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Lecture 4 Effective Stress
Lecture 4 Effective Stress
Introduction to Stresses in Soil Total Stress Pore water pressure Effective Stress Eff Principle of Effective Stress Effective Vertical Stress
1. Determine values of total stress, pore water pressure and effective stress. 2. Interpret the principle of effective stresses
Learning Objectives
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stress (kN/m2) y H = horizontal stress (kN/m2) y b = bulk unit weight (kN/m3) y sat = saturated unit weight (kN/m3) y w = water ater unit nit weight eight (kN/m3) y uw = pore water pressure (kN/m2) y z = depth d h of f soil il
y v =vertical vertical
Total Stress, v Can be defined as stress = force per unit area transmitted in a normal direction acting on a plane assuming the soil to be a solid material. for a small soil element at a depth z below ground level the , v would be the stress acting g on the horizontal vertical stress, surface of the element (refer to Figure a) H. Stresses in soil are not isotropic which is v
Bulk unit weight b
z1
Depth z
V H V =bz z2
V = b z1 + sat z 2
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2. y y y y y
Pore water pressure , uw Pressure which is referring to pressure of the water filling the void space between the solid particles Water table = water pressure is the same as atmospheric pressure in the ground. ground water below the water table is known as phreatic water. Therefore, phreatic surface = water table. The pores in soil below the water table are fully saturated.
Ground level Partially saturated zone
If no seepage is occurring, only gravity forces are acting on the pore water so the hydrostatic pressure (pore water pressure) is given by:
zw uw = wzw
Pore water Pressure in the ground
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u w = gz w or w z w
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T N' X X
Let us consider an element of a saturated soil is subjected to a normal stress, = P/A, applied on the plane X-X as shown in Fi Figure 1. 1 The total normal stress, , q state must be in equilibrium (Newtons 3rd law).
*Effective stress will be denoted by a prime ('). The equilibrium equation ti is: i
Figure 1 External force or total stress, Internal resistance from water or pore water pressure Contact area Internal resistance from solids or effective stress, '
The resistance or reaction to is provided by combination of the stresses Principle of effective stress between inter-particles (effective stress, ', and from pore water pressure, Prepared uw. by:aidsalma@feng.unimas.my 6
y y y
The principal of effective stress is the most important principle in soil mechanics mechanics. Deformations of soils are a function of effective stresses not total stresses. The principle of effective stresses applies only to normal stresses V(vertical stresses) not to shear stresses, .
Effective stresses due to geostatic stress fields & water table The effective stress in a soil mass is subjected to unit weight of the soil & depth of groundwater. groundwater Let consider effective stress for a soil element in Figure 2:
Ground level
z1
= b z1 + sat z 2
Pore water pressure is
z2
sat
z3
uw = w z2
Effective vertical stress is
Figure 2
sat = 20kN/m3
sat = 19kN/m3
Clay 9
50
100 kN/m2
150
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Calculation steps:
Depth (m) 3 5 9 3 17 (3 17) + (2 20) (3 17) + (2 20) + (4 19) v (kN/m2) = 51.0 = 91.0 = 167.0 2 9.8 6 9.8 u (kN/m2) 0 = 19.6 = 58.8 'v = v u (kN/m2) 51.0 71.4 108.2
Or.. Al O Also can b be calculated l l t d as follows: f ll Effective unit weight of sand = 20 9.8 = 10.2 kN/m3 Effective unit weight of clay = 19 9.8 = 9.2 kN/m3 At 5m depth: 'v = (3 x 17) +( 2 x 10.2) = 71.4 kN/m2 At 9m depth: 'v = (3 x 17) +( 2 x 10.2) + (4 x 9.2) = 108.2 kN/m2
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Figure 3
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y y
From Figure 3, continuous void spaces can be idealized as capillary tubes. Consider a single idealized tube as shown in the figure. The height at which water will rise in the tube can be found from statics; ; by y summing g forces vertically y (upward ( p forces are negative), g ), Fz = weight of water tension forces from capillary action
zc = 4T cos d w
Where T is the surface tension (force per unit length), is the contact angle, zc is the height of capillary rise, and d is the diameter of the void space. p Since T = 0.073N/m, = 0, w = 9.81kN/m3;
1 zc d
Assumed as 0.1D10
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y Pore
water pressure due to capillarity is negative (a.k.a suction) & is a function of the size of the soil pores and water content. y Pore water pressure =0 (at ground water level) & decreases ( (-ve ve sign) as move up the capillary zone. y The effective stress increase because the pore water pressure is ve. y i.e i e effective stress; ' = (-z ( zcw) = + zcw
Refer to Figure 3
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If sand to a height of 1m above the water table is saturated with capillary p y water, , how are the above stresses?
The water table is level at which pore water pressure is atmospheric (i.e. u=0) Above the water table, water is held under negative pressure and even if the soil is saturated above the water table, it does not contribute to hydrostatic pressure below the water table.
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= 17kN/m3
WT W.T.
1m
Sand
2
3 5
v =91.0 91 0 + 3
sat = 20kN/m3
sat = 19kN/m3
'v =71.4 + 3
Clay 9
50
100 2 kN/m
150
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Plot o distribution d s bu o of o total o a stress, s ss, effective stress, and pore water pressure with depth for the soil profile as given & neglect capillary action:
4.5 m
e0 = 0.7, S = 0.85
Water table
5.0 m
w = 28%
y y y
Barnes, G.E. Barnes G E (2000), (2000) Soil Mechanics Principles and Practice, Antony Rowe Ltd, Edition 2. Craig, g, R.F. (1992), ( ), Soil Mechanics, Chapman p & Hall, Edition 5 Muni Budhu (2007), Soil Mechanics and Foundations, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Edition 2.
References
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Thank you
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