4 :

(BALANCE)

(quantitative analysis)

(mass)
(weight)

W = k (Me x Mu)
r2
W =
k = Gravitational constant
Me =
Mu =
r =

(gravitational force, Fg g)

(centrifugal force, Fc) (equator line)

(Fm)()



Fg-Fc Fc-Fm Fm ( 4.1 )
83

1
9.81 / ( 4.1 )
(Wu) = (Mu) x
1 (Newton) 1 1

4.1 ()
()
84

1 / 1 9.81

(gravitational acceleration)
9.83 /2 9.81 /2 9.78 /2

1 1 1
1

2
(mass-mass comparison) (beam) (falcum)
(mass-force comparison)
1. 2
1.1 (equal beam type) ( 4.2)
(Mu) (Ms)
(L1 = L2)

Mu x g x L1 = Ms x g x L2


(pan)
2 (Gausss method of double
weighing)
(sensitivity)
(single pan balance)
(two pan balance)( 4.2) (Wb)
(Wp)
(Mu)

(Ms) (L)
(Mu) (Ms1)
85

(Ws1)

4.2

86

4.3
1.2 (unequal beam type)

87

(substitution) (constant load)

4.3
(Mb)
(Mu) (Ms1, Ms2..)

(absolute weight)

W1 = n (1x10-5 - da/ds + da/du)

W1 =
n =
da =
0.0012 /.
ds =
( 7.85 /.)
du =

2.

(hydraulic load cell) (pneumatic load cell)
(electromagnetic coil)( 4.4)





88

4.4 (,)
() () ()

89

3


1.
1.1
(desiccator)
1.2

.
2.

3.
3.1 (air buoyancy) 1.2
./. 20 0

1.2 ()
3.2

3.3


3.4

3.5
(chronological variation)

2
(mechanical balance) (electronic balance)
90

2 0.1 0.01
(analytical balance)
0.001 0.00001



1. (equal beam balance)
0.1 0.0001 ( 4.5 )
1.1 (pan) (stirrup)

1.2 beam) (falcum)

1.3 (leveling screw)

1.4 (beam and pan arrest knob) (
)
1.5 (stirrup) (knife edge)

2. 3 (triple beam balance) 0.1

4.5
2.1 1
2.2
2.3 3 (triple beam)

0-1 0-50 0-100
2.4 (movable weight) 1
2.5 0

91

4.5 ()
3 ()
3. (substitution balance)

4.6
3.1 2
3.2 (sensitivity adjustment weight)
3.3 (counter weight)

(zero adjustment knob)
00
92

3.4 (air damper)

3.5 (optical scale)

00 120 . ( 0.00001 ) 00
1,000 . ( 0.0001 ) 00

3.6

3.7
(weight control knob)
(antimagnetic steel)

3.8
8-10 .
3.9 (pan brake)

3.10 3
3.10.1 (arrestment)

3.10.2 (pre weighing)


3.10.3 (fine weighing)

3.11 (weight control knob)

3 1-9 10-90 100
200
93

4.6
3.12 (zero adjustment knob)
(index line) (index fork)

94

3.13 (micrometer knob)

3.14 (optical tare knob)

0.1 1
3.15 (mechanical tare knob)


200
40 160
3.16 (changeover knob)
(normal, N I Mettler)
(taring, T)
3.17

(level indicator)

3.18

(filling guide)
4. (top pan balance top loading balance)
() 0.001-1

4.7
4.1 1

4.2
95

4.3

4.4

4.7
(spring coil)

4.5
4.6
4.7

4.8
4.9

4.10
4.11 3.18

96

4.12 (magnetic damper)

5.

0.00001


(compensating force) ( 4.8)
5.1
5.2 (compensating coil)

5.3 (position indicator)

5.4
(I1)

(I2)
( )
(I2)

5.5

5.6 (analog to digital converter)

(counter circuit)
5.7 (result evaluation)
.
5.8
5.9 ( temperature compensation coil)

(thermal sensor)

97

5.10 (overload protection device)

4.8
5.11

5.12 (calibration knob)

98

1. (standard weight calibration mass)

International Bareau of Weight and Measure
National Bareau of Standard(NBS)

. ( 4.9) (lacqured brass)
(stainless steel) .

