GG

fGdG
|
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j hQg

dD G M
FGHG J fCG CG H ,1956 Y IfCG j hQg QG SG j dG JdG dh
SdG c QGUEH GC H fdG h ,SG eL S Qe eL GOBG SQO ,IfCG fdGh
LdjjEG e ITG Jbd VJh jhQGdG MJ dG JHH Qe Jc j hQg . jdGh
.IeG jedG
jnsdG sd Ibe icP ''j''h ''hQg'' SG e ,QG hCG dG SG j
g j dG G JQ ec dG Y dG G j H ,OEGh dG HQM
CGh ,jhdG dG NBG g dG BGdG CG EG dG G j .G Gg dG
f ag JdG Vh dGh BGdG AV h .dG N g Sh Y dG U Gk f
d d ,jd jOG cG Y J dG YGG c HEGh cdGh jOEG SCG
.g aGgCG Y YEG H c H e dG G Ggjh ,INCG G c
dGh dH EG Y Jh ,SdG EG fBGdG dSdG f gh MGh g M dDG c L QhJ
.NBG dGh dEG OLdGh fEG YVH
EG GfEG eh ,jeCG EG dG e AGdG e SGh jd Ic H j hQg c J
dJdGh fCGh jfEGh fdG EG c H LJ bh ;fSEGh jRGdGh SdGh GdHh fhfCG
.fhfCGh ShdGh fdCGh HdGh jOQCGh
Gh dG SCa ,eDG EG jJh ,dH EG EG eDG Z IYO JFa dG g KCG d
GC j Qb CG Y G e .QdG Y dGh jdG KCdG fe kFf j dG g H J dG
AGd j MCG H dh .jOG dG GfCG e f C ke j CG L H gG jh dG g
L EG .SSCG e dG J J dG g C ,H WY e e dP a ,Y adG
.j hQg c EG Oj dGh dG MOo b dG OLh GH J dG LdjjEG
g dG g f AGQh e JdG gh ;MVhh BGdG M e Ie FG g CG T
fCG Y IhY ,IdG hCG dG dh ,dG EG Ud dG jdG Y j jdG dhCG eN
.g c f AGQh e Oe g Lj
gTJh Hbh YCG J dG ,dG g IAGb Y jNBG j jdG Ea ,FG g AV Yh
.H QJ eN ej ,d jOdG jW EG
Va EG fEG OJh QdG gP jdG e kYf J dG dG bJ j ,iNCG L e
J fCG VGdG a dG g eCG ,Gh bd e ,SdG b e dG MGREG KDJ h ,LdjjEG
,dEG j dG edG dG e cCG Jd HOCG IdG Y cJ fc d QdG Y dG KCG Gg d

.ffEG dG jJh dG g g j hQg d MdG dG CG ij CG dH j eh

OHG f EG d Gg ej eSEG dG j dG YGdGh dG dG CG EG IQTEG e H
J Y dGh EG e EG IOdH EG j d Ggh ,IadG LdjjEG f LdGh G dG jO Y
dG dM EG dHh .kGQSO d d dG dN d VY dG fBGdG FGdGh dG EG LdGh ,G gG
.SG bdG f b ...EGh FGOCG e H LGh g ,QedGh OdG jhg f H J dGh jOG
dG g S dG Hh ,FdG QhdG Gg JY Y NCG b j hQg Y EG :b GPEG df
.dG BGdG H Yh dG IOdGh dGh dG dN e jdG dG T S dG SdG
,dG Y jhQGdG JL dG QGdG ,fSGh jOdG ,jG SG dG :JdG YCG J
AGQh ,SdG G dG ,gQEG aj SEG ,TdG :jhQGd jedG LdjjEG ,TeCG Y YdG
fehdG :dG S ,3-2-1 YVG ,BGdG n b ,ScddG OGM AGQh ,gQEG OGM
QdG jf QfG ,dCG hC ,IFdG CG , ,QdG jPcCG ,QdG YN ,dG EG j dG ,2-1 FM
dG ,GdCG dG RYEG ,gdG dG ,Sj dG ,Se dG ,jQdG Y bO HLEG ,kGDS jY
Y dG e FGQ Ph dG H ,dG dG ,dG jW BGdG ,dG Gg IM M ,e c
,G IG ,IQdG Ie ,QdG Mh OG ,gJ ,dG N , ,ka CGH b jedG ,GG
IG ,VdG IG ,dG IG ,JdG G Ie ,dG IG ,YG RG Ie
,dG jo dH ,GG e S ,G QdG ,Id G UCG ,dG IG ,dG f
. DNA QGSCG ,JhdG IG ,FdG cdG AGG IG
,QdG FbUCG Y ,GhdG Y ,GG Y ,!jhQGO c WCG jCG :WCd JdG ch
.SOdG :IG G IH ,JEH N j dG ,dG
bNCG n p dG ,BGdG SSCG gG :fBGb YVe hJ dG iNCG JdG YCG Jh
,BGdG fMhdG dG ,G :eDd G ihCG ,gG g ,3-2-1 Ed jS a ,BGdG
,BGdG dOGh dSdG J ,dG ASCG ,aG QGSCG ,BGdG aG T ,dG S IdG ,BGdG Y
jO ,KdG ,dG :oG fEG hY ,SdG ce ,QdG H ,BGdG e HLEG ,BGdG SSCG gG
T ,G BGdG MCG ,kGHCG J ,dG j ,BGdG YdG gCG ,BGdG IdG ,dG J ,gG
CG b ,eG EG ,gGdG dG M ,BGdG e eY Qe ,BGdG dG gCG ,gG fEG
e Y ,BGdG IG G ,mGB Y dG ,dG SHc ,dG N ,eDG MQ ,SQ J ,J
GP ,dG c JG gCG ,jQdG Y SEG d VJ dG GAGaG ,Sj SQe ,3-2-1 dG dL
dhCG ,BGdG dGh dG ,e c j dG ,BGdG QGSCG H ,BGdG dG j c ,f J
.BGdG EG j jdG

jG
dG GB dG dG RYG :hG dG
9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ee
10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . dG Af
12 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . dG O
14 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . VQG Y GhdG fG
16 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . aG
19 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . VQG jhc
20 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . G dG
24 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . LdG GP AdG
26 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . G dG W
29 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . G Xh
32 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . G cM
34 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . jG Ie
36 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .G GhRG S
37 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . edG f
38 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . QeG f
40 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . QeG J

44 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . bGdG jdG
46 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . NCH gMCG j GdG GdG
48 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . NGdG LGeCGh QdG X
51 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . cH J dG G

G M
63 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . HUG H fG jg
62 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

G Y GB dG j dG eG dG dG
65 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ee
66 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . fdG hdG QfG
dG GB dG jQdG RYG ddG dG
71 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . dG BGdG eg c
74 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . dG BGdG e M dG
77 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . dG c GB dG :UN

