ng t y nhanh tin thi cng r rt. V d nh cu ng Kinh ch trong 15 ngy thi cng xong 10 cc c ng knh 1000mm di 15m xuyn vo nn vi c nhiu hang ng. Hu ht cc cu ln thi cng c hng nc ta trong vi nm gn y u dng mng cc khoan nhi. Cu Hong Long, cu Ph ng, cu sng Gianh thi cng nhanh cng nh p dng kt cu mng cc khoan nhi. c bit cu Cn Th sp xy dng s c mong cc khoan nhi su n xp x 100m s l mt bc tin mi trong xy dng nc ta.
So snh cc khoan nhi vi mt s kt cu mng khc
Loi mng
o trn
Hng mc Dng cho vng nc cn. i vi vng nc su rt kh thi cng.
Ging chm
Dng cho cc loi t, nc su vn dng c. Gp mt nghing thi cng rt kh khn Thit b t, n gin, cn bm cao p, my nn kh. Ging chm tn nhiu vt liu.
Cc ng
Kch thc v chiu di cc nh. Gp , si cui khng dng c. Chiu di cc hn ch. Thit b ng cc ln, cn nhiu my phc tp. Dng nhiu ct thp.
Cc ng
Thch hp vi cc loi t, . ng knh v chiu di cc ln. Khng b l thnh Thit b rt phc tp, my rung, cn trc ln. Dng nhiu thp hn mt bch. Gi thnh rt cao.
Cc khoan nhi
thch hp ln: cc loi t , kt cu, chiu su nc... u dng c. Thit b thi cng tng i n gin. Dng thp t, vt liu cho thi cng t. Gi thnh thp.
Phm vi thch hp
Yu cu thit b Vt liu xy dng Gi thnh
Thit b rt t Di y b khng cn vt liu. Rt thp Nc cn thi cng rt nhanh, nc su thi cng chm. Ch p dng c khi nc
Gi thnh c Gi thnh xp th gp 23 x hoc cao hn ln cc khoan cc khoan nhi. nhi. Thi cng rt chm, c bit khi y mng t trn nn . Khng p dng c, ging d b Khi t nn kh, tin thi cng chm. Khng ng c cc vo
Tin thi cng Vng c hang cast
Tin thi cng nhanh.
Tin thi cng tng i nhanh. C kh khn trong thi cng.
p dng c nhng gi

cn.
nghing.
vi.
thnh cao.
b. Mt s nhc im ca cc khoan nhi: (1) Tc nghip ti hin trng nhiu, kh thi cng theo cc phng php lp ghp, cng xng ho. (2) Cn dng nhiu n lao ng chn tay. Cht lng cc ph thuc rt nhiu vo trnh v kinh nghim ca cng nhn. (3) Sau khi cc c xong, cng tc kim tra nh gi cht lng cc tng i kh khn. (4) Qu trnh thi cng cn tn ti mt s vn kh x l nh: St l thnh vch, ra l khoan, mt dung dch trong l khoan...
2. Phm vi p dng:
(1) Chiu su nc v lu tc: Cc khoan nhi thi cng trn b v vng nc cn rt ph bin, cn i vi vic thi cng di nc th cc khoan nhi cng rt hiu qu. Trc mt vi chiu su nc ti 9m ta vn c kh nng thi cng. Vi cc phng php thi cng cc khoan nhi hin nay th vi lu tc nc ti 3m/sec v chiu su ti 5 6m cng c th thi cng c. (2) Nc c p lc v chnh lch mt h: Ti H Ni cng c tng ct chy (nc c p lc), chng ta cng thi cng xong hng lot cc khoan nhi c ng knh D = 800, 1000 v 1200mm dng cho cc nh cao tng. cc hang cast sng cng thng gp hin tng nc c p lc. Gp trng hp nc c p lc cn tnh ton k chiu cao ct nc tm bin php khc phc. Tt nht phi c thit b gi n nh chiu cao ct nc trong ng vch. (3) Cc loi t: Cc khoan nhi c th p dng cho cc loi t . Khi gp vi c hang cast cn c bit ch su v kch thc ca hang. Khi gp t nn c gc ni ma st nh hn 12 cn c bit lu hin tng l thnh vch. (4) Loi cc khoan nhi:Cc ma st thng c p dng ph bin, chiu di cc hin nay ti Vit Nam t n 87m (mng cu Lc Qun). Khi tng ph mng v chiu su xi ln th dng cc chng l hp l nht. Cc khoan nhi trong vng vi th d su bao nhiu cng nn coi l cc chng. Vi cc chng th nn b qua kh nng chu ti theo ma st ca lp t ph. Ngoi ra trong tng t ph nu c lp t yu th phi ch xt n ma st m.
3. Mt s cng trnh in hnh s dng cc khoan nhi trong vng cast :
i vi Vit Nam, c im a hnh ch yu l i ni (chim n 3/4 din tch). Trong vi c coi l mt ti nguyn khong sn ln th 2 chu ,

sau Trung Quc vi gn 6000 km2 l din, chim gn 20% din tch c nc (ti liu ca VIBEKAP). Chng ta c cc hang ng ni ting nh ng Phong Nha (Qung Bnh) vi h thng sng ngm di hng trm cy s, ng Ha Bnh... Vic x l nn mng cng trnh qua khu vc ny l mt vn rt kh khn, trong gii php cc khoan nhi l s la chn hiu qu nht. Mt s cng trnh tiu biu nh : Mng tr cu ng Kinh (Lng Sn ) s dng cc khoan nhi ng knh 100 cm, di 10 15 m, kh nng chu ti ca cc 500 600 tn. Cc xuyn qua a tng c hang ng cast, chn cc ta trn nn vi, thi cng bng my khoan GPS 1500 ca Trung Quc. Mng tr cu Non Nc (Ninh Bnh) s dng cc khoan nhi ng knh 1.5m, cc di 40 60m, kh nng chu ti ca cc 910 950 tn. Cc xuyn qua a tng c hang ng cast, chn cc ta trn nn vi, thi cng bng my khoan Leffer. Mng m tr cu Bc trn Quc l 10, s dng mng cc khoan nhi ng knh 1.5 v 2m. Cc xuyn qua a tng hang cast (c c hang cast sng v cast cht), thi cng bng my khoan QJ250-1. Mng m tr cu B (Ho Bnh) s dng cc khoan nhi ng knh 1.5m. Cc xuyn qua a tng hang cast sng, qu trnh khoan thng xuyn b mt dung dch, s dng my khoan BAUER. Mng nh my xi mng Tam ip do an Mch thit k v gim st thi cng, s dng hng trm cc khoan nhi ng knh 100 125 cm. Ton b nh my nm trn khu vc hang ng cast. Mng m tr cu Hong Long (Thanh Ho) s dng cc khoan nhi ng knh 2m xuyn qua a tng hang cast. Trong qu trnh khoan to l s dng kt hp 2 loi thit b: my khoan gu xoay ED 4000 khoan tng t, sau dng my khoan theo nguyn l tun hon ngc TRC khoan tip vo tng gc. Mng nh my xi mng Hi Phng hin ang thi cng, s dng cc khoan nhi ng knh D = 1m 1.25m, khi lng cc rt ln. Cc cc u xuyn qua a tng hang cast rt phc tp. c bit ng H Ch Minh giai on I vt qua khu vc Qung Bnh gm 2 nhnh (nhnh ng v nhnh Ty). Trong nhnh Ty i trn nh h thng hang ng Phong Nha. Cc cu xy dng khu vc ny u s dng kt cu mng cc khoan nhi xuyn qua a tng hang ng cast. Tiu biu nh: Cu Troc (B Trch - Qung Bnh): S dng mng cc khoan nhi ng knh D = 80 cm, sc chu ti ca cc 420 450 tn. Chiu di cc thay i t 18 28m. Trong b dy lp t ph khong 8m, cn li l vi phong ho nt n, hang rnh cast, c hang vm cao 2.4m. S dng my khoan p cp CZ-30 ca Trung Quc. Gi thnh h khoan bng ng vch, vic khoan cc gp rt nhiu kh khn. Cu Tr Ang (B Trch- Qung Bnh): S dng mng cc khoan nhi ng knh D = 100 cm . Sc chu ti ca cc 500 600 tn. Chiu di cc thay i D = 19 39 m. B dy tng t lp ph khong 8 10m. Cn li l vi nt n, hang

rnh cast, c nhng cc vt qua 2 3 tng hang. S dng my khoan GPS v p cp CZ-30 ca Trung Quc, gi thnh l khoan bng ng vch thp. Vic khoan cc rt kh khn, mt rt nhiu thi gian, c cc khoan n 6 thng. Cu Vnh Sn (B Trch - Qung Bnh) thuc nhnh ng ng H Ch Minh: S dng kt cu cc khoan nhi ng knh D = 1 m (m 5 cc, tr 4 cc), khi khoan kim tra mn u cc pht hin bn di mi cc l hang ng cast (trn vm hang cn khong 1 m ), phi x l mt nhiu thi gian .
4. H thng quy trnh, quy phm thit k, thi cng v nghim thu cc khoan nhi:
B GTVT v B Xy dng ban hnh mt s tiu chun lin quan n cng tc kho st, thit k thi cng v nghim thu cc khoan nhi nh : - Quy trnh khoan thm d a cht cng trnh 22 TCN 259-2000 . - Mng cc - Tiu chun thit k 20 TCN 21 - 86. - Cc khoan nhi - Yu cu v cht lng thi cng TCXD 206 - 1998 . - Tiu chun thi cng v nghim thu cc cng tc v nn mng TCXD 791980. - Tiu chun thi cng v nghim thu cc khoan nhi 22 TCN 257 - 2000. - Tiu chun thit k cu 22 TCN 18 - 79. - Tiu chun thit k cu 22 TCN 272-2001. - Quy trnh th nghim ch tiu c l ca nn 22 TCN 57 - 84. Trong cc quy trnh quy phm trn, cha c mt ti liu no ch dn chi tit v vic kho st thit k i vi cc cng trnh t trn vng a cht c hang ng cast. Trc bc xc trong vic gii quyt cc vn lin quan n cc s c trong thi cng cc khoan nhi cc cu trn ng H Ch Minh i qua khu vc hang ng cast. B GTVT c vn bn s 351/GTVT-CG ngy 12 thng 2 nm 2001 hng dn qu trnh kho st thit k v thi cng cc cng trnh trn tuyn ng H Ch Minh trong vng a cht c hang ng cast, trong khi ch ban hnh chnh thc Hng dn chi tit quy nh kho st thit k, thi cng cc khoan nhi trong vng hang ng Cast. Tuy nhin ni dung ca cng vn ny cng cha a ra cc bin php c th nhm khc phc cc s c pht sinh trong qu trnh thi cng cng nh nguyn tc thit k cc khoan nhi trong vng hang ng cast. Mt trong cc vn quan tm hin nay l cc gii php x l trong qu trnh thi cng cc trong vng hang ng cast. Vi cc gii php nh vy th vic tnh ton sc chu ti ca cc s theo m hnh tnh tan no cho ph hp thc t. Vn tng kt cc kinh nghim thit k v thi cng cc khoan nhi trong vng hang ng cast l rt cn thit. Trong tI liu ny s c gng a ra mt s kin bc u v vn ny.

CHNG I TNG QUAN V CC S C THNG GP KHI THI CNG CC KHOAN NHI TRONG VNG HANG NG CAST
c im cng ngh thi cng cc khoan nhi l khoan to l trong nn t, gi n nh vch h khoan bng ng vch, dung dch bentonit. Sau tin hnh c cc theo phng php b tng trong nc. Do vy c rt nhiu yu t nh hng n qu trnh thi cng v c th thng xy ra rt nhiu s c, c khi nh hng xu n cht lng cc khoan nhi. Cc mng cc khoan nhi xy dng trong vng a cht c hang ng cast c nhng kh khn ring bit v nhng s c ring, ngoI nhng sc nh cc cc khoan nhi thng thng Trc tin, xin gii thiu vi nt v hin tng cast.
I/ HIN TNG CAST:
I.1 Khi nim:
Khi vi, lmit, phn, macn, thch cao, anhirit, mui m v mui kali b nc trn mt v nc di t ho tan v ra la th trn mt t hnh thnh nhng phu, nhng h st cng nhng dng khc ca a hnh, cn bn trong t l nhng ch trng, khe rnh v hang kiu loi. Ngi ta gi tt c nhng loi hnh trn mt v di t c to nn bng cch nh vy l cast. Hang cast thng c nhng vng nn vi b ho tan trong nc nh cacbonat, sunfat, mui m v mui kali. Cast khng th to thnh c cc loi t khc. Ngoi ra hang cast c th hnh thnh do cu to a tng (v d nh Lng Sn).
I.2 Cc loi hnh trn mt v di su ca cast:
Theo N.A Gvzetxky (1972) nhn xt rng nhng loi hnh cast trn mt gm c: G v rnh, khe hm v mng xi khng cn hot ng, mng cast, lng cho, bi thp, l ca ming ging, l h rng v vc t nhin, vch dng ng v dc, hang l thin v li vo hang ngm... Tt c nhng loi hnh u l nhng yu t quan trng ca cnh quan cast. i vi cng tc thit k nn v mng cng trnh th cc dng ngm cast (rnh, ng thng thng, nhiu tng hang...) c ngha c bit, bi v c cu hang ngm rt phc tp v cu trc bn trong ca b cast ho cng vy. C nhiu cch phn loi hang ngm cast

nhng cch phn loi sau c ngha thc t nht i vi vic thit k nn mng cng trnh: l hang cast sng v cast cht. - Cast sng: l cc hang hc cast, rnh, mch ngm... vn ang trong qu trnh cast ho, tc l vn c nc tch t hoc lu thng trong hang, rnh, tip tc ho tan pht trin h thng hang, rnh ny. Biu hin l trong lng hang c th l mch nc hoc bn st, hu c... - Cast cht: l h thng hang, rnh mng kt thc qu trnh cast ho, biu hin l trong lng hang, mng, rnh... kh hoc c nht y t, .
I.3 Thit k v xy dng cng trnh vng c cast:
S tn ti cast mt vng no bao gi cng chng t rng c th mt tnh lin khi v n nh, thm nc ca tng ln, mc sng nc thng rt ln. V vy, vic thit k v xy dng cc cng trnh vng cast bao gi cng phi da trn kt qu nghin cu a cht cng trnh chi tit hn so vi cc vng khng c cast. Trong cc ti liu nghin cu nh vy, phi nhn xt v nh gi c cc vn sau vi mc chi tit tng ng vi tng giai on kho st v thit k cng trnh: (1) Chiu su v th nm ca b ho tan k t mt t, a hnh ca b mt . Chiu dy, thnh phn v tnh cht ca cc trm tch ph. (2) Chiu dy ca cc b ho tan, mc cast ho, s phn b khng gian ca cc loi hnh cast trn mt v di su, nh hng ca chng ti s n nh chung ca khu vc. (3) Phm vi chu nn ca cng trnh ang thit k, kch thc lan rng ca phm vi trong b cast ho, kh nng chu ti ca ny cng nh ca cc trm tch ph. (4) thm nc v giu nc ca b cast ho, chiu su, th nm ca mc nc cast, ct nc c p khi thit k cc cng trnh t mng su, cng trnh ngm. (5) Cng pht trin ca cast, cc dng, loi hnh v tn s xut hin cast, nguyn nhn v iu kin thc y n pht trin. (6) Nhng nguyn tc v phng php ang c p dng xy dng v m bo s n nh ca cc cng trnh trn c s c rt kinh nghim xy dng v khai thc nhiu cng trnh trong khu vc ang nghin cu. (7) Xc nh c b dy ca vi nguyn khi di chn cc d kin. (8) Bin php x l hang cast phm vi thn cc. (9) Xc nh c hang cast do hnh thnh ti ch hay do cu to a tng. Hang cast cn pht trin hay n nh. Sau y s trnh by mt s s c gp mt s cu s dng kt cu mng cc nhi qua vng hang ng cast.
I.4 V d v hin trng cast nh my xi mng Tam ip:

Nh my xi mng Tam ip (Ninh Bnh) do an Mch thit k v gim st thi cng. Mng s dng kt cu cc khoan nhi. Ton b kt cu mng s dng khong gn mt nghn cc. Trc khi khoan cc nhi, t vn gim st cho khoan kim tra cast ti tim mi cc. Ti liu khoan kim tra cast ti 175 cc do Cng ty T vn xy dng cng trnh thu I thi cng cho kt qu nh sau:
Hnh 1: Nh my xi mng Tam ip

k h o a n k i m t r a k a r s t e r t m c c n h i
c n g t r n h : n h m y x i m n g t a m i p - n in h b n h
Hnh tr l khoan 19
l khoan:
LK19
To l k h o a n : T l : 1/ 200
X: Y:
M c n - c d - i t : Ng y k h i c n g : Ng y h o n t h n h :
Xu t h i n : n n h :
m m
Ca o l k h o a n : 51.910 m L t r n h :
15/8/2001
Cao y lp (m)
su y lp (m)
B dy lp (m)
K hiu lp
Tr ct h o
M t a tng
S hiu mu su mu (m)
1
47.62 4.29
4.29
S t pha l n d m s n. Trng th i do cng.
8.21
vi mu x m xa nh phong ho nt n m nh, xut hin nhi u ha ng, rnh Karster -c l p nh t bn s t.
Mu l-u 4.29-21.60
39.41 38.61 38.41 37.51 37.11 36.71
12.50 13.30 13.50 14.40 14.80 15.20
0.80 0.20 0.90 0.40 0.40
>6.40
vi mu x m xa nh li n khi. Cng ch c.
30.31
21.60
10

k h o a n k i m t r a k a r s t e r t m c c n h i
c n g t r n h : n h m y x i m n g t a m i p - n in h b n h
Hnh tr l khoan 68
l khoan:
LK68
To l k h o a n : T l : 1/ 200
X: Y:
m m
Ca o l k h o a n : 51.790 m L t r n h :
14/11/2001
Cao y lp (m)
su y lp (m)
B dy lp (m)
K hiu lp
Tr ct h o
M t a tng
S hiu mu su mu (m)
15.68
S t pha l n d m s n. Tr ng th i d o cng.
36.11 34.99 34.19 33.19 31.59 30.49 29.09
15.68 16.80 17.60 18.60 20.20 21.30 22.70
1.12 0.80 1.00 1.60 1.10 1.40
2
27.59 24.20
1.50
vi m u x m xa nh phong ho nt n m nh, xu t hi n nhi u ha ng, r nh Ka rs te r -c l p nh t bn s t.
Mu l-u
3.40 24.19 27.60 1.80 22.39 29.40 2.90 19.49 32.30
15.68-39.00
>6.70
vi m u x m xa nh li n khi. Cng ch c.
12.79
39.00
11

Hi n tr n g C a s t n h m y Xi m n g Ta m i p 1 7
Khng c ha ng Ca s t C 1 t ng Ca s t C 5 t ng Ca s t C 2 t ng Ca s t C 4 t ng Ca s t C 3 t ng Ca s t
1 34
21
111
- 111 cc (chim 63%) khng c hin tng cast. - 34 cc (chim 19%) xuyn qua 1 tng hang cast. - 21 cc (chim 12%) xuyn qua 2 tng hang cast. - 7 cc (chim 4%) xuyn qua 3 tng hang cast. - 1 cc (chim 0.6%) xuyn qua 4 tng hang cast. - 1 cc (chim 0.6%) xuyn qua 5 tng hang cast. Hang cast c chiu cao vm t 0.3 3.2m. Trong s 99 hang cast trn c 77 hang cast sng (trong cha nc hoc bn nho) chim 78%, cn li l hang cast cht. C th ni cu trc a tng trong vng ni vi ca Vit Nam nh Ho Bnh, Ninh Bnh, Thanh Ho, Qung Bnh... rt phc tp. Cho nn vic thit k cc kt cu nn mng cng trnh xy dng trn khu vc ny cn phi c bit ch trng n cng tc kho st a cht, nhm a ra cc gii php mng thch hp.
II/ MT S V D C TH V S C MNG CU DNG CC KHOAN NHI TRONG VNG HANG CAST
II.1. Cu Troc:
II.1.1 Gii thiu chung:
12

Hnh 2: Cu Troc - ng HCM Cu Troc nm u tuyn ng H Ch Minh (nhnh Ty), cu bc qua sng Troc thuc a phn huyn B Trch - Qung Bnh, gn khu vc ng Phong Nha. Ch thu vn ca sng Troc nh hng rt ln ca h thng hang ng, ngm bn di. Bnh thng nc chy rt chm, t nc nhng khi thng ngun c ma, nc t cc h thng hang ng chy v rt nhanh. Khu vc xy dng cu tng i bng phng, hai b l 2 bi t rng, lng sng c vi v tr l gc lin khi, mt ct a cht ti mt s cc m, tr nh sau: Cc m tr c kt cu mng cc khoan nhi ng knh F800mm. Chiu di cc thay i L = 18 29m. - Trong qu trnh kho st thit k k thut (mi m, tr 1 l khoan ti tim). Pht hin thy c hin tng hang ng cast v thit k cc khoan nhi trong ch nh dng cng ngh khoan to l c ng vch v li ng vch sau khi b tng cc. Trong bc bn v thi cng, theo yu cu ca B Giao thng vn ti ti mi v tr tim cc u khoan sm 1 l khoan a cht xc nh chiu di cc chnh thc i vi tng cc, vi nguyn tc mi cc phi t trn lin khi ti thiu 5 m . Kt qu khoan sm cho thy cao t mi cc rt khc nhau iu chng t h thng hang ng cast bn di pht trin rt phc tp. Ngoi ra cng vi ln R' = 1400 kG/cm2. II.1.2 Cng ngh khoan cc nhi cu Troc : (1) Di thiu nng lc my khoan CZ-30 ca Trung Quc : - Phng php khoan : Dng phng php khoan p. - ng knh khoan : 600 1500 mm . - Chiu su khoan ln nht : 80m - Trng lng qu ba 2.5 tn. - Bo v thnh h khoan bng ng vch thp v li sau khi b tng. (2) Trnh t cc bc cng ngh : *Bc 1 : - San nn mt bng cng trng, lm ln tri, ng vo cng trng, p cp m rng mt bng thi cng m. i vi tr p ng cng v cho my khoan xung v p o thi cng tr . - Thi cng h thng thot nc tm . * Bc 2 : - Lp, dng v nh v ng vch .
13

