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a,mrif;BuD;ESifU trSefw&m;jrwfEkd;rI

jrefrmhorkid ;f wGif a,mrif;Bu;D OD;zd;k vdiI f (1829-1883)onf ynm*kPf


tm;jzihf vnf;aumif;? trSew
f &m;ukd jrwfE;dk vufawGU usio
fh ;kH &mwGif
vnf;aumif;? av;pm;tyfaom ynm&Siw
f pfO;D jzpfygonf/ txl;ojzihf
a,mrif;Bu;D onf? uke;f abmifacwf ya'o&mZf pepfatmufwiG f Bu;D jyif;
ya'o&mZf tkycf sKyaf &;\ txGwt
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wdik ;f jynfEiS fh vlrsK;d \tusK;d ukd arQmaf wG;um acwfrw
D ;kd wufaom vTwaf wmf
tkycf sKyaf &;pepfoUdk ajymif;vJvmap&ef? BuKd ;yrf;cJah om ynm&Siyf *k Kd vBf u;D
jzpfygonf/ wGif a,mrif;Bu;D \ ynm*kPu
f dk xif&mS ;ap&ef? td;k a0
OD;djk r\ uke;f abmif&mS yHak wmf orkid ;f usr;f rS? aumufEw
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]rif;wke;f acwf armifb;dk vdiI rf mS ra[mo"muJo
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f ;l Bu;D rsm; ay:ayguf
cJ&h m Oa&mywdu
k f ? b0opfacwf (Renaaissance Period)

a,mtwGif;0ef Od;zdk;vdIif

pmay ordkif; yk*dKvfa&; tawG;tjrifrsm;

67

twGi;f u ay:aygufcahJ om tDwvDjynfrS tde*f svkd (Michael


Angelo)ESihf 'gAif*sD (Leonardo da Vinci) uJo
h Udk aom okcrdef
tqiht
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f rl sm;yif
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k ef nf;?
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(8) wkdif;jynftkyfcsKyfenf; pojzihf olwpfOD;wnf;ESifh wu
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68

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onf/ rif;w&m;Bu;D u ]igcrnf;awmfonf vSEH iS hf rnfoUl


ukd pD&ifoenf;}[k ar;awmfrl&m? ]uRefawmfrsKd; aus;Zl;&Sif
tzukd pD&ifygaMumif;} avQmuf\/ ]vSaH wmfEiS hf armifrif;
pD&ifjcif;ukd cHvo
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jrefrmvTwfawmf0efBuD; rSL;BuD;rsm;? 100/

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pmay ordkif; yk*dKvfa&; tawG;tjrifrsm;

69

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f rf;wif use&f pfchJ
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onf/ okUd aomf rdrb
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avh&adS om jzpf&yfrsm;? orkid ;f wGif rMumcP awGU&wwfygonf/
trSew
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pHjyKzG,f pdwfaepdwfxm;ukd? oHk;oyfa0zefxm;aom q&marmifxif\
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70

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ynm&Siyf yD D avmu[dww&m;ukd apmifx


h ed ;f ? rNiKd rjiif ulnD
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67? 199-200/

txufygjzpf&yfrsm;ESifh ynm&Sifrsm;\ rdefYqdktuJjzwfcsufukd


axmuf? a,mrif;Bu;D OD;zd;k vdiI o
f nf jrefrmhordik ;f wGif ynm*kPt
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aumif; *kP,
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f &m; jrwfE;dk rIonf
todPfynmukd tajccH&ygrnf/ todPfynm csKdUwJhvQif trSef
w&m;udk em;vnfoabmaygufEkdifrnf r[kwfyg/

yk*H0efaxmufOD;wifESifU orkdif;a0zefa&;tjrif
jrefrmwdkUonf tpOftvmtm;jzihf a0zefrItm;enf;ygonf/ txl;o
jzihf pepfwus a0zefpDppfaom"avh tvGefcsKdUwJhygonf/ xkdodkY vlrsKd;
wpfrsKd; taejzifh a0zefa&;ynmukd tm;ay;rIenf;aomfvnf;? jrefrmh
ordkif;wGif a0zefa&;tjrifxufoefaom ynm&Sifrsm;? wpfcgwpf&H
xGufay: vmwwfygonf/ xkd&Sm;yg;aom a0zefa&;ynm&Sifrsm;wGif
jrefrmrif;tkycf sKyyf pHk mwrf;-5 wGJ (ykid ;f )ukd jyKpak om yk*0H efaxmufO;D wif
onf? wpfOD;tygt0ifjzpfonf/
yk*0H efaxmufO;D wif (1861-1933)onf jrefrmaemufq;Hk rif;
ESpq
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onf/ t*Fvyd v
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H;k ? pmawmfjyefXme? ausmufpmXme? yk*NH rKd Utky?f yk*0H efaxmuf ponfjzifh
trIxrf;cJhonf/ t*Fvdyftpkd;&\ trIxrf;aumif;wHqdyf (A.T.M)?
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f rf;