QdG jf YN :HGdG dG
79 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ee
80 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .jhQGd dG QfG

dG RYGC
GdG

ee
YOh ,dG d kjOg d dG BGdG Jh fS dG fCG kfb Y HQCG e
MdG a fCG dG dG eh ,dG GH dG Y G EG Ghj CG EG SdG
.ffEd MdG TG SG dG NBG S edG j Mh
e ke fc KEG gJ jj dG dG Gh ,gj dG BGdG SCG
dG FG e Y OLh bGh g gG g iMEG .Jh fS dG Y
dG BGdG cP b jdG dG LdJ N e EG acG f dG
.eY 1400 b
dG FG e dG g Ea dP e dh ,Y c d dG BGdG dH
dG LdJ N e EG acG j BGdG jBG Yh bH Y Y dG
kdO j a j BGdG c dG bdG ahe J FG gh .jdG
.dG c g BGdG CG Y NBG
c dG bdG dG ie EG f CG d H ,BGdG dG RYEG f Mh
.a j BGdG
ke dG MdG j a HdG G c BGdG a f dG HdG dG a
dG d eRdG dG FSdG dG a ,d SSCG dG GGh aGH
S Y GVaG d .HdG LCG Y gKQh aGH ebCG dG eBG ,dGh
.dY L aW Yh e VQCG CG GhYGh ,ba AdG J G CG G
.YCG AdG b J IYCG g G CG hj Gfc c
BGdG dGRCG dG Y IFS fc dG jQSCG GOYG g c dh
IQS |n nfhr n nJ mn Yn p r npH pGhn n q dG n an Qn p ndG o dG}:J dG j YdG IQS a .dG
dG h .G H fe ba J AdG CH OYG HCG jBG g 2:YdG
,bdG dP cQj CG MCG eEH j e FM df iNCG YVG e
N ,dG N :b e IOe YVe SSCG ee Y c BGda
. VQCG Y IG j dG bdG RGdGh ,G dG cJ ,fEG
.BGdG f dG dG RYEG H Y If a BGh

dG Af
:JBG jBH dG Af dG BGdG j

| p VQnC G hn pG hn n s dG o j pHn }
117: IdG IQS
dG e e kc aGJ dG Af Y dG BGdG j dG eG g
jOG OHCG H dG CG gOe f EG dG AjdG AY UJ a .jG
Ggh .GL b bh M dG ''dG QfG'' j Y f edGh
FGhOh .IMGh f QfG f fCGh dG e N dG CG j dG QfG
jGH Y G MdG dG dG g dG QfG CG Y J jG dG
.Lh ch dG
e N edGh bdGh IOa ,IOG SG AT g j ,dG QfG b
EG J dG FG gh .dG N e EG gJ dG dG dM
.keY 1400 e BGdG Y YCG jG AjdG N e Gk NDe
dH fG WG
Ce cGdG
TG

dH fG WG
We g dG gdG
IQM

dH fG WG
IOQH We dG

g gdG dH fG WG
IQGM WG cCG

SG ,1992 Y (Sf) ceG AdG dch WG dG c YdG dG e Y SG G

dG G dG dG J dG jdG g RY ,dG QfG bh Y J kGQKGB j G
.dG e N
10

dG QX IOh

dG O
Y HQCG b fCG dG dG BGdG Uh d
jf ,FGdG QW dG Y a c bh kfb
:JCj c dG O

gn n n Hn An B n dGh}
q
| n o pS o nd sfGE p hn mjnC H
47 :jQGdG
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Ie gh .AdGh dG ,dG BGdG e IY
,iNCG Hh .G GH IQce dG ,iNCG
,Oj hCG ,Sj dG CG c dG BGdG Ea
.g ejCG dG dEG N dG dG f gh
dG IdG fc jdG dG a a
gh HK W d dG CG g dG IFdG IMdG
MGh HCG dh .RCG e OLe
jG dG SGH jLCG dG HGh
.fH Oj fCGh jGH d G dG CG c
ShdG AjdG Y KCG jdG dG jGH a
kjf ed QL dG fdG dH Gh
.Oj fCGh FGO cM dG CH
Y bGG N e jCG KCG G g
cG dH AdG bGe N a ,1929
GGh dG CG Hg jhOEG ceCG dG Y
12

dG HJh Hg jhOGC

ed QL

.Ic YH e O dM dGh dG QfC G e

.j dH H OG dG AdG jh

AT c a j dG dG CG j Ggh .FGO H dG H Y GH J
.FGO H Oe c g dG H Y Gl H FGO H
Oj dG CG J CG J dG GdG IG MG YSG dh
dH Ggh ,MCG Y ahe a J bh BGdG MT G gh ,e H
.cCH dG cM dG dG c fC
13

VQC G Y AdG fGC

:JBG g GhdG N Y iNCG jBG g

pG hn n sdG sGnC Gh n cn n j p sdG n jn r ndhn GnC }

pe n r Ln hn n go n r n n an k rJQn n nfcn VQnC G hn
| n o peDr jo nan GnC x Mn Am nT s co Ap nG
30:AfCG
.kc J AGLCG Y dd Jh ,GeGh NG H j JdG ch
AT IOh j ,edG hCG jdG jh HdG dG a a e ''ga'' dh
YhQG IQdG e dG hN dP Y eh .e JQ cJ j hCG ed c
.HdG
jBG cJ .eG g QYG H jNBG dG jBG Y fK If f fYO
gGMEG LN M dG SGH bJ K ,JdG dM fc VQCGh GhdG CG
IMGh f CG if dG QfG hCG cf eY dd kJh .iNCG e
dG ''VQCGh GhdG'' AT c iNCG Hh .dG IOe c J fc
IH dG g fG eYh .JdG dM dG g V fc ,H N b J
.cCH dG T N dG g N eh IOG a S
eJ kaGJ if dG acH dG BGdG G dG Qf eY
dG EG dEG UdG j dG acG g CG gG j h ,H
.jdG

dG QfC G jfh. dG Qfd jeQ fG if

dG N J dG GC XGC h dG Y gH Y jf
Qfd jH jf W dh AdG H b .dG e
dG fO dG QfG M aJ dG dOG dh dG
,dG Y de L

aC G
e c CG Y cCJ g dG BGdG dGh dG Y jG N
.O a j

n r sdG hn Qn s dG hn n dG n nNn p sdG n go hn }

| n o n r jn mnan pa w co n n n dG hn
33:AfCG
J dG j M jCG iNCG jBG Qce eCG Ggh

| p n dG p j p n dG o j pr nJ
n pdPn n d m n n r o pd p r nJ o r sdG hn }
38:j
.Gg fY dG bGG N e acG BGdG IQcG FG g
H YdG Gk ec 720.000 J Ic YH dG Ea dG AG kahh
jJ J dG CG j Ggh .dG SCGQ j e a a dG
QbCGh cGdG c jCG dG eh .dG Gk ec 17.280.000
J dG aG f Jh dG HPG f V J dG YUG
.He jH J dG dG c Ea dP EG aVEHh .dG
HG GGh aCG hCG GQGH Ae c dG CG dG BGdG cP bh
:J db dPh ,gfcP d