- Dng ba ng cc chn ng ng ng vch xung. cho thnh ng vch pha trn khng b bin dng, phi t trn ming ng 1 tm thp dy 30mm . - Dng ba p t, trong lng ng vch, ly mn khoan bng gu. - Kim tra lng ng v mn trong l khoan. - Kim tra cao y l khoan . - Nghim thu l khoan . * Bc 3 : - Lng ct thp c gia cng ch to thnh cc on trn b sau c a ra v tr thi cng . - Lp t lng ct thp vo trong l khoan bng my khoan v h thng cp, puli trn nh thp khoan - C nh lng thp vo thnh ng vch. - Lp t cc ng tremie. - Chun b cc iu kin phc v cng tc b tng. * Bc 4: - B tng c cc c cp t trm trn t trn b. - b tng cc bng ng dn thng ng (ng tremie) * Bc 5: Kim tra mn y cc bng cch khoan trong lng ng thp t sn (y ng cch mi cc 50m). - Kim tra cht lng b tng cc. * Bc 6: - Nghim thu cc
ng vch
Ba khoan
s c mt ba khoan d-i y l
14

- n g h c h m in h
o n : k h e g t - u b ( k m 0 - k m 62 )
Gia i o n : t h i t k k t h u t
Hnh tr l khoan cu troc - LK1
l khoan :
LK1
T l : 1/ 200
m m
Ca o l k h o a n : 9.340 m L t r n h c u : Km 1+063.94
22/01/2000 24/01/2000
Cao y lp (m)
su y lp (m)
Tr ct h o
NSPT (N2+N3)
su (m)
M t a tng
S ba trn 15 cm
N1 N2 N3
th NSPT
1.50 1.95 3.00 3.45 4.50 4.95 6.00 6.45
0 10 20 30 40 50
2 - 2.2
5.0 4.0 5.0 2.0
6.0 10.0 16 8.0 10.0 18 7.0 11.0 18 4.0 6.0 10
ND1 ND2 ND3
3.8 - 4
11.00
S t pha m u x m v ng n u , i ch l n ct pha , cui s i.
5.8 - 6
9.00 9.45
8.3 - 8.5
2.0 6.0 3.0 4.0 7
ND4
-1.66
11.00
10.50 10.95
8.0 12.0 20
10.8 - 11 12.2 - 12.4
ND5 ND6 ND7
4.20
3a
-5.86 -7.26 -8.36 -8.76 -9.46 -10.16
15.20 1.40 16.60 17.70 18.10 18.80 19.50 1.10 0.40 0.70 0.70
vi m u xm tr ng, phong ho nt n m nh, i ch v vn. Xe n k p nhi u ha nh r nh Ca s t -c l p nh t y bi s t pha l n d m s n
13.8 - 14
16.2 - 16.4 17.8 - 18
KND8 KND9
20 - 20.2
ND10
3b
5.50
vi li n khi m u xm tr ng. Cng ch c
21.8 - 22
ND11
-15.66
25.00
24.3 - 24.5
ND12
15
su mu (m)
B dy lp (m)
Th nghim SPT
S hiu mu
K hiu lp

- n g h c h m in h
o n : k h e g t - u b ( k m 0 - k m 62 )
Gia i o n : t h i t k k t h u t
Hnh tr l khoan cu troc - LK2
l khoa n :
LK2
T l : 1/ 200
m m 5/7/2000 8/7/2000
Cao y lp (m)
su y lp (m)
Tr ct h o
NSPT (N2+N3 )
su (m)
M t a tng
S ba trn 15 cm
N1 N2 N3
th NSPT
0 10 20 30 40 50
1.8 - 2
2.00 2.45
ND1 ND2
4.0
5.0
7.0
12
8.50
S t pha m u x m v ng n u , i ch ln c t pha , cui s i.
4.00 4.45
6.0
7.0 10.0 17
3.8 - 4
6.40 6.85
10.0 12.0 15.0 27
6.2 - 6.4
ND3
0.00
8.50
8.8 - 9 3.70 10 - 10.2
ND4 ND5 ND6 ND7
-3.70 -4.10
12.20 12.60
0.40 2.40
12 - 12.2
3a
-6.50
15.00 1.80
vi m u xm tr ng, phong ho nt n mnh, i ch v vn. Xen k p nhiu ha nh r nh C as t -c l p nh t y bi s t pha l n dm s n
14 - 14.2
15.8 - 16
KND8 ND9
-8.30 -8.70 -9.20 -10.50 -11.70
16.80 17.20 17.70 19.00
0.40 0.50 1.30 1.20
17.8 - 18 19 - 19.2 20.2 - 20.4
KND10 ND11 ND12
20.20
3b
-16.50 25.00
4.80
vi li n khi m u x m tr ng. Cng ch c
21.3 - 21.5
24.8 - 25
ND13
II.1.3. S c k thut: Trong qu trnh thi cng cc khoan nhi cu Troc. C 2 s c sy ra u trong cng on khoan to l. Vic x l cc s c ny mt rt nhiu thi gian, nhn lc v nguy him n tnh mng ca cng nhn. (1). S c mt ba khoan di y l: - S c xy ra khi khoan to l cc s 3 ca m Mo. Theo kt qu khoan thm d a cht, cc s 3 di 22m (tnh t y b) khi khoan gn n cao mi cc, do gc nt n, hang hc cho nn ba khoan b trt v kt vo hc . n v thi cng dng my khoan git ba ln nhng khng c, cng git, ba cng kt su
16
su mu (m)
B dy lp (m)
Th nghim SPT
S hiu mu
K hiu lp

thm. Sau n v thi cng phi dng 2 kch thy lc 25 tn t 2 bn, lm mt tay n bng thp, buc cp, kch u ba. Kt qu l qu ba b t lm i, phn trn ba bt ln, cn ton b phn di ba vn kt li di y l khoan. Sau khi s c xy ra, cc bn hu quan : Ban QLDA HCM, Ban khu vc, t vn gim st, t vn thit k, n v thi cng bn cch khc phc, a ra rt nhiu bin php x l, trong c c bin php khoan b sung 01 cc bn cnh, b tng lp cc khoan ... Sau rt nhiu thi gian s c trn mi c gii quyt. (2). S c trt ba, tt ng vch: - S c xy ra khi khoan cc s 4 tr T1. - Khi khoan cc s 4 n su khong gn 20m. Khi ba ang p y l khoan c hin tng ng vch b ko tt xung. n v thi cng ngng khoan, cho ngi xung iu tra nguyn nhn: Mt phn tit din l khoan c gc to thnh mt nghing. Trong qu trnh h ng vch bng ba, y ng vch b x rch, qun li v trt theo mt . Khi ba khoan p t p vo ng vch v ko lun ng vch tt xung. Vic gii quyt s c ny tuy khng nguy him, kh khn nh s c trn nhng cng mt rt nhiu thi gian.
II.2 Cu Tr Ang :
ng vch
Ba khoan
s c tr-t ba, tt ng vch
II.2.1 Gii thiu chung:
Cu Tr Ang nm trn ng H Ch Minh, nhnh pha ty. V tr cu st vi ng t giao gia ng H Ch Minh v ng 20, cu thuc huyn B TrchQung Bnh . M tr cu c kt cu mng cc khoan nhi ng knh D = 100 cm . Cc c trng mt ct a cht cc nh sau :
17

Trong qu trnh thit k k thut cng pht hin thy h thng hang ng cast rt phc tp bn di. Trong bc BVTC tin hnh khoan sm a cht ti tim cc cc quyt nh cao mi cc. Kt qu khoan cho thy cao mi cc rt khc nhau. Trong cc di nht L = 39m, xuyn qua 3 tng hang cast. Cng nh cu Troc, kt qu th nghim nn mu ti cu Tr Ang cho thy vi y c cng rt cao ( R' = 1400 kG/cm2). II.2.2 Cng ngh : Vic thi cng cc khoan nhi ti cu Tr Ang cng lc s dng 2 loi my khoan : - My khoan p cp CZ -30 ca Trung Quc (nh cu Troc). - My khoan xoay: GPS -15 ca Trung Quc (tun hon thun). + ng knh l khoan: 0.8m, 1m, 1.2m v 1.5m. + su l khoan c th t: 50m, tng ph 80m. + ng c in: Kiu Y200L-4 - C hai loi my ny u s dng ng vch thp li gi thnh l khoan trong qu trnh khoan to l. Do vi y c cng ln, rt cng cho nn vic khoan bng my khoan xoay t ra khng c hiu qu. C ngy c khi ch khoan c khong 20cm. II.2.3 Trnh t cc bc cng ngh: Ging nh cu Troc . II.2.4 S c k thut : Do a tng t mng m tr cu Tr Ang c h thng hang ng cast rt phc tp. C nhng cc i qua 3 tng hang, mt hang li lm, nghing dn n vic khoan rt kh khn v thng xuyn xy ra s c. S c hay gp nht khi khoan l s c kt ba, ri ba i vi my khoan p cp CZ-30. Trong nguy him nht l khi ba ri su hn 30m (tnh t mt t thin nhin), vic gii
18

quyt
ny
- n g h c h m in h
mt
nhiu
o n : k h e g t - u b ( Km 0 - Km 62)
g ia i o n : t h i t k k t h u t
Hnh tr l khoan cu tr ang - lk1
l khoa n:
LK1
T l : 1/ 200
m m
13/4/2000 20/4/2000
Cao y lp (m)
su y lp (m)
Tr ct h o
NSPT (N2+N3 )
su (m)
M t a tng
S ba trn 15 cm
N1 N2 N3
th NSPT
3
36.28 2.80
2.80
S t m u x m n u, i ch l n t ng l n, tr ng th i cng
0 10 20 30 40 50
1.5 - 1.7
ND1
2.30 2.75 4.20 4.65
3.0
5.0 10.0 15
3.0
7.0 10.0 17
4 - 4.2 5.6 - 5.8
ND2
7.70
S t m u n u loa ng l, l n d m s n, m nh phong ho , tr ng th i na cng
5.80 6.25 7.60 8.05
ND3 ND4
3.0
7.0
8.0
15
6.0 14.0 10.0 24
7.4 - 7.6
5a
28.58 27.88 26.38 26.18 25.38 24.78
10.50 11.20 12.70 12.90 13.70 14.30
0.70 1.50 0.20 0.80 0.60 2.90
10.20 10.65
7.0 26.0 30.0 56
10.2 - 10.4
ND5
12.3 - 12.5
ND6
14.5 - 14.7
ND7
21.88
17.20
6a
4.50
vi m u x m tr ng nt n nhi u, trong qu trnh khoa n b v vn v m t n-c. Trong lp c nhi u rnh Ca s t l p nh t bi s t pha d m s n. D o m m n d o cng.
17.2 - 17.4
KND8 KND9
19.2 - 19.4 20.4 - 20.6
KND10 ND11 ND12
17.38
21.70 3.10
22.3 - 22.5 24 - 24.2 0.50 2.90 10.88 28.20
14.28 13.78
24.80 25.30
26.6 - 26.8 27.6 - 27.8
ND13 ND14 ND15 ND16 ND17
6b
5.30
vi li n khi m u x m tr ng. Cng ch c
29.6 - 29.8 30.5 - 30.7
5.58
33.50
32.6 - 32.8
19
su mu (m)
B dy lp (m)
Th nghim SPT
S hiu mu
K hiu lp

- n g h c h min h
o n : k h e g t - u b ( Km 0 - Km 62)
g ia i o n : t h i t k k t h u t
Hnh tr l khoan cu tr ang - lk4
l khoa n:
LK4
T l : 1/ 200
m m
23/4/2000 30/4/2000
Cao y lp (m)
su y lp (m)
Tr ct h o
NSPT (N2+N3 )
su (m)
M t a tng
S ba trn 15 cm
N1 N2 N3
th NSPT
0 10 20 30 40 50
1.8 - 2 3.5 - 3.7
4.40
S t m u x m n u, i ch l n t ng l n, tr ng thi cng
2.00 2.45 3.80 4.25
ND1 ND2
4.0
5.0
7.0
12
37.71
4.40
7.0 13.0 18.0 31
5.90 6.35
10.0 20.0 34.0 54
5.7 - 5.9
ND3 ND4
8.10
S t m u n u loa ng l, l n d m s n, m nh phong ho, tr ng thi na cng
7.80 8.25 9.00 9.45 10.50 10.95
5.0 4.0 3.0 2.0
9.0 11.0 20 5.0 5.0 3.0 8.0 7.0 5.0 13 12 8
7.6 - 7.8
9.8 - 10
ND5 ND6 ND7 ND8
29.61
12.50 3.50
12.00 12.45
11.8 - 12
13.6 - 13.8
26.11 25.81
16.00 16.30
0.30 2.40
15.6 - 15.8
6a
23.41 23.21 22.71
18.70 18.90 19.40
0.20 0.50 2.80
19.91 19.61
22.20 22.50
0.30 2.30
vi m u xm tr ng nt n nhi u, trong qu trnh khoa n b v vn v m t n-c. Trong lp c nhi u r nh Ca s t l p nh t bi s t pha d m s n. D o m m n d o cng.
18.3 - 18.5
ND9
20.6 - 20.8 21.8 - 22
KND10 KND11 KND12
23.6 - 23.8
17.31 16.71 15.31 14.51
24.80 25.40 26.80 27.60
0.60 1.40 0.80 26.2 - 26.4 27.4 - 27.6
KND13 ND14 ND15 ND16
6b
10.11 32.00
4.40
vi li n khi m u xm tr ng. Cng ch c
29.8 - 30 31 - 31.2 31.4 - 31.6
ND12
gian, dn n thi gian khoan ch ring cc ny mt gn na nm mi xong. Tuy nhin, qu trnh khoan cu Tr ang cho thy, i vi a tng hang hc cast m gc rt cng th vic s dng my khoan xoay (nh loi GPS - 15) t ra khng hiu
20
su mu (m)
B dy lp (m)
Th nghim SPT
S hiu mu
K hiu lp

qu, tin rt chm. Vic s dng my khoan p cp tin nhanh hn nhng rt hay gp s c k thut phi x l.
II.3 Cu B :
Vic khoan thm d kho st a cht cha phn nh ht thc trng hang cast di tng a cht dn n vic p dng cng ngh cha ph hp dn n s c k thut xy ra ti cu B. Khi khoan cc nhi ti cu B, gp hang cast c bn nho (du hiu l ln cn khoan tng ln t ngt, cao dung dch trong l khoan dng ln). Vic x l hang cast cu B cng mt rt nhiu thi gian.
II.4 Cu Vnh Sn:
Cu Vnh Sn thuc d n ng H Ch Minh (nhnh ng), v tr cu ti huyn B Trch - tnh Qung Bnh. Qu trnh khoan thm d a cht bc thit k k thut khng phn nh ht mc hang cast di a tng dn n s c phi x l mt thi gian v tn km. Cu Vnh Sn c s nhp 3x33m, mng m tr s dng cc khoan nhi ng knh D=1m (m 5 cc, tr 4 cc). Sau khi khoan v b tng cc khoan nhi ti tr T2. Tin hnh khoan kim tra mn mi cc pht hin thy chn cc t trn vm hang cast m trn hang cn rt mng. Sau n v thi cng phi tin hnh m rng b mng tr, khoan b sung cc. Mt rt nhiu thi gian v lng ph.
y cc t trn vm hang Cast
21

II.5 Cu bc:
Cu Bc Km6+262.98 nm trong D n Ci to v nng cp QL10 gi thu B1, on B Ch Ninh Bnh do Chnh ph Vit Nam nhn vn vay ca Qu hp tc kinh t Hi ngoi Nht bn thc hin. Cu chnh vi ba nhp dm hp lin tc s 60 + 105 + 30 (m) theo phng php c hng cn bng. Cu dn hai bn nhp chnh gm 4 nhp dm BTCT DUL, L = 35m. Trong thit k k thut, 2 tr chnh ca nhp lin tc (P5 v P6) c thit k t trn mng ging chm h. Ti tr P5 (t gi di ng) ng knh ging chm l 12m, ti tr P6 (t gi c nh) ng knh ging chm l 14m. Cn hai tr bin ca nhp chnh, cc tr ca nhp dn v 2 m c thit k t trn nn mng cc khoan nhi ng knh D=1.5m. Do cng ngh thi cng ging chm phi u t rt nhiu cng ngh mi nn n v trng thu Tng cng ty xy dng Thng long xin php B GTVT i mng ging chm ca 2 tr chnh P5, P6 thnh mng cc khoan nhi ng knh 2m ng b vi cng ngh thi cng mng kt cu bn di ca ton cu. a cht ti khu vc xy dng cu rt xu, cu to a tng gm lp trn l bn st do chy hoc st pha chiu dy trung bnh 8 12m ngay di l lp phong ho nt n mnh, c rt nhiu hang cast, xut hin ti tt c cc tr cu gy ra kh khn cho cng tc thi cng cc khoan nhi. Phng n thi cng cc khoan nhi: Dng my khoan QJ250-1 trn h sn o khoan cc khoan nhi. Cc bc thi cng tin hnh bnh thng nh cc cng ngh khc. Tuy nhin, qu trnh khoan cc rt kh khn do gp cc hang cast sng (mt dung dch khoan) hoc cc hang cast cht tuy khng mt dung dch khoan nhng vic x l b mt nghing rt phc tp.
II.6 Nh my xi mng Tam ip:
Qu trnh thi cng cc khoan nhi ti nh my xi mng Tam ip gp rt nhiu s c, c bit trong cng on b tng. Cng ngh khoan to l a s s dng phng php khoan xoay ng vch, khi b tng, ng vch s c rt dn ln. Mc d trc khi khoan to l khoan thm d a cht v nh thu s dng cc bin php x l hang cast, nhng do kt qu khoan a cht khng phn nh ht hoc mc nt n ca vi qu ln nn khi b tng cc c hin tng mt b tng so vi khi lng b tng tnh ton theo l thuyt. C bit ti mt s cc c hin tng khi ang b tng th b tng ti b tt xung rt nhanh, khi lng b tng thc t v l thuyt chnh nhau rt nhiu.
III/ CC S C THNG XY RA CHO CC KHOAN NHI TRONG VNG HANG NG CAST:
Cc khoan nhi trong vng hang ng cast cng c th gp cc s c thng thng nh cc khoan nhi trong vng a cht thng thng, c th tng kt cc s c chnh yu nht nh:
22

III.1 Cc dng s c in hnh trong thi cng mng cc khoan nhi ni chung:
III.1.1. Trong cng on khoan to l: La chn phng php khoan v my khoan Phng php khoan l Phm vi p dng
Loi t ng knh l (cm) 80 200 80 200 80 150 80 150 80 200 80 200 Chiu su (m) 30 100 < 40 < 50 < 40 < 40 < 50 Tc dng bentonit Lm ni mn v gi vch Gi vch Lm ni mn v gi vch Gi vch Khng cn bentonnit Lm ni mn v gi vch
1 Khoan xoay tun hon t ct, st, si sn, cui thun v 2 Tun hon nghch St, ct, si sn, cui v
3 Tun hon thun my Bn st, st, ct, sn chm cui 4 Tun hon nghch my St, ct, si sn, cui v chm 5 p v ngom trong ng Cc loi t vch 6 Khoan p Cc loi t
vng c hang cast nn dng phng php khoan p v ngom c ng vch xoay lin tc bng my khoan LEFFER hay BAUER. Vic la chn cng ngh to l khng ph hp hay xy ra cc s c. - V tr khoan b vng phi cc vt cn nh cc cc thp, dm thp hnh, cc b tng ct thp hay cu kin cng... nm su trong lng t gy kh khn cho vic khoan to l, i khi khng th trc vt cc vt cn ln c. - Khng h ng chng n cao yu cu hoc khoan khng xung: Do gp m ci hoc cc vt cn khc. - Sp thnh vch l khoan. - Dung dch bentonit ng t nhanh v nhiu xung y l khoan. - Lp mng o st bm quanh thnh vch h khoan qu dy. III.1.2. Trong cng on gia cng ct thp: - Khng h c lng ct thp vo l khoan - ng vch b ln (do treo lng thp qu nng vo ng vch). III.1.3. Trong cng on b tng cc: - Tc nghn b tng trong ng. - Mc b tng b h xung khi rt ng vch ln.
23