72

armifaZ,sm

jrefrmrif;ay;? ]aemf&xmausmfxif}bGJY? t*Fvdyfrif;ay;? ]Muufoa&aqmifa&TpvG,f&rif;}


]trIxrf;aumif;wHqdyf&rif;} ESifU ]r[m0dZm}bGJYrsm;? a'vDeef;cGif? a&SYawmfjyifokdh? 0ifa&muf&csuf?
*kPfxl;wGufaMumifU? aiGb,ufwwef? befbefxyfxyf? ig;&yfig;qifU? csD;jrifUjcif;cH&aom?
jrefrmynm&Sd? tNidrf;pm; yk*H0efaxmufrif; OD;wif\yHk/

pmay ordkif; yk*dKvfa&; tawG;tjrifrsm;

73

wif&ygonf/ xko
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cJjh cif; jzpfygonf/ touf 65 ESpt
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H ak woetoif;
twGuf? jrefrmusrf;pmtcsKdUudk wnf;jzwfay;cJhygonf/ xdkYaMumifh
&efuek w
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f iG ?f OD;wiftm; *kPx
f ;l aqmif r[m0dZm
(M.A)bGJU csD;jrifhygonf/ OD;wifonf xif&Sm;aom jrefrmrif;tkyfcsKyfyHk
pmwrf; 5ydik ;f (5wG)J ? jrefrmpm toufqufpmwrf;? uAsmAEom&usr;f
tygt0if usrf;aygif; 48 usrf;jyKpk 1933 ckESpf? touf 72 ESpf
t&G,fwGif uG,fvGefcJhygonf/
1920 ckEpS w
f iG f urn;f ausmufpm0ef rpwmawmfped cf rkd S wpfqif?h
t*Fvdyftpdk;&\ tMuHay;wdkufwGef;rIjzihf OD;wifonf? jrefrmrif;
d jYdk yKp&k mwGif rEav;eef;wGi;f rS
tkycf sKyyf pkH mwrf; ukd jyKpck yhJ gonf/ xko
&efuek Nf rKd U twGi;f 0ef;kH okUd a&muf&v
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74

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tcsKUd aomynm&Sirf sm;onf? yk*0H efaxmuf OD;wif\ ]jrefrmpm


toufqufpmwrf;ESifh jrefrmrif;tkycf sKyyf pkH mwrf;? yrykid ;f (yrtky)f
pmrsufESm 277 vm ]tcGefawmfESifhpyfvsOf;? t*Fvdyfrif;aqmif&GufyHk
rSm acsmifMuyfjzpfonf/ jrefrmrif;aqmif&GufykHrSm Muyfacsmifjzpfonf/
[laom pum;ukd&nf&G,f? yk*H0efaxmufOD;wiftm; rsm;pGmcsD;usL;Mu
ygonf/ trSerf mS OD;wifonf ol\ pmwrf;wpfcv
k ;kH wGif jrefrmrif;tkyf
csKyfyHkESifh t*Fvdyfrif; tkyfcsKyfa&;pepfukd EdIif;,SOf? ae&mtESHUtjym;
t*FvdyftkyfcsKyfa&;pepfu omvGefaumif;rGefaMumif; a&;om;xm;yg
onf/ xkdtcsufukd rEav;wuokdvf? orkdif;ygarmu(tNidrf;pm;)
a'gufwmoef;xGe;f u 1964 ckEpS u
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wGif &Sif;vif;a0zefNyD;ygNyD/
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tultnD taxmuftyHjh zihf xGuaf y:vmcJjh cif;jzpf&m? OD;wiftzdYk a0zef
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ya'o&mZf bk&iftkyfcsKyfa&;pepfonf? t&if;&Sif 'Drdkua&pDpepftm;
rnfoUdk rQ r,SOEf idk yf g/ tcsuu
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'Drdkua&pDpepfESifh EdIif;,SOfa0zefjcif;onf? OD;wif\ cRwf,Gif;csuf[k
xyfqihf qdEk idk yf gonf/ okUd aomf aqmif;yg;wGirf l tcsurf sm;ukd xyfrH

pmay ordkif; yk*dKvfa&; tawG;tjrifrsm;

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