LI NI U

Ngy nay vi nhng ng dng ca khoa hc k thut trn tin tin, th gii chng ta v ang ngy mt thay i,vn minh v hin i hn. S pht trin ca k thut in t to ra hng lot nhng thit b vi cc c im ni bt nh s chnh xc cao, tc nhanh, gn nh l nhng yu t rt cn thit cho hot ng ca con ngi t hiu qu cao. in t ang tr thnh mt ngnh cng nghip a nhim v. in t p ng nhng i hi khng ngng t cc lnh vc cng nng lm ng nghip cho n cc nhu cu thit b trong i sng hng ngy Mt trong nhng ng dng quan trng trong cng ngh in t l k thut iu khin t xa. N gp phn rt ln trong vic iu khin cc thit b t xa hay nhng thit b m con ngi khng th trc tip chm vo vn hnh iu khin. Xut pht t ng dng quan trng trn, nhm thit k v thi cng mch iu khin thit b in trong nh s dng module thu pht sng v tuyn trn tn s ISM nRF24L01. tm hiu ng dng ny, nhm xin thc hin ti gm 3 phn sau: Phn 1: Gii thiu ti. Phn 2: L thuyt tng quan Phn 3: Gii thiu linh kin s dng. Phn 3: Thit k v thi cng mch chc nng. Phn 4: Kt lun v nh gi kt qu.

PHN 1: GII THIU TI

Tn ti: Thit k thi cng h thng khng dy iu khin thit b trong nh trn tn s ISM. Yu cu ti: Thit k thi cng phn cng. Khong cch lin lc t trn 15m. C th iu khin qua multihop.

Hng gii quyt ti: iu khin thit b qua h thng khng dy c th s dng hai phng php sau:
1.

iu khin t xa bng tia hng ngoi (IR) y l loi iu khin t xa c vai tr quan trng trong hu ht cc thit b

gia nh. Mt chic iu khin IR s gm cc b phn c bn nm trong mt hp ni cp k thut s nh sau: Cc nt bm; mt bng mch tch hp; cc nm tip im; i - t pht quang (n LED). u im Rt bn, chi ph r, n gin d thc hin. Khuyt im Tm hot ng ch 10m.

 Do tun theo tnh cht truyn thng ca nh sng nn IR khng th xuyn qua dc knh,tng hay truyn vng qua cc gc. D b nhiu sng do nh hng ca nh sng mt tri,bng n hunh quang,hay bc x ca con ngi. a. ng dng i sng Hin nay, ta s dng thit b iu khin IR cho hu ht cc vt dng trong nh nh tivi, my stereo, iu ha nhit . 2. iu khin t xa bng tn s v tuyn (RF) L loi iu khin t xa xut hin u tin v n nay vn gi mt vai tr quan trng v ph bin trong i sng. Nu iu khin IR ch dng trong nh th iu khin RF li dng cho nhiu vt dng bn ngoi nh cc thit b m ca gara xe, h thng bo hiu cho xem cc loi chi in t t xa thm ch kim sot v tinh v cc h thng my tnh xch tay v in thoi thng minh a. Hot ng Vi loi iu khin ny, n cng s dng nguyn l tng t nh iu khin bng tia hng ngoi nhng thay v gi i cc tn hiu nh sng, n li truyn sng v tuyn tng ng vi cc lnh nh phn. B phn thu sng v tuyn trn thit b c iu khin nhn tn hiu v gii m n. b. u im Truyn xa hn IR vi khong cch khong 30m hoc c th ln ti 100m. Truyn xuyn tng,knh c. Khuyt im

 B nhiu sng do bn ngoi c rt nhiu cc thit b my mc s dng cc tn s khc nhau.

Nhn thy u im ln ca sng v tuyn RF nhm quyt nh chn sng RF cho ti ny. L do: iu khin thit b s dng sng RF hot ng trn bng tn ISM l phng php s dng ph bin nht hin nay bi v tn s ISM l cc bng tn min ph c s dng do tit kim chi ph. Sng RF truyn xa v truyn c trong khng gian c vt cn. Tc truyn nhanh v c th m rng s lng thit b iu khin. C th iu khin theo theo kiu muiltihop ( iu khin bt cu).

M hnh tng qut cho ti c miu t nh hnh sau: NHM THIT B 1

CENTER

NHM THIT B 2

NHM THIT B 3
Hnh 2. M hnh tng qut h thng khng dy iu khin thit b trong nh trn tn s ISM. M t: cho h thng hot ng cn c trung tm CENTER iu khin v qun l trng thi ON/OFF ca cc thit b cc nhm khc nhau. Nh vy v tr CENTER m nhim vic pht tn hiu iu khin. cn cc nhm thit b nhn tn hiu iu khin.