- Khi rt ng vch ln lm ko theo c khi b tng v phn cc di ng vch cng b lng thp ko ln theo hoc to thnh vng rng trong b tng. - B tng thn cc b phn tng, r v c vt l (nh : thu knh bn, t, va bentonit...). Ngoi ra do tnh cht rt phc tp ca a tng, cc khoan nhi trong vng hang ng cast cn c th gp phi cc s c khc, c bit trong cng on khoan to l. C th k cc s c in hnh sau:
III.2 Cc dng s c in hnh trong thi cng mng cc khoan nhi trong vng hang ng cast:
III.2.1 S c khng rt c u khoan ln - Khi qut cng ngh : Do iu kin a cht pha trn ch yu l bn, ct pha, st pha, mi cc c thit k ngp vo tng ti thiu 50 cm, trong vng hang ng cast gc thng rt cng. Dng cng ngh khoan ng vch gi thnh trong sut qu trnh khoan. ng vch c gi li khng rt ln. - Din bin s c: Do mt nguyn nhn no nh mt in my pht, hng cu.v.v.. lm gin on qu trnh khoan cc, cn phi rt u khoan ln ngay ngay sau khi mt in th u khoan b kt y l khng cu ln c cng khng th nh ln c. Hoc u khoan b mc trong cc hang hc , c khi dy cp b t lm ba ri xung v kt vo cc khe . III.2.2. Hin tng khng h c ng chng xung cao yu cu hoc ng chng b tt xung khi thi cng: - Khi qut cng ngh : Do iu kin a cht pha trn ch yu l bn, ct pha, st pha, ph bn trn, ngay bn di l lp vi cc hang hc, b mt li lm, mi cc c thit k ngp vo tng ti thiu 50 cm, trong vng hang ng cast gc thng rt cng (cng c khi ln n 1400 kG/cm2). Dng cng ngh khoan ng vch gi thnh trong sut qu trnh khoan. ng vch c gi li khng rt ln. - Din bin s c: ng chng khi h xung mt b trt, b x rch ... khi ba p t , li tc dng vo ng chng lm h hng ng chng hoc ko tt ng chng xung. III.2.3. S c cc b xin do ba khoan vo hang hc cast hoc mt nghing:
24

- Khi qut cng ngh : Do iu kin a cht pha trn l lp ph mng hoc va gc l ngay trn b mt (nh tr T2 cu Troc), b mt gc nging hoc c cc hang cast, mi cc c thit k ngp vo tng ti thiu 50 cm. Dng cng ngh khoan ng vch gi thnh trong sut qu trnh khoan, ng vch c gi li khng rt ln hoc dung cng ngh khoan khng s dng ng vch. - Din bin s c: Khi ba khoan p t v ng ng chng b trt theo mt v nghing theo mt lm lch v tr cc hoc lm tim cc b nghing mt gc so vi phng thng ng. III.2.4. S c khng rt c ng vch ln trong phng php thi cng c ng vch: y l hin tng kh ph bin trong phng php thi cng cc c ng vch, v vic rt ng vch kh hay khng tu thuc vo cht t m ng vch i qua v thao tc rt ng vch. Ngoi ra do b mt gc b nghing lch hoc cc hang hc cast lm cho tim cc b nghing lch lm cho thit b nh ng vch khng pht huy ht c nng lc. III.2.5. S c sp vch h khoan Vi phng php thi cng cc khoan nhi khoan l phn tun hon ( dng dung dch gi thnh vch) s c xy ra nhiu hn so vi phng php thi cng dng hon ton ng vch do ngoi nhn t ch yu l a cht tc ng n qu trnh khoan cn c nhn t tc ng ch yu khc l dung dch gi thnh h mng, trong vic qun l dung dch trong qu trnh thi cng ng mt vai tr quan trng. Ngoi ra cn do tc ng ch yu khc l do tc ng t thao tc cng ngh gy ra. Din bin s c: + Trong h xut hin hin tng mt dung dch do khoan qua cc hang ng cast cht. + Trong h xut hin hin tng dng cao ngt ca ct dung dch do khoan qua hang hc cast sng (c bn nho).
IV/ CC NGUYN NHN GY RA S C CC KHOAN NHI TRONG VNG HANG NG CAST:
IV.1 Cc nguyn nhn khu qun l, thit k:
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(1) Do km am hiu mt phn hay ton b bn cht ca t nn v iu kin a cht, thu vn ca khu vc xy dng cng trnh: Hin nay, cng tc kho st, thm d a cht nhiu khi cha c quan tm ng mc. Do kinh ph, cng kho st thng c trnh duyt vi s lng khoan hn ch. Kt qu khoan kho st cha phn nh c ht mc phc tp ca a tng bn di. Mt khc cng tc iu tra, th nghim trong phng xc nh cc yu t a cht, thu vn cha c quan tm ng mc dn n vic dng cc cng ngh, thnh phn dung dch khoan khng thch hp dn n s c. (2) Hin nay, mc d nc ta mng cc khoan nhi c p dng kh ph bin nhng chng ta cha ban hnh c Tiu chun hng dn quy trnh kho st thit k, thi cng cc khoan nhi trong vng hang ng cast dn n khi thi cng cc khoan nhi gp hang ng caster th c Ch u t, T vn gim st v n v thi cng u lng tng trong vic x l cng ngh, quyt nh chiu di cc v c bit l x l cc s c xy ra. Kinh nghim cho thy khi cc s c xy ra trong qu trnh thi cng cc khoan nhi gp hang caster, vic x l s c thng mt rt nhiu thi gian, tn km, nguy him v vic x l ph thuc rt nhiu vo nng lc chuyn mn ca nh thu. (3) Do trnh , kinh nghim ca k s thit k: Trn c s s liu khoan thm d a cht vi s lng hn hp, k s thit k cha kinh nghim d on ht tnh cht phc tp ca a tng khu vc, khng nh gi ht cc nh hng ca hang ng cast trong qu trnh thi cng dn n trong n khng c cc lu cn thit nh thu chun b cc cng ngh ph hp. (4) Do hp ng quy nh qu eo hp hoc tin thi cng vi tin khng thch hp lm cho cc cng tc chun b khng chu o, cc cng tc kim tra b b st dn n s c xy ra trong qu trnh thi cng. (5) Do nng lc chuyn mn v o c ngh nghip ca i ng T vn gim st hin trng cha cao, trong qu trnh gim st thi cng b qua mt s cng tc chun b ca nh thu, vic kim tra k thut cc cng on khng n ni n chn dn n trong qu trnh thi cng xy ra s c.
IV.2 Cc nguyn nhn do nng lc nh thu, cng ngh:
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(1) Do nh thu khng nng lc hoc cu th trong qu trnh thi cng, v khoan cc nhi trong hang ng caster ngoi vic thng gp cc s c thng thng cn c th gp rt nhiu s c khc do tnh cht phc tp ca a tng... (2) Do khng nm vng c th trng v c tm nhn tng quan nn nhiu dy chuyn my mc thit b v cng ngh nhp v t hiu qu cha cao, ch s dng cho mt vi d n m khng c kh nng s dng li hoc s dng li cc cng trnh khc th rt hay b trc trc gy s c. (3) Do dy chuyn thit b khng ng b, cng ngh a ra khng ph hp vi thc t a hnh, a cht, thu vn... dn n gp nhiu s c trong qu trnh thi cng v khng m bo cht lng cc nn phi x l hoc khoan cc cc khc thay th gy thit hi v kinh t v nh hng n tin thi cng cng trnh. (4) Do nng lc v kinh nghim c i ng cng nhn v cn b k thut ca nh thu cn hn ch, qu trnh thi cng khng tun theo quy trnh gy ra cc s c khng ng c.
IV.3 Cc nguyn nhn do iu kin a tng phc tp:
- Mt nguyn nhn khch quan khc dn n cc s c thng hay gp phi trong qu trnh thi cng cc khoan nhi trong vng c hang ng cast l tnh phc tp ca a tng. a tng ch yu c lp ph mng, khng n nh, ngay bn di l lp gc rt cng, cng c khi n hn 1400 kG/cm2, mt li lm hoc nghing v c bit l bn di l cc hang hc, c khi nhiu tng hang lin tip. S phc tp ca a tng dn n mt thc t l rt kh trnh khi cc s c trong qu trnh thi cng cc khoan nhi trong vng hang ng cast, l iu chng ta phi chp nhn v tm cch hn ch ti thiu cc s c xy ra.
IV.4 S c trong qu trnh thi cng v phng php qun l cht lng cc khoan nhi:
Cc khoan nhi thu theo iu kin a cht cng trnh v thu vn ca hin trng, c th thi cng theo phng php kh hoc t. Thc t cho thy rng s c v c nhiu vn v cht lng cc trong phng php thi cng t. Mt trong cc nguyn nhn gy s c cht lng cc khoan nhi l nhng thiu st trong khu qun l cht lng thi cng cc m ch yu 3 khu quan trng sau y :
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IV.4.1 Cht lng l cc gm : IV.4.1.1 V hnh dng l khoan gm: + V tr. + ng knh. + su + thng ng. + Tnh trng thnh vch l khoan. Theo TCXD 206: 1998 th sai s cho php v ng knh l khoan khng c ln hn 50mm. Cn i vi quy trnh ca mt s nc khc th sai s ny l 75mm. i vi sai s v thng ng ca l khoan theo TCXD 206: 1998 l 1%. i vi h khoan hon thnh th ch c th kim tra chiu su khoan to l bng qu di. Hnh dng l khoan v ng knh h khoan i vi phng php khoan xoay ng vch ta c th hon ton yn tm, i vi phng php bo v thnh h khoan bng ton ng vch cng yn tm. i vi phng php gi n nh thnh h khoan bng dung dch va st, hnh dng l khoan ch c th o bng my o sng m. Nhng sai s v mt v tr v kch thc cc c th cn c vo nhng quy nh ca cc tiu chun tng ng xem xt v nh gi
Sai s cho php v l cc nhi (Theo TCXD 206 : 1998)
Sai s v v tr cc (mm) Phng php to l cc Sai s ng knh cc (mm) -0.1 D v - 50 D > 1000 mm 2. Lm l bng cch ng ng hoc rung D 500 m m D > 500 mm -20 1 -50 1 Sai s thng ng (%) 1. Cc khoan gi thnh bng dung dch st D 1000 m m D/6 nhng khng ln hn 100 100 + 0.01 H 70 100 D/4 nhng khng ln hn 150 150 + 0.01 H 150 150 Cc n, cc di mng bng theo trc ngang, cc bin trong nhm cc Cc di mng bng theo trc dc, cc trong nhm cc
3. Khoan gung xon c m rng y cc
-20
70
150
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4. Cc o l bng th cng : Gi thnh bng v b tng ti ch Gi thnh bng ng thp di 50 20 0.5 1 50 100
Ch thch:
(1) Gi tr m sai s cho php v ng knh cc l ch s mt ct c bit, khi c m rng y cc th sai s cho php y cc l 100 mm . (2) Sai s cho php v ng knh cc khi dng phng php ng li khng chu hn ch ca bng ny. Sai s v nghing ca cc nghing khng ln hn 15 % gc nghing ca cc. (3) Sai s cho php v su l khoan 100 mm . (4) H l khong cch gia ct cao mt t hin trng thi cng vi ct cao u cc quy nh trong thit k, D l ng knh thit k cc.
Sai s cho php v l cc (Ph lc C ca TCXD 206 : 1998)
Tiu chun
ADSC FHWA ( 1998 ) FHWA ( 1990) ADI
thng ng
2% trn sut chiu di cc Nh trn
V tr
7.5 cm 1/24 ca ng knh cc hoc 7.5 cm 7.5 cm
1/48
+ i vi cc khng c ct thp 1.5 % 4% ca ng knh cc hoc 7.5 trn sut chiu di cc cm + i vi cc c ct thp 2% trn sut chiu di cc
ICE CGS
1/75 2% trn sut chiu di cc + 7.5 cm
7.5 cm
+ 15 cm i vi cc cng trnh bin
Ch thch
ADSC : Hip hi cc nh thu cc khoan nhi M; FHWA : Cc ng b Lin bang M; ACI : Vin b tng M ; ICE : Vin xy dng dn dng Anh; CGS : Hip hi a k thut Canada .
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IV.4.1.2 sch y l khoan ( dy lp cn lng cho php): - trnh mi cc tip xc xu vi lp t chu lc phi tin hnh thi ra cn lng ca mn khoan y l cc trc khi b tng. dy ca lp cn lng (nu cn) khng c vt qu cc quy nh sau: - Cc chng 50mm. - Cc ma st + cc chng 10mmm. - Cc ma st 200mm
Phng php kim tra cht lng l cc ( Theo TCXD 206: 1998 ) - Kim tra bng mt c n - So snh khi lng t ly ln vi th tch hnh hc ca cc - Theo lng dng dung dch st. - Dng phng php siu m hoc camera ghi chp thnh l cc - Theo chiu di ti khoan - Qu ri - My o nghing, phng php siu m - Mu , calp - Theo ng knh ng gi thnh - Theo m ca cnh mi khoan khi m rng y. - Ly mu v so snh vi t lc khoan . - sch ca nc thi ra. - Phng php qu t ri hoc xuyn ng - Phng php chnh lch in tr hoc in dung.
Thng s Kim tra
Tnh trng l cc
Kch thc l
Tnh trng y l
IV.4.2 Cht lng dung dch gi thnh ( nu dng phng php ny) gm : + iu ch dung dch ph hp iu kin a cht cng trnh, a cht thu vn v cng ngh khoan; + Thu hi, lm giu v s dng li; + H thng thit b v dng c kim tra cht lng dung dch ti hin trng. Nhng yu cu v cht lng dung dch st gi thnh c th theo TCXD 206: 1998. Tu theo cng ngh khoan v iu kin a cht cng trnh c th s iu chnh cc tnh nng ca dung dch cho ph hp phng trnh s sp thnh vch l cc.
Ch tiu tnh nng ban u ca dung dch ( nu dng ) ( Theo TCXD 206 : 1998)
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Hng mc
1. Khi lng ring 2. nht 3. Hm lng ct 4. T l cht keo 5. Lng mt nc 6. dy ca o st 7.Lc ct tnh 8. Tnh n nh 9. Tr s pH
Ch tiu tnh nng

1.05-1.15 18-45 s <6% > 95% < 30mm/30 pht 1-3mm/ 30 pht 1 pht : 20-30mg/cm2 10 pht : 50-100 mg/cm2 <0.03 g/cm2 7-9
Phng php
T trng dung dch st hoc Bomk Phng php phu 500/700 cc Phng php ong cc Dng c o mt nc
Lc k ct tnh Giy th pH
IV.4.3 Cng ngh b tng vo cc, gm : + lu ng ( st) ca b tng ti; + Cng ngh rt b tng vo cc; + S lin tc trong khu cp b tng; + S di ng v rt dn ng rt b tng thch hp;
+ S n nh thnh vch v lng thp trong l cc lc b tng.

st ca b tng cc nhi ( Theo TCXD 205: 1998 )
iu kin s dng
t do trong nc, ct thp c khong cch ln cho php b tng dch chuyn d dng Khong cch ct thp khng ln cho php b tng dch chuyn d dng, khi ct u cc nm trong vng vch tm vi ng knh cc nh hn 60mm Khi b tng c di nc hoc trong mi trng dung dch st bentont qua ng ( tremie )
st ( cm)
7.5- 12.5 10-17.5
> 15
IV.4.4 Kim tra cht lng cc sau khi thi cng: i vi cc ng, cc rung h sau khi h cc n cao thit k khng c s c gy cc, nt cc... th c th xem l thi cng ng thit k, ch cn kim tra kh nng chu lc ca cc. Cn i vi cc khoan nhi cho d thi cng bng phng php no, vn b tng thn cc v kh nng chu lc ca cc cha c xc nh r m phi c nhng nh gi v s dng cc phng php truyn thng cng nh hin i xc nh.
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* Cc khuyt tt v h hng i vi cc c th l: - Sai lch v tr tim cc. - B tng u cc b thiu hoc p u cc n cao thit k m b tng cha t cng yu cu. - Ct thp b y tri hoc tt lng ct thp. - Thn cc b phnh ra hoc tht li, thn cc c hang hc. - Thu knh ct nm ngang thn cc. - Hin tng r t ong hoc va to thnh hang trong b tng. - Mi cc b xp. - B tng thn cc ln cc mnh vn.
S KIM TRA TRONG QU TRNH THI CNG

CNG TC CHUN B - Kim tra ton b dy chuyn thit b thi cng - Kim tra mt bng thi cng - Kim tra v tr tim cc
KHOAN TO L
- Kim tra cht lng va st - Kim tra thng l khoan - Kim tra a cht l khoan
LM SCH
- Kim tra lng ca mn khoan - Kim tra tnh trng l khoan
LP LNG CT THP & NG T SN CHO VIC TH SIU M V KHOAN LI
- Kim tra cc lng ct thp gia cng - Kim tra chiu di ni, cht lng mi ni - Kim tra cc ng t sn
LP NG B TNG
- Kim tra chiu di t ng - Kim tra cao y ng
LM SCH LN 2 ((NU CN)
- Kim tra lng ca mn khoan
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* i vi cng b tng thn cc vic kim tra cht lng thng qua vic th st trc khi , p mu c khi b tng thn cc, sng bt ny i vi b tng u cc sau khi p, th nghim trn li khoan b tng, theo tc khoan li (khoan thi khng ly mu). * i vi s nguyn vn ca cc, vic kim tra thng qua cc phng php sau: - So snh khi lng b tng thc t vi khi lng b tng l thuyt qua ng cong tiu th b tng. - Siu m, tn x gamma c t ng trc. - Phng php bin dng nh PIT, MIM. - Phng php bin dng ln PDA. * Cc phng php c th c trnh by di y: (1) Phng php khoan li: Phng php khoan li tin hnh kim tra trng thi v cng l mt phng php tng i tin cy trc quan. Kim tra trng thi thn cc xem thn cc c nt gy, kp bn, b tng c chc hay khng v kim tra chiu dy lp cn lng.
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Khoan li l phng php kim nghim bn ph hoi dng my khoan b tng khoan dc theo thn cc su xung di mi cc 1.5 ln ng knh. ng knh mi khoan c th l 55mm, 71mm, 91mm v 100mm. Trong trng hp ch kim tra cng b tng v chiu dy lp cn lng, khng kim tra trng thi cc, t ng nha ng knh trong 102mm cch mi cc 0.5-1.0m. (2) Phng php th ng bin dng ln (PDA): Phng php ny xc nh c kh chnh xc v tr v mc khuyt tt trn cc, xc nh c sc chu ti ca cc (phn b ma st thnh bn v sc chng mi cc), xy dng biu quan h ti trng v chuyn v. (3) Cc phng php th khng ph hoi: * Phng php siu m: Nguyn tc ca phng php ny l sng siu m c pht t u pht v thu t u thu, t kim tra c ng nht ca b tng v bt k khuyt tt no trn ng truyn sng. u im ca phng php ny l vic kim tra tng i nhanh, xc nh c khuyt tt kh chnh xc, khng b hn ch bi chiu su, c th thy ngay kt qu trn mn hnh. Nhc im ca phng php ny l phi t trc cc ng, cc mt ct sng m qut c nm trong phn b tng ct thp nh vy c v vnh ngoi c chiu dy 8-10cm khng c qut sng m v khng kim tra c. * Phng php th bin dng nh (PIT): Sng m c to ra bng ba tay g trn b mt nh cc. Sng phn hi khi gp bt thng c thu nhn bng mt cm bin cng t trn mt nh cc, t nhn bit c cc bt thng v khuyt tt ca cc. Th nghim ny ch c vng nh hng khong 25-30 ln ng knh cc v nu su > 30d th th nghim khng cho bit su > 30d c g xy ra. Th nghim PIT ch c tc dng cho cc ngn hoc phn b tng pha trn ca cc di, n ch cho kt qu nh tnh l cc c khuyt tt v tr no gn nh cc m khng cho bit thc s khuyt tt ng l g. * Phng php bin dng nh (MIM): y l phng php phn tch trng thi ng ca kt cu kt hp tnh ton l thuyt v o thc t. Dng phng php MIM tin hnh kim tra hoc phn tch c
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tnh, trng thi ng ca cc l phng php tng i hon chnh v l thuyt, kt qu ng tin cy. V thn cc (Sau khi b tng) cn phi kim tra cht lng ca n theo cc thng s v phng php kim tra nu bng di y.
Khi lng kim tra cht lng b tng thn cc
Thng s Kim tra
Phng php kim tra

- So snh th tch b tng vo l cc vi th tch hnh hc ca cc . - Khoan ly li
Ti l kim tra ti thiu, %

100
S nguyn vn ca thn cc
12% + Phng php khc 1025% + Phng - Siu m, tn x gamma c t ng php khc trc
50 - Phng php bin dng nh (PIT, MIM), quan st khuyt tt qua ng ly li 4% v khng t hn 5 bng camera v tuyn. cc - Phng php bin dng ln PDA m rng hoc Khoan ng knh nh (36 mm) vng m 2-3 cc lc lm th ngm ca mi rng y hoc xuyn qua mi cc. hoc theo t l cao hn cc vo tu cng trnh - Th nghim mu lc b tng . Theo yu cu ca t - Th nghim trn li b tng lc khoan. vn gim st Cng b tng - Theo tc khoan (khoan thi khng ly thn cc li ). - Sng bt ny hoc siu m i vi b 35 tng u cc Ch thch: (1) Thng thng cn kt hp t 2 phng php khc nhau tr ln tin hnh so snh cho mt thng s kim tra nu bng ny. Khi cc c L/D > 30 th phng php kim tra ng t sn s l ch yu. (2) Lp b tng bo v, ng knh cc v hnh dng b mt ngoi ca ct thp c th kim tra ch u cc, khi loi b lp b tng cn pha trn ct u cc.
35

S KIM TRA CHT LNG CC SAU KHI THI CNG

THI CNG CC
CT U CC N CAO THIT K
XU
CHT LNG B TNG U CC
TT
CT U CC N CAO B TNG TT, B B TNG U CC N CAO THIT K
36
TT

S NH GI V X L CC KHOAN NHI
NH GI XP HNG D N
NG SUT THP, RI RO THP KTCL THNG THNG
NG SUT TRUNG BNH RI RO TRUNG BNH KTCL THNG THNG LA CHN NDT
NG SUT CAO, RI RO CAO KTCL V NDT TI A
KTCL TT CHP NHN
KTCL THY NGHI NG DNG NDT KIM TRA CHI TIT
37