| po oG pG Pn Ap B n sdG hn }
7 :jQGdG

16

dG

OQY

IgdG

VQC G
b

jG

SfGQhG
hQS
f
JH

k H FG Qj e c dCJ ,dG I H FG Qj e g
V J K LCG ch QbCG g cc c h cGc d dG g eh
.bH Hh IO GQGe
ZJh fH UG a jhdG GLCG e L c j dG je e
jCG J fG e dG Ea dP EG aVEH .iNCG GLCG e eJ
.d IO GQGe
jCG GG EG H jhdG GLCG Y Ie dG aCG dh
Nh .h H GQGe Y YH jCG
GLCG e jhdG GLCG g WJ JcM
.GHCG e WJ h iG
jdG a J bh f BGdG Ca cCdHh
J h g ejCG IOLG HdG
je bG UdG d J dG jG bGG
dG aG fc h ,AdG e GedG
G e j ddh ,dG g c Iae FjdGh
hCG GQGGh dH Ae AdG CG KEG kY
eh .G H dG jBG Y Y dG aCG
f dG BGdG d e eCG Gg c a dP
?dG c BGdGh ch ,bdG dP
,dG IOLG fG e gZ c
jG j ,YG IQdG g fe E a
j ke GQGe d G PG Qe V
.jhdG GLC G e Z e J ZH V
cGdG a jhdG GLG c
d GG Mh dGh d HdG QbC Gh
.ge bH HGh IOG UG caG
Gg Vh cC H dG dN dG Z eh
?Mh edG RGdG

18

VQC G jhc
Qp n s dG n Yn n dG Qo q njo u n pH n V Qr C G hn pG n n sdG n nNn }
p r jn l co n n n dG hn n r qdG n s Sn hn p dG Y Qn n s dG Qo q njo hn
| Qo s ndG o j p n dG n go nGnC k q n eo m Ln C p
5:edG

dG Ud dG BGdG eG GQdG EG
g jBG IQcG jdG c ka ,qbO ge GQY
Qch
q ,gQGOCGh d GPEG edG Qc
q HdH jh ,Qc a e
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q M BGdG QcG UdG Ggh
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q
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fCH cdG j gh ,OG HdG dG f dG dG
,dG Y g Y ke dG gG fc bdG dP
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.G Gg SSCG Y e fc dG GdGh
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Uh GQdG OCH AL dG dG c BGdGh c ,VG dG
?dG

19

G dG
FN e e UN EG gfG dG BGdG N e Jh fS dG j
db AdG

| n Vo p eo n pJjn G An r Yn r go hn kX o r en k r nS An B n qdG n rn Ln hn }
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e dG ej M a ,IG jQGS jQhV
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T j G dG Ea dP EG aVEH
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IQdG Z YTEd EG j G dG CG
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.Id SSCG YTEG g ch .QhH jOGdG
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a TG .VQG Y Id TG e
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20

J VdG IQdG g
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N dG Jh fS dG
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j dG G hj IOYh .G dG gaj dG jG LhC H Ghj G hO AdG G hj SdG e

IG jdG fhjQG RdG MG S KMG Ia G OJ YG IQdG .dG Gg OLh d dG Y
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c Ieh ,SdH dG d e dH Ggh .IG b Y eGB AdH Fd J G dG H j dG jG
.dG GB dG Y

21

Y j Fg c J dG J dG bdG
H Fe hj MGh Qfa .gGe QJ dG dG
G .Thg je Y dG dG d He jQP b
dG H bdG g eGdG QKG e dG
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22

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23

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24

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25

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26

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28

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29

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30

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J G SS
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31 :AfCG
31

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cM g H hJ c IeL d G CG dG BGdG jBG iMEG J
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n o n r nJ n n p G i n nJhn }
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VQCG IdG EG M ,Y LGJ dG VQCG cM EG OJ G cM EG

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32

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33

jG Ie
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34

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n Hu Qn n Yp ke r jn sGE p hn n Yr hn o dG
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36

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37

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38

16.000.000 tons/sec

513 G J PG ,HK c g QeG T Y iNG Ie VQG G Od Y c J dG G c G

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16.000.000 tons/sec

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40

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41

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44

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45

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48

jG fdG GhOG SGH jLG dG HG c

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bh EG AdG j dG QdG Y G e dG Gg M QdG
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50

cH J dG G
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dG HCG c a .gd e YCG jBG ''WN HPc Uf'' J EG
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51

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ca Ed SdG IYO QWEG YG YVG e dG cP Y BGdG AL
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n o r oJ es o jr GnC n an GnC . n bo u n oJ nnan r co n r nNn o r nf }

| nn pdnG o r nf r GnC o nfo or nJ r o fGC An
59-57:bGdG[

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H dj dG ch .G dG N cdG e j dG G FdH bY d
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52

G FdG e Ib
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ik oS n n r jo GnC onfE p G
o n r jn GnC }
| n r jo m pes pe k n r of
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37-36 :edG
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53

G G
j H gMh dG e dCj dG Y j dG H G FdG
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| Gk pHn kp nS o n rn n an pp n r sf
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G Gg e

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| m p en Am B es pe mndnoS r pe o nr nf n n Ln s oK .m Wp
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54

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| n r oJ GPn GE p mn r tf pe nfoC Ghn n cn s dGp r Ln hr s dG n nNn o sfGnC hn }

46-45 :dG[

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55

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G G iNCG Mf e cG hRehc G e jdG hN H CG
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Y f e ICGG e cG hRehc G GPEG .'' y Gh'' hRehc Y j
hRehc Y dG fc GPEGh fCG OdG j LdG e cG hRehc
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56

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57

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58

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.jG LCG Y e

59

C G H G d KdG MGG
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| nao n r oJ sfnC an n go GE p n ndGE p
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60

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61

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e GH dG Ggh .g e GS H
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Gg CG GXh ,fBGdG jBG g e jdG
.j d BGdG OYG dG
hf e GS dG Qj e Hh
dG dG h ,hdG IQS e hCG jBG
H SM ce bh 627 Y e Y
FGN b fdGh SQdG jQWGeEG
g SdG
fdG gn IG g h .if
n
UJ b TCG Hh .cG GHQh be Z
IOYEG Y JLCG hdG e Ige EG SdG
21.Y GdSG dG VGQCG
dG YCG dG hdG f Ea eCG jf
.ec dG BGdG
gh ,jBG g NBG RYEG Lh g
MCG Y ahe J aGL M QJ fCG
CG fJ hdG IQS e ddG jBa .bdG dP

