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WCDMA RNP Paging Area Planning Guidance
WCDMA RNP Paging Area Planning Guidance
i
i i
B
_Num_ =(k+1) 1+C%)
A +B
(4.1)
Where, Paging_Num_CS
j
refers to the paging requests generated by the UEs
using a certain type of CS service, Penetration
i
% is the penetration rate of different
levels of UEs using this type of service. User_Contribution
i
refers to the distribution
ratio of different levels of UEs using this type of service.
With the same analysis method as the CS service, we can get the number of
busy hour paging requests generated when the UEs using a certain type of CS
service.
j
Paging PS _ % _
i i i
BHPC Num Penetration User Contribution
i
i i
B
_Num_ =(k+1) 1+C%)
A +B
(4.2)
Where, Paging_Num_PS
j
refers to the paging requests generated by the UEs
using a certain type of PS service. BHPC_Num
i
is the Busy Hour Packet Call
Number in the traffic modeling parameter. User_Contribution
i
refers to the
distribution ratio of different levels of UEs using this type of service.
Suppose: _ _
j
a Paging Num CS =
_ _
j
b Paging Num PS =
(4.3)
Suppose the number of carrier waves/sectors supported by the RA is N
RA
, and
that supported by the LA is N
LA
. The equation will be:
8
This is the worst case, with the maximum occupation the paging channel.
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_ _
celluser LA celluser RA
PCCH Paging Capacity a N N b N N = + (4.4)
Where, N
celluser
is the number of cell users obtained by means of dimensioning
under a certain condition, and PCCH_Paging_Capacity is the maximum paging load
allowed in a single PCCH channel.
As specified in the protocol, RA is a subset of LA. In a certain typical
environment with even user distribution, the number of carrier waves/sectors
supported by LA is N
LA
=n*N
RA
(n is a positive integer).
In the case of paging based on the CN ID of IMSI:
Under the traffic model condition, M
mix
is the number of users supported by the
paging channel within 10ms:
mix
240 (1 1 1 1 3)
M =
1 ( ) ( 3 4 )
a n b D b E F G
M M M
b a n b a n D E b a n D E F G F G
(
(
+ + + +
(
( + + +
+ + + + + + +
(4.5)
The UE selects the proper terminating time (V350) according to the
discontinuous reception (DRX) algorithm specified in the 3GPP 25.304
specifications.
Paging Occasion={(IMSI div K) mod (DRX cycle length div PBP)} * PBP + n *
DRX cycle length + Frame Offset;
Where n = 0,1,2 as long as SFN is below its maximum value.
The DRX cycle length shall be MAX(2
k
, PBP) frames.
PBP: Paging Block Periodicity, it is 10ms TTI at present.
The RNC maps the paging message to different CFNs according to the same
algorithm. We can learn from the equation that the location of the paging message is
the corresponding paging block position that the IMSI of the UE modulo the DRX
cycle length. Therefore, a UE can occupy only one paging block within a DRX cycle.
On the other hand, the paging messages of different UEs will be arranged to the
same paging block as long as the IMSI modulo results are identical. In this case, for
a specific paging block, when the number of paging message exceeds M
mix
, the
paging block will suffer from blocking. At present, the RNC discards the excessive
paging messages instead of buffering them, and then transmits the paging message
within the next DRX cycle or waits for the CN re-transmits it according to the
re-transmission parameters of the UTRAN.
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For the point of time of a certain CFN, the paging message termination rate is
distributed based on poission distribution. For a specific paging block, when the
number of messages
messageperTTI
N exceeds the value of M
mix
, the excessive ones
will be discarded. The blocking formula is as follows:
( )
outage messageperTTI mix
P P N M = > (4.6)
then
0
( )
1
!
mix
M H k
outage
k
e H
P
k
=
<
(4.7)
With the formula above, we can work out the value of H , which indicates
the traffic supported by a specific paging block within a DRX cycle.