NDT TT CHP NHN
NDT THY NGHI NG NH GI K HN, KIM TRA GHI CHP CHT LNG, THO LUN VI THIT K NU CN NGHI
KHOAN LY MU
TH TI NG, XP HNG V B XUNG NU CN
KT QU TT CHP NHN
KHOAN THY KHNG TT TH
HO C
LOI B, THAY TH HOC SA CHA
KHOAN L RA SCH BNG NC P LC CAO V PHUN VA - KHOAN VNG THP QUA CH KHUYT TT V THAY TH BNG BT CNG CAO HOC THP -
CHNG II CC GII PHP KHC PHC S C V BIN PHP PHNG NGA KHI THI CNG CC KHOAN NHI TRONG VNG HANG NG CAST I/ MT S GII PHP KHC PHC S C TRONG THC T THI CNG CC KHOAN NHI TRONG VNG HANG NG CAST: I.1 Cu Troc - ng H Ch Minh:
I.1.1 S c kt ba khoan y l: (1) Din bin s c: Nh trnh by chng I. S c xy ra cc s 3 m Mo, do gc y l khoan nt n, hang hc nn ba khoan b trt, mc vo vch (s dng my khoan p cp CZ-30 ca Trung Quc). Khi n v thi cng dng my khoan git ba ln th ba b t lm i, u ba kt trong vch .. (2) Gii php x l:
38