68

.VQCG e e fOCG cG GhN b Gfc ehdG

H M j HdG ''VQCG fOCG'' Jh
c C ,R J dG Gg dh,kjb fe SdG
HdG dH fOCG a .G GH jBG g CJ fOCG
ddh .dG J VQCGh ,e geh ,O e e
.dG kVfG eCG cCG ge VQCG fOCG Ea
H N dG G MGe gCG CG gd Gh
,Sd JQNh hdG g Y SCGh SdGh hdG
G dG VM kVfG dG We cCG M
OQCGh jQS e c a WJ e j dG
Gk e 395 g VQCG S ie jh ah
e e fOCG ka G g j ,dG S
.VQCG
Sd j G H JQG CG eCG e gCGh
CG G e c ddh ,jG SdG J Z
WG cCG G g CG bdG dP T CG j
BGdG cP G g Ea dP eh ,dG kVfG
.dEG Mh g BGdG CG Y iNCG Ie cDj Ggh
G dG V NG YG IQdG
JQG j j .YdG QbG e
SdG J N e G G dG
G OG HG g .jG
.VQG e e fOG cG

69

GB dG jQdG GG

eg c
GB dG IQcG
b fc jQJ ee dG e M BGdG IOQGdG UdG H c
bH SG b BGdG c c CG X bh .jb bh M MCG j GS H
<e M Mh Ic
SEG Gg OQh bh .Ya e BGdG gcP OQh jdG UTCG MCG g eg
.Ya e GL HG UdG MCc BGdG VGe S
dh.eg SG IGQdG ()Se IM hj dG dG Oj Gg He
TY dG HH e Ye c fCG Y dG de NCG dG SEG Gg Oj
.Gc X OdG X dGh ,S (1100 ) ()Se H
f BGdG c (U) SdG CH Yj G Z e dG CH Y Gg
.HdG jg e VGG H f Y C NCG fCGh ,e eh Gh IGQdG Y
PEG ,e AYOG Gg S jJ S 200 b aZhdG HdG ReQ M H dh
.dG jG HdG g eg SG OhQh X
dH HG dG jG HdG IAGb G e j G dP M
dh .QY IY TYh dG g eGO bh .dG e d fc dG aZhdG
fH e a aK gh OG ddGh dG fdG G QfG H
.INCG SfCG d M jQJ aZhdG dH HdG b a ,jCG d jO
e dG g gCG jQdG Gg H .394 Y fc aZhdG dH Hc NBGh

71

Gg Hh aZhdG dG ReQ Mh a a dG Y SdG dG M ''eg '' M ee g J

e AdG Y :a )e QMC G de Y hD eh Ya e He T c ''eg'' GC X G
hD e ch Ya e e c GB dG eg cP OhQh g dGE fG j dG dGh .(dG
.dG dP aj fGE GC j ee GB dG OQhGC GC .AdG YGC Y

Gg SGh .dG H HdG a hCG IAGb j e g j h ,.dG gGWh

.jJ S Fe b e EG VdG
) TQ M cG Y 1799 Y dG aZhdG HdG d M
fCG g HdG Md UN fc ..196 Y EG OJ Hc Yh Rosetta Stone)
T gh )fdG HdGh ,aZhdG dG : Hc H He fc

72

J ffdG dH G IYh .ffdG dH HdGh ,aZhdG d jhdG HdG

dG b e ec H aZhdG HdG d M bh .dG jG dG ReQ M
Yh e b d Y AGVCG J dHh .''eT Ga '' fdG
e IQM M b ee Y M Ggh .dG H G jQdG eG
.YLG JMh fjOCG Mh dG
c ...YV J e ee EG UdG aZhdG dG d M KEG Y
a ''g '' e dM IOLe jM a , HdG g GQce eg SG
22.Ya e HG e fc EG IQTEG OJh ,SG Gg Oj
L Y GOYG Hc dG '' IjG G UTCG ''Seb eCG
Y eg SG Oa dG jG QMCGh bdGh GdCG L IOQGdG eG
23 .QMCG de Y Y hDG dG c fCG
VQe YR H fCG gh e M EG J d X dG dG fch
OQh c e ,() Se dG Y e j c eg Ea FGYCGh BGdG
CG BGdG if Gd .AdGh FfEG YCG Y hDeh Ya e He ch ,BGdG
jKCG G g e e Hj Ggh ,d Y U AH eg e j Ya
:dGh

jn pd r pbhr nC an p r nZ mndGE p r pe r ond

o r p Yn en oC nn rdG n jt GnC jn or Yn r pa n bn hn }
ufGE p hn n Seo pndGE p ndGE p o p Ws GnC un nd Mk r n U pd n Lr an p u dG nYn o en gn
| n pHPp nrdG r pe o t Xo nC nd
(38 /dG )
WH Ic YGe g dG jG HdG eg SG cG EG UGh
Y e H dEG j c fC ,J dG Y e BGdG CG KCGh BGdG V
MCG CG b e GfBG ae eEG j jQJ ee(U)SdG

73

GB dG IOQGdG dC G
dG e M M
b ()Sj dG TY a ,dG e TY dG MdG dG g () Se j
.hb IH
gfG Yj(dG Y ) Se Yh Sj Y dG BGdG GC f eY
:GfBG e cM Y jM Y ''G''d j BGda, e J

n sfGE p n bn o n scn s nan p r n pd o r p r n Sr GnC ppH pf o Fr G

o p n rdG n bn hn }
|
l peGnC
l p en n jr n nd n r n rdG
(54/Sj)
() Se Y cG Y jM Y ''Ya ''d BGdG j H

Pr GE p n pFG n Sr GE p pHn r C rS an mn u Hn mjn GB n r pJ nS eo n r nJGB r n ndhn }

| GQk o r en nSeo jn
n t Xo nC nd ufGE p or Yn r pa nd n n an r go An Ln
(101/AGSEG)
:e cG jg H dG NG S Y jQdG dG fJh
G OdG G j h ,G dG Y j SG ''Ya '' c fc
G dG '' GC H a c ''Ya '' c SG eCG .c SG Gg j dG
jdG ISCG Y h( .1292 -1539 )IY edG ISCG Y GC H dG ''jG
.bdGh GMG QXEG LCG e J ''Ya'' c fc (. 730 -945 )

74

Gd ,dG G dG ()Sj dG TY a ,BGd G SCG j g

a () Se eCG .''G '' d H ,''Ya ''d e M Y G dG j
.''Ya ''d j G c dG dG G ,jG G dG TY
.dG e jQJ Y WEG j bdG hdG g e a fCG T h
dG JHc IAGb Y IQdG d H dG e jQJ CG b b fcP H
EG UdG M Gg SGh .OG HGdG dG VfGh fh e G dG
G BGdG a f dG dG MCG j a Gd .Y SdG dG gReQ M
h J dG dOCG V NBG dO Ggh . dG jQdG M e ee
.J dG Y e c BGdG CG Y