Based on the traffic model, the traffic generated by the UE within a DRX cycle is
as follows:
2
( ) (2 0.01)
3600
RA
RA
RA
k
PerDRXCycleLengthInN
PerDRXCycleLengthInN
PerDRXCycleLengthInN
a n b
Erlang
+
= =
(4.8)
Then, we can work out N
RA
as follows:
%
2
RA
RA
celluser
PerDRXCycleLengthInN k
H L
N
N
Erlang
=
(4.9)
Where, L% is the paging margin reserved for the future development of network.
For the definitions and values of M1, M2, M3 and M4, refer to Chapter 3.
In the case of paging based on the CN ID of TMSI:
With the same analysis method, we can work out M
mix
, the number of users
supported by the paging channel within 10ms:
mix
240 (1 1 1 1 3)
M =
2 ( ) ( 3 4 )
a n b D b E F G
M M M
b a n b a n D E b a n D E F G F G
(
(
+ + + +
(
( + + +
+ + + + + + +
(4.10)
Then
0
( )
1
!
mix
M H k
outage
k
e H
P
k
=
<
(4.11)
Based on the traffic model, the traffic generated by the UE within a DRX cycle is
as follows:
2
( ) (2 0.01)
3600
RA
RA
RA
k
PerDRXCycleLengthInN
PerDRXCycleLengthInN
PerDRXCycleLengthInN
a n b
Erlang
+
= =
(4.12)
Then, we can work out N
RA
as follows:
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%
2
RA
RA
celluser
PerDRXCycleLengthInN k
H L
N
N
Erlang
=
(4.13)
4.2 Key Value Recommendations
K parameter: k+1 represents the number of paging re-transmission at the
UTRAN side. The air interface must transmits the paging for k+1 times no matter the
UE gives response to the paging or not. As the CN side re-transmits paging, the
recommended value of k is 1 for a higher paging efficiency.
L parameter: (1-L)% is the paging margin reserved for the future development
of the network. Since the RNC supports modifying the paging area of the existing
cells by means of dynamic data configuration, the value of L mainly depends on the
special network construction requirement of the carrier. Generally speaking, to avoid
the paging area IDs of other existing cells are to be modified caused by the capacity
expansion of partial areas or individual sites, so we recommend the value of L is 80,
corresponding 20% of the paging margin.
Poutage parameter: Poutage is the blocking rate of the paging block. If it is
supposed that 99 percent of UEs can be paged within two continuous DRX cycles,
the value of Portage will be 1%.
DRX parameter: It is the k parameter is The DRX cycle length shall be MAX(2
k
,
PBP) frames. Its value is 8 at present.
n parameter: It is the n in the N
LA
=n*N
RA
(where n is a positive integer). The
bigger the n, the less the paging cells that can be supported by RA, and the more
paging cells supported by LA when the capacity of the paging channel keeps
unchanged. Generally, the paging requests of PS services are more than those of
CS services. To prevent the PS from occupying too much paging channel resources,
n can be set to a value greater than 1, depending on the value of a (for CS services)
or b (for PS services), for example,
mix
M = 0.5
b
n
a
(
= +
(
. To avoid the location
update flow caused by a too-small NRA, it is recommended that when N
RA
is less
than 50, the value of n can be decreased properly to make its value greater than 50.
Other parameters: The values are set according to the actual network
construction objective and traffic model together with the opinions of the carrier.
5 Instance of Paging Area Cell Size in Typical Environment
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Here we take a typical traffic modeling of the dense urban area in the radio
network calculation tool as the example to dimension the paging area based on the
result in Chapter 4.
