Kirchoffs Laws Direct:

KCL, KVL, Ohms Law V IR VG I

G R
1
Ohms Law: V I I
1 1 2
3 6
V I
2 3
12
(always get 1 equation/Resistor)
KCL:
A: - +
B:
5 0
5 0
1 2 3
1 2 3
I I I
I I I
+
+
eq. are dependent
(in general, get n-1 indep. for nodes)
KVL: + V V
1 2
24 0 write 1 loop equation for each loop with a voltage
not in the current set of equations.
Eliminate either V
1
or I using Ohms Law
eq: A: + + 5
3 6 12
0
1 1 2
V V V

1
]
1

1
]
1

1
]
1
+

_
,
1
3
1
6
1
12
1
2
1 1
5
24
V
V
KVL: + V V
1 2
24 0
Cramers Rule: A X B [ ]
v v
X
Det A B A
Det A
i
i i N

[ ]
[ ]
+ 0 1 1 .. ..
5
24V
+
-
6
3 V
1
V
2 +
I
1
I
2
- +
12
I
3
A
B
We can always write in terms of only V, or I variables using ohms law:
KCL: A: + + I I I
1 2 3
0
KVL: M
1
: + + 12 2 4 0
1 2
I I
M
2
: + 4 6 8 0
2 3 1
I I I

1
]
1
1
1

1
]
1
1
1

1
]
1
1
1
1 1 1
2 4 0
8 4 6
0
12
0
1
2
3

I
I
I
Note:
if V IR
R G
1

V
I
G
R
+
B
2 6
4
12V
V
1
V
3
8
1
I
A
M
1 M
2
V
2
+ +
+
-
-
+
I
3
I
2
I
1
Current
Dependent
Voltage Source:
+
Rules for nodes:
1) Convert all voltage to current sources
1) Determine a reference node and identify unknown relative voltages
2) Use KCL at each unknown node:
at node A: G V G V G V I
AA A AB B AN N A
....
B: -G V G V G V I
AB A BB B BN N B
+ ....
N: -G V G V G V I
AN A BN B NN N N
+ ....
where: G
ii
all conductances connected to node i
G
ji
all conductances between node i and node j
I
i
all current sources connected to node i
Define N equations in N unknowns
all other voltages and currents by Ohms Law from V and S.
2 2 2 2
1 1 1
R
V
10
5V
1
1
R
V
R
+
-

I
1
2
A
10 1 .
eg:

4
2
5
4
10
20
+
-
9A
12V
Eq:
3A
1
4
Ref
1
10
1
20
1
4
1
2
1
5
9A
A B
C
A: 0 25 5 25 0 5 0 25 3 9 . . . . . + + ( ) V V V
A B C
(A)
B: 0 5 . V
A
+ + + ( ) 0 5 0 1 0 2 02 0 . . . . V V
B C
C: .25V
A
+ + + ( ) 0 2 0 2 0 25 0 05 9 . . . . V V
B C

1 0 0 5 2 5
5 8 2
25 2 5
6
0
9
. . .
. . .
. . .

1
]
1
1
1

1
]
1
1
1

1
]
1
1
1

V
V
V
A
B
C
V V
A
4 V V
B
8 33 . V V
C
23 3 .
One can also solve for N independent currents in N meshes
Consider:
We know that KVL
voltages around a loop = 0.
Current I
1
flows in a simple mesh.
I I R I R I R V V
I I R I R I R V V
B A
C B
1 1 1 1 2 2 2
2 2 3 2 2 1 2
0
0
:
:


+ +
+ +
We can as usual re-arrange to a form that can be written by inspection:
1
2
1 2 1 2 2
2 1 2 3 2
1 2 2
2 2 3
1
2
:
:



R R I R I V V
R I R R I V V
R R R
R R R
I
I
V V
V V
A B
B C
A B
B C
+ ( )
+ + ( )