 Nhm thit b 1 v nhm thit b 2 c iu khin trc tip bi CENTER trong khi nhm thit b 3 qu xa v CENTER khng th pht tn hiu n v khong cch hay vt chn. Do nhm thit b 3 cn phi nh nhm thit b 2 lm cu ni. Ton b h thng trn hot ng bng tn ISM 2.4GHz v s dng module nRF24L01+ truyn v nhn thng tin ( Chi tit v module nRF24L01 c cp phn sau).

PHN 2. L THUYT TNG QUAN

2.1. Tng quan v sng v tuyn RF. Sng v tuyn l mt kiu bc x in t vi bc sng trong ph in t di hn nh sng hng ngoi. Sng v tuyn c tn s t 3 kHz ti 300 GHz, tng ng bc sng t 100 km ti 1 mm. Ging nh cc sng in t khc, chng truyn vi vn tc nh sng. Sng v tuyn xut hin t nhin do st, hoc bi cc i tng thin vn. Sng v tuyn do con ngi to nn dng cho radar, pht thanh, lin lc v tuyn di ng v c nh v cc h thng dn ng khc. Thng tin v tinh, cc mng my tnh v v s cc ng dng khc. Cc tn s khc nhau ca sng v tuyn c c tnh truyn lan khc nhau trong kh quyn Tri t; sng di truyn theo ng cong ca Tri t, sng ngn nh phn x t tng in ly nn c th truyn rt xa, cc bc sng ngn hn b phn x yu hn v truyn trn ng nhn thng.

Hnh 2.1. Ph tn s sng v tuyn v ng dng Ph ny ko di t cc tn s di m thanh (subsonic - vi Hz) n cc tia v tr (10E22 Hz) v c chia tip thnh cc on nh gi l cc bng tn.

Ton b di tn s v tuyn (RF) li c chia ra thnh cc bng nh hn, c tn v k hiu nh bng sau theo y ban t vn v Thng tin v tuyn quc t CCIR (Comit Consultatif Internationa des Radiocommunications - International Radio Consultative Committee)

Bng 2.1 K hiu v phn chia bng tn theo CCIR.

 Cc tn s cc k thp (ELF - Extremely Low Frequencies). C gi tr nm trong phm vi 30 300 Hz, cha c tn s in mng AC v cc tn hiu o lng t xa tn thp. Cc tn s ting ni (VF - Voice Frequencies). C gi tr nm trong phm vi 300 Hz 3 kHz, cha cc tn s knh thoi tiu chun. Cc tn s rt thp (VLF - Very Low Frequencies). C gi tr nm trong phm vi 3 30 kHz, cha phn trn ca di nghe c ca ting ni. Dng cho cc h thng an ninh, qun s v chuyn dng ca chnh ph nh l thng tin di nc (gia cc tu ngm). Cc tn s thp (LF - Low Frequencies). C gi tr nm trong phm vi 30 300 kHz (thng gi l sng di), ch yu dng cho dn ng hng hi v hng khng. Cc tn s trung bnh (MF - Medium Frequencies). C gi tr nm trong phm vi 300 kHz 3 MHz (thng gi l sng trung), ch yu dng cho phtthanh thng mi sng trung (535 n 1605 kHz). Ngoi ra cng s dng cho dn ng hng hi v hng khng. Cc tn s cao (HF - High Frequencies). C gi tr nm trong phm vi 3 30 MHz (thng gi l sng ngn). Phn ln cc thng tin v tuyn 2 chiu (two-way) s dng di ny vi mc ch thng tin c ly xa xuyn lc a, lin lc hng hi, hng khng, nghip d, pht thanh qung b...v.v. Cc tn s rt cao (VHF - Very High Frequencies). C gi tr nm trong phm vi 30 300 MHz (cn gi l sng mt), thng dng cho v tuyn di ng, thng tin hng hi v hng khng, pht thanh FM thng mi (88 n

108 MHz), truyn hnh thng mi (knh 2 n 12 vi tn s t 54 MHz n 216 MHz). Cc tn s cc cao (UHF - UltraHigh Frequencies). C gi tr nm trong phm vi 300 MHz 3 GHz (cn gi l sng xi mt), dng cho cc knh truyn hnh thng mi 14 83, cc dch v thng tin di ng mt t, cc h thng in thoi t bo, mt s h thng rada v dn ng, cc h thng vi ba v thng tin v tinh. Cc tn s siu cao (SHF - SuperHigh Frequencies). C gi tr nm trong phm vi 3 30 GHz (cn gi l sng cen ti mt), ch yu dng cho vi ba v thng tin v tinh. Cc tn s cc k cao (EHF - Extremely High Frequencies). C gi tr nm trong phm vi 30 300 GHz (cn gi l sng mi li mt), t s dng cho thng tin v tuyn. Cc tn s hng ngoi. C gi tr nm trong phm vi 0,3 THz 300 THz, ni chung khng gi l sng v tuyn. S dng trong h thng dn ng tm nhit, chp nh in t v thin vn hc. Cc nh sng nhn thy. C gi tr nm trong phm vi 0,3 PHz 3 PHz, dng trong h thng si quang. Cc tia cc tm, tia X, tia gamma v tia v tr. Rt t s dng cho thng tin.