CS traffic modeling
Service type Penetrance BHCA AHT (s)
Active
factor
Average
bitrate
kbit/s
Busy
hour
traffic /
user
(Erl)
Busy
hour
thruput
/ user
(kbit)
Busy
hour
thruput
rate /
user
(kbit)
AMR Voice 100 % 1 90 0.5 8 0.025 360 100
VideoPhone 100 % 0.1 54 1 64 0.0015 345.6 96
Figure 1 CS service reference model
PS traffic modeling
Service
type
Economical users Normal users VIP users
Penetrance
B
H
S
A
Busy
hour
packet
call
Num
Busy
hour
thruput
/ user
(kbit)
Penetrance
B
H
S
A
Busy
hour
packet
call
Num
Busy
hour
thruput
/ user
(kbit)
Penetrance
B
H
S
A
Busy
hour
packet
call
Num
Busy
hour
thruput
/ user
(kbit)
Email 10 % 0.10 0.20 24.576 20 % 0.20 0.40 49.152 30 % 0.30 0.60 73.728
WWW 30 % 0.18 0.90 86.4 30 % 0.24 1.20 115.2 20 % 0.30 1.50 144
Game,
ICQ
25 % 0.10 0.20 2.304 15 % 0.20 0.40 4.608 5 % 0.30 0.60 6.912
Content
DL, FTP
25 % 0.10 0.20 47.616 15 % 0.20 0.40 95.232 10 % 0.30 0.60 142.848
Video
Stream
0 % 0.00 0.00 0 10 % 0.10 0.10 320.4 20 % 0.20 0.20 640.8
SMS 50 % 0.50 0.50 0.64 100 % 0.80 0.80 1.024 100 % 0.60 0.60 0.768
EMS /
MMS
50 % 0.50 1.00 122.88 100 % 0.80 1.60 196.608 100 % 0.60 1.20 147.456
User contribution
Mophology Economical Normal VIP Total
Dense
Urban
60 % 25 % 15 % 100 %
Figure 2 PS service reference model
In the above data service reference model, only the three services of Email
9
,
SMS and MMS will occupy the paging channel, other data services do not involve
paging process, as the user initiates and terminates service actively.
9
At present, the realization mode is to notify the users with SM every time the network receives an email.
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Based on this traffic modeling, we suppose other conditions for the
dimensioning:
Tx power config
Max power of Tx 20 W
Tx power usage
threshold
80 %
Common channel
power allocation
26.78 %
Noise parameter
UE noise figure 7.0 dB
Margin for background
noise
4.0 dB
Coverage Info.
Mophology 1
Channel type 2
Site type 2
Antenna height of UE 1.5 m
Antenna height of BS 30 m
Uplink Frequency 1950 MHz
Downlink Frequency 2140 MHz
Max path loss of Uplink 137.00 dB
Dense Urban
TU3(3km/h)
3 Sectors
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UL service info.
Service type Bear type
Bear
proportion
%
BH thruput /
user (kbit)
E
b
/N
0
(dB) BLER
Length of
session
(byte)
Reading
time in
session (s)
Voice 1 100.0 % 360.00 5.4 0.01 - -
VideoPhone 3 100.0 % 345.60 2.7 0.10 - -
Email 3 50.0 % 7.25 2.7 0.10 30,720 320
Email 7 50.0 % 7.25 2.4 0.10 30,720 320
WWW 7 70.0 % 28.51 2.4 0.10 60,000 1648
WWW 8 28.0 % 28.51 1.9 0.10 60,000 1648
WWW 9 2.0 % 28.51 1.6 0.10 60,000 1648
Video Stream 3 75.0 % 8.71 2.7 0.10 128,160 0
Video Stream 4 25.0 % 8.71 2.3 0.10 128,160 0
Content DL, FTP 7 75.0 % 12.86 2.4 0.10 59,520 5
Content DL, FTP 8 25.0 % 12.86 1.9 0.10 59,520 5
Location 3 100.0 % 0.57 2.7 0.10 2,880 8
2.3 0.10
2.3 0.10
2.3 0.10
2.3 0.10
2.3 0.10
2.3 0.10
2.3 0.10
2.3 0.10
2.3 0.10
AMR12.2
LCD64
LCD64
UDD64
UDD64
UDD144
UDD384
LCD64
LCD144
UDD64
UDD144
LCD64
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DL service info.