75

UN

dG c GB dG
.G g BGdG AL e c CG :L IMGh M j BG M fgT e c
j FM g G Y a OQh dG eGh dG YVG M Fa
dG iG EG ff e GPEG UN dG jBG YCG dG edG ahe J CG
BGdG CG Y L dO Gg CG VGdG eh .edG dP Gk FS c dG LddGh
.H AT c Sh dGh AT c dN jdG dG c g BGdG dG c e d
bJ Y Y a j ''Gc aNG a GhLd dG Z Y e c dh'' :J dbh
Gg RYEG Lh e Lh j H ej J a ee c CG jCG cDj H a BGdG
.SG dG
iMEG .d MdG OdG QYGh kjS dG GH g M fEG j eh
:d Jh fS dG j jBG

| no Mn r oJ r osn nd Go sJGhn o o psJan l Qn n eo o n rdn fGnC

l n pc Gn gn hn }
155:fCG
:Jh fS j iNCG jBG h

| r o rn ran An B nT en hn peDr o ran An B nT n an r oHu Qs pe t nGp bo hn }

29:dG

| o n cn Pn An B nT n an lIn pcr nJ n sfGE p cn }

12-11:Y

77

QdG jf YN

ee
,kGjfh jOg Sd SQCG dG dG c RYEG Lh H Y K d
a dG EG SdG YOh G dG fCG Y kdO a dfCG dG GG Lh
.QeCG g hcj M H Ghjh Qb M hQq a dG N c GcQd
Y aZ SdG L jJ dG LdjjCG e jdG g ejCG dh
e d SSCG QaCG N e jdG Hh H dG bJ CG hh G M
jhQGdG jdG J dG jOG LdjjCG LdjjCG g RHCG eh ,dG
dh .jOG dEG J dG dG SSCG fCG YJh QdG jH ahG
KEG e QfG adG IeL IOe e fG IG CG YJ dG jhQGdG
CG G e ddh ,UJ OCG M Qq bh N dG N e dG CG M
Idh g H dG N e d G FdG CG YJ dG jhQGdG jdG J
.U ,adG
IG a ,g QdG jf MJ dG acG if CG kLe dh
RGdG SM ie f CG OG Y ,G S a ,geh e
j dG G dG Mf CG AMCG Y h ,GQdG Y J dG
jGh fCGh JhdG Hh dBG ge g ch ,dG H e GQdG
.e J dG
jf jhQGO jf MO IG H J dG jOdG Z edG g EG
Sh ,iNCG SGQO UdG e H VG bf bh .jdG dG
ke f CG G e if VG Gg gC Gk fh ,dG PEH be f
.jCG G Gg Gk b

79

jhQGd dG QfG
g Ea ,AedG ffdG Y EG jQJ UJ b Kh jhQGO jf CG e
FdG VG e L QJ gCGh .Y SdG dG EG SGh H J jdG
Gg ,1859 Y f dG ''GfCG UCG'' jhQGO dQJ c c dG Y
c CG j PEG .IM Y c G Fd G GfCd dG N jhQGO j dG
H dG H Y NG fCGh e YCG L hCG MGh S d G FdG
.edG Qhe e Gd VJ
.VGaG O eCG YG PEG Se Y acG Y jf jhQGO j h
HU'' GH a f jhQGO YG c) jdG a dP EG aVEH
.jdG SCG Lh SdG J (''jdG
HU'' CG bJ dG jG dG acG deBG c jhQGO Vh d
OGR Jbd kaN dh ''jdG
.HdG OHCG e acG g
jhQGdG g LGe h
f K N e dG e ce
:SSCG
J CG jdG J :hCa
fG c TCG e T CH
.VQCG Y IG
acG e CG J kfK
J dG jdG dBG CG dG
Y a IQb jCG d jhQGdG Y
.jdG
G GG KCG :dK
jhQGO dQJ

80

g f S dG Gg h .jf jhQGO MW dG VGaG Y

.Y H dG dG

IG UGC
VQCG Lh ,IMGh M N e Cf G GfCG CG QdG jf VJ
G SLCG je J CG IMGh M c .S e 3^8 b FGdG
e CG dP KCG GP ,dH M b QdG e dG Gg CG VaG dh ?IG
.Y HLEG jhQGdG jdG J dG SCG H g ?GG
fG c :YG QdG d hCG IH j gCGh hCG GDdG dh
?hCG G

''IG e JC J IG''
Y IFS fc dG dG ga .GHCG IG UCG EG Hc jhQGO j
hdG a .kGL H cJ GP G FdG LCG c Va Y SG
e GOG CG cDJ dG jdG g fc gH bJ dG LCGh SdG
CG FS OYG g c a .c M EG de G FdG d dG H
g KE Ie Q jLCG bh !dG e GdGh ,dG jH e dJ GG
C J S GdG CH GhYGh e K b Y dG H GVh a .jdG
Xh ,dG GjdG a dGJ dG f jdG g g CG GXh ,Ia H Y
.edG dP be LC IFS VGaG g
jH dG Y J GjdG CG G e UCG edG e Ia H dh

81

c dG IdG M .IOG dH iJ bj T Y HdG j EGh FJ

e dGJ jdG CH kY e OYG g c ''GfCG UCG'' jhQGO a
.GOG
YGe QSH jd acG HCG jhQGO c f e GS N Hh
SGQO H dEG UJ dG dG QSH dh .QdGjf SSCG T dG
J CG GOG CH YdG CG'' :dH edG e jW Ia bSG GQNGh
24. ''HCG EG jQdG aO b IG
c CG H dh .jW I QSH dEG UJ e QdG jf Y aGG aQ bh
fG IG c CG Y FdG VdG LGh ,G FdG IG cdG dG
.RBG e jG adG

jdG dG e Z OL
IG UCG b H gG jhQGO hCG ShdG LddG Y jQHhCG QdG c
CG j CG KdG gQW Va N e hM bh .jdG dG
Y M SGQdG g dh .adG J CG G FdG G
FG cCG e G Ce j G Ad '':JCj GYG EG jQHhCG VGh dH
25.''QdG jf kVZ
GQNG fa ,IG UCG dCe GQNG He jQHhCG JG hM bh
fCG e YR a .IT cCG 1953 Y gGLCG dG e fS ceCG FdG
GfCG a b j H N e VQCd FGH L Z OjEG SG
cJ Y M fCG YOG c .jG EG bdG aVEGh dG H e GRdG e
.JhdG IOLG J J (eCG VMCG) jY jL IY
Y kY ka YG dG QdG g CG K M GS J dh

82

Y Gk c j e U dG G dG CG J PEG .MdG Y QdG jf

26 VQCd FGdG G CG ,GfBG G G dG
27.M Z HG dG G dG CG e YG jW U Hh
AH IG UCG d jdG dG N jhQGdG dH dG OG ch
.dH
HCd jO S SDe e GOH L FcG dG G g cCG bh
AfG Qe Y fh dG'':1998 Y VQCG f de b M
IG fG c :dG Gg jGH e d Z dCe LGf dR e jdG dG
28. ''.VQCG Y

IG IG H
j a dG RCG Gg EG J QdG jf L dG SSCG dG EG
FdG a .G FdG HCG M Y H IG dG g IG UCH
GG cG M dGh ,fEG gHG dG LddG G c e YG G
.dG H e jY Z OGe L Y IMGh N fEG dG Gk QJ
OLh J e LQd GL Ie hT N jd HG hdG CG
g adG G fe bHh JhdG J
q feEG EG .adG G
eCG M 500 e e JhH e IMGh jL fNCG a.dG Qj MG
OdG g Fg OY Y ee MGh bQ adG J MG f fd
OdG j VjdG Y h .(950 SCG IY CG ) Ie 950 f Hhe IY
.dG MdG e e CG dG hj N SCG IY Y ee MGh
J dGh G IGf IOLG D.N.A.) )CG EG dG hdG G FL EG