+
+

1
]
1

1
]
1

1
]
1
* Note that KCL is always solved implicitly since at each node we have a sum of currents in meshes:
each mesh enters and leaves with the same current.
R
1 R
3
R
3
A
B
C
V
A
V
C
V
B
R
2
I
2
I
1
+
-
+
-
+
-
In general:
1) Connect each current source with parallel res. to voltage source with series R.
2) Select a current variable and mesh for each simple loop (usually we traverse
each loop in same direction, ie, clockwise.
3) Use KVL for each loop in terms of the mesh current variable.
iff no dependent sources:
1: R I R I R I V
N N 11 1 12 2 1 1
...
2: R I R I R I V
N N 12 1 22 2 2 2
...
N: R I R I R I V
N N NN N N 1 1 2 2
...
R
ii
sum of all resistance in mesh I
R
ij
sum of all common resistance to meshes I,J
V
I
sum of voltage rises in mesh I, in direction of current I
1
Eq: A Wheatstone Bridge
12 8 20 8 20 24
1 2 3
+ + ( ) I I I
+ + + ( ) 8 8 4 6 6 0
1 2 3
I I I
+ + + ( ) 20 6 20 6 10 0
1 2 3
I I I
40 8 20
8 18 6
20 6 36
24
0
0
1
2
3

+
+

1
]
1
1
1

1
]
1
1
1

1
]
1
1
1
I
I
I
I
1
I
2
I
3
12
4
10
20
8
24V
+
-
How to solve this system?
Gaussian Elimination to Triangular form:
1
2
3
20 4 10
4 9 3
10 3 18
12
0
0
:
:
:

1
]
1
1
1

1
]
1
1
1
(divide both sides by 2)
3 10 0
5
9
80
9
5
3
+
[ ] [ ]


1
2
3
0
4 9 3
10 3 18
12
0
0
130
9
17
3
'

1
]
1
1
1

1
]
1
1
1
3 3 0
1
6
10
6

[ ] [ ]

=
-1
2
1
2
3
0
0
10 3 18
12
0
0
130
9
17
3
17
5
17
2
'
'

1
]
1
1
1

1
]
1
1
1
2 2
2
17
17
3
2
3
34
9
' '
[ ]

0
17
3
1
2
3
0 0
0
10 3 18
12
0
0
96
9
17
3
17
2
'
"

1
]
1
1
1

1
]
1
1
1

96
9 1 1
5
4
12 I V I A
Then 2
17
3
5
4
17
2 2 2
3
4
'
+
I I A
3' + + 10 3 18
5
4
3
4
3
3
4
I A I
3
Dependent Voltage & Current Sources:
We model the activity of many active components by use of a programmable
voltage or current source whose strength is a function of the voltage or currents
elsewhere in the circuit:
Eq:
if we choose B as the reference node
A: . . . 8 2 2 5 + ( ) V V
A C
C: ( ) + + ( ) + . . . 2 2 3 5 4
1
V V I
A C
now I V V
A C
( ) 0 2 .

1 2
1 1 3

1
]
1

1
]
1

1
]
1
.
.

V
V
s
s
A
C
I
1
4
1
I
.8v
.2v
.3v
A B
C
5A
Superposition for Circuits
Consider:
We could solve this by either node or mesh analysis, but there may be a simpler
approach:
If we suppress source #1 (i.e. make a short circuit) we can find I I
1 2
' '
, .
Similarly, I I
1 2
, could be written without source #2.
Total currents and voltages superpose suppress one at a time and then
superpose the results:
Suppress 1:
24 12 6 3 5 V I + + ( ) ( ) '
So I A V
A
'
'
+
7
108
24
14
9
56
3
24 volt
I
1
128
18
'

I
2
128
18
'