2.2. Cc bng tn ISM (Industrial Scientific Medical ). i vi mng cc b v tuyn, FCC quy nh v:

 Tn s sng v tuyn cho php i vi WLAN ( trnh xung t vi sng ca cc h thng truyn thng khc) Nng lng (cng sut) cho php Cc thit b WLAN no c hot ng v 1 s quy nh khc km theo

C 3 bng tn ISM license-free m FCC ch nh i vi mng cc b v tuyn s dng. l: bng tn 900 MHz, s.4 GHz v 5.8 GHz.Bng tn ISM 900 MHz Bng tn ISM 900 MHz c FCC nh ngha l mt dy tn s t 902 MHz n928 MHz. Bng tn ny cn c th c nh ngha di dng dy tn s 915 MHz 13 MHz. Tuy bng tn ISM 900 MHz c s dng v trin khai cho wireless LAN nhng dn dn n b t b bi s la chn nhng tn s khc c bng thng v thng lng truyn dn cao hn. Ngy nay, vn cn mt s thit b wireless s dng bng tn ISM 900 MHz nh l: h thng wireless camera, in thoi trong nh s dng wireless. Cc t chc s dng bng tn ISM 900 MHz trong vic trin khai wireless LAN nhn thy rng h phi tn rt nhiu tin thay th nhng thit b wireless s dng bng tn ISM 900 MHz c hay l b trc trc v k thut. Mt card radio s dng bng tn ISM 900 MHz c gi ln n hn $800 m ch c th truyn d liu vi tc ti a c khong 1Mbps. Trong khi , nu em so snh 1 card wireless s dng chun 802.11b c th h tr tc truyn d liu ln ti 11Mbps ch c gi khong trn di $100. Ngoi ra, vic tm kim nhng ph kin thay th tng thch cho cc thit b s dng bng tn ISM 900MHz cng rt kh khn.

Bng tn ISM 2.4 GHz Bng tn ny c s dng bi tt c cc thit b wireless da theo chun 802.11,802.11b v 802.11g v c xem l bng tn c s dng kh ph bin. FCC nh ngha ra bng tn ISM 2.4 GHz l dy tn s t 2.4000GHz n 2.5000GHz (hay2.4500 GHz 50 MHz). Cc thit b wireless LAN thc s ch s dng dy tn s t 2.4000 GHz n 2.4835 GHz . L do chnh cho s gii hn ny l do FCC ch nh ngha ra cng sut cho php cc thit b wireless hot ng trong dy trn trong bng tn ISM 2.4GHz m thi. Bng tn ISM 5.8 GHz Bng tn ny cn c gi l bng tn ISM 5 GHz. Bng tn ISM 5.8 GHz c dy tn s t 5.725 GHz n 5.875 GHz v to ra bng thng 150 MHz.Bng tn ISM 5.8 GHz khng c ch nh s dng cho cc thit b wireless LAN. N chng chp ln mt tn s license-free khc l tn s Upper UNII 5GHz c s dng cho wireless. 2.3. Cc bng tn ISM ti vit nam. iu kin v tn s v cc gii hn pht x i vi thit b v tuyn in c ly ngn c s dng c iu kin c quy nh bi B THNG TIN V TRUYN THNG c lit k theo bng sau.

Bng 2.3 iu kin v tn s v cc gii hn pht x i vi thit b v tuyn in c ly ngn c s dng c iu kin

PHN 3: GII THIU LINH KIN S DNG.

