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Superchargers
Superchargers
supercharger
Submitted by
VISVESVARAYA TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY DAYANANDA SAGAR COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING Department of Mechanical Engineering Bangalore 560078
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the Technical Seminar report entitled SUPERCHARGER has been presented by Mr.ANSHUMAN PANDA, USN: 1DS05ME107 in partial fulfillment for the award of Bachelor of Engineering in Mechanical Engineering of the Visvesvaraya Technological University, Belgaum during the year 2009-10. It is certified that all correction/suggestions indicated for internal assessment have been incorporated in the report deposited in the department library.
Date:
Sign of HOD/Coordinator
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
It is with great satisfaction and euphoria that I am submitting the Technical seminar report on SUPERCHARGER. I have completed it as a part of the curriculum of our university. First of all I thank the almighty for providing me with the strength and courage to present the seminar. I avail this opportunity to express my sincere
gratitude towards Dr. K. G. Sudhakar , head of mechanical engineering department, for permitting me to conduct the seminar. I am also indebted to all the teaching and nonteaching staff of the department of mechanical engineering for their cooperation and suggestions, which is the spirit behind this report. Last but not the least, I wish to express my sincere thanks to all my friends for their goodwill and constructive ideas.
ANSHUMAN PANDA
CONTENTS
1. Supercharger, the engine booster. ----------------- 5 2. Why superchargers?? -------------------------------- 6 3. How it works??? -------------------------------------- 7 4. Working diagram of a supercharger. --------------- 8 5. Classification of superchargers. -------------------- 9 6. Commonly used superchargers. -------------------- 10 7. Roots supercharger. -------------------------------11
8. Twin-Screw Supercharger. -------------------------- 12 9. Centrifugal Supercharger. -------------------------- 13 10. Diagrammatic Illustration. ------------------------- 14 11. Drives used in Superchargers. -------------------- 16 12.Supercharger, An edge over turbocharger. -----17
INTRODUCTION
To increase the output efficiency of any engine we have to burn more fuel and make bigger explosion in every cycle. We have two options for this.
One way to add power is to build a bigger engine. But bigger engines, which weigh more and cost more to build and maintain, are not always better.
Another way to add power is to make a normal-sized engine more efficient. We can accomplish this by forcing more air into the combustion chamber. More air means more fuel can be added, and more fuel means a bigger explosion and greater horsepower. This can be done with the help of a supercharger.
A supercharger is basically an air compressor used for forced induction of an internal combustion engine. It does the same work as that of a compressor, i.e. it compresses the air being delivered to the combustion chamber of an engine. The greater mass flow-rate provides more oxygen to support combustion than would be available in a naturally-aspirated engine, which allows more fuel to be provided and more work to be done per cycle, increasing the power output of the engine.
Thus a supercharger is extra equipment provided in an engine so as to boost the capacity and the torque of an engine.
WHY SUPERCHARGER ??
A supercharger is used in an engine for various reasons. Some of the advantages of superchargers are as follows:
A supercharger spinning at 50,000 RPM translates to a boost of about six to nine pounds per square inch (psi).
An efficiently working engine with supercharger can achieve the same speed in one third of the time taken by the same engine without supercharger.
Necessary in airplanes and jets as they have less oxygen at high altitudes. So they provide the sufficient amount of air by compressing it to higher pressure. And ensures complete combustion.
Higher amount of oxygen in compressed air from supercharger ensures complete combustion of the fuel.
PRINCIPLE OF WORKING
It is quite evident that to get more output from any engine we need to burn more fuel. More fuel will result in a bigger explosion in every cycle, which will then push the piston with more thrust, and consequently this thrust will be transmitted to the wheels with the help of crank and shaft. Wheels will rotate faster and with more power and that is how it works.
But, to burn more fuel in an engine, we need more air in it (The chemically correct mixture (14: 1:: air : fuel) is essential for an engine to operate perfectly). Thus a supercharger compresses the air being delivered to the engine so as to supply more air in the same, limited volume of the cylinder. This ensures complete combustion of the fuel and no unburnt fuel comes out of the exhaust. Thus the supercharger increases the power output of any engine.
A TYPICAL SUPERCHARGER
CLASSIFICATION OF SUPERCHARGERS
Based on method of compression, Superchargers can be classified as:-
1.
Positive-displacement type, which deliver a nearly-fixed volume of air per revolution at all speeds and a fairly constant level of boost regardless of engine speed.
2.
Dynamic compressors rely on accelerating the air to high speed and then exchanging that velocity for pressure by diffusing or slowing it down & deliver increasing boost with increasing engine speed.
A supercharger comes in two different variations: Positive displacement and dynamic compressors.
A positive displacement supercharger pushes air into the engine at a constant speed, while a dynamic supercharger uses velocity to manipulate the pressure in the air.