Service type Bear type
Bear
proportion
%
BH thruput /
user (kbit)
E
b
/N
0
(dB) BLER
Length of
session
(byte)
Reading
time in
session (s)
Voice 1 100.0 % 360.00 7.79 0.01 - -
VideoPhone 3 100.0 % 345.60 5.90 0.10 - -
Email 3 50.0 % 7.25 5.90 0.10 30,720 320
Email 7 50.0 % 7.25 4.60 0.10 30,720 320
WWW 7 70.0 % 28.51 4.60 0.10 60,000 1648
WWW 8 28.0 % 28.51 3.80 0.10 60,000 1648
WWW 9 2.0 % 28.51 4.40 0.10 60,000 1648
Video Stream 3 75.0 % 8.71 5.90 0.10 128,160 0
Video Stream 4 25.0 % 8.71 5.00 0.10 128,160 0
Content DL, FTP 7 75.0 % 12.86 4.60 0.10 59,520 5
Content DL, FTP 8 25.0 % 12.86 3.80 0.10 59,520 5
Location 3 100.0 % 0.57 5.90 0.10 2,880 8
5.00 0.10
5.00 0.10
5.00 0.10
5.00 0.10
5.00 0.10
5.00 0.10
5.00 0.10
5.00 0.10
5.00 0.10
AMR12.2
LCD64
LCD64
UDD64
UDD64
UDD144
UDD384
LCD64
LCD144
UDD64
UDD144
LCD64
Channel Duty cycle
SCH 0.10
Primary CCPCH 0.90
SCCPCH (PCH) 0.25
SCCPCH (FACH) 0.25
CPICH 1.00
AICH 1.00
PICH 1.00
Common channel power allocation ( with one SCCPCH )
Common channel power allocation ( with two SCCPCH )
24.80 %
26.78 %
1.99 %
10.00 %
3.16 %
5.01 %
Power allocation
1.00 %
2.85 %
0.79 %
Common channel power allocation
-13
Power relative to MAX BS Tx
power [dB]
-10
-15
-15
-11
-10
-15
Figure 3 Assumption conditions for the dimensioning of the dense urban area
In the conditions mentioned above, the configurations of sector 3 can be
obtained with the dimensioning tool
10
. The number of all kinds of users supported by
each carrier/sector is 1030.
Here are the values of the four assumption conditions required for paging area
dimensioning:
Table 3 Values of the four assumption conditions for paging area dimensioning
A B C D E F G
M1(bit)
72
AMR Voice 60% 40% 25 M2(bit)
40
10
The version of the dimensioning tool is V1.2.
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VideoPhone 50% 50% 25 M3(bit)
34
Email 50% 50% 25 50% 50% 50% 50% M4(bit)
40
SMS 50% 50% 25 50% 50% 50% 50% Ncelluser 1030
EMS/MMS 50% 50% 25 50% 50% 50% 50% k 0
L 80
Poutage 0.1
DRX parameter 8
Based on the assumption condition above and the formula deducted in Chapter
4, the calculation result is as follows:
Table 4 Location area dimemsion for paging based on CN ID of IMSI
n
Mmix
RA LA
1 3 1.738624042 0.002592996 133 133
2 3 1.741614489 0.003616996 95 190
3 3 1.74665366 0.004640996 74 222
4 3 1.744911078 0.005664996 61 244
5 3 1.745096566 0.006688996 51 255
6 3 1.745372494 0.007712996 44 264
7 3 1.745680526 0.008736996 39 273
8 3 1.745680526 0.009760996 35 280
9 3 1.746014764 0.010784996 32 288
10 3 1.746024614 0.011808996 29 290
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
RA
LA
Figure 4 Diagram of paging area dimensioning for paging based on CN ID of IMSI
Table 5 Location area dimemsion for paging based on CN ID of TMSI
H
RA
PerDRXCycleLengthInN
Erlang
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n
Mmix
RA LA
1 5 3.156601287 0.002592996 242 242
2 5 3.156601287 0.003616996 173 346
3 5 3.156601287 0.004640996 135 405
4 5 3.156601287 0.005664996 110 440
5 5 3.156601287 0.006688996 93 465
6 5 3.156601287 0.007712996 81 486
7 5 3.156601287 0.008736996 71 497
8 5 3.156601287 0.009760996 64 512
9 5 3.156601287 0.010784996 58 522
10 5 3.156601287 0.011808996 53 530
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
RA
LA
Figure 5 Diagram of paging area dimensioning for paging based on CN ID of TMSI
According to the value formula for the n value in Chapter 4, we can work out
that n=1, that is, N
RA
N
LA
.
