Professional Documents
Culture Documents
• Overview: Sagittal view of
nose/mouth/throat
• Nasal Cavity and Breathing
• Mouth and Chewing
• Throat and Swallowing
• Larynx and Singing
Human Anatomy, Frolich, Head II: Throat/Larynx
Sagittal Section Head
• Cranial cavity
• Brain/Spinal cord
• Vertebral bodies
• Epaxial muscles
• Hard/soft palate
• Oral cavity
• Esophagus
• Trachea
• Epiglottis
• Naso
• Oro pharynx
• Laringo
Human Anatomy, Frolich, Head II: Throat/Larynx
Nose/Nasal Cavity and Breathing
Function:
• Inlet for air to lung
• Warm/filter air
(mucous membranes on
ethmoid conchae)
• Smell
(nerve endings on nasal
membranes)
Human Anatomy, Frolich, Head II: Throat/Larynx
Conchae of Ethmoid Bone
• Scrolllike bones
• Covered in mucous membrane for
– Smell
– Filter air
– Warm air
Human Anatomy, Frolich, Head II: Throat/Larynx
Sinuses
• All connected to nasal
cavity
• All lined with mucous
membranes
• Cold/allergies—fill
with mucous=sinus
headache
Vestibule—in front of teeth
Oral cavity proper—behind teeth
Human Anatomy, Frolich, Head II: Throat/Larynx
Lips
FUNCTION
• Close mouth
• Keep food in
• Make speech sounds
• Tactile
STRUCTURE
• Core of sphinchtershape skeletal
muscle (orbicularis oris)
• “Red margin” transition from
keratinized skin to oral mucosa
– Red because clear color lets
underlying vessels show through
– No sweat or sebaceous glands, thus
needs to be wet (or lip balm)
Human Anatomy, Frolich, Head II: Throat/Larynx
Cheeks
FUNCTION
• Form side of moth
STRUCTURE
• Buccinator muscle—
instrumental in
swallowing, connects
back to pharyngeal
constrictors
Human Anatomy, Frolich, Head II: Throat/Larynx
Palate
• Hard palate anterior
– Maxilla
– Palatine
• Soft palate is posterior
extension, soft tissue
• Palatoglossal arch
(palate to tongue)
• Palatopharyngeal arch
(palate to pharynx)
• Tonsils between arches
• Uvula…???
Human Anatomy, Frolich, Head II: Throat/Larynx
Jaws
FUNCTION
• Hold teeth
• Occlude in chewing
STRUCTURE
•Upper jaw—maxillary bone
•Lower jawmandible
Human Anatomy, Frolich, Head II: Throat/Larynx
Teeth
• Deciduous teeth—”milk”
or “baby” teeth
• Emerge 6 mos. – 2 yrs.
• Replaced by permanent
teeth 612 yrs.
• Wisdom teeth (3rd
molar) erupts 1725 yrs
or remains in jaw
Key to healthy
teeth and gums:
•Flossing
•Visiting dentist
regularly (every 6
mos.) and starting
Human Anatomy, Frolich, Head II: Throat/Larynx
at young age (3-4
Structure of individual tooth—it’s alive!!
Human Anatomy, Frolich, Head II: Throat/Larynx
Jaw muscles
• Masseter, temporalis—
elevate mandible (“close
jaw”)
• Medial pterygoid—lateral
(sidetoside) chewing
• Lateral pterygoid—translates
mandible anteriorly (part of
opening)
• Digastric (not shown)—
depresses mandible (“opens
jaw”)
• Chewing is circular motion
Human Anatomy, Frolich, Head II: Throat/Larynx
Tongue
FUNCTION
• Position food between
teeth
• Form words in speech
STRUCTURE
• Intrinsic muscles
(allow for shape
change with fibers in
various directions)
• Extrinsic muscles—
attach tongue to
skeleton
– Genioglossus
– Hyoglossus
Human Anatomy, Frolich, Head II: Throat/Larynx
Salivary glands
• Intrinsic—all over
mucous membranes
of tongue, palate,
lips, lining of cheek
• Extrinsic—secrete
more saliva when
eating (or
anticipating)
– Parotid
– Submandibular
– Sublingual
Human Anatomy, Frolich, Head II: Throat/Larynx
Saliva
• Moistens mouth
• Dissolves food to be tasted
• Wets and binds food
• Contains amylase to start starch digestion
(saltine to sugar experiment)
• Contains bicarbonate to neutralize cavity
causing acids produced by bacteria
• Contains antibacterial and antiviral enzymes
and cyanidelike compound to kill harmful
microorganisms
• Contains proteins that stimulate growth of
beneficial bacteria in the mouth
Human Anatomy, Frolich, Head II: Throat/Larynx
Throat/Pharynx and Swallowing
• Back of mouth to larynx
• Food and air mix and cross
Air
STRUCTURES
•Entry—pharyngeal arches PHARYNX Food
•Exit—glottis (epiglottis is lid)
•Pharyngeal constrictors
s
a
gu
Trache
squeeze food through
Esopha
•When it goes wrong—choking!!
Human Anatomy, Frolich, Head II: Throat/Larynx
Pharynx and Swallowing
Human Anatomy, Frolich, Head II: Throat/Larynx
Larynx and Singing
FUNCTION
• Channel air out of trachea
• Vibrate to produce sound for
speech/song
STRUCTURES
• External skeleton or frame (cartilage)
• Internal vocal cords and associated
muscles
Human Anatomy, Frolich, Head II: Throat/Larynx
Skeleton of larynx
• Cricothyroid ligament is usual site of emergency
tracheotomy (feel on self—SURFACE ANATOMY)
Human Anatomy, Frolich, Head II: Throat/Larynx
Vocal cords