Do yu cu gp v tin , trong s c ny c nhiu bn hu quan (T vn thit k, T vn gim st, Ban khu vc, Ban HCM) tham gia v a ra nhiu bin php gii quyt, trong c c phng n lp cc ang thi cng, m rng mng, khoan b cc khc bn cnh. * Gii php x l 1: Dng kch:
kch thu lc
Do cng ngh khoan cc ny l dng ton ng vch thp gi thnh h khoan nn khi mc ba vo hc di y l khoan th ng vch li gy tr ngi ln khi ko ba ln theo ng vch phng thng ng. Trnh t phng n x l: - Bm ht nc trong h khoan, do m trn b, chiu su cc khng ln (khong 22m), Ba khoan mt khc ton b thnh h u l ng vch thp nn vic bm ht nc trong h khoan cng tng i d dng. - Kim tra kh c trong h khoan. - Cho cng nhn xung no vt t lp u ba l mt phn u ba. Hn mt mc vo u ba. - Dng cp bt vo u mc v c nh vo mt tay n bng thp. - Dng 02 kch (loi 25 tn) kch 2 u tay n thp kt hp vi k, chn kch u ba ln. Tuy nhin, do u ba b kt su vo hc , cng rt cng. Nn kch b t mi hn bt mc, bt kch, lm b thng 2 cng nhn kch ko. * Gii php x l 2: M rng ng vch kt hp vi o th cng: - Sau khi s dng kch khng c kt qu, n v thi cng phi dng gii php tn km hn, mt thi gian hn. Trnh t phng n x l: - Dng my khoan rt ng vch f800 ln. ng vch - H ng vch f1000 xung n mt gc, hi lch v pha u ba b kt. - Ly t trong lng h khoan. - Dng my bm ht nc trong h khoan v lin tc duy tr my bm ht Ba khoan cn nc trong qu trnh x l. - Cho cng nhn dng ba, chong
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c th cng va pha trn ba n khi ton b u ba l ra ngoi. - Hn mt mc vo u ba v dng my khoan ko u ba ln. Phng n x l ny c tin rt chm v nguy him v cng nhn phi thi cng di su, rt cng. Trong qu trnh thi cng phi lin tc ht nc v thng hi xung bn di. I.1.2 S c trt ba, tt ng vch: Do cu Troc nm trong khu vc a cht cast rt phc tp nn trong qu trnh thi cng gp rt nhiu s c. Tip sau s c kt ba trnh by trn l s c trt ba, tt ng vch. * Din bin s c: S c xy ra khi khoan cc s 4 n su gn 20m. Ba khoan ang p th c hin tng ng vch thp b ko tt xung. Kim tra cho thy: mt phn tit din l khoan c gc to thnh mt mt nghing, khi h ng vch xung mt gc, ng vch b x rch, trt. Khi ba p tc dng vo ng vch v ko ng vch tt xung. * Gii php x l: Ht nc trong h khoan v duy tr my bm lin tc ht cn nc trong qu trnh x l. Th kh c di h khoan. Cho cng nhn dng my hn ct chn ng vch phn b x rch v cc mp b qun. X l mt nghing di y h khoan bng cch b hc v trong y h ri dng ba p ph va gc nghing. Khi to phng tng i mt gc pha di y l, tip tc khoan nh bnh thng.
I.2 Cu Tr Ang - ng H Ch Minh:
ng vch
hc Ba khoan
V tr cu Tr Ang nm trn nh h thng hang ng Phong Nha. Do a tng t m tr cu Tr Ang c h thng hang ng cast rt phc tp, c nhng cc xuyn qua 3 tng hang, mt hang nghing, li lm dn n qu trnh khoan lin tc gp cc s c: Kt ba, ri ba... c nhng s c phi x l ko di, lm cho tin thi cng hng mc cc khoan nhi rt chm, c cc phi thi cng mt na nm mi xong. I.2.1 Cng ngh:
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cu ny vic thi cng cc nhi s dng cng lc 2 loi my khoan l my p cp CZ-30 ca Trung Quc v my khoan xoay GPS-15 cng ca Trung Quc. I.2.2 S c ri ba khoan: Cng ging nh cu Troc, khi thi cng cu Tr Ang ti cc s 4 tr T1 xy ra s c t cp, ri ba khoan v kt su khong 30m. Gii php x l cng p dng nh i vi cu Troc l rt ng vch, m rng ng vch, hn v ko ba ln. Tuy nhin do ba ri su ln nn vic x l mt nhiu thi gian hn v nguy him hn. Thm ch nh thu ph thi cng phi b d, khng tip tc khoan cng trnh ny na. I.2.3 Gii php khoan cc qua nhiu tng hang: cu Tr Ang c nhng cc (nh cc m M0 v cc m M3) xuyn qua n 3 tng hang cha k cc hang rnh cast nh pha trn. Vic khoan v gi n nh thnh vch khi khoan qua cc hang l mt vn rt kh khn. Trong qu trnh thi cng p dng cng lc mt s gii php sau: (1) Khoan thm d a cht: Do tnh cht phc tp ca a tng. Ban QLDA ng H Ch Minh cho php t vn gim st v nh thu trc khi khoan cc no phi tin hnh khoan thm d a cht ti tim ca cc . iu kin kt thc khoan thm d l phi khoan vo gc 5m lin khi. Sau khi c kt qu khoan thm d a cht, T vn thit k v T vn gim st s quyt nh co mi cc cho tng cc. Thc t cho thy, ti cu Tr Ang tt c cc cc u c cao mi cc khc nhau, thm ch hai cc k nhau cng chnh nhau hng chc mt, iu cng chng t tnh phc tp ca h thng hang ng bn di. Kt qu khoan thm d a cht th hin bng hnh tr l khoan cho ta thy cc s xuyn qua my tng hang, chiu cao ca vm hang ti v tr cc xuyn qua, tnh trng cast (hang sng hay hang cht), tnh trng nc ngm trong hang... Trn c s , T vn thit k, T vn gim st v nh thu s thng nht cc gii php thi cng v x l trc khi bt u khoan. (2) Gii php: - i vi hang cast cht: Ti cu Tr Ang, phn gc ngay di lp ph c mt s hang rnh cast kch thc tng i nh c nht y st dm sn. Vic khoan cc qua cc hang ny c tin hnh bnh thng. Tuy nhin do mt hang thng nghing hoc li lm nn rt hay gy ra s c kt ba. X l s c ny nh thu dng hc b xung y l khoan v dng ba p to phng mt hang. - i vi hang cast sng kch thc nh v nc trong hang khng c vn tc:
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Mt s cc xuyn qua cc hang cast c cha bn nho, nh thu kim tra v khng thy c hin tng nc lu thng ngm trong cc hang ny nn a ra gii php x l: a b tng xi mng xung nhi trong hang, khi b tng cng, tin hnh khoan qua hang bnh thng nh khi khoan trong . - i vi nhiu tng hang cast sng: Ti cu Tr Ang c mt s cc xuyn qua 3 tng hang, c hang vm cao hn 3m. Gii php x l l dng cc ng vch thp m rng a xung qua cc tng hang. Nh thu s chun b cc ng vch thp ng knh ln hn ng knh cc khoan t 20-50cm a xung mt gc. Khi khoan trn hang v vo trong hang th h ng vch ng knh nh hn xung mt di hang. Qu trnh c tip tc nh vy. Trng hp c nhiu tng hang th phi c nhiu ng vch nh hn lng vo nhau v nh vy tc l ng vch trn cng c ng knh ln dn. iu ny cng gy ra s tn km ng thi nh hng n nng lc ca my khoan nu ng knh cc pha trn ln hn ng knh cc danh nh tng i nhiu. Khi ch to lng thp lm mt ng vch c b dy nh, ng knh bng vi ng knh cc thit k v gn vo lng thp cc (ng vch thp ny coi nh vn khun cc v c li sau khi b tng cc). I.2.4 Mt s vn rt ra trong qu trnh thi cng cc khoan nhi cu Tr Ang: (1) Vic ch o cho nh thu khoan thm d a cht ti tim mi cc trc khi khoan cc nhi quyt nh cc gii php thi cng v cao mi cc l hon ton chnh xc. (2) La chn cng ngh khoan to l: Trong qu trnh khoan to l, do trang thit b ca nh thu thiu thn, s dng 2 loi my khoan: p cp CZ-30 v my khoan xoay GPS-15 ca Trung Quc, c hai loi my khoan ny u t ra khng hiu qu v cc l do: - My khoan xoay GPS-15 : My khoan ny ch thch hp vi a tng l t hoc phong ho. i vi gc cu Tr Ang rt cng (cng ca hn 1400 kG/cm2), my khoan ny khng ph hp, nng sut rt thp, c ngy ch khoan c khong 20-30cm vo . - My khoan p cp CZ-30: Do c ch hot ng ca my l dng ba dng ch thp p vo nn gc nn nng sut khoan ca my ny kh hn my GPS15 (nh thu c hn gia cng thm tng trng lng qu ba), tuy nhin do u ba treo bng cp nn trong qu trnh khoan ba rt hay mc vo cc hang hc cast gy ra s c, vic x l cc s c ny rt nguy him, c bit l vi cc s c su di lng t.
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(3) Do iu kin a tng qu phc tp cng vi nng lc yu km ca nh thu nn mc d cng tc chun b kh y nhng trong qu trnh thi cng cc s c vn thng xuyn.
I.3 Cu Non Nc - Quc l 10:
Cu Non Nc - Quc l 10 nm trong khu vc th x Ninh Bnh. M tr cu thit k cc khoan nhi ng knh 1.5m. a tng t mng m tr trn vng hang cast phc tp, cc cc xuyn qua nhiu tng hang, cc su n 70m. Nh thu thi cng cu ny u l cc nh thu thi cng c nng lc. Cng ngh khoan to l s dng my khoan LEFFER l mt trong cc my tin tin hin nay v thch hp trong cc vng a tng phc tp. I.3.1 Khi qut cng ngh: Sau khi nh v tim cc, ng thp s c cu theo phng thng ng v t vo kch thu lc LEFFER vi 2 tng kp. Sau khi xc nh chnh xc v tr cc, ng thp s c h dn dn vo lp t di y sng bng trng lng bn thn ca n. Khi trng lng bn thn ng thp khng th t h vo lp t y sng na. Dng ba rung thy lc Mueller 200 t ln ng thp, vi trng lng b sung ca ba th ng thp s tip tc ln su xung t mt on na. Khi ng thp khng ln c na th s dng ba rung h cc bng ng c thu lc. Khi lc rung ba khng th h ng thp su na th t b trong ng thp s c o mang ra khi ng bng thit b gu ngom. Khi khoan vo s xoay ng vch ct kt hp ba p v ly ra khi ng. Qu trnh b s rt dn ng thp ln. I.3.2 S c:
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Trong qu trnh khoan cc cu Non Nc, mc d s dng thit b khoan xoay ng vch kt hp ba, gu ngom ly t trong lng ng thp l cng ngh ph hp nhng vn xy ra s c kt li khoan trong hang cast. Nguyn nhn do li khoan khi gp hang cast b trt lch v pha hang, lm cho ng thp hi lch so vi phng thng ng lm kt ba, khng xoay c ng thp. I.3.3 Gii php x l: Do phn li khoan l mt ng trn cao khong 80cm c gn vi ng thp bng h thng bu lng cu to c bit. Khi b kt li khoan, Nh thu cho th ln xung tho h thng bu lng ny v rt ng thp ln. Sau dng cp la theo th git li khoan ln. Vic gii quyt s c ny i hi phi c cc cn b c kinh nghim v i ng cng nhn lnh ngh. Ngoi ra do gc cng nn li khoan b mn dn n ng knh ngoi ca li khoan gim i so vi ng knh ng thp lm cho vic xoay v rt ng kh khn. I.3.4 Gii php gi thnh vch i vi cc qua hang cast sng khi b tng: i vi cu Non Nc, do s dng cng ngh khoan to l dng khoan xoay ng vch nn khi b tng, ng thp chnh l vn khun cc, ngha l qu trnh va b tng va xoay dn rt ng vch ln. Nh vy khi c cc hang cast sng, c bit l vi cc hang m nc trong c lu tc th s b mt b tng khi rt ng thp ln. V vy nh thu p dng gii php dng ng vch ph. Trc khi b tng, phi rt ng thp ln v a ng vch ph xung sau b tng cc bnh thung.
I.4 Cu Bc - Quc l 10:
Nh chng trc trnh by, a cht ti khu vc cu Bc rt xu, c rt nhiu hang cast, xut hin ti tt c cc tr gy kh khn trong qu trnh thi cng cc khoan nhi. I.4.1 Khi qut cng ngh: Cng ngh khoan to l s dng my khoan QJ 250-1 trn h sn o khoan cc nhi. Gi n nh thnh vch bng ng vch kt hp vi va bentonit. Cc cc c thit k vi 2 loi ng knh 1.5m v 2m. Ni chung cc bc thi cng bnh thng nh cc cng ngh khoan khc. Ngoi ra do cc cc u xuyn qua h thng hang cast nn trong qu trnh thi cng p dng cc bin php x l khi khoan qua hang cast sng (mt dung dch khoan) v hang cast cht (khng mt dung dch khoan).
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I.4.2 Gii php x l khi khoan cc qua hang cast cht (khng mt dung dch hay nc): Dng t st th xung l khoan khi khoan n hang cast. Tc l dng t st bt kn hang cast li ri khoan qua hang bnh thng. Dng phng n ny kt hp vi dung dch bentonit. I.4.3 Gii php x l khi khoan cc qua hang cast sng (mt nc hoc dung dch khoan): (1) Nu chiu cao hang nh v nc trong hang khng c vn tc: Phng n x l ging nh i vi hang cast cht.
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(2) Vi trng hp chiu cao hang nh nhng nc trong hang c vn tc v chiu cao hang ln x l nh sau: Trong giai on khoan kim tra a cht ca mi cc xc nh c v tr v tnh trng ca hang cast v vy thi cng trong giai on khoan to l, nh thu thi cng chun b cc ng vch thp c b rng ln hn cc khoan 20-50cm tng ng vi vic dng mi khoan vi ng knh ln hn ng knh cc thit k. Sau khi khoan n hang cast th dng ng vch thp c ng knh nh hn nhng vn ln hn ng knh cc thit k h vo bn trong l khoan i qua hang cast. Cng vic tip theo tin hnh bnh thng. Trong trng hp nu nh c cng nhiu hang cast sng th cng phi c nhiu ng vch nh hn h vo trong l khoan, ng nhin ng vch u tin s ln hn nhiu so vi ng knh cc thit k, gi tr ny tu thuc vo s lng hang cast xut hin theo chiu di cc... Trong giai on b tng cc khoan nhi thc hin nh sau:
h thng cung cp bentonit
ng vch ln
ng vch nh
hang cast cht
mi khoan
mi khoan
hang cast sng t st gc gc
(a)
(b)
(a) Ph-ng n x l khi khoan cc qua hang Caster cht (khng mt n-c, dung dch) (B) Ph-ng n x l khi khoan cc qua hang Caster sng (mt n-c, dung dch)
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Ch to ng vch thp c b dy nh c ng knh bng vi ng knh cc thit k v c gn vo lng thp cc (ng vch thp ny coi nh vn khun cc v c li sau khi b tng cc). Cao mi ca ng vch thp ny phi thp hn y hang cui cng m bo b tng cc khoan nhi khng tro ra khi b tng, cn cao nh ca ng vch thp phi ln hn cao kt thc b tng cc.
I.5 Cu B:
Cu B - tnh Ho Bnh. M tr cu thit k cc khoan nhi ng knh 1.5m. Qu trnh khoan thm d a cht cha phn nh ht tnh phc tp ca h thng cast bn di dn n vic la chn cng ngh khoan to l khng ph hp. Qu trnh khoan hay gp cc s c, nht l s c mt dung dch khoan. Vic x l cc s c cu B cng mt rt nhiu thi gian. Trong gii php x dng ng vch ph kh hiu qu. I.5.1 Khi qut cng ngh: Cng ngh khoan to l s dng my khoan BAUER trn h sn o khoan cc nhi. Gi n nh thnh vch bng ng vch kt hp vi va bentonit. Cc cc c thit k vi ng knh 1.5m. Vic gp hang caster c nhiu bn nho m biu hin thng thy l ln cn khoan tang ln ngt, cao dung dch trong l khoan dng ln. I.5.2 Gii php x l: Vic s dng ng vch ph qua hang caster kt hp vi ng vch m rng bn ngoi c tin hnh nh sau: C th y l cc F1500: Bc 1: S dng ng vch m rng F1800 dy 14mm rung h bng ba rung BP170 n cao cho php c th rt c ng vch ln tu theo nng lc thit b hin c. C th kt hp o t hoc xi ht trong ng vch gim thiu lc ma st thnh cc. Bc 2: Khoan trong lng ng vch m rng bng my khoan BAUER sau doa l F1650. Vch thp ph F1600 c p h qua hang sau tip tc khoan F1500 v b tng bnh thng. ng vch ph c gi li trong t cn ng vch m rng c th c rt ln sau khi khoan xong.
II/ KIN NGH MT S GII PHP KHC PHC S C TRONG THI CNG CC KHOAN NHI TRONG VNG HANG NG CAST:
Nh ta bit, cc khoan nhi thng thng trong qu trnh thi cng cng rt hay gp s c: Trong cng on khoan to l, trong cng on gia cng ch to lng thp, trong cng on c b tng cc. i vi cc khoan nhi trong vng
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hang ng cast, do tnh cht phc tp ca a tng nn qu trnh thi ngoi kh nng c th xy ra cc s c trn cn c th xy ra rt nhiu s c khc na, ch yu l trong cng on khoan to l. Di y xin c trnh by v mt s gii php x l cc s c thng gp i vi vic thi cng cc nhi trong vng hang ng cast. u tin ta phn loi theo tnh cht ca hang gm: 1. Hang cast cht hoc hang cast sng kch thc nh nc trong hang khng c lu tc. 2. Hang cast sng kch thc ln hoc hang cast sng kch thc nh nhng nc trong hang c vn tc. II.1 Cc s c thng gp khi khoan cc nhi gp hang cast cht hoc hang cast sng kch thc nh nc trong hang khng c lu tc v gii php x l: y l loi hang tng i n gin, t s c hn so vi loi hang th 2. Mt s s c thng gp nh sau: II.1.1 S c kt ba hoc li khoan trong hang hc cast: S c ny thng xy ra vi 2 loi cng ngh khoan to l l khoan p cp v khoan xoay ng vch, trong cng ngh khoan p cp hay gp s c ny hn do ba khoan c treo vo cp, qu trnh nng ln h xung ba dao ng ln. - Gii php i vi cng ngh dng my khoan p cp: Vic mc ba vo hang hc thng do mt gc b nghing lm trt ba. Phng n x l l cho b hc xung y l khoan v dng ba p to phng b mt gc, sau h ng vch v khoan bnh thng. - Gii php i vi cng ngh khoan xoay ng vch: Vic li khoan b kt trong hang hc cast tuy t xy ra nhng nu xy ra th vic x l rt phc tp. Phng n x l l: c nh my khoan tht tt, trnh my bp bnh, trong qu trnh khoan cc lun c gi thng ng. Ngoi ra phi dng cc li khoan sc, trnh dng cc li khoan c mn d gy trt li theo mt . II.1.2 S c trt ng vch, tt ng vch i vi cng ngh gi thnh h ton ng vch: - Khi ng ng vch xung b mt gc nghing, li lm d lm cho chn ng vch b qun hoc b x rch. Khi ba p t s lm cho ng vch b ko tt xung. Phng n x l ging nh trn, tc l b hc xung y l v dng ba p to phng b mt gc. II.1.3 S c khng rt c ng vch ln i vi cng ngh khoan xoay ng vch:
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Do gc vng cast thng rt cng, khi khoan li khoanthng b mn nhanh. Vic mn li khoan lm cho ng knh ngoi ca li khoan gim i, dnn ng vch thp b t bm cht li khi rt ln. Phng n x l l phi thng xuyn hn gia cng li khoan m bo ng knh ngoi, ng thi c gii php thay th nu li khoan qu mn. II.1.4 Gii php gi thnh h khoan: Khi khoan n hang cast c th b t st hoc va xi mng xung sau khoan qua hang bnh thng. II.2 Cc s c thng gp khi khoan cc nhi gp hang cast sng kch thc ln hoc hang cast sng kch thc nh nc trong hang c lu tc v gii php x l: i loi hang th hai ny th tnh phc tp hn rt nhiu so vi loi hang trn. Vic thi cng v gii quyt cc s c trong qu trnh thi cng cc khoan nhi khi gp h thng hang ny thng rt phc tp v tn km. Cc s c c th gp ngoi cc s c i vi cc khoan nhi thng thng, cc khoan nhi trong vng hang cast cht cn c th gp cc s c khc, c bit trong khu gi n nh thnh vch v b tng. Di y ta xt k gii php gi n nh thnh vch khi khoan to l v khi b tng. II.2.1 Gii php gi n nh thnh vch h khoan vi cng ngh khoan to l gi thnh h bng dung dch bentonit: Du hiu thng thy khi mi khoan gp hang caster l ln cn khoan tng t ngt, cao dung dch trong l khoan c th b tt xung khi gp hang rng hoc dng ln khi trong hang c nc c p hoc bn nho. - Trong trng hp pht hin trc c hang caster th s dng thit b khoan xoay ng vch l phng php hiu qu nht. - Ngoi ra c th p dng gii php dng ng vch ph qua hang caster kt hp vi ng vch m rng bn ngoi nh trnh by cu B v cu Bc. VI.2.2 Gii php chng mt b tng khi b tng cc vi cng ngh khoan to l bng xoay ng vch: i vi cng ngh khoan xoay ng vch th trong qu trnh b tng, ng vch s c xoay rt dn ln, nh vy bn thn ng vch l vn khun cc. Tuy nhin i vi a tng c hang cast v nht l cc hang kch thc ln hoc trong hang c nc chy ngm th khi rt ng vch ln b tng s trn vo trong hang hoc s b nc c lu tc trong hang ra tri. V vy phi p dng gii php ng vch ph, tc l sau khi khoan to l xong phi ng ng vch ph xung di y hang, cao nh ng vch ph phi trn vm hang, ng vch ny phi li
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sau khi b tng. Nh vy gii php ny tng i tn km nhng cht lng b tng c m bo. V.2.3 Gii php chng mt b tng khi b tng cc vi cng ngh khoan to l bng my khoan p cp ton ng vch: i vi cng tc khoan cc nhi trong vng hang ng cast vic s dng thit b lc hu nh my khoan p cp s mang li hiu qu rt thp. Tuy nhin do gi thnh cc my khoan hin i nh LEFFER, BAUER... hin rt cao, cc nh thu nh khng kinh ph trang b, nn c mt thc t l hin nay mt s cng ngh tuy khng ph hp vi a cht nhng vn s dng thi cng. i vi my khoan p cp, vic ng ng chng n b mt gc l kh khn th vic ng ng vch ph xuyn qua cc hang li cng kh. Gii php ng ng vch ph tng t nh i vi cng ngh p dng cu Bc, Tc l s m rng ng vch m rng bn ngoi n b mt gc, sau khoan qua hang v h ng vch ph c ng knh nh hn qua hang. Cng vic khoan tip tc nh bnh thng. Nu c cng nhiu tng hang th cng phi m rng ng vch pha trn ra, tc l tng ng knh cc pha trn ln. y s l mt kh khn cho cng tc khoan v a s cc my khoan p cp c cng sut nh, ch ph hp khoan cc cc c ng knh nh. III/ KIN NGH CC BIN PHP PHNG NGA S C TRONG THI CNG CC KHOAN NHI TRONG VNG HANG NG CAST: Loi cc khoan nhi, ngoi cc u im nh trnh by phn m u v thc t ang chng t n l mt trong nhng gii php mng su c p dng rng ri nht hin nay. Tuy nhin cc khoan nhi cng tn ti mt s nhc im c th hin qua cc s c trong qu trnh thi cng. c bit i vi cc khoan nhi trong vng hang ng cast th cn c kh nng xy ra rt nhiu s c nh c trnh by trong chng 1 v chng 2. Cc s c trn i khi rt phc tp, kh khc phc sa cha, c th dn n chi ph rt cao hoc thm ch khng sa cha c m phi thay cc mi. Vic gii quyt, x l cc s c ch l bin php tnh th, bi v d p dng gii php g sau khi s c xy ra th u gy tn km, ko di thi gian thi cng, nguy him tnh mng cng nhn, nh hng n cht lng cng trnh v cn nh hng xu n d lun x hi. Do , cch tt nht l nn d phng cc s c c th xy ra, hiu r nguyn nhn v c cc bin php phng nga. C th nhn xt rng: khi thi cng cc khoan nhi thng gp nhiu s c, c bit l cc cc thi cng trong vng hang ng cast l do c qu nhiu yu t nh hng n n, trong khi kinh nghim thit k v thi cng ca chng ta cha nhiu, trang thit b cha ng b v hin i. Mt khc chng ta li cha quan tm
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ng mc n cc nh hng ca cc yu t , cho nn thng gp phi cc s c nh trn. Cc yu t l: iu kin a cht thu vn cng trnh (t, nc ngm... trong kho st hin nay ch xt n tnh cht c, l ca n m cha quan tm n tnh cht ho t, ho nc...), thnh phn dung dch bentonit, cng ngh thi cng v c bit l yu t con ngi. Cho nn vn t ra l chng ta cn xem xt nghim tc cc bin php phng nga s c, c k hoch chu o phng. Nu chng may xy ra s c th do c cc nghin cu phng trc nn vic x l s c s nhanh chng v t tn km hn. Sau y s trnh by mt s bin php c bn phng nga s c cho cc khoan nhi ni chung, trong c bit nhn mnh mt s bin php i vi cc khoan nhi trong vng hang ng cast ni ring. III.1 Tng cng cht lng kho st a cht thu vn cng trnh: III.1.1 Nhn xt: Cng tc kho st a cht thu vn l mt vic ht sc quan trong i vi cng tc thit k nn mng, c bit l nn mng cc khoan nhi trong vng hang ng cast. Vic kho st a cht thu vn tng i y s phn nh c mc cast ho trong khu vc, tnh trng hang, cng , tnh trng nc ngm... Trn c s thit k v thi cng s la chn gii php kt cu, la chn cng ngh thi cng thch hp nhm hn ch c cc s c c th gp trong qu trnh thi cng cc khoan nhi. Thc t cho thy mt s cng trnh, do cng tc khoan thm d a cht cha c quan tm ng mc dn n h s kho st a cht khng phn nh ht c mc phc tp ca a tng, qu trnh thi cng khng c s chun b i ph dn n thng xuyn gp s c trong qu trnh thi cng v khi c nh thu v T vn gim st u lng tng dn n vic gii quyt s c rt vt v nh cu B thm tr phi khoan cc khc thay th nh trng hp cu Vnh Sn. Ti mt s cu trong vng hang ng s dng kt cu cc khoan nhi nh cu Non Nc, cu ng Kinh, cu Troc, cu Tr Ang... do qu trnh khoan thm d a cht bc thit k k thut pht hin c hin tng cast, do trong bc bn v thi cng tin hnh khoan thm d a cht ti tim cc cc trc khi khoan cc chnh thc. y l mt bin php rt hp l nhm ngn nga cc s c c th pht sinh trong qu trnh thi cng. Vic c hnh tr l khoan ti mi tim cc s cho php ngi thit k v thi cng la chn gii php thi cng tt nht ph hp vi a cht thc t. III.1.2 Cc bc tin hnh trong cng tc kho st a cht thu vn trong vng hang ng cast:
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Cn thc hin theo vn bn s 351/GTVT-CG ngy 12/2/2001 ca B Giao thng vn ti " Hng dn vic kho st thit k v thi cng cng trnh trn tuyn ng H Ch Minh trong vng a cht c hang ng cast" nh sau: (1) Trong giai on kho st bc thit k k thut: - Trong khi khoan kho st, pht hin mu khoan a cht loi phn, vi, c dng nc ngm... hoc hang ng cast u phi theo hng dn ring v thc hin mt s th nghim s b nh sau: + Xc nh t l % vi ho ca mu nh gi hin trng cast. + Nu h khoan mt nc (hoc khng c nc) phi bm y nc kim tra hien tng mt nc. + Nu h khoan c nc phi ht nc hoc nng cao ct nc to p lc theo di hin tng dng nc ngm chy theo cc hang ng, rnh nt n. + Trng hp phc tp c th dng dung dch bentonit, nc mu siu m hoc a vt l th nghim nhm gim s lng khoan kim tra v tit kim so vi khoan kho st bnh thng. - Khi gp hang cast (sng hoc cht) u phi tin hnh khoan kho st qua tng hang cast v khoan vo lp gc t 2 3m. (2) Trong giai on Bn v thi cng: - Nh thu nht thit phi khoan thm d a cht ti tim ca tt c cc cc trc khi tin hnh khoan cc nhi. Qu trnh khoan c th khng cn ly mu nu xt thy s sai khc so vi thit k k thut khng nhiu. Tuy nhin nu tnh trng cast phc tp, c bit l hin tng nc chy ngm trong hang th c th ti mi l khoan cng phi tin hnh cc th nghim nh trnh by trn.
III.2 Tng cng cht lng thit k:
Hin nay cng ngh khoan cc nhi c p dng rt ph bin, vic thit k v thi cng cc khoan nhi tr nn quen thuc. Mc d vy, vic thit k cc nhi ch yu l sao chp t cc n trc, cc k s thit k phn ln cha thc s hiu bit v cng ngh thi cng, gii php x l i vi tng loi a cht c th. c bit i vi cc loi a cht kh nh hang ng cast th cc k s thit k a s u lng tng trong vic la chn kt cu, cng ngh khoan to l... Dn n mt s n khng c cc lu cn thit nh thu phng nga cc s c trong thi cng. Ngoi ra do hin nay cha c mt quy trnh, quy phm no hng dn vic thit k v thi cng cc khoan nhi trong vng hang ng cast nn cc k s thit k thng gp kh khn trong vic tnh ton, quyt nh cao mi cc, x l s c... Nhm khc phc tnh trng trn cn thc hin mt s bin php:
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- Vic thit k, tnh ton cc khoan nhi trong vng hang ng cast l vn phc tp, cn giao cho nhng k s c nng lc, kinh nghim m nhn. - Trc khi la chn gii php thit k (s lng cc, ng knh cc, gii php gi thnh vch...) cn phi nghin cu rt k lng h s kho st a cht thu vn, xem xt cc gii php v cng ngh thc hin mt s cng trnh ln cn. - Trong h s phi c cc lu r rng v tnh trng cast, cc vn cn ch trong cc giai on thi cng, cc s c c th xy ra v s b a ra cc gii php x l... - Cn phi hp cht ch vi t vn gim st, nh thu trong vic quyt nh chiu di cc, la chn cng ngh v cc gii php s c (nu c).
III.3 Tng cng cht lng cng tc qun l hin trng:
T vn gim st c vai tr rt quan trng trong vic m bo cht lng cng trnh. T vn gim st phi kim tra cng tc chun b ca nh thu, gim st tt c cc cng on thi cng v c bit l a ra cc gii php x l thch hp khi gp s c. iu yu cu cn b qun l thi cng hin trng phi rt chi tit v chuyn tm, phi tm hiu k ni dung thit k trc v ly lm tiu chun ch o nh thu. Khi xy ra s c phi nm vng tng trng thi, khng ring trng thi hin hu m phi tnh n hu qu ca n, xem c th tip tc thi cng c hay khng. Khi phn on thy c th em li kh nng nguy hi cho cc sau ny th phi tnh k vic tip tc thi cng hoc phi cn c vo tnh hnh thc t c bin php b cu. Lc ny, mt vic quan trng l phi ghi chp r rng v tnh hnh xy ra s c v bin php gii quyt, y l ti liu quan trng sau ny xc minh s c, phng s c tng t li tip tc xy ra.
III.4 La chn nh thu nng lc thit b:
Hin nay, nc ta c rt nhiu nh thu thi cng trong lnh vc xy dng c bn, Trong cng ngh khoan cc nhi cng c rt nhiu n v, t cc tng cng ty ln nh: Tng cng ty xy dng Thng long, Tng cng ty xy dng CTGT 1, Tng cng ty xy dng CTGT 4, Tng cng ty xy dng CTGT 6... n cc cng ty trch nhim hu hn tham gia thi cng. Thc t cho thy mt s nh thu khng m bo nng lc m nhim cng vic do thiu i ng cn b cng nhn lnh ngh, c kinh nghim, thiu trang thit b my mc dn n trong qu trnh thi cng hay xy ra cc s c khng ng c. c bit vic thi cng cc khoan nhi trong vng cast rt phc tp n i hi trang thit b phi hin i ph hp v i cng nhn lnh ngh. Do trong qu trnh la chn nh thu thi cng cn phi: - Chn cc nh thu c nng lc: Phi c trang thit b, my mc ph hp vi a tng xy dng, c i ng cng nhn lnh ngh nhiu kinh nghim. - u tin cc nh thu c kinh nghim thi cng cc cng trnh s dng mng cc khoan nhi trong vng hang ng cast.
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III.5 La chn cng ngh khoan to l ph hp:
Cng on khoan to l trong qu trnh khoan cc nhi trong vng hang ng cast rt phc tp, c th ni y l im khc bit ni bt phn bit gia thi cng cc khoan nhi thng thng v cc khoan nhi trong vng hang ng cast. Thc t cho thy do nhiu nguyn nhn nh: Khng nh gi ht hin trng cast trong bc kho st, nh thu khng m bo trang thit b m phi dng cc my mc sn c... dn n vic la chn cng ngh khoan to l khng ph hp, iu ny lm cho trong qu trnh thi cng thng xy ra cc s c, tin khoan rt chm, hiu qu thp, th d nh cu Tr Ang thi gian hon thnh 01 cc c khi n 6 thng, hoc cu Troc c cc thi cng mt hn 3 thng. i vi cng ngh khoan cc nhi trong vng hang ng cast th mt vn c tnh quyt nh n nng sut, cht lng thi cng... l vic la chn cng ngh khoan to l. Bi v vic la chn cng ngh khoan to l s quyt nh ton b dy chuyn thit b v cng ngh thi cng cng nh kh nng thc thi ca gii php thit k. Vic chun b mt bng v h thng cc cng trnh ph tr phc v thi cng cng hon ton ph thuc vo loi hnh cng ngh khoan to l. i vi vic khoan to l bng my mc bao gm vic khoan to l trong ng vch hoc khoan to l gi n nh thnh vch bng dung dch. Vic khoan to l trong ng vch c tin cy cao hn nhng gi thnh cho gii php ny cng cao hn do vy cn cn nhc c th tng trng hp s dng. Thc t thi cng cc cng trnh trn cc Quc l, ng H Ch Minh cho thy, i vi a tng c hang ng cast th vic s dng cng ngh khoan to l bng phng php xoay ng vch t ra c hiu qu hn c. V vy nu qu trnh kho st pht hin thy a tng c hin tng hang cast th trong h s thit k nn ch nh cng ngh khoan to l bng phng php khoan xoay v trong vic la chn nh thu cng u tin chn cc nh thu c trang thit b thi cng theo cng ngh ny.
III.6 phng s st l thnh h trong phng php thi cng khng c ng chng.
Vi phng php thi cng cc khoan nhi l khoan ng knh ln phn tun hon c th duy tr c p lc dung dch trong h khoan, nu lm khng ng cch c khi b d nc v d dung dch sinh ra st l thnh h. Trong cc nguyn nhn d nc v dung dch c cc nguyn nhn trng thi tnh, trng thi ng v sai st trong cng tc qun l. III.6.1. Cc nguyn nhn ch yu trng thi tnh: (1) di ca ng gi (ng chng tng trn) khng . (2) Duy tr p lc ct nc khng . (3) Mc nc ngm c p lc tng i cao.
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(4) Trong a tng c hang hc cast. (5) T trng v nng ca dung dch khng . (6) S dng dung dch gi thnh khng tho ng. (7) Do tc lm l nhanh qu nn cha kp hnh thnh mng dung dch trong l. III.6.2. Cc nguyn nhn ch yu trng thi ng: (1) ng gi b bin dng t ngt hoc hnh dng khng ph hp. (2) ng gi b ng cong vnh, khi iu chnh li lm cho t b bung ra. (3) Dng gu ngom kiu ba, khi o hoc xc mnh cui si di y ng gi, lm cho t xung quanh b bung ra. (4) Khi trc tip bn quay ln trn ng gi, do phn lc chn ng hoc quay lm gim lc dnh gia ng gi vi tng t. (5) Khi h ct thp v ng dn va vo ng gi lm n b ln xung. (6) Khi h khung ct thp v vo thnh h ph v mng dung dch hoc thnh h. III.6.3 Cc bin php phng nga: Theo cc nguyn nhn trn, phng st l thnh l, phi ch cc vic sau y: - V hnh dng, kch thc... ca ng gi phi m bo theo ng quy nh. Ngoi ra, khi lp dng ng gi phi ch bo m thng ng ca ng gi khng v nghing lch m phi lm i lm li. Vi phng php thi cng phn tun hon, mu cht l vic qun l dung dch c tho ng hay khng. - Khi c nc ngm, phi c bit ch xem c kp tng hoc thm nc hay khng. Khi ct nc ngm chu p lc tng di cao hn mc nc ngm tng trn, nht thit phi duy tr p lc ca dung dch. Trong vic iu tra a cht trc khi thi cng, phi lm r trc p lc ca nc ngm, lu lng v hng chy ca nc ngm... T trng ca dung dch t 1,02 - 1,08 l va. Ngoi ra, trong khi lm l, nu gp phi tng cui si m lm cho r r mt nhiu dung dch th phi tnh n vic c nn i phng php thi cng khc hay khng... Khi thao tc lm l n phn gia, quan trng l ngi iu phi v gim st r nc v dung dch. Cn phi chun b trc b cha nc, bm nc c lu lng ln s dng kp thi. - Khi thao tc lm l bng khoan gung xon, dung dch gi thnh c tc dng rt quan trng trong vic phng thnh l b st l, cho nn phi qun l dung dch tht cn trng. - Trong giai on to l ca phng php phn tun hon, nu tc lm l nhanh qu th mng dung dch cha kp hnh thnh trn thnh l nn d b st l
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thnh. Tc lm l khc nhau tu thuc vo tnh hnh a cht. i vi tng a cht bn tch rt l mm yu, nu lm l nhanh qu th l cc sau khi lm xong s khng th gi c kch thc. Ngoi ra, i vi tng ct v ct si nht thit phi ch , nu bn quay quay nhanh qu th s b rung theo chiu ngang, cn khi l cc tng i su m gp phi tng t cng di y l, cn ch khi cn khoan nng qu b cong li va vo thnh l sinh ra st l. Trong trng hp ny, c th lp thit b t ng chnh vo cn khoan. Ngoi ra, v mi quan h gia lu lng p lc m vi tc , c bo co nu rng: nu tc mt nc trong l vt qu 12m/ph th di tc dng ca p lc m, thnh l rt d sinh ra st l, khi ng knh l khng 1m phi c c bit lu . - Khi lm l bng gung xon, phng u cn quay khi ln xung lm st l thnh l, phi thao tc vi mt tc ln xung thch hp v phi iu chnh cho va phi thnh ngoi ca u cn quay vi cnh li ca dao ct gt cho c c ly ph hp, trong chng mc nht nh, vic ny cng c th trnh cho thnh l khi b st l. - Trong trng hp no th s c st l cng c quan h vi cht t, cho nn, mt vic quan trng l nhn vin thao tc hin trng phi nm chc cc t liu v a cht, trong bao gm bn hnh tr a cht. Nu trong trng thi tnh nh trn sinh ra s c st l thnh l m khng x l kp thi v c tip tc thi cng th s lm cho st l nhiu hn. Cho nn, phi iu tra k nguyn nhn v p dng bin php x l ri mi c tip tc thi cng. Trong khi p dng bin php x l, nu nhn thy vn khng ngn cn ni s c st l do cc nhn t ca trng thi tnh ny th phi nhanh chng lp b l ngay, nu khng c th s lm cho mt t b st ln hoc thit b b nghing lt rt nghim trng. Lp b l ni chung l dng t st, trong trng hp vn bt c d th c th dng va xi mng ct lm l s khng sinh ra nh hng ln. L b st l sau khi lp li, lp t khi s cha c n nh, phi dng li t ngy sau mi c thi cng li. i vi vic st l l sau khi t khung ct thp th thng l do khung ct thp khng c thng ng hoc cong vnh gy ra, cho nn khi th khung ct thp phi tht cn trng. Ngoi ra, cng khng nn b qua vic thay i mc nc trong l d nh. Sau khi th khung ct thp xong phi thc hin dn t ct b st l, thng dng phng php trn phun nc, sau dng phng php khng kh y nc, bm ct.... ht th bn trn ln y ln. Lc ny, phi ch bm nc p lc khng c qu mnh trnh lm cho l khoan b ph hoi nhiu hn.
III.7 phng khng rt c ng chng ln trong phng php thi cng ng chng.
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Trong phng php thi cng ng chng, nguyn nhn lm cho kh khn hoc khng rt c ng chng ln phn ln l do cht t (ch yu l tng ct). Thc cht do lc ma st gia ng chng vi t xung quanh ln hn lc nh ln (lc nh + lc rung) hoc kh nng cu ln ca thit b lm l khng . Trong tng ct th s c kp ng thng xy ra, do nh hng ca nc ngm kh ln, ngoi ra cn c nh hng ca mt ct vi vic ct c kt li di tc dng ca lc rung. Cn trong tng t st, do lc dnh tng i ln hoc do tn ti t st n... cng l nhng nguyn nhn t xut gy ra s c ny. Tm li, trc khi bt u cng trnh (giai on thit k) phi suy tnh tht k lng v vic la chn phng php thi cng v thit b thi cng. Khi u tra xc minh vn l do bn thn nng lc ca thit b khng . Ngoi ra, cn phi ch khi ng chng hoc thit b lm l b nghng lch th cng kh pht huy c ht nng lc ca thit b. ng knh ngoi ca ng 10-20mm gim bt lc ma st gia ng chng vi tng t. y l mt nhn t kh quan trng, khi li nhn b mi mn phi kp thi dng phng php hn chng b sung. Trong phng php thi cng ton ng chng, c th rung lc ng gim tr lc ca ma st bn v khi lc khng c th c th s khng rt c ng chng ln. Nng lc rt ng ca mt s loi my lm l do Nht Bn ch to trong biu sau :
Nng lc nh ln ca mt s my
Loi my
Ka t Ka T Ka T Ka T Ka T Ka T Mitsubishi Mitsubishi Mitsubishi 20 TH 20 THC 20 THD 30THC 30THC-S 50 TH MT 120 MT 150 MT 200
Nng lc nh ln ( kN)
420 420 520 920 920 920 440 1180 1180
Lc rung (kN.m)
460 500 630 1350 1350 1810 510 1480 1600
Trong qu trnh lm l, nu lc ng gia chng di thi gian qu th ng chng c th khng rt ln c. c bit l sau khi ng chng xuyn vo tng chu lc th lc ng cng kh khn cho n khi bt u b tng. Rt nhiu trng hp thc t l khng rt c ng ln, v th, sau khi kt thc vic lm l v trc khi b tng phi thng xuyn rung lc ng chng, ng thi cng th nng h ng chng ln xung mt cht (khng qu 15 cm) xem c rt c ng ln c
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hay khng. Trong lc th ny khng c b tng vo, nu khng s lm tng lc cn gia b tng v ng chng cng lm kh rt ng ln. Ngoi ra, trong khi b tng, nu mt ln mt lng b tng qu ln vo trong ng s lm cho di nng ln gia mt b tng vi li nhn ca ng di qu, hoc l vo trong ng loi b tng trn xong lu th cng c th lm cho lc ma st tng ln v khng rt ng ln c. Khi s dng nng lc bn thn ca my m nh ng chng khng ln c th c th thay bng kch du c nng lc ln kch nh ng ln . Nguyn nhn v bin php x l ng chng khi gp kh khn hoc khng nh ln c xem trong trong biu sau :
Nguyn nhn v bin php x l khi ng kh nh hoc khng nh ln c
Nguyn nhn
(1) Khi lc ma st xung quanh ng ln hn nhiu so vi nng lc nh ln ca thit b
Bin php
Cch x l
(1) Khi thy l kh nh ln: kh nh ln th bao gi cng gn vi kh lc, v vy trc tin l phi lm cho n trng thi c th lc c. Li dng van chuyn thao tc, lc lc vi mt gc nh lm cho lc cn gim i, cho n t t tr li trng thi bnh thng ri li nh ln. (2) Khi thy khng th nh ln c: phi lm cch khc nh kch, nu c lc ba i th pha sau ca my s b trt hoc lm cho my khng n nh, hoc lm cho b phn lc b s c hc lm cho kho c nh b hng. Khi nhn thy th hin trng thi c th nh ln c th phi chun b trc cc iu kin c th nh lin tc.
a. Khi li nhn ca ng chng b mi mn lm hp khong cch vi ng knh ngoi ca ng
m bo khong cch gia ng knh ngoi ca ng vi ng knh ngoi ca li nhn, c th hn chng li nhn ln theo yu cu cn thit. b. Khi lc cn ca ma st Khi nh mi m vn thy kh xung quanh l khoan ln qu. khn th phi ngh n kh nng chn sai phng php. c. Khi phng thc lm l Mc d t st hoc bn tch l khng ph hp. loi cht t d lm l, cng phi a ng chng xung mt cch tho ng, phi m bo cho gu ngom v u nhn ca ng c cng mt su. Trong khi lm l phi nhiu ln cn thn lc ng chng, va nhc ln h xung va lm l.
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d. Khi phng php b (1) Khng nn cho mt tng khng ng, tc dng dng ln ca b tng c cao dnh pha trong ng qu ln tip xc vi li nhn ca ng chng di qu. (2) u trn ca ng chng lp mt on ng ngn, khi bt u b tng th cho t hn hnh thnh ngay c trng thi c th nh ln. (3) Sau khi trn xong, nu thi gian hi lu mi th phi c bit ch n c tnh ca b tng (2) Khi my khng th pht Trc khi bt u lm vic, huy c ht nng lc nh ln nht l trc khi bt u b hoc nng lc ca my b tng, nht nh phi lm ng gim i tc rung lc nh ln a. Khi ng chng lch, khng Bt c trng hp no, nu cng hng vi hng nh cho hng nh ln ca my ln ca my. chch vi hng ca ng cng b. Khi nn t ch t my dn n tr lc ca t tng ln khng tt hoc do lp my rt nhiu, cho nn phi lm cho khng ng lm cho my b nn t t my tht chc v nghing khng trng vi phi bo m chnh cc thng ng ca ng chng. hng ca ng chng. c. Khi mt trong tay cm Nht thit phi thay i tm lc b mi mn khng lc m mt trong tay cm. c, khng nh ln c
Lm cho hng nh lm ca my trng vi hng nh ln ca ng Trng hp ny nu ng b nghing lch th phi sa i th ca my cho chun.
Bin php ng cu tc l cho mt tm st m mng vo gia tay cm v ng chng. d. S c b phn p lc du Phi duy tu bo dng thng Sa ngay thit b (nhc ln, rung lc) xuyn III.8 phng thit b thi cng ri vo thnh h.
y l s c rt hay gp phi trong qu trnh khoan to l cc trong vng cast, c bit l vi cng ngh khoan to l dng my khoan p cp. V vy phi thng xuyn nhc nh nhn vin thao tc ht sc ch phng cc chi tit kim loi, cc dng c loi nh ri vo trong ng dn. Mc d vy, vn c dng c to l ri vo trong l v chn di t v nhng nguyn nhn sau: (1) Trong phng php thi cng ton ng chng, do dy cp b t lm cho gu ngom ri vo trong l.
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(2) Do bu lng lin kt cn khoan b lng, b hng lm cho u cn xon ri vo trong ng. (3) Do bu lng vn b lng m quay ngc ng dn li lm cho b phn lin kt lch b ri ra ri vo trong l. (4) Do khng kp thi rt ng dn ln hoc do b tng ng rn m khng rt ng dn ln c. Khi dng c lm l ri vo trong l m cha chn vo trong t, ct, thng c th dng gu ngom hoc mc ko ln. Khi gu ngom kiu ba ri vo trong l (v nu gu m ra l ngom vo t) th ko ln phi c mt lc rt ln. Do vy, nu hi rung lc v nhc ng chng th c th mc c gu ngom ko ln. Trong phng php thi cng phn tun hon, khi u khoan xon b ri, nu cha b chn vo trong t th dng nhng ci mc l c th d dng ko ln c. Tuy vy, khi nhng dng c b ri chn vo trong t trc ht phi iu tra xem mc ln su nh th no, nu thy nguy him th phi lp tc lp h khoan li ri sau tm ra nhng i sch tng ng. dn sch t ct b lp ln trn u khoan xon khi b ri vo trong l, c th lp u khoan c bit vo u ca cn khoan mt mt va th xung, mt mt dng bm tun hon... y bn ct ln l c th m c u khoan.
III.9 phng khung ct thp b tri ln:
Sau khi to l bng phng php ton ng chng, lc b tng c khi khung ct thp b tri ln - khung ct thp t ng v tr su theo thit k nhng trong qu trnh b tng hoc rt ng ln thy khung ct thp li cao hn v tr nh. Nguyn nhn v cch x l nh sau: (1) Nguyn nhn: Thnh trong ca ng chng b bm dnh va hoc t ct, do ng b mo m thnh trong li lm khng u khi rt ng ln th ko c ct thp ln. Bin php phng: Trc khi to l, phi kim tra k thnh trong ca ng chng phn y. Khi b bm dnh nhiu th th phi co sch, nu thy c b bin dng th phi sa li. Khi kt thc vic to l cng c th m gu ngom ra ri nng ln h xung my ln cho gu co sch t ct dnh trong ng, lm phng y l. (2) Nguyn nhn: C ly gia ng knh ngoi ca khung ct thp vi thnh trong ca ng chng nh qu, c khi gia ct ai v thnh ng b nhng hn kp vo. Bin php phng: Phi lm cho c ly gia thnh ngoi ca ct ai vi thnh trong ca ng chng to gp 2 ln kch thc ln nht ca ct liu th.
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(3) Nguyn nhn: Do bn thn khung ct thp b cong vnh, cc ch buc ca khung ct thp khng chc, ct ai ri ra v bin dng, ng chng b nghing... lm cho ct thp cht vo thnh ng. Bin php phng: Phi tng cng chnh xc trong khi gia cng khung ct thp, phng khi vn chuyn b bin dng, khi th khung ct thp xung phi xc nhn trc gia ca khung ct thp tht chnh xc, khng c cho khung ct thp t do tt xung y l, cng khng c p mnh trn u khung ct thp. Khi a ng chng xung cng phi rt ch thng ng ca ng. (4) Nguyn nhn: Do b tng bt u ng rn, nn c b tng bm cht vo thnh trong ca ng chng. Bin php phng: Khi b tng, phi trnh vic dng li gia chng qu lu, ng thi khng c loi b tng c tnh lu ng thp qu. Khi phi vn chuyn trn on ng kh di hoc thi cng trong ma h th nn dng ph gia ng cng chm . (5) Nguyn nhn : C cn lng hoc c hin tng ct n vo, xung quanh ct thp b ct lp cht. Bin php x l: X l trit cn lng, xem k xc nhn l khng c ct n vo . (6) Nguyn nhn : B tng ch ming ng dn trn ra v chy mt. Bin php phng: B tng chy ra b li tn : ct, , xi mng ri nhau ri xung. Nu ri vo xung quanh ct thp, v ct s cng tri ln vi ct thp. Cn c s phng nghim ngt hin tng ny ngay t khu qun l cht lng b tng. Ngoi ra, trc khi b tng, nht nh phi hi nhc ng chng ln mt cht, xc nhn xem khung ct thp c b tri ln khng. Khi bt u b tng, song li pht hin ct thp b tri ln th phi lp tc dng vic b tng li v kin nhn rung lc ng chng, lm cho n di ng ln xung hoc quay theo mt chiu ct t s vng mc gia khung ct thp v ng. Trong qu trnh b tng, tuy ct thp c tri ln theo vic nh ng nhng b mt b tng th li ng yn, l do gia khung thp v ng chng tip xc vi nhau, cho nn phi lc ng nhiu ln, nhc ln h xung nhiu ln ct t lin quan ca ct thp vi ng. Lm nh vy cng c khi ct thp b xon i, v vy khng c cho ct thp ch quay theo mt chiu. Trong khi ang b tng, hoc khi rt ng ln m ng thi ct thp v b tng cng ln theo th y l mt s c rt nghim trng; hoc thn cc vi tng t khng c lin kt cht, hoc l xut hin khong hng. Cho nn, trng hp ny khng c rt tip ng ln trc khi gia c tng cng nn t b ln xung, thng thng th trng hp ny phi lm li cc b mi . Khi c hin tng ct thp tri ln na chng dng li th phi nghin cu iu kin thit k. Nu thy khng c vn th c th tip tc thi cng. Song, khi
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kim tra cng ca cc nu thy b gim m c nhng nh hng nht nh th phi b sung cc mi . Khi hin tng ct thp ni ln khng dng li th phi rt ct thp o b tng ln v thi cng li .
III.10 phng khung ct thp b nn cong vnh:
Nguyn nhn lm cho khung ct thp ca cc khoan nhi b nn cong vnh l ct ai b tut hoc sau khi t n v tr xc nh li vn cn ct thp xung na . Trng hp ny phn ln xy ra khi khung ct thp b p mnh vo u. Ngoi ra, sau khi t xong khung ct thp, do lc ng chng lm cho ct thp b vn xon nn khi mi bt u b tng ct thp tri ln; cng c khi do mun ct t lin quan gia khung thp vi ng chng m p mnh vo u khung thp hoc do rt ng chng ln lm cho b tng tt xung v v lc dnh m lm cho khung ct thp b un, hay v trong khi lp ng dn xung b m vo ct ai lm ct thp b nn cong vnh. Cho nn phng s c khung ct thp b nn cong vnh phi ch cc vn sau y: (1) Phi gia cng, buc khung ct thp tht chnh xc, c bit l phi ch mi ni u gia hai on khung thp. (2) Trong khi thi cng phi ht sc ch thng ng ca ng dn. (3) Khng c gy ra nhng ngoi lc khng tho ng trn u khung ct thp nh p tht mnh cho n tt xung... Kt cu ca khung ct thp thng phn trn c ct ch nhiu hn, kin c hn, trong lng ln hn so vi ct ch pha di. Nht l khi cc tng i di th kh nng b nn cong vnh li cng ln hn. Cho nn ngay khi thit k phi ch vn ny v qu trnh thi cng li cng phi coi trng.
III.11 phng nc vo trong ng dn:
Trong qu trnh b tng, do nhc ng dn ln nhiu qu, lm cho ch u ni b d nc. Nu b nc vo trong ng dn th khng nhng lm cho b tng b phn ly, lm hng do ca b tng m c trng hp cn li nhng khuyt tt nng nn trong thn cc. Cho nn, trc ht phi qun l thi cng tht nghim khc, khng c xy ra s c c nc bn lt vo ng dn, vn nht c xy ra s c ny th phi thc hin cch x l nh sau: - Trc khi b tng, nu pht hin thy ming ng dn kiu bt y c hin tng d nc th phi nhc ngay ng dn ln kim tra, x l tht k ri mi th ng xung v b tng. - Trong bt c trng hp no cng phi cho y ca ng dn chm su vo trong b tng. Khi pht hin ng dn b nng ln kh r rt phi mau chng cm
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ng dn vo trong b tng. Dng loi bm ht nc nh hoc loi thit b ht nc ng knh nh ht ht nc trong ng dn ra ri mi tip tc b tng. Cc thao tc trn nu khng tin hnh tht nhanh th b tng c th b ng rn, cho nn cng vic thi cng phi lun tin hnh tht nhanh chng, mun th th khu chun b cc phng n phng nga s c c thc hin tt.
III.12 phng c kh c trong h khoan:
y l vn rt cn c ch trong qu trnh thi cng, v ngoi cc kh nng c th gy chy n trong khi thi cng, cc kh c trong hang cn c th gy t vong cho cc cng nhn khi xung x l cc s c di h khoan. Bi v c th ca vic khoan to l trong vng hang ng cast l rt hay xy ra cc s c thi cng, trong khi x l cc s c, nhiu bin php cho cng nhn xung thao tc di l khoan (nh cu Troc, Tr ang, Non Nc hoc nh my xi mng Tam ip...). Do cn nghin cu cc bin php phng kh c tht chu o. C mt s cng trnh, do cu to a cht hoc nhng nguyn nhn khc khi l khoan cha hon thnh c kh c trong h khoan (nh kh mtan, sulfua) hoc xut hin hin tng thiu oxy. Thc t xy ra thng vong do cc nguyn nhn ny. Bi vy trc khi thi cng phi iu tra tht k tnh hnh thc t trong cc vng ln cn xung quanh c cng trnh thi cng trc y trnh cc tai ho ngm c th xy ra. c bit phi ch mt s a tng bi tch, v a tng ny c nhiu kh nng sinh ra kh mtan c hi. Khi dng phng php thi cng ton ng chng, nu hn khung ct thp gn ming h khoan, phi ch tia la hn c th bn vo cc kh d chy trong h khoan gy ra hin tng chy n. Cho nn, trc khi hn phi dng thit b thm d kh c hoc ng t xa ming h khoan m dng dy la kim tra xem trong h c khi c hay khng. Lc ny phi ht sc ch : Nu trong h ang ng mt lng kh d chy ln m vn thao tc hn th c th gy chy n. Ni chung, khi c kh d chy trong h khoan th c th dng cch x nc vo y kh thot ra. Song, nu lng kh c hi tng i t, th c th dng dy la t b lng kh i. Khi nhn vin thao tc cn thit phi tro xung h khoan (x l s c, kim tra...) c th tu theo tnh hnh c th m b tr thit b thng gi, b sung cng bc khng kh mi vo trong h khoan. Nhn vin thao tc nht thit khng c tro xung h khoan khi cha cc iu kin an ton, c bit l vo cc bui sng sm, v y l thi im kh c ngng t. Ngoi ra, khi cn phi thao tc trong h khoan nht thit phi cho cng nhn thao tc hiu r v cc loi kh c, nng kh c cho php ti a v cc iu cn ch ... Cc iu cn ch nh sau:
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(1) Khi u ng thi kh cng bc th xung y l khoan th cng nhn mi c xung h khoan. (2) Khi iu kin sc kho ca nhn vin thao tc khng ph hp th khng c tro xung h khoan. (3) Nhn vin thao tc tro xung h khoan khi cn thit c th eo mt n phng c. (4) Trong h khoan phi c treo n an ton sng. (5) Nhn vin thao tc tro xung h khoan phi c hun luyn trc v thao tc an ton. (6) Trong h khoan nht thit phi dng loi dy in c bc cch in chng nc v phi b tr chung in, dy ko... lm tn hiu lin h. (7) Phi ht sc trnh hn in hoc ct bng in trong h khoan, khi cn ct hoc ni th c th dng bin php khc. (8) Phi dng dy th vt liu, dng c... xung h, tuyt i khng c bung, nm vt liu, dng c... xung h. (9) Phi tnh ton d phng trc bin php ng cu khi bt trc c th xy ra. Tnh cht v hm lng gii hn ti a ca mt s kh nh sau:
Phn loi v hm lng gii hn ca kh c
Phn loi
Kh gaz Kh sulfua Kh CO2 (Khng kh thiu oxy)
Tnh cht
C tnh ngt th n thun c hi n trung khu thn kinh C tnh ngt th ho cht C tnh ngt th n thun
Hm lng gii hn ti a (ppm)