83

HH b d fCG MdGh AdG N bh .ge ee H g KGQdG eG

M j YSe 900 e dCJ Y e Y fG eG g
.U FN Y e MGdG
(D.N.A.)hdG G CG gh jhQGdG LGh iNCG e J gh
N e EG fCG g cJ h .IO fCG IY EG Kj CG
H Y Gj KG CG h ,f (D.N.A.)CG EG dG IOLG eG
b IG CG j dG jQdH j e Ggh ,bdG f fj CG a dG
d QG jhQGdG QahdG YG bh .Ohe jW EG FJ H fG
OY ceCG fS G H fQdc jO S eL e ZQhG
:b M 1994 Y QOdG jCG
e GCf b Ie H hP gch ,jhdG VMCGh JhdG J CG G Z e''
hO gMCG OLh G e hj jCGh ,G f h bdG f Y H
J CG G IG CG j CG fEd hCG gd fEa ddh ,NBG
29.''Fc jH fG b

fEa ,W SCG e KG b IG J CG G e c GPEG fCG ,T e eh

H MJ G gh d bQN jH N b fc H f CG j
.G QfEG EG SSCG J dG QdG jf ec

dG QdG dGB
jdG eG CG g dN e jhQGO jf be dG G fdG dG
.jdG Y IQb CG G d d QdG dB jdG Vh
dG gCG Jh dG AfG dBG Y ec H jf jhQGO cQ d
.''dG AfG Y GfCG UG'' Hc Y L dG d jhQGO ghCG
cCGh ibCG G FdG CG jhQGO j dG AfG Va N eh

84

AdG e J S a J dG ceCG dG hdG e dG Y IQb

.IG LCG e GdG ce Y
dG e b H e SCG H G Y QOdG GdG Ea ,G S a
j S dG b Ea ddh ,S dG g Se fGM e H Oe
f h dG QJ CG GMCG e M CH ,dh .SCG ibCG OGaCG e
.G S Y MCc G FdG e iNCG a EG
Y jhQGO c bh .jjJ GQb CG d d dG AfG dBG Ea ddh
CG dG AfG CG'':''GfCG UCG'' Hc cP PEG jCG G H jGQO
30.''Fe GJ hM j M AH j
''

Qe'' `H KC dG

GDdG Gg Y HLEG jhQGO hM ?FG GdG g M c

fdG LddG dG Gj c kahh .Y d FGdG gG e bfG
EG cG dG dG QJ G FdG Ea ,jhQGO b TY dG Qe
hCG f Af EG ODJ NBG EG L e cGJ dG dG gh ,MdG LCG
N J fc dG dG e QJ aGQdG CG Qe ij ka .IjL a
.L H kL bYCG da SdG GdG ZCG QTCG GQhCG cCG dh
j GfCG UCG Hc a .He eCG YCa Qe f Y jhQGO QSh
31.M EG edG Qhe e d AG EG J fc dG HdG H CG jhQGO
gORG dG G Y KCG dGh fe cG dG KGQdG fGb dh
GHh .bG LCG EG QJ dG G dG IQSCG jdG dG
jhQGdG.jhQGdG jdG QdG dBG e dBc dG AfG Va S
hCG LG GdGh jG

85

jN IGf IOLG hdG G jLh .QdG jf J dG FG MG g Id IG cdG G

jL HQG JJ e e eG H GfG e f g hdG a .dP Y e g G FdG
j dG ed Qb GPGh .G Fd FjdG dG IT Y j g eG Hh . fG
e MJ eG g E a kWh . 900 G Qj e Y j a J G dG hdG G
.adG

GdGh jG jhQGdG
jf jhQGdG QW ,jhGQdG a bh dG G d M OjEG LCG e
M IjG jhQGdH j e hCG ''jG cdG jdG'' Y e KdG
gJ jJ M gh GdG hCG LG GdG Ve jhQGdG VCG
N j dG G hCG YTEG e LQN eGY f G FdG L
GdG EG aVEH Gg ,Ie U cG EG ODJ gh ,fG Y
jhQGdG jdH j a dG H NDj dG g jG jhQGdG gh .dG
.Y H
f fJ b VQCG Y IOLG G FdG je CG YJ jdG g EG
dG e G FdG d IG AYCG GdG e jdG a M Y
CG ,KM dG '' GdG '' GdG g e jh gZh LCGh FdGh GPBGh
CG gh jdG g MJ Y M g dh .G KM dG GdG
.FGjEG EG ODJ fCG ,dG Y H G FdG h jJ EG ODJ GdG
GL Ie cJ d (D.N.A)CG CG dG CG PEG GL H dP dGh
ceCG G Y j . H QGVCGh FGjEG EG ODJ FGdG GKCdGh
:dH dP B.G. Ranganathan KcfGQ..

86

.IKDe Z J GjdG MCG h Gk QOf EG h Ieh FGYh IU GdG ''

da .jdG GfCG e f CG EG J CG fCG J Gd HQCG FG gh
dG YS FGdG dG CG .Ge hCG KDe Z eEG j bO FN P f FGdG
j GMCG MCG hCG ,H j CG LQCG Y H ,FGOCG EG ODj CG e
32''.GG d H ,jG CG VQCG IdG dch ,da Z

e Lj CG .IG GdG Ve e e CG g j CG Le dh
GdG c CG BG M K a .L IT jJ YSG GdG CG Y j
J iS d QdG dBG e dBG fCG Y eb dG IdG CG j c bh .Ie
Gd ahG GKCdG cCG e WdG) ILY cjh G FdH j L
W jJ dBG bdG f J CG IeG dBG CG T e eh (dG Y
.e QJ Y CG bGdG fEa QJ dBG CG OLh AfG eh

:GG S
TC G Y QKGB GC g d
.dfG hGC SG
S g j jhGQdG jdG YJ dG jQdG CG Y dO Nh
.GG
GfCG MCG CG PEG ,MGh YCG L Y dJ b G GfCG c QdG jd kaa
H IG EG AL iNCG GfCG ch edG e NBG AT EG h HdG Lh
.dG je J jQJ jH j dG Ea jdG d ahh .jdG
FdG hCG GfCG e jdG g j CG j ca ,bGdG g Gg c dh
.g jdG dG Ia TY dG SdG