6
3
12
5
12
A
B
24
I
1
A
B
2:
I
2
I
1
+
-
+
-
C
1: 30
24
6
3
5
12
Now: Suppress I
2
, run I
1
30 6 12 8
1
V I + ( ) ( )
' '
6
12
3
5
12
I
1
' '
I
2
' '
+
-
30
Exponential Excitation of circuits: Admittance & Impedance
Idea: Exponential function is easy to analyze
simple to add/multiply/integrates, etc.
Also is a common case for circuit excitation
Consider:
where V Ae
st
for complex s, A, real t.
We know all currents are same in circuit, V V V V
R C L
+ + KVL
V i t R
R
( ) V
C
i t dt
C
( )

1
V L
di t
dt
L

( )
or i t
V t
R
R
R
( )
( )
i t C
dV t
dt
L
C
( )
( )
i t
L
V t dt
L C
( ) ( )

1
for our circuit V t Ae
st
( ) V t A e
R
st
( ) ' , V t A e
C
st
( ) ' '
where: Ae A A A e
st st
+ + ( ) ' ' ' ' ' ' KVL
we have i t
A
R
e
R
st
( )
'
i t C A s e
C
st
( ) ' ' i
A e
sL
L
st

' ' '

+
-
R C
V
V
L
i
L
V
R
V
C
Note: for this kind of excitation, i t C A s e
L
st
( ) ' '
( ) sC V t
C
i t
s
V t
i t
R
V t
L L L
R R
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
1
1
So: sC has same units/behavior as
1
R
: conductance.
Eg. 2:
Parallel admittances
1
1
+
V
sv

+
V
I
s 1
for i t e
t
( )

10
2
s A 2 10 ,
V e e
st t

10
1 2
10 10
2
volts
i
1
i
R
i
C
1F
i
V
ref
1s
11
Sinewave (Sinusodial) excitation:
We know: e o i o
io
+ cos sin
coso
e e
io io

+

2
sino
e e
i
io io

2
We wish to study circuits with excitation: v t V wt ( ) + ( ) cos
+
( )
+
+
V
e e v e v e
iwt i iwt i
i
iwt iwt
2
2

v
V
e
i
1
2

v
V
e
i
2
2

note V is complex.
We define:
for s iw
R C L
sC
R sL
iwC
R iwL
sL
sC
R iwL
iwC
Admittance
Impedance
sinusoid case
1
R
1
1
1 1
1
( )
Admittances compose like conductances, Impedances compose like resistances.
So for our circuit: v t R i t L i t dt
di t
dt C
( ) ( ) + + ( )
( )

1
for i t Ie
st
( )
( ) + + ( ) v t R I L I s e
I
sC
st
or I
V
R Ls
V
z s
sC

+ +

1
( )

we write impedances as Z s ( ), admittance as Y(s)
so i t Ie
V
R Ls
e
st
sC
st
( )
+ +

1
eq: if V e
t


10
2
(10 0 V t @ decreasing)
R 1 L H
1
2
C F
1
2
i t e e
s
s
st t
( )
+ +


10
1
10
2
2
2
(Amps)
Basic Trick: Extend the circuit techniques for node and mesh analysis to also
handle Impedence and Admittances
generalize circuits which can be analyzed.
note: we can apply superposition to solve this:
suppress v
1
or v
2
and solve for other.
I
R iwL
V
iwC
1
2
1

+ +
I
R iwL
V
iwC
2
2
1

+

if we write I I
1 2
, in exponential complex form:
I I e
i
1 1
1

I I e
i
2 2
2

we get: I I
R wL
V
wC
1 2
2
2
1
2

+ ( )
o
wL
R
wC
1
1
1
2

_
,

tan
i t I e e
i iwt
1 1
1
( )

....
i t i i I e e
i wt i wt
1 1 2 1
1 1
( ) + +
( )
+ ( ) ( )

+ ( )
+ ( )
V
R wL
wt
wC
2
1
2
1
cos
I, V are called Phasors
R L
C
V t
V wt
( )
cos
+
-
+
-
+
-
v iwt
e
2
v iwt
e
2

v
1
v
2