Note: For the tools used, refer to WCDMA RNP Paging Area Planning Tool.
6 Precautions in the Paging Area Planning
6.1 Paging Area Size Restriction
As a paging message of the network paging mobile station will be sent in many
cells, the coverage of the paging area will be too large, which will lead to overload of
the paging channel, and increase the signaling flow at the Iub interface. In addition,
the excessive paging messages will be discarded in the case of re-transmission
failure within the specified re-transmission times. This will result in paging failure to
the active UEs within the service area (that is the UE is out of service). The upper
limit of the paging area (the number of cells that can be supported by the area) is
H
RA
PerDRXCycleLengthInN
Erlang
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limited by the bandwidth of the paging channel. The analysis in the above chapters
is mainly to determine the upper limit of the paging area.
On the contrary, if the paging area is too small, the UE will encounter frequent
location update in the traveling process, which increases the signaling flow of the
system. In the initial stage of network construction, the number of paging requests
are small, it is not necessary to plan the RA in a small size, but with the n being 1
instead. With the ever evolution of the network, the demands for PS serviced
increases. In this case, the size of the RA can be cut down. Of course, if the RA is
too small, the paging area update in the traveling process will be frequent, which will
enlarge the signaling overhead of the network side, and will shorten the standby time
of the mobile phone.
The lower limit of the RA cannot be determined by means of quantitative
analysis, which is a pending problem.
In addition, the equipment of higher version may support one cell being
configured with multiple PCCH paging channels. To ensure the balance of paging
load, the cells with the same paging channel numbers should be divided into the
same paging area (with the precondition that the cells with the same paging channel
numbers are in the same geographical area).
6.2 Geographic Distribution of Paging Area
The geographic distribution for the paging area is very important. Making the
best of the geographic distribution and behaviors of the mobile subscribers can lower
the location update frequency at the border of the paging area.
When the suburb is not covered within a continuous area with the urban area,
the location of the mobile phone cannot be updated when the periodical location
update time comes. After the protection time is time-out (set in the MSC), the system
will take that the IMSI is separated from the mobile phone. Suppose the mobile
phone travels the urban area, whose LAC is consistent with that of the suburb area,
some mobile phones will not perform normal location update immediately. In this
case, the mobile phone can receive signal but out of service. Therefore, for the
division of location area, the suburb area (county area) will be put into a location
area separate from the urban area. The location area distribution is similar to
concentric circles (the inner urban area may be set with several location areas due
to the capacity factors. The inner circle can adopt the fragmentation mode, or
inner-outer ring mode, or mixed mode), which can avoid the above problem
effectively. It is proved by practice that such a division can not only reduce the
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out-of-service problem, but also greatly improve the connection completion rate and
the call completion rate.
Figure 6 Schematic diagram of location area division
On the other hand, if more than two location areas exist in a city with
high-volume traffic, they can be divided by the geographic factors such as mountain
and river, for minimizing the overlap between different cells in the two location area.
If such a geographic factor is not available, the border between two areas should be
oblique crossing with a street instead of parallel or vertical with the street. Moreover,
the border should not be a street or the place with high-volume traffic (like
department store). In the intersection of the urban area and suburb, the border
between urban area and suburb area should be put at the base station of the
periphery instead of the intersection with high-volume traffic, so as to avoid frequent
location update in the intersection.
