Trigonometric Equivalences

Common Values Angles vs. Signs cos = cos Periods cos = sin( + 2) 6 sin 6 tan 6 cos

= = =

3 2 1 2

sin = sin

cos n = sin(n + 2)

1 3

Reciprocal Relationships csc =

1 sin 1 cos 1 tan

Quotient Relationships tan = cot =

sin cos cos sin

Pythagorean Relationships sin2 + cos2 = 1 1 + tan2 = sec2 1 + cot2 = csc2

sec = cot =

Addition Formulas sin( + ) = sin cos + cos sin cos( + ) = cos cos sin sin tan( + ) Double-Angle Formulas sin 2 cos 2 tan 2 = 2 sin cos = cos2 sin2 = = 1 2 sin2 = 2 cos2 1 =
2 tan 1tan2

Subtraction Formulas sin( ) = sin cos cos sin cos( ) = cos cos + sin sin tan( ) Half-Angle Formulas 1 sin 2 1 cos 2 1 tan = 2 = =
1cos 1+cos 1cos 2 1+cos 2 sin 1+cos

tan +tan 1tan tan

tan tan 1+tan tan

1cos sin

Products of Sines and Cosines sin cos cos sin =1 2 [sin( + ) + sin( )]
1 =2 [sin( + ) sin( )]

Sum and Difference of Sines and Cosines sin + sin sin sin sin + sin Law of Cosines
1 ( + ) cos 1 = 2 sin 2 2 ( ) 1 = 2 cos 1 2 ( + ) sin 2 ( ) 1 = 2 sin 1 2 ( + ) sin 2 ( )

cos cos = 1 2 [cos( + ) + cos( )] sin sin = 1 2 [cos( + ) cos( )] Law of Sines a b c = = sin A sin B sin C sin A sin B sin C = = a b c

1 cos + cos = 2 cos 1 2 ( + ) cos 2 ( )

a2 = b2 + c2 2bc cos A b2 = a2 + c2 2ac cos B c2 = a2 + b2 2ab cos C

Author: Martin Blais, 2009. This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution - Non-Commercial - Share-Alike license.