87

TY S fh MGR f g GM g j CG j G S a
c hCG . dG dG FN EG aVG MGhdG FN cGh eR e
cG MGhdG H CG CG.MGR fh FW f g GM g j CG j
CG VG e fCG h . dG MGhdG FN EG aVEH QdG U H
e ge ALY be M Fc g J CG j fEa dfG Me g J
.dG Ia VG TY fCG VG
kc e jG g J CG a dH Lh b fGG g fc GPEG
S IOLe J CG j jdG bG g jH CG dP e gGh .kYfh
:eCG Gg jhQGO j (GfCG UG )Hc .GG
,SG GfCG e j OY OLh cDG e fEa U jf fc GPEG''
HS gOLh Y dOCG Ea dHh ...YG f EG J dG GfCH Kh bY d
33. GG jH LJ CG j

jhQGO eGB OJ
e Y Qd Y SdG dG e e e GOL GdH jhQGdG CG eh
dG GG a .G M dfG TCG g Y QdG j a GG g
VQCG Y X b IG c jhQGdG bJ Y Y dO Y QdG
.adG ec H fJh
. jjO QcdG dG jdG LdHhfG dG j kjhQGO fc ZQh
:JCj LG
ie Y AGS dH GG S jY GPEG j dG eCG
OLh Y iNCG J IG fCG ,(species)GfCG ie Y hCG (orders)JdG
34. iNCG M Y e Y FdG QdG EGh jQdG QdG

88

X YGfCGh G FdG SLCG c CG j GG S CG j Ggh

.jhQGO Vj e f iS d Ggh ,H Sh TCG hH jdG e ICa
.b G FdG CG Y kjb kdO j dP CG c
hO UJ H jdG ec gh G Fd LG Qd MdG dGh
LddG Y jCG H YG G gh .b SLCG g CG g Qe S OLh
GdG J QdGh G H '':j dG ejJa SZhO dG jhQGdG
eJ gh VQCG Y X b J CG eEG G Fda .G FdG UC G
SLCG e fJ fCG QhdG a G g Y X b J Ea . hCG jdG
a fEa jdG e X b fc GPEGh .e QJ Y N e b Lh b
35. ''IQdG c AcP SGH N b J
MCHh jdG ec VQCG Y X G FdG CG GG XCG bh
.QdG dh G g ,jhQGO Vj e Y Y ,GfCG UCG CG j Ggh .M

fE G QdG aGN
.QdG jf Y aGG dEG j dG YVG cCG e fEG UCG j
j bG e f e QJ b jG fEG CG jhQGdG GAYOG VJh
b CGHG fCG VG e dG eYG QdG Y N fCG jhQGdG Yjh .OdG
kahh .OGLCGh bdG hCG jG fEG H dfG TCG Lh S je 5 hCG 4
:SSCG TCG HQCG g Ea G jQdG Gd
jaEG G FGdG OdG
fdG fEG

89

edG e OdG fEG

.jG fEG hCG bdG fEG
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.OhdG e Ve a iS d G FdG e dG Ggh ,jaEG L FGdG
dQJ QahdG ceCGh echR S OQdG jdG jdG Y iLCG bh
EG J fCG dN e KG OhdG e dG Gg e Y Y e KHCG OQf chG
36.fEH T CG dG jOdG OhdG e Ve a

j GG S E a dP e dG Y .dG QdG aGN YJ Ge jH LJ

Y deG jhQGdG Vh ,G g LGe h .dGh OhdG H J LM OLh
fh Ob f Gdh GG jH Y bG FGY jH GVa .PdGh eSdG H
.kN H fGC
90

CG homo d ee fEG QJ e ddG MG jhQGdG j K

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GG JJ N e Qd kdN kfH kN jhQGdG jh .FGdG OdG
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37.''IOe fEG QH G dG'' CH
G FGdG OdG :CG Y g dG dG Y HGG dG g j CG
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j eh jaEG G FGdG OdG CG c LdHfGddG AY acG
ceCG bdG f TY edG e OdG fEH j eh fdG fEH
38.dG e
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fc SLCG g CG J dG GAYOG Mj VdG Gg CG VGdG eh
jf e MCG g dL L OaQg eL LdHfGddG Y CG eh .d aSCG
p sSo e j GPe'':j PEG Ohe jW EG Uh b jdG CH j fCG EG QdG
OdG) MGh bh TY b dG e GfCG KK fc GPEG (eYG dG)
e SJ b J h (fdG fEGh ,jaEG L FGdG OdG ,GSCG FGdG
Y JOS N jQJ Yf jCG j e jCG Ea dP EG aVEH ?dG H
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SdG H N e Yd S g c dG dG QJ jQS CG ,QNH
dG h YEG FSh J dG ''fEG dGh Ob dG'' b Y

91

.d Y VQCG aGN b iS d jYdG dSCG e IOSG Y ,SGQdG

IG G beG AdG TG MCG gh ,echR S OQdG c ZQh
Y N GW LdHfGddG Ge M jW e KHCG iLCG dGh
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.G H fEG EG Od T e fEG e
dG UCG a Qq O dG W S e HG echR Ea dP EG aVEH
gh - Y cCG Ea dG Gd kahh ,Y Z YG AfGh kY YG AGHG
IG Y JCJ gHh .AjdGh AdG g -bGh ee Y G dG M
dG Y LQG QGG'' ge dG Z fN U a .YLG dG gHh
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IG Y e fG VG e dG G J G jOG G S e f'' :dH
j M ,ffG GG jQJ h ,G QGe Y LQG gG e
G jdG d G eDa ,QdG jd d dH AT c
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YCG J e SfCG WCG e MCG iS d dG QdG aGN EG
.Y GhY dG GG H Y QdG jd

PC Gh dG dG
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G G GL IU f EG Jh jG N e fhdEG GQTEG EG FdG

92

H QU T Y edG gCGj fhdEG GQTEG g .jDhdG ce J ed

.dG e Ie S
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!dG
dG J e CG e J LQd VGhh bO dG J dG IQdG
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dh ,dG Gg LG e edGh G Vhh HCG e dG jLCGh
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H OHCG FK IQU J jdG TT Ea dP EG aVEH .VdGh bdG
BG hM IjY Gdh !KK OHCG GP Y GQU Y N e iJ
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QJ b bdGh VGdG IQdG g J dG dBG CG jhQGdG Yj

93

 J aZ OLG jdG CG d b gMCG CG dh .adG

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fEG L J J dG GUCG CG M .SG GC J CG b g J

94

c dG e aGe gh dG QJ CG fEG PCa ke VGhh bO

eCG c Ggh ,bOh VGh g c ke dG J H ,SQEG IOYEG ILCG J
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dG dM V jhGR c dG M Y Qb dG jdG dG fEG ,dEG C jh
.keh Gk gHh fe OHCG KK TCH d Ld GS H iJ