6.3 Paging Area Crossing MSCs and RNCs
It is described in the first chapter that when several MSC shares one VLR, and
the location area/routing area can cross MSC/SGSN areas. But in practice, one
MSC is bound with one VLR in most cases, so the LA/RA can cross RNC areas
instead of MSC/SGSN areas.
However, in the actual network application, if the location area/routing area
cross multiple RNCs, the paging will be delivered to multiple RNCs, and this
increases the signaling flow and the processing difficulty. The same as the lower
limit of paging area, quantitative analysis cannot be made for the impact on the
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system. The primary conclusion is: the location area/routing area should be set
within the RNC without crossing RNCs.
The multi-module RNC has the same problem. If an LA/RA corresponds to
multiple RNC modules, the paging signaling initiated by the CN will be forwarded
from module to module, till to the module corresponding to this TRX. The more
modules the LA/RA corresponds to, the much signaling flow the forwarding brings.
The same as the lower limit of paging area, quantitative analysis cannot be made for
the impact on the system. The primary conclusion is: The impact on the SPU is not
serious, and can be ignored.
7 Summary of Pending Problems
The pending problems are as follows:
For the traffic modeling independent paging, the load analysis is quite
complicated with many uncertain factors, requiring further analysis on the
influence on the paging. The primary analysis result is:
1. For location service: As the usage frequency of location service is not
high, the impact on the paging capacity will be small. At present, the
scheme is one RNC supports a maximum of 400 users at the same time
(queuing supported, with the maximum queuing time of 5s).
2. For the paging caused by the security mode command, as the CN will
not frequently update the encryption or the completeness protection
parameters, the impact on the paging capacity is small.
3. The system message update occupies a small signaling load, so the
impact can be ignored.
4. Cell update will be caused by downlink data transmission or release of
RRC connection by the CN side. The former cause is considered in the
traffic modeling, and the latter one seldom occurs, so the impact can be
ignored.
5. ((
The lower limit of the paging area cannot be defined by means of
quantitative analysis. It is affected by two factors:
1. Frequent location update increases the system signaling load.
2. Fast mobile phone power consumption
For the first factor, the upper limit of the SPU processing capability of the
RNC is restricted by the occupation rate of the CPU, while the CPU
occupation is not only related to the signaling flow for location update. So
quantitative analysis must be performed by means of test in the lab
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environment based on some assumption conditions. Figure 7 shows the
test result of Huaweis RNC performed by Motorola with the typical
parameter setting. We can learn that the contribution of the location update
signaling load is big. As to the second factor, research can not be
performed yet.
There is no reasonable specification for the average value of cell paging
load L% yet. It is 30% in Ericsons documentation and 90% in the relevant
documents of CDMA2000 (CDMA System Design Optimization).
The re-transmission interval of CN is also restricted by the paging area size
and minimum time of response to paging. Especially every NodeB works
asynchronously without GPS, the paging efficiency and paging success
rate will be affected in a large degree.
The PCCH has two formats: 240bit/10ms TTI and 80bit/10ms. Obviously,
the paging capability of the former one is greater than the latter one. But, it
is necessary to analyze the advantage of the latter one (for example,
whether the demodulation success rate is higher than the former one). This
is responsible by the link emulation working team.
Figure 7 Motorola test result
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List of reference:
[1] Location Area Capacity Planning Guideline, GSM Network Planning Department 2002/04,
internal document
[2] CDMA1X Location Area Planning Guideline Shenzhen Subdivision of Radio Network
System Department, 2003/01, Internal document
[3] Concepts about Area in the PLMN Architecture Tai Xiaomei 2001/12 Internal document
[4] 23.121,23.002,23.003,25.331,25.413 3GPP 2002/06 Internet
[5] WCDMA Paging Area Analysis Report Zhang Jingrong 2001/05 Internal document
[6] LOCATION AREA DIMENSIONING GUIDELINE CME 20 R6 Ericsson 1996/12
Unknown
[7] WCDMA-Dimensioning-tool Gu Jufeng 2003/01 Internal document