20 100 Hm lng khi thao tc trong h phi ln hn oxy trong khng kh l 16%
CHNG III XC NH SC CHU TI CA CC KHOAN NHI TRONG VNG HANG NG CAST
I/ C S TNH TON CC KHOAN NHI HIN NAY: V tnh ton thit k th trc y tiu chun thit k ca nc ta thng dng ch yu l da trn tiu chun thit k ca mt s nc, chng hn nh: 20TCN 21-86 da theo tiu chun ca Lin X (c), TCXD 195-1997 da theo tiu chun thit k ISO. Hin nay B Giao thng vn ti ban hnh Tiu chun thit k cu 22TCN 272 - 2001 da theo tiu chun thit k AASHTO - LRFD - 1998 ca M.
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Cc tiu chun ca Vit Nam cng nh ca cc nc khc u a ra nhng phng php tnh ton mng cc ni chung v mng cc khoan nhi ni ring. Ni chung i vi cc k s thit k, c hai bi ton cn gii quyt ln lt khi thit k l: - Bi ton tnh ni lc ca tng cc trong h mng v - Bi ton tnh sc chu ti ca 1 cc n theo vt liu lm cc cng nh theo iu kin t nn. V vic tnh ton ni lc ca tng cc trong h mng cc thng p dng cc phng php tnh ton c trnh by trong cc ti liu nghin cu hoc tham kho ch khng bt buc theo mt tiu chun thit k duy nht no. Trong tiu chun 22TCN 272 - 2001 ch c nhng yu cu cn phi xt n khi phn tch ni lc mng cc ch khng quy nh phng php phn tch c th. Tu theo kin thc v kinh nghim ca mnh, k s thit k c th p dng cc phng php tnh ton mng quen thuc ca cc tc gi nh: Zavriep, Ghexevanop hoc cc tc gi Vit Nam. Sau khi c kt qu tnh ton ni lc u cc, tnh ton mt cc n chu tc ng ng thi ca lc thng ng, lc ngang v m men un ti nh cc, cc k s Vit Nam thng p dng cc cng thc nu trong ph lc ca tiu chun thit k mng cc TCXD 205 - 1998, da trn nghin cu ca cc tc gi ngi Nga. tnh ton sc chu ti theo phng thng ng ca cc khoan nhi n theo iu kin t nn thng c nhiu phng php, nhng u xut pht t mt trong hai cch sau: Cch th nht: Da vo kt qu mu t trong phng th nghim v cc ch tiu c l ca t v iu kin phn b mi trng tnh ton sc chu ti ca cc khoan nhi n. Sc chu ti ny c th gi l sc chu ti theo cng thc l thuyt. Cch th hai: Da vo kt qu kho st bng th nghim hin trng xc nh sc chu ti ca cc khoan nhi n. Thng thng c th phn thnh 2 nhm phng php chi tit hn: - Nhm 1: S dng kt qu ca cc phng php xuyn tnh, xuyn ng. - Nhm 2: S dng kt qu cc phn tch v mi lin h ln - ti trng trong cc th nghim tnh, ng... Vic xc nh sc chu ti ca cc n theo phng php th nghim hin trng kt qu thu c s c sai s nh hn khi tnh theo cng thc l thuyt nhng thng i hi chi ph rt cao, nht l vi cc cc c ng knh ln, sc chu ti ln th cng tc th nghim rt kh khn, tn km v mt nhiu thi gian.
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Trong iu kin nc ta hin nay, Vic xc nh sc chu ti bng cc cng thc l thuyt vn l vic lm c ngha thc tin to ln. V vic tnh ton sc chu ti ca mt cc khoan nhi n theo iu kin vt liu thng p dng cc cng thc thit k cu kin BTCT chu nn lch tm c mt ct trn. i vi cng tc thit k cu Vit Nam hin nay song song tn ti 2 tiu chun thit k l: - Quy trnh thit k cu cng theo trng thi gii hn 22TCN 18 - 1979 (da theo quy trnh nm 1962 v quy trnh nm 1967 ca Lin X trc y). - Tiu chun thit k cu 22TCN 272 - 2001 (da theo tiu chun AASHTO LRFD nm 1998 ca Hoa K). Nh vy tu theo tng d n m k s thit k c th chn cc cng thc ca mt trong hai tiu chun ni trn hoc tnh ln lt theo c hai tiu chun so snh. Tuy nhin trong c hai tiu chun ny u c cc mt hn ch khi p dng, c bit l khi tnh sc chu ti ca cc khoan nhi n ngm trong tng , nht l tng vi c hang cast. iu ny gy lng tng cho cc k s thit k, bi v cc khoan nhi trong vng hang ng cast c cc c im khc bit so vi cc khoan nhi thng thng, nht l vi cc khoan nhi trong nn t (cc ma st), c bit vi cc cc khoan nhi xuyn qua nhiu tng hang hoc cc cc xuyn qua hang cast sng c chiu cao vm hang ln th vn cng tr nn phc tp.
II/ TNH TON SC CHU TI CA CC KHOAN NHI N NGM TRONG :
Sc chu ti ca cc khoan nhi l c s tnh ton ni lc, bin dng v xc nh chiu di cc, ng knh cc, s lng cc. Sc chu ti ca cc cn l c s b tr ct thp cc. Mc d chng ta s dng cc khoan nhi cho nhiu cng trnh cu ln nh nhng vic p dng cc Quy trnh, Tiu chun thit k cc khoan nhi cn cha thng nht. c bit cc khoan nhi s dng trong vng hang ng cast hu nh cha c quy phm thit k v thi cng. Chng ta thi cng rt nhiu cc khoan nhi trong vng hang ng cast nhng cc ti liu tng kt v thit k v thi cng cng t c ph bin.
II.1 Tiu chun thit k 22TCN 18-79
Tiu chun thit k cu hin hnh 22TCN - 18 - 79 ch quy nh v thit k mng cc ng. Cc khoan nhi v cc ng c nhiu c im khc nhau nn khng th p dng c.
II.2 Tiu chun thit k 22TCN 272 - 2001
Tiu chun thit k cu 22TCN - 272 - 2001 c quy nh v vic xc nh sc khng dc trc ca cc khoan ngm trong hc , c th b qua sc khng mt bn ca cc trm tch t ph nm trn mt .
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Cc h s sc khng cho cc khoan ngm trong phi c ly nh quy nh trong bng sau:
Bng 10.5.5-3 cu Tiu chun 22TCN 272 - 2001.
Phng php/ nn / iu kin