95

Oe GE
acG dj AYOG QdG jf CG d J BG EG geb dG eG EG
g VJ dG QdG dBGh .dG e VQJ IG M jdG g YGa dG
dG dfCG TCG CG GG KCG M .jdG Y IQdG d d jdG
,Y Z Ia fd gf j QdG jf Ea dHh IOLe Z jdG VJ
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:CG fdG LQdH ch jGH
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Y N Y fj jOG jdH Ea dG Y H fdG gGd OG dH
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42.''Y C j CG SGdG

b Y HCG M ,fEGh IY UCG b jhQGdG CH VJ jdG g

96

iS OLh fCG VJ IdG gh .jOG dH dG jJ LCG e a IG

dG g YGhdG IOGh OG c KG hh Lh VJ fEa ddh IOd
aGQdGh SCGh QdG e G GfCG je CG Ia Y Jh IG N
f IeL IOe e fG b dGh Gh QgRCGh QTCGh GGh QdGh
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M Y aGj jhQGdG GRe dP eh ,dGh dG e VQj e Ggh
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N dG dG g dG Ggh G dG jdG dG U e g FdG c :G
.M Fc e a e c Nh jJ MCG Qq bh dG e dG

n sfGE p n n r sYn en sGE p n nd n rYp

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32:IdG[

97

NOTES
1- http://www.jps.net/bygrace/index. html Taken from Big Bang Refined by Fire by
Dr. Hugh Ross, 1998. Reasons To Believe, Pasadena, CA.
2 Carolyn Sheets, Robert Gardner, Samuel F. Howe; General Science, Allyn and Bacon
Inc. Newton, Massachusetts, 1985, p. 319322
3 http://muttley.ucdavis.edu/Book/Atmosphere/beginner/layers01.html
4 General Science, Carolyn Sheets, Robert Gardner, Samuel F. Howe; Allyn and Bacon
Inc. Newton, Massachusetts, 1985, p. 305
5 Websters New Twentieth Century Dictionary, 2. edition Isostasy, New York, p.
975
6 Carolyn Sheets, Robert Gardner, Samuel F. Howe; General Science, Allyn and Bacon
Inc. Newton, Massachusetts, 1985, p. 305
7 National Geographic Society, Powers of Nature, Washington D.C., 1978, p.1213
8 http://www.2think.org/nothingness.html, Henning Genz Nothingness: The
Science of Empty Space, p. 205
9 Anthes, Richard A., John J. Cahir, Alistair B. Fraser, and Hans A. Panofsky, 1981,
The Atmosphere, 3. edition, Columbus, Charles E. Merrill Publishing Company, p.
268269; Millers, Albert; and Jack C. Thompson, 1975, Elements of Meteorology, 2.
edition, Columbus, Charles E. Merrill Publishing Company, p. 141
10 Anthes, Richard A.; John J. Cahir; Alistair B. Fraser; and Hans A. Panofsky, 1981,
The Atmosphere, p. 269; Millers, Albert; and Jack C. Thompson, 1975, Elements of
Meteorology, p. 141142
11 Davis, Richard A., Jr. 1972, Principles of Oceanography, Don Mills, Ontario,
AddisonWesley Publishing, pp. 9293
12 Elder, Danny; and John Pernetta, 1991, Oceans, London, Mitchell Beazley
Publishers, p. 27
13 Gross, M. Grant; 1993, Oceanography, a View of Earth, 6. edition, Englewood Cliffs,
PrenticeHall Inc., p. 205
14 Seeley, Rod R.; Trent D. Stephens; and Philip Tate, 1996, Essentials of Anatomy &
Physiology, 2. edition, St. Louis, MosbyYear Book Inc., p. 211; Noback, Charles R.;
N. L. Strominger; and R. J. Demarest, 1991, The Human Nervous System,
Introduction and Review, 4. edition, Philadelphia, Lea & Febiger , p. 410411
15 Seeley, Rod R.; Trent D. Stephens; and Philip Tate, 1996, Essentials of Anatomy &
Physiology, 2. edition, St. Louis, MosbyYear Book Inc., p. 211
16 Moore, Keith L., E. Marshall Johnson, T. V. N. Persaud, Gerald C. Goeringer,
AbdulMajeed A. Zindani, and Mustafa A. Ahmed, 1992, Human Development as
Described in the Quran and Sunnah, Makkah, Commission on Scientific Signs of
the Quran and Sunnah, p. 36
17 Moore, Developing Human, 6. edition, 1998.
18 Williams P., Basic Human Embryology, 3. edition, 1984, p. 64.
19 Rex D. Russell, Design in Infant Nutrition, http:// www. icr.org/pubs/imp259.htm
20 Warren Treadgold, A History of the Byzantine State and Society, Stanford
University Press, 1997, p. 287299.

98

21 Warren Treadgold, A History of the Byzantine State and Society, Stanford

University Press, 1997, p. 287-299.
22 Walter Wreszinski, Aegyptische Inschriften aus dem K.K. Hof Museum in Wien,
1906, J C Hinrichs sche Buchhandlung
23 Hermann Ranke, Die gyptischen Personennamen, Verzeichnis der Namen, Verlag
Von J J Augustin in Glckstadt, Band I,1935, Band II, 1952
24 Sidney Fox, Klaus Dose, Molecular Evolution and The Origin of Life, New York,
Marcel Dekker, 1977, p. 2
25 Alexander I. Oparin, Origin of Life, (1936) NewYork, Dover Publications, 1953
(Reprint), p. 196
26 New Evidence on Evolution of Early Atmosphere and Life, Bulletin of the
American Meteorological Society, vol 63, Nov 1982, p. 13281330
27 Stanley Miller, Molecular Evolution of Life: Current Status of the Prebiotic Synthesis
of Small Molecules, 1986, p. 7
28 Jeffrey Bada, Earth, Feb 1998, p. 40
29 Leslie E. Orgel, The Origin of Life on Earth, Scientific American, vol 271, Oct 1994,
p. 78
30 Charles Darwin, The Origin of Species: A Facsimile of the First Edition, Harvard
University Press, 1964, s. 189
31 Charles Darwin, The Origin of Species: A Facsimile of the First Edition, Harvard
University Press, 1964, p. 184
32 B. G. Ranganathan, Origins?, Pennsylvania: The Banner Of Truth Trust, 1988.
33 Charles Darwin, The Origin of Species: A Facsimile of the First Edition, Harvard
University Press, 1964, p. 179
34 Derek A. Ager, The Nature of the Fossil Record, Proceedings of the British
Geological Association, vol 87, 1976, p. 133
35 Douglas J. Futuyma, Science on Trial, New York: Pantheon Books, 1983, p. 197
36 Solly Zuckerman, Beyond The Ivory Tower, New York: Toplinger Publications,
1970, pp. 7594; Charles E. Oxnard, The Place of Australopithecines in Human
Evolution: Grounds for Doubt, Nature, vol 258, p. 389
37 J. Rennie, Darwins Current Bulldog: Ernst Mayr, Scientific American, Dec 1992
38 Alan Walker, Science, vol. 207, 1980, p. 1103; A. J. Kelso, Physical Antropology, 1.
edition, New York: J. B. Lipincott Co., 1970, p. 221; M. D. Leakey, Olduvai Gorge,
vol. 3, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1971, p. 272
39 Time, Kasm 1996
40 S. J. Gould, Natural History, vol. 85, 1976, p. 30
41 Solly Zuckerman, Beyond The Ivory Tower, New York: Toplinger Publications,
1970, p. 19
42 Richard Lewontin, The DemonHaunted World, The New York Review of Books, 9
Jan 1997, p. 28

99