In either case, oxygen is compressed as it is delivered to the engine, allowing more power to be gained from every explosion in the combustion chambers.
o Roots Superchargers
o Twin-Screw Superchargers
o Centrifugal Superchargers
History of Superchargers
The Roots supercharger is the oldest design of supercharger used in any type of engine. Philander and Francis Roots, in 1860, introduced the concept of such type of equipment. Though they patented the design as a machine that would help ventilate mine shafts, later this turned out to be a miraculous invention for automotive engineers. In 1900, Gottleib Daimler for the first time included a Roots supercharger in a car engine which improved the output of the engine. This was the first step towards its development.
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ROOTS SUPERCHARGER
Constructional features: It consists of two meshing lobes that are fitted on two parallel shafts. Those lobes resembles to a lobe gear that are in continuous mesh. Both the lobes mesh in such a manner that the air pockets between these lobes and the side walls goes on decreasing as air moves from the fill side to the discharge side. Thus the passing air gets squeezed.
trapped in the pockets between the lobes is carried between the fill side and the discharge side & large quantities of air move into the intake manifold and "stack up" to create positive pressure. This pressurized air is received at the discharge side. Roots superchargers are usually large and sit on top of the engine.
Roots superchargers are the least efficient supercharger for two reasons:-
2. They provide air in discrete bursts instead of Providing in a smooth and continuous manner.
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TWIN-SCREW SUPERCHARGERS
Constructional features: Twin-Screw Superchargers consist of two meshing lobes that resemble a set of worm gear. The two gears meshes in such a way that the air pockets between them goes on decreasing as air moves ahead. Working of Twin Screw Superchargers: A twin-screw supercharger operates by pulling air through a pair of meshing lobes that resemble a set of worm gears. The rotors have a conical taper, which means the air pockets decrease in size as air moves from the fill side to the discharge side. Thus a twin-screw supercharger compresses the air inside the rotor housing. As the air pockets shrink, the air is squeezed into a smaller space.
They cost more because the screw-type rotors require more precision in the manufacturing process.
The compressed air exiting the discharge outlet creates a whine or whistle that must be checked with noise suppression techniques.
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CENTRIFUGAL SUPERCHARGERS
Constructional features: Centrifugal superchargers consist of an impeller with several blades that rotate at a very high speed at around 50000 rpm. This impeller throws the air outside due to centrifugal force. It also consists of a diffuser which exchanges the speed for high pressure.
Working of Centrifugal Supercharger: As the air is drawn in the hub of the impeller, centrifugal force causes it to radiate outward. The air leaves the impeller at high speed, but low pressure. A diffuser converts the high-speed, low-pressure air to low-speed, high-pressure air. Thus pressurized air is achieved.
Centrifugal superchargers are the most efficient and the most common induction systems.
They are small, lightweight and attachable to the front of the engine.
Thus the centrifugal superchargers are the best among the above list.
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DIAGRAMATIC ILLUSTRATION
ROOT SUPERCHARGER
TWIN-SCREW SUPERCHARGER
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CENTRIFUGAL SUPERCHARGER
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There are several types of drives used to empower a supercharger. These drives are used according to there requirements.
Gear drive.
Chain drive.
Radial turbine.
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Shutdown procedure:
required with superchargers as they are not lubricated by engine oil. They can be shut down normally. Whereas
idle for about 30 seconds or so prior to shutdown so the lubricating oil has a chance to cool down. Thus it creates a problem during shutdown procedure as turbochargers cant be shutdown normally.
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NOTHING IS PERFECT
It derives power from the engine itself: Crankshaft drives superchargers so they steal some of the engine's horsepower. A supercharger can consume as much as 20 percent of an engine's total power output. So it can be considered as a loss of engine power. (But because a supercharger can generate as much as 46 percent additional horsepower, I think the trade-off is worth it). Whereas this is not the case in turbochargers, it empowers itself from the exhaust gas of the engine, which is mainly a waste of the engine.
An extra expense: Heavy-duty components, design complexity & maintenance add an extra burden on the expenses. And these expenses have to be made for better performance without any compromise. Though this seems too much, but when compared to its output, this seems a good deal.
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CONCLUSION
Despite their disadvantages, superchargers are still the most cost-effective way to increase horsepower.
Superchargers can result in power increase of 50 to 100 percent, making them great for racing, towing heavy loads or just adding excitement to the typical driving experience.
With the use of high octane premium-grade gas, I think it is a miracle invention for speed junkies.
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REFERENCES
http://auto.howstuffworks.com/supercharger5.htm
http://www.howstuffworks.com/search.php?terms=supe rcharger
http://www.superchargerpros.com/
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supercharger
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supercharger#History
http://www.magnusonproducts.com/
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