Kh nng chu lc ti hn ca cc khoan n Kh nng chu lc nh ca cc khoan n Sc khng thnh bn trong Sc khng ti mi cc trong Carter v Kulhawy (1988) Horvath v Kenney (1979) Hip hi a k thut Canada (1985) Carter v Kulhawy (1988) Horvath v Kenney (1979)
H s sc khng
0.55 0.65 0.50 0.45 0.55
Vn tnh ton sc khng ca tng , theo Tiu chun 22TCN 272 2001 c nhiu khi nim mi so vi trc y. Cc phng php dng thit k mng cc khoan trn nn cn c xem xt hin trng, hng v cc iu kin cc vt nt n, cc mt ct phong ho tng v tr c th. Trc ht cn xc nh ch s RQD (Rock Quality Designation - Ch tiu xc nh cht lng ). Phi khoan ly mu li ri xc nh theo cng thc: RQD = T s gia chiu di ca cc on li 10cm v di hn vi chiu di hnh trnh ca li, tnh theo phn trm. RQD l mt ch s cht lng chung ca c o trc tip nhiu vt nt v tt c nhng ch b mm hoc c nhng bin i trong khi . i vi nn mng t trn tt, c th p dng cc phn tch n gin v trc tip da trn cng nn mt trc ca v tr s RQD. tt c nh ngha nh l mt khi vi cc vt nt khng rng hn 3.2mm.. i vi nn km hn, phi thc hin cc kho st iu tra v phn tch chi tit hn xt n nh hng ca phong ho v cc vt nt thc t. Nh vy Tiu chun 22TCN 272 - 2001 c xt n vn cc khoan nhi ngm trong nhng cc thng s v cc khoan nhi (Drilled shafts) phn 8 ca chng 10 li da vo cc thng s ca AASHTO - LRFD - 1998 cha hon ton ph hp vi Vit Nam, nht l cc yu cu i vi cng tc kho st. Mt khc hin cha c gii thch v quy phm nn vic p dng gp nhiu kh khn.
II.3 Tiu chun thit k mng cc 20TCN - 21 - 86:
i vi cc khoan nhi, iu 5-9 ca Tiu chun 20TCN - 21 - 86 quy nh nh sau:
P = m(mRRF + uSmffili)
Trong :
- m: H s iu kin lm vic.
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- mR: H s lm vic ca t di chn cc. - R: Cng tnh ton ca t di chn cc. - F: Din tch ta chn cc. - U: Chu vi thn cc. - mf: H s lm vic mt bn cc. - fi: H s ma st mt bn cc. - li: B dy cc lp t tip xc vi mt bn cc.
Cc c im ca cc khoan nhi trong nn t v trong nn l hon ton khc nhau, khng th p dng cng thc trn xc nh sc chu ti ca cc khoan nhi c chn cc ngm trong vi. V mt chu lc th cc khoan nhi trong nn t ch yu l cc ma st, khi cc ma st pht huy ht th sc chu ti di mi cc mi dn dn tng. Cc ngm trong nn vi (c hang cast) ch yu l cc chng. Sc chu ti theo ma st c th b qua, khng xem xt n. B dy lp mn khoan lng ng di y l khoan ca cc chng nh hng nhiu n sc chu ti ca cc chng, do cn c h s iu chnh.
II.4 Tiu chun thit k mng cu ng t JTJ - 024 - 85 (Trung Quc):
Tham kho quy phm thit k mng cu cng ng t ca Trung Quc JTJ - 024 - 85 trong sc chu ti ca cc khoan nhi ta trn vi (c hang cast) c th tnh theo cng thc: mP = (C1F + C2Uh)Ra Trong : - m: H s iu kin lm vic m=2. - P: Sc chu ti dc trc ca cc n. - Ra: Cng chu nn bo ho nc ca mu vi c ng knh 710cm (kPa). - h: Chiu su cc ngm trong vi c bn (tnh bng m) khng xt tng phong ho . Trong mi iu kin khng nh hn 0.5m. - U: Chu vi mt ct ngang b phn ngm trong (m). - F: Din tch mt ct ngang ca phn cc ngm trong (m2). - C1, C2: H s xt n nh hng ca v v dy mn khoan di y l.
H s C1 v C2
iu kin
Tt Bnh thng Tng i xu
C1
0.6 0.5 0.4
C2
0.05 0.04 0.03
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Cc lp t ph trn mt c th b qua khng xt lc ma st dng. Nu c tng t yu trng thi chy v do chy th phi xt n nh hng ca ma st m. B dy ca lp c bn (khng xt phong ho) di chn cc khoan nhi khng c nh hn 3m. Khi tng lng sng c xi l th chn cc phi ngm trong c bn vi chiu dy t nht l: h=
Mh 0.066 bRa D
0.5 (m).
- h: Chiu su cc ngm trong c bn (khng tnh phong ho). - Mh: M men un nh mt . - Ra: Cng chu nn mt trc ca bo ho nc. - b: H s b = 0.5 1 cn c cu to thnh hc . - D: ng knh cc khoan nhi.
II.5 Nhn xt:
(1) Vic tnh ton, thit k cc khoan nhi hin nay ca cc T vn ni chung khng thng nht v phng php tnh, quy trnh quy phm p dng... Cho nn tn ti mt thc t l trn cng mt d n c nhiu t vn tham gia thit k th mi T vn tnh ton cc khoan nhi theo mt cch, k c vic tnh ni lc ca nhm cc ln vic tnh sc chu ti ca cc n. iu ny gy kh khn cho c quan thm duyt ng thi lm cho thiu tnh thng nht bi v kt qu tnh thng khng ging nhau. (2) i vi mng cc khoan nhi ngm trong cng th Tiu chun 22TCN 18 - 79 (Quy trnh 79) khng cp. Cc Tiu chun khc ca Vit Nam ni chung ch ph hp vi cc khoan nhi thng thng trong t (cc ma st), cn i vi cc khoan nhi ngm trong tng vi th cc Tiu chun ny cn mt s im cn phi b sung thm. (3) i vi tiu chun 22TCN 272 - 2001, sc chu ti ca cc khoan nhi n tnh theo cng thc ny cho kt qu kh st vi thc t ( so snh vi kt qu nn tnh mt s cu nh cu M Thun v cu Bc...). Trong Tiu chun ny c quy nh vic thit k cho cc khoan nhi ngm trong gc kh chi tit. Tuy nhin, vic kho st p ng c yu cu cho tnh ton l rt mi m v kh khn, ngoi ra cn phi c ti liu gii thch tiu chun ny vic p dng c thun tin hn. V vy, hin nay nn p dng tiu chun ny tnh ton cc khoan nhi Vit Nam.
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(4) i vi cc khoan nhi ngm trong vi, Tiu chun JTJ - 024 - 85 ca Trung Quc v Tiu chun 22TCN 272 - 2001 c nhiu im ging nhau v cch t vn nh: - C th b qua khng xt lc ma st dng i vi tng trm tch pha trn b mt gc. - Nu lp t ph trn b mt l t yu th phi xt n lc ma st m. - Sc chu ti ca cc nm trong tng bao gm: Sc khng thnh bn trong hc hoc sc khng ti mi cc trong . - Chiu dy tng c bn (khng xt phong ho) di mi cc t nht l 3m.
III/ TNH TON CC KHOAN NHI N XUYN QUA HANG CAST:
III.1 t vn :
Trong thc t xy dng cc cng trnh s dng mng cc khoan nhi trong vng hang ng cast thy rng: a tng m cc xuyn qua thng rt phc tp, c cc xuyn qua mt, hai, thm ch n ba tng hang hoc c nhng hang cast sng m vm hang cao n hn 3m, vic thi cng cc qua cc hang ny l mt vn rt phc tp, nhng vic tnh ton chng theo m hnh no ? bi v i vi on cc nm trong hang th ni lc ca n s khc so vi s tnh ton thng thng. Vic tnh ton ni lc ca tng cc trong h mng cc l mt vic thng thng, cc cc khoan nhi trong vng hang ng cast cng nh cc khoan nhi thng thng u tnh nh nhau. im khc bit gia cc khoan nhi thng thng v cc khoan nhi trong vng hang ng cast chnh l m hnh tnh ton cc n, bi v mi cc trong vng hang ng cast trong h mng cc c th c mt m hnh tnh ton khc nhau, iu ph thuc vo a tng m cc xuyn qua. Trong ni dung tnh ton cc khoan nhi xuyn qua hang cast s trnh by di y s ch i su vo vic tnh ton cc khoan nhi n xuyn qua hang cast. gii quyt vn trn cn phi a ra m hnh tnh ton cc theo kt cu a tng thc t m n xuyn qua.
III.2 Cc gi thit tnh ton:
Trn c s tham kho Tiu chun thit k 22TCN 272 - 2001 v Tiu chun JTJ - 024 - 85 ca Trung Quc, vic tnh cc khoan nhi n xuyn qua hang cast da trn cc gi thit sau: - B qua khng xt lc ma st dng i vi tng trm tch pha trn b mt gc. - Nu lp t ph trn b mt l t yu th phi xt n lc ma st m.
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- Sc chu ti ca cc nm trong tng bao gm: Sc khng thnh bn trong hc v sc khng ti mi cc trong . - Chiu dy tng c bn (khng xt phong ho) di mi cc t nht l 3m.
III.3 La chn m hnh tnh ton:
Trong thc t xy dng, cc cc khoan nhi xuyn qua hang cast thng gp cc trng hp a tng ch yu nh sau: - Lp 1: Trm tch ph trn mt (t st, st l dm sn, cui si...). - Lp 2: vi vi chiu dy t 0.5 3m. - Lp3: Hang cast, chiu cao vm hang rt a dng. Trong lng hang c th lp y t (cast cht) hoc cha nc, bn hu c, khng kh (cast sng). - Lp 4: vi. Trn y l cu to a tng in hnh ca mt cc khoan nhi xuyn qua mt tng hang cast. Trong thc t nhiu cc xuyn qua 2 thm ch 3 hang cast, c bit nh ti nh my xi mng Tam ip c cc xuyn qua 5 tng hang. S lm vic ca cc c m hnh ho nh sau: Coi cc l mt thanh n hi, lp t ph pha trn mt gc c h s nn l tuyn tnh. y cc phi ngm trong tng c bn ti thiu 0.5m, tng c bn di mi cc phi dy ti thiu 3m. Cc chu tc dng ca: Lc thng ng (P), Lc nm ngang (H) v mmen un (M). T hp ti trong trn c tnh ton bc tnh ni lc ca tng cc trong h mng cc. - iu kin bin ti mi cc: (1) Tit din y cc tng ng vi lin kt ngm vi nn khi lp c bn di mi cc c cht lng tt ( lin khi cng chc). (2) Tit din y cc tng ng vi lin kt gi c nh vi nn khi lp di y cc c cht lng trung bnh (cng trung bnh, nt n).
III.3 Phn tch s lm vic ca mt cc n.
III.3.1 C s tnh ton. Ta phn tch s lm vic ca mt cc n trong trng hp tng qut: + Cc chu ng thi cc ti trng: Lc thng ng (P), lc nm ngang (H), m men (M). + Tng a cht y mng bao gm c phn t v phn hang cast (xem hnh v).
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1.0 m
Vic tnh ton mng cc l bi ton phc tp, da vo gi thuyt c bn: * Coi nh hang cast lm vic tng ng mt gi di ng, v tr t gi cch nh vm hang mt khong L=1m. * y cc lin kt vi nn tng ng vi mt ngm hoc mt gi c nh tu vo cht lng . thun li cho qu trnh tnh ton sau ny, cc d kin u vo (gi tr h s nn, cc khong cch t gi x1, x2, x3, x4...) s c thay i theo cu to ca a tng thc t m cc xuyn qua. V vy bi ton s c lp v gii theo "phng php tng qut. Ta chia cc thnh hai on: on1: T mt t n su xo (chiu dy tng t ph), on ny ngoi ngoi lc u cc, mt bn ca cc cn chu phn lc ca nn t. on 2: T nh lp vm hang n y cc, (gi s c cc xuyn qua n hang cast, chiu dy ca on 2 bng xn), cc chu tc ng t phn trn truyn xung v chu cc phn lc thnh hang (c m hnh ho thnh cc gi di ng). gii bi ton trn ta dng phng php thng s ban u xut pht t phng trnh chuyn v c bn ca cc: + Vi on 1 (0<z<xo):
E * I * d 4 y(z) + btt mzy ( z ) = 0 dz 4
+ Vi on 2 (xo<z<x4):
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a. i vi on 1:
E * I * d 2 y(z) + M ( z) = 0 dz 2
Dng phng php thng s ban u vi gi thuyt c bn: Coi t l mi trng n hi m tnh cht bin dng ca n c trng bi h s nn thay i bc nht theo chiu su: C=m*z. C : H s nn n hi. m: c trng ca h s tng ng, trng hp cc xuyn qua nhiu lp t th h s nn c tnh quy i theo cng thc:
mtd =
h *m
i 1
h
1
Phng php tnh ton tin hnh theo phng php chuyn v v li gii bi ton thng s ban u ca K.X.Zavriv. + ng sut mt bn ca cc c xc nh: yz = bHmzy(z).
E * I * d 4 y(z) z +s y =0 4 dz
Phng trnh vi phn vng c dng:
E * I * d 4 y(z) + btt mzy ( z ) = 0 dz 4
Ta c phung trnh vi phn c bn :
j0 M H B1 + 2 0 C1 + 3 0 D1 a a EI a EI Da vo li gii theo phng php thng s ban u ca Urban:

y ( z ) = y 0 A1 +
vi
a =5
mbtt EI
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khi :
y=j(z) j=M(z) M=Q(z)
Vi : + y0, j0 l cc thng s ban u xc nh theo iu kin bin ca y mng. + A1, B1, C1, D1 l cc h s nh hng ph thuc vo htt=ah. + nh hung ca t di y i thng qua phn lc (phn lc thng ng, phn lc ma st, phn lc mt bn ) i vi cc. Cc phn lc ny c c trng bi cc h s nn theo cc phng: phng php tuyn, phng tip tuyn vi y i. + iu kin bin ca on ny l: ti z=x0, yo=y1, jo=j1 vi y1, j1: cc thng s chuyn v ban u ca on 2. - ((aB 2 y1 - A2f1 ) - a ( A3B 2 - A2 B3)) yo = a ( B1A2 - B 2 A1)
fo =
((aB1 y1 - A1f1 ) - a ( B3 A1 - B1A3)) a ( B1A2 - B 2 A1)
+ Lc ct v m men ti z=xo ca on 1 c tnh:

H 1= Q( xo) = a 3 EI ( y 0 A4 + M 1 = a 2 EI ( y 0 A3 +
b. i vi on 2:
j0 M H B 4 + 2 0 C 4 + 3 0 D 4) a a EI a EI
j0 M H B3 + 2 0 C 3 + 3 0 D3) a a EI a EI
y ( z ) = y1 +
j1 M ( z) 2 z- 1 1! 2! EI
H 1 ( z ) 3 + Vi * ( z - xi ) 3
1
3! EI
Vi: - H1:Lc ct ti cui on 1. - M1: M men ti cui on 1. - Vi: Phn lc gi thnh hang ti v tr i. - xi: Khong cch t u on 2 ti v tr gi Cc iu kin bin ca on 2: a). Vi tit din y cc c ngm vi nn: + Ti z=xi, y(xi)=0.
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+ Ti z=xn,
y(xn)=0. j(xn)= 0.
b). Vi tit din y cc c lin kt tng ng gi c nh vi nn: + Ti z=xi, + Ti z=xn, y(xi)=0. y(xn)=0.
+ M1+H1xn+Vi*(x-xi)=0. Gii cc iu kin bin ta tm c phng trnh chuyn v y1, f1 ca cc v cc phn lc thnh hang Vi. * Sau khi xc nh c y1, f1, Vi ta s tm c phng trnh chuyn v ca cc v ni lc trong cc c xc nh theo cng thc: j(z) = dy(z)/dz M(z)=EI*d2y(z)/dz2 Q(z)=EI*d3y(z)/dz3 III.3.2 Cc cng thc tnh ton. Coi chuyn v ti nh cc l cc n s, ta s tnh cc chuyn v n s thng qua h phng trnh c bn ca phng php chuyn v: (1) Vi u cc lin kt ngm vi nn: r11y1 + r12f1 + Sr1iVi = 0 r21y1 + r22 f1 + Sr2iVi = 0 ................... r(2*n+1)1 y1 + r(2*n+1)2 f1 + Sr(2*n+1)iVi = 0
Trong : + n: s tng hang cast. + rij : cc h s ca phng trnh iu kin bin c bn.
j1 M 1 ( z) 2 y ( z ) = y1 + z1! 2! EI
H 1 ( z ) 3 + Vi * ( z - xi ) 3
1 n
3! EI
+ y1: chuyn v ngang ca gc to . + f1: chuyn v xoay ca gc to . + Vi: Phn lc thnh hang.
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- Lu : Gc to t ti u on 2. * Gi dHH, dMH, dHM, dMM l cc chuyn v do lc n v gy ra, khi mt cc chu tc dng ca cc lc n v (H=1 v M=0, hoc H=0 v M=1). th ta s c : y0=dHH (ng vi H=1;M=0) j0=-dMH hoc: y0=dMH j0=-dMM v phng trnh chuyn v thn cc c dng: Vi 0<z<x1:
y ( z ) = y 0 A1 +
(ng vi H=0;M=1)
Vi x1<z<xn:
j0 M H B1 + 2 0 C1 + 3 0 D1 a a EI a EI
H 1 ( z ) 3 + Vi * ( z - xi ) 3
1 n
y ( z ) = y1 +
j1 M ( z) 2 z- 1 1! 2! EI
3! EI
nh vy diik chnh l cc h s c trng cho nn v cc , xc nh diik ta s dng cc iu kin bin ca bi ton : Xt mt ct st vi mi cc (ti su chnh l chiu di cc ) + Khi mi cc ngm trong nn cng chc: + Ti z=xi, + Ti z=xn, y(xi)=0. y(xn)=0. j(xn)= 0. + Khi mi cc t trong nn phong ho mnh: + Ti z=xi, + Ti z=xn, y(xi)=0. j(xn)=0.
+ M1+H1xn+Vi*(z-xi)=0. Sau khi xc nh c cc phn lc rij thay vo h phng trnh c bn ta xc nh c cc chuyn v : y1, f1 v phn lc thnh hang Vi. * Sau khi gii cc h phng trnh trn, ta s tnh c cc chuyn v ti u on 2 do cc lc n v gy ra bao gm: y1, f1 v cc phn lc gi Vi.
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* Cc chuyn v (do cc lc n v gy ra) ti gc to (doHH, doHM, doMH, doMM) c tnh theo cng thc:
0 d HH =
- EI (a 3 B 2 y1 - a 2 B1f1 ) ( B 2 D1 - B1D 2) + a 3 EI ( B1A2 - B 2 A1) a 3 EI ( B1A2 - B 2 A1) - EI (a 2 B 2 y1 - aB1f1 ) ( B 2C1 - B1C 2) 0 + = d HM 2 2 a EI ( B1A2 - B 2 A1) a EI ( B1A2 - B 2 A1)
0 d MH =
0 MM
- EI (a 2 A2 y1 - aA1f1 ) ( A2C1 - A1C 2) = 3 + a EI ( B1A2 - B 2 A1) a 2 EI ( B1A2 - B 2 A1)
Cc chuyn v ti nh cc (dHH, dHM, dMH, dMM) c tnh theo cng thc:
d HH
L3 0 0 0 = 0 + d MM L2 0 + 2 d HM L0 + d HH 3EJ L2 0 0 = 0 + d MM L0 + d HM 2 EJ
d HM = d MH
d MM =
L0 0 + d MM EJ
d PP =
L0 + h kd + EF F Ch
+ L0: Chiu di t do ca cc. + EF: cng chu nn ca cc. + EJ: cng chu un ca cc. + h: cm su ca cc trong t. + k: H s k n nh hng ca phn lc t ti mi cc.
Trong :
T cc chuyn v v phn lc ny cng vi cc yu t hnh hc ta xc nh c chuyn v ti nh ca cc theo cng thc sau: y0= dHHH+dMHM; j= -(dMHH +dMMM) Da vo cc thng s ban u (yo, fo) ta tm c phng trnh chuyn v ca cc. III.3.3. Xt cc trng hp c th. (1). Trng hp mt tng hang cast: +Vi on 1 (0<z<xo):
y ( z ) = y 0 A1 +
j0 M H B1 + 2 0 C1 + 3 0 D1 a a EI a EI
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+ Vi on 2 (xo<z<x2): a. y cc lin kt ngm vi nn.