(class)
J>M>S>S-1>P>Q>T
S
NBS 547
4.1
2. (balance weight forceps)

( 4.9)
3. (balance table)



4. ( 4.9)
5. (spatula)
( 4.9)
6. (desiccant capsule)
4.1 x 1.6 . 30

99

4.1 NBS 547

S
S-1
P
Q
10 .
0.014
0.030
0.060
0.10
20 .
0.014
0.35
0.070
0.12
50 .
0.014
0.042
0.085
0.16
100 .
0.025
0.050
0.10
0.20
200 .
0.025
0.60
0.12
0.26
500 .
0.025
0.080
0.16
0.38
1
0.054
0.10
0.20
0.50
2
0.054
0.13
0.26
0.75
5
0.054
0.18
0.36
1.30
10
0.074
0.25
0.50
2.00
20
0.074
0.35
0.70
3.00
50
0.12
0.60
1.20
5.60
100
0.25
1.00
2.00
9.00

1.
1.1

1.2
()
1.3
1.4
(forceps)
1.5
1.6

100

4.9
1.7
1.8
101

2.
2.1
2.2 0
0
2.3

2.4
2.5
2.6
0
3.

3

3.1
3.1.1
3.1.2 0
3.1.3
3.1.4 00
()
3.1.5
3.2
3.2.1
3.2.2 (pre weighing)
2
3.2.3
3.2.4
3.2.5
3.2.6
3.2.7
3.2.8
102

3.3
3.3.1
3.3.2
3.3.3
3.3.4
3.3.5
3.3.6
3.3.7
3.3.8 00

3.3.9
3.3.10 (N)
3.3.11 3.2.1-3.2.8
3.4
3.4.1
3.4.2

3.4.3
3.4.4
1 10
100 .
3.4.5 3.2..7-3.2.8
4.

4.1
4.2
4.3 00
4.4
4.5

4.6
5.
103

5.1
5.2
5.3
5.4
5.5
5.6
5.7
5.8

5-10

1.
(
)

2. (voltage stabilizer)

3.

4.
5.
6. (I2)

7.
. sapphire

8.
9.

1.
50% C2H5OH
104

1.1

1.2

1.3
.
2. ( 4.6)

3.

3.1
3.2

3.3
3.4 1.000
3.5
1.000 ( 4.6)

3.6
3.7 3.3-3.6 1,000
4. (maximum capacity)


5. (repeatability)
10
(% C.V.)
6. (corner loading test)


7. (drift test)
105

7.1 ( 2
)
7.2
7.3
7.4
7.5

8. (linearity)


( 0-100 )
8.1 30 3
8.2 (zero taring) 1
8.3 2
8.4 1 1
8.5 3
8.6 1
8.7 8.4 8.6 8.2

8.8
20 5 10
10

1.
0-200 ( 0.0001 )
0-2,000 ( 0.1 )

2.
106

3.
4.
5.
6.
7. (overload protection system)
8.
(vibration filter system)
(integration time system)

.

4.2


4.2

-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-

107

4.2 ()

-
-
-
-
-

-
-
-

1. Buckley T, Keats NG, Roberts J, Wolfenden J, Woolsey GA. Instrument maintenance

and operation for laboratory assistants. Canberra : International Development Program of
Australian Universities and Colleges Limited, 1985.
2. Hordeski MF. Design of microprocessor sensor and control system. Virginia : Reston
Publishing Company Inc, 1985.
3. Nakra BC, Chaudhry KK. Instrumentation measurement and analysis. 2nd ed. New Delhi
: Tata Mc Graw-Hill Publishing Company Limited, 1985.
4. Skoog DA, West DM. Principles of instrumental analysis. 2nd ed. Tokyo : Holt-Saunder
International Editions, 1980.
108

109