y ( z ) = y1 +
j1 M ( z ) 2 H 1 ( z ) 3 + V1 * ( z - x1 ) 3 z- 1 1! 2! EI 3! EI
+ Ti z=x1, + Ti z=x2,
y(x1)=0. y(x2)=0. j(x2)= 0.
b. y cc lin kt gi c nh vi nn.
+ Ti z=x1,
y(x1)=0.
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+ Ti z=x2,
y(x2)=0. M(x2)=0.
v nh gi c kh nng chu lc ca mi cc. (2). Trng hp hai tng hang cast. a. y cc lin kt ngm vi nn.
+ Ti z=x1, + Ti z=x2, + Ti z=x3, + Ti z=x4,
y(x1)=0. y(x2)=0. y(x3)=0. y(x4)=0. j(x4)= 0.
b. y cc lin kt gi c nh vi nn. + Ti z=x1, + Ti z=x2, + Ti z=x3, + Ti z=x4, y(x1)=0. y(x2)=0. y(x3)=0. y(x4)=0. M(x4)=0.
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1.0m
(3). Trng hp ba tng hang cast. a. y cc lin kt ngm vi nn.
1.0m
1.0m
1.0m
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+ Ti z=x1, + Ti z=x2, + Ti z=x3, + Ti z=x4, + Ti z=x5, + Ti z=x6,
y(x1)=0. y(x2)=0. y(x3)=0. y(x4)=0. y(x5)=0. y(x6)=0. j(x6)= 0.
b. y cc lin kt gi c nh vi nn.
1.0 m
1.0 m
1.0 m
+ Ti z=x1, + Ti z=x2, + Ti z=x3, + Ti z=x4, + Ti z=x5, + Ti z=x6,
y(x1)=0. y(x2)=0. y(x3)=0. y(x4)=0. y(x5)=0. y(x6)=0. M(x6)=0.
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III.5 Nhn xt:
Qua vic tnh ton cc khoan nhi n xuyn qua hang cast theo cc trng hp cc xuyn qua 1 hang, 2 hang v 3 hang cng nh xt cc s mi cc lin kt ngm hoc lin kt gi c nh vi nn c bn ta c nhn xt sau: - M men ti u cc vn c gi tr ln nht, tuy nhin biu m men ca cc khoan nhi xuyn qua hang cast khc vi biu m men ca cc thng thng ch: Ti cc v tr hang cast gi tr m men ca cc tng ln, tu theo v tr v kch thc hang m gi tr m men ti cc v tr ny c th xp x m men ti nh cc. - i vi cc cc xuyn qua nhiu hang cast ( 3 hang) th gi tr m men ti cc hang th 2 tr i tng khng ng k so vi biu m men cu cc cc thng thng. - Ti cc vm hang th gi tr ca lc ct tng ln ng k.
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CHNG IV
KT LUN V KIN NGH

Kt lun:
Qua vic nghin cu, phn tch trn y chng ta c th thy rng, hin nay cc khoan nhi ang c ng dng rt rng ri, Vit Nam cc khoan nhi cng tr nn quen thc trong vic thit k v thi cng. Tuy nhin, cc khoan nhi trong vng a cht c hang cast vn ang i hi s tm ti, nghin cu tng bc hon thin cng ngh kho st, thit k, thi cng v nh gi cht lng. Qu trnh thi cng cc khoan nhi trong vng hang cast ngoi vic c th xy ra cc s c nh i vi cc khoan nhi thng thng cn hay gp cc s c nh: - S c khng rt c u mi khoan ln. - S c khng h c ng chng xung cao yu cu hoc ng chng b tt xung khi thi cng. - S c cc b xin do ba khoan vo hc cast hoc mt nghing. - S c khng rt c ng vch ln trong phng php thi cng c ng vch. - S c sp thnh vch h khoan hoc mt dung dch Cc nguyn nhn gy ra s c cho cc khoan nhi ni chung v cc khoan nhi trong vng a cht c hang cast ni ring rt nhiu, trong c c nguyn nhn ch quan v khch quan, c th k ra nh: - Do khu qun l, thit k: Do vic kho st khng y , k s thit k thiu kinh nghim, do nng lc v o c ngh nghip ca i ng T vn gim st... - Do nng lc ca nh thu: Do nh thu khng trang thit b cn thit, s dng my mc, thit b chp v hoc do i ng cn b k thut, cng nhn cha c kinh nghim. - Mt nguyn nhn khch quan khc l do a cht khu vc c hang cast thng rt phc tp, c nhiu vn khng lng ht c trong qu trnh thit k v chun b thi cng. vic thi cng cc khoan nhi trong vng a cht c hang cast m bo an ton, tin v cht lng. Cch tt nht l phi c cc bin php phng nga cc s c c th xy ra. Mun vy phi lm tt cc vic sau: - Tng cng cht lng cng tc kho st a cht thu vn cng trnh.
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- Tng cng cht lng cng tc thit k. - Tng cng cht lng cng tc qun l hin trng. - La chn nh thu c nng lc, trang hit b v con ngi p ng c yu cu cng vic. - La chn cng ngh khoan to l ph hp vi cu to a tng. - Ngoi ra cn phi d phng trc cc phng n x l vi cc s c c th xy ra trong qu trnh thi cng. Trong cng tc tnh ton cc khoan nhi trong vng a cht c hang cast cng c cc c im khc bit i vi cc khoan nhi thng thng. Hin nay cc tiu chun, quy trnh tnh ton cc khoan nhi ngm trong p dng Vit Nam ch c Tiu chun 22 TCN 272 - 2001 hng dn tng i chi tit. Tuy nhin quy trnh ny cn mi, nhiu k s cha quen p dng, mt khc tnh ton theo quy trnh ny cn nhiu cng on kho st phc tp v mi i vi chng ta. Vic la chn s tnh cc khoan nhi trong vng a cht c hang cast cng l vn khng n gin.
Kin ngh:
Cc khoan nhi trong nn v trong nn t c nhiu c im khc bit nhau, c v cu to, thit k v thi cng. Qua qu trnh theo di thi cng v nghin cu tnh ton, xin kin ngh nh sau: (1) Cu to cc: - ng knh thit k ca cc khoan nhi trong nn vi c hang cast khng nn nh hn 1.2m. Bi v thc t thi cng cho thy, trong qu trnh thi cng c rt nhiu s c c th xy ra, hoc cc gii php x l hang cast bn di i khi cn phi cho cng nhn xung thao tc di, do ng knh cc phi ln m bo an ton trong qu trnh x l. - Mc b tng dng cho cc khoan nhi trong nn vi khng thp hn 25MPa. - K t mt c bn tr ln n y b khng nn thay i din tch ct thp trong cc. - Chiu su cc khoan ngm vo c bn ly bng: h=
Mh 0.066 bRa D
0.5 (m).
- h: Chiu su cc ngm trong c bn (khng tnh phong ho). - Mh: M men un nh mt . - Ra: Cng chu nn mt trc ca bo ho nc. - b: H s b = 0.5 1 cn c cu to thnh hc .
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- D: ng knh cc khoan nhi. (2) Kho st: Khi khoan kho st a cht hoc trin khai d n khu vc c hang ng cast cn phi c cng kho st a cht tht chi tit iu tra, phn nh r tnh trng v mc cast ho khu vc xy dng cng trnh. Trc khi khoan cc nhi nht thit phi tin hnh khoan dn kim tra a tng ti mi tim cc, lm c s quyt nh chiu di cc v cc gii php k thut trong qu trnh khoan. (3) Thit k: - Cng chu lc theo vt liu c cc nu b tng c trong nc phi dng h s iu kin lm vic m = 0.7 (iu 5-3 Tiu chun 20 TCN - 21 - 86). - Cng chu ti theo nn nn tnh theo cng thc ca Tiu chun JTJ 024 - 85 ca Trung Quc: mP = (C1F + C2Uh)Ra Trong : - m: H s iu kin lm vic m=2. - P: Sc chu ti dc trc ca cc n. - Ra: Cng chu nn bo ho nc ca mu vi c ng knh 710cm (kPa). - h: Chiu su cc ngm trong vi c bn (tnh bng m) khng xt tng phong ho . Trong mi iu kin khng nh hn 0.5m. - U: Chu vi mt ct ngang b phn ngm trong (m). - F: Din tch mt ct ngang ca phn cc ngm trong (m2). - C1, C2: H s xt n nh hng ca v v dy mn khoan di y l.
H s C1 v C2
iu kin
Tt Bnh thng Tng i xu
C1
0.6 0.5 0.4
C2
0.05 0.04 0.03
- Din tch ct thp dung trong cc khoan nhi khng nn nh hn 1% din tch mt ct b tng. - B dy lp vi di chn cc nu 3m th coi nh khng c cast x l.
85

(4) Thi cng: Cc khoan nhi trong nn vi c hang cast c th khoan l theo cc phng php khoan xoay tun hon thun, khoan xoay tun hon nghch dng dung dch betonit lm ni mn khoan v gi thnh vch. Khi gp hang cast th c th tng khi lng ring ca dung dch v nng cao chiu cao ct nc chnh. Trong mi trng hp, chiu cao ct nc khng c nh hn 2.5m. Nu khoan l theo phng php p v ngom th ng vch phi ng ti mt vi. Gp cc hang ng ln c th lp bng va xi mng hay chn bng ng vch ph. Dung dch bentonit dng khoan l trn nn vi c hang cast c th tham kho theo ch tiu sau: 1. Khi lng ring: T 1.2 1.45 (g/cm3). 2. nht: 19 28 3. Hm lng ct: < 4%. 4. T l cht keo: > 95%. 5. Lng mt nc < 20. 6. Lc ct tnh 3 5 Pa. 7. Tr s pH: 8 10. Sau khi lm sch l khoan th khi lng ring ca dung dch bentnit khng c ln hn 1.15 g/cm3. (5) Kim tra cht lng cc: i vi cc khoan nhi trong vng a cht c hang cast th vn phc tp nht l cng on khoan to l v b tng cc. Vic kim tra, nh gi cht lng cc c th tin hnh nh i vi cc khoan nhi thng thng.
86

PHC LC
KT QU KHO ST CAST
NH MY XI MNG TAM IP
STT
Tn cc
Khng c Carster
x x x
Chiu cao hang tng 1
C CAST Chiu Chiu Chiu cao hang cao hang cao hang tng 2 tng 3 tng 4
Chiu cao hang tng 5
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38
P0038 P0110 P0358 P0357 P0356 P0355 P0354 P0353 P0352 P0351 P0311 P0310 P0309 P0308 P0301 P0306 P0305 P0304 P0113 P0112 P0111 P0110 P0109 P0108 P0107 P0106 P0068 P0067 P0066 P0065 P0064 P0063 P0061 P101 P102 P103 P104 P105 (L1)
0.6 m x x x x x 0.8 m 0.4 m 0.6 m x x x x x x 0.7 m 1.4 m x x x 0.4 m 0.4 m x 0.8m 1.3 m x x 0.5 m x x x x 0.8 m x x 0.6m 0.8 m 1.4m 1.2m 3.4m 2.9m 0.8 m
87

39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96
P105 (L2) P106 P107 P108 P109 P110 P111 P201 P202 P203 P204 P205 P206 P207 P208 P209 P210 P211 P212 P213 P214 P215 P216 P305 P307 P308 P309 P310 P311 P312 P314 P316 P318 P320 P301 P303 P313 P010(L1) P010(L2) P011 P013 P017 P032 P034 P036 P046 P047 P053 P054 P056 P057 P058 P102-1 P102-2 P102-3 P102-4 P01 P03
x x x x x x 0.4 m x x x x x 0.5 m 0.7 m x 0.8 m x x x 0.6 m x x x x 5m x x x x x x x x 0.7 m 0.5 m 0.4 m x x 0.3 m x x 0.4m x x x x x x x x x x x x 0.8 m 0.8 m x x 0.6m 4.5m 0.6m 0.4 m 0.6m 0.6 m 0.9 m 0.6 m
88

97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 150 151 152 153 154
P04 P05 P07 P08 P09 P11 P12 P14 P16 P17 P18 P19 P10 P13 P15 P02 P03 P05 P06 P07 P08 P09 P10 P11 P12 P13 P15 P16 P17 P18 P19 P20 P21 P25 P26 P27 P28 P29 P30 P31 P33 P36 P37 P38 P39 P40 P41 P43 P45 P46 P47 P50 P52 P54 P55 P57 P58 P59
x 5.2 m x x x x x 1.25 m x 0.4 m 1.9 m x x x 1.2 m 0.4 m x 0.5 m 0.3 m 0.4 m 0.3 m x x x 1.0 m x 0.5 m x 0.4 m x 0.8 m 0.8 m x x x 0.2 m x 0.7 m x x x 0.4 m 0.24 m x 0.36 m 0.8 m 0.7 m x 0.5 m 0.8 m 0.2 m 0.2 m x 0.6 m 3.3 m x x 0.8 m 0.8 m 0.5 m 0.8 m 0.5 m 0.35m 0.9m 0.5 m 0.2 m 1.4 m 1.6 m 0.6 m 0.6 m 0.7 m 0.9 m 0.4m 0.3 m 0.5 m 1.2 m 1m 3.2m
0.4 m
0.2m
89

155 156 157 158 159 160 161 162 163 164 165 166 167 168 169 170 171 172 173 174 175
P60 P61 P62 P63 P64 P65 P 67 P70 P 71 P73 P78 P14 P23 P24 P44 P49 P53 (L1) P53 (L2) P56 P75 P76
0.8 m x 0.9 m 0.2 m x 1.3 m 2.8 m 1.0 m 1.4 m 0.4 m x x x x 0.2 m x 0.2 m x x x 0.4 m
0.8 m
1.8 m 0.8 m 0.9 m
TI LIU THAM KHO CHNH

1. L c Thng - Tnh ton mng cc - Trng i hc xy dng - Nh xut bn Giao thng vn ti 1998. 2. Nguyn Vn Qung - Ch dn thi cng v kim tra cht lng cc khoan nhi - Nh xut bn Xy dng 1998. 3. Nguyn B K - Thi cng cc khoan nhi - Nh xut bn Xy dng 1999. 4. Nguyn B K - S c nn mng cng trnh - Nh xut bn Xy dng 2000. 5. Tiu chun xy dng 205: 1998 Mng cc - Tiu chun thit k. 6. Tiu chun xy dng 206: 1998 Cc khoan nhi - Yu cu v cht lng thi cng. 7. Nguyn Trm, Nguyn Tin Oanh, L nh Tm, Phm Duy Ho Thi cng mng tr m cu - Nh xut bn Xy dng 1999. 8. Shamsher Prakash v Hari D.Sharma - Mngcc trong thc t xy dng - Nh xut bn Xy dng 1999. 9. Cung Nht Minh, Dip Vn Linh, Lu Hng Lc (Trung Quc) - Th nghim v kim tra cht lng cc - Nh xut bn Xy dng 1999.
90

10. Nguyn Vit Trung, L Thanh Lim - Cc khoan nhi trong cng trnh giao thng - Nh xut bn Xy dng 2003. 11. Cng ngh thi cng cc khoan nhi, cc s c, bin php khc phc trong thc t mt s cu trn ng H Ch Minh ti Qung Bnh do Tng cng ty xy dng Trng Sn thi cng. 12. Ti liu khoan kho st cast ti nh my Xi mng Tam ip ca Cng ty T vn xy dng cng trnh thu 1.
91

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GS.TS.Nguyn vit Trung, Th.S.

Nguyn tun Anh

CC KHOAN NHI TRONG VNG C HANG NG CAST

GS.TS.Nguyn vit Trung, Th.S. Nguyn tun Anh

GS.TS.Nguyn vit Trung, Th.S. Nguyn tun Anh

Yu cu thit b Vt liu xy dng Gi thnh

Tin thi cng Vng c hang cast

Tin thi cng nhanh.

Tin thi cng tng i nhanh. C kh khn trong thi cng.

GS.TS.Nguyn vit Trung, Th.S. Nguyn tun Anh

GS.TS.Nguyn vit Trung, Th.S. Nguyn tun Anh

GS.TS.Nguyn vit Trung, Th.S. Nguyn tun Anh

GS.TS.Nguyn vit Trung, Th.S. Nguyn tun Anh

GS.TS.Nguyn vit Trung, Th.S. Nguyn tun Anh

GS.TS.Nguyn vit Trung, Th.S. Nguyn tun Anh

Hnh 1: Nh my xi mng Tam ip

GS.TS.Nguyn vit Trung, Th.S. Nguyn tun Anh

S t pha l n d m s n. Trng th i do cng.

vi mu x m xa nh phong ho nt n m nh, xut hin nhi u ha ng, rnh Karster -c l p nh t bn s t.

39.41 38.61 38.41 37.51 37.11 36.71

12.50 13.30 13.50 14.40 14.80 15.20

0.80 0.20 0.90 0.40 0.40

GS.TS.Nguyn vit Trung, Th.S. Nguyn tun Anh

36.11 34.99 34.19 33.19 31.59 30.49 29.09

15.68 16.80 17.60 18.60 20.20 21.30 22.70

1.12 0.80 1.00 1.60 1.10 1.40

vi m u x m xa nh phong ho nt n m nh, xu t hi n nhi u ha ng, r nh Ka rs te r -c l p nh t bn s t.

GS.TS.Nguyn vit Trung, Th.S. Nguyn tun Anh

II.1.1 Gii thiu chung:

GS.TS.Nguyn vit Trung, Th.S. Nguyn tun Anh

GS.TS.Nguyn vit Trung, Th.S. Nguyn tun Anh

GS.TS.Nguyn vit Trung, Th.S. Nguyn tun Anh

Hnh tr l khoan cu troc - LK1

1.50 1.95 3.00 3.45 4.50 4.95 6.00 6.45

5.0 4.0 5.0 2.0

6.0 10.0 16 8.0 10.0 18 7.0 11.0 18 4.0 6.0 10

ND1 ND2 ND3

S t pha m u x m v ng n u , i ch l n ct pha , cui s i.

10.8 - 11 12.2 - 12.4

ND5 ND6 ND7

-5.86 -7.26 -8.36 -8.76 -9.46 -10.16

vi m u xm tr ng, phong ho nt n m nh, i ch v vn. Xe n k p nhi u ha nh r nh Ca s t -c l p nh t y bi s t pha l n d m s n

16.2 - 16.4 17.8 - 18

vi li n khi m u xm tr ng. Cng ch c

GS.TS.Nguyn vit Trung, Th.S. Nguyn tun Anh

Hnh tr l khoan cu troc - LK2

S t pha m u x m v ng n u , i ch ln c t pha , cui s i.

10.0 12.0 15.0 27

8.8 - 9 3.70 10 - 10.2

ND4 ND5 ND6 ND7

vi m u xm tr ng, phong ho nt n mnh, i ch v vn. Xen k p nhiu ha nh r nh C as t -c l p nh t y bi s t pha l n dm s n

-8.30 -8.70 -9.20 -10.50 -11.70

16.80 17.20 17.70 19.00

0.40 0.50 1.30 1.20

17.8 - 18 19 - 19.2 20.2 - 20.4

KND10 ND11 ND12

vi li n khi m u x m tr ng. Cng ch c

GS.TS.Nguyn vit Trung, Th.S. Nguyn tun Anh

s c tr-t ba, tt ng vch

II.2.1 Gii thiu chung:

GS.TS.Nguyn vit Trung, Th.S. Nguyn tun Anh

GS.TS.Nguyn vit Trung, Th.S. Nguyn tun Anh

Hnh tr l khoan cu tr ang - lk1

2.30 2.75 4.20 4.65