1. Gii thiu v vi iu khin PIC 16F877A.

PIC l tn vit tt ca my tnh kh trnh thng minh (Programable Intelligent Computer) do hng General Instrument t tn con vi iu khin u tin l PIC 1650. Hng Microchip tip tc pht trin cc dng sn phm ny. Cho n nay, cc sn phm vi iu khin PIC ca Microchip gn 100 loi. PIC l vi iu khin vi kin trc RISC, s dng microcode n gin t trong ROM, chy 1 lnh chu k my (4 chu k ca b giao ng). Nh c EEPROM nn PIC to thnh 1 b iu khin vo ra kh trnh, c rt nhiu dng PIC vi hng lot modun ngoi vi tch hp sn (nh USART, PWM, ADC...), vi b nh chng trnh t 512 word n 32K word. PIC 16F877A l dng Pic ph bin nht, mnh v tnh nng, 40 chn, b nh ln cho hu ht cc ng dng thng thng. Cu trc tng qut PIC 16F877A: 8K Flash ROM; 368 bytes RAM; 256 bytes EEPROM; 5 Port I/O (A, B, C, D, E), ng vo/ra vi tn hiu iu khin c lp; 2 b nh thi 8 bit Timer 0 v Timer 2; 1 b nh thi 16 bit Timer 1, c th hot ng trong c ch tit kim nng lng (Sleep Mode) vi ngun xung clock ngoi;

 2 b CCP, Capture/Compare/PWM tm gi l: Bt gi / So snh / iu bin xung; Ch tit kim nng lng (Sleep Mode); Np chng trnh bng cng ni tip ICSP (In-Circuit Serial Programing); Ngun dao ng lp trnh c to bng cng ngh CMOS; 1 b bin i tng t - s (ADC) 10 bit, 8 ng vo; 2 b so snh tng t (Comparator); 1 b nh thi gim st (WDT Watch Dog Timer); 35 tp lnh c di 14 bit; Tn s hot ng ti a l 29 MHz; 1 cng ni tip (Serial Port); 15 ngun ngt (Interrupt).

o S chn PIC 16F877A

Hnh 3.1 S khi vi iu khin PIC 16F877A

Hnh 3.2 kin trc bn trong vi iu khin PIC16F877A

2. Gii thiu v Module nRF24L01. 2.1 gii thiu tng quan chip nRF24L01.

nRF24L01- module l board mch thit k cho gii php truyn d liu khng dy, s dng chip th h mi nht nRF24L01+ca hng Nordic's, b sung thm mt s pipelines, buffers, v chc nng auto-retransmit feature , s dng bng tn 2.4GHz, s dng giao thc SPI giao tip. Module ny rt l tng cho truyn d liu wireless, multicast v frequency-hopping communication.

Hnh 3.3 Module nRF24L01

Cc thng s c bn: Phn pht. Hot ng gii tn 2.4G trn ton th gii Dng tiu th thp 11.3 mA ti cng sut pht 0dB V 12.3mA ti tc nhn 2Mbps. 6 lung d liu. C 126 knh. T ng x l gi d liu. Truyn tc cao 1Mbps hoc 2Mbps. Cng sut pht: C th ci t c 4 cng sut ngun pht: 0,-6,-12,18dBm. Phn thu.

 C b lc nhiu ti u thu Kch i b nh hng bi nhiu thp (LNA) Ngun cp. Hot ng t 1.9-3.6V. Cc chn IO chy c c 3.3 ln 5V. Giao tip. 4 pin SPI. Tc ti a 8Mbps. 3-32 bytes trn 1 khung truyn nhn

ng dng: Thit b ngoi vi khng dy. Mouse, keyboard, remote. Tai nghe khng dy. Tay cm game. Ngi nh thng minh. S khi cu trc nRF24l01

Hnh 3.4 s khi cu trc nRF24L01

S chn:

Hnh 3.5. S chn nRF24L01 Chc nng ca cc chn:

Hnh 3.6. chc nng ca cc chn nRF24L01 Cc thanh ghi trong nRF24L01 Gi tr mc nh

a ch 00

Tn

Bit

Kiu

M t

CONFIG Reserved MASK_RX_DR MASK_TX_DS MASK_MAX_RT EN_CRC 7 6 5 4 3 0 0 0 0 1 R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W

Thanh ghi cu hnh Khng s dng 0: cho php ngt RX sy ra trn chn IRQ 1: khng cho php Cho php ngt TX Cho php ngt MAX Enable CRC S byte m ha

CRCO

R/W

0 : 2 byte 1: 1 byte

PWR_UP PRIM_RX

1 0

0 0

R/W R/W

1: POWER UP, 0:POWER DOWN RX/TX control -1: PRX, 0: PTX

02

EN_RXADDR Reserved ERX_P5 ERX_P4 7:6 5 4 00 1 1 R/W R/W

Cho php a ch nhn Khng s dng Cho php nhn d liu lung 5 Cho php nhn d liu lung 4

ERX_P3 ERX_P2 ERX_P1 ERX_P0 05 RF_CH Reserved

3 2 1 0

1 1 1 1

R/W R/W R/W R/W

Cho php nhn d liu lung 3 Cho php nhn d liu lung 2 Cho php nhn d liu lung 1 Cho php nhn d liu lung 0 Chn knh truyn

7 6:0

0 2

R/W R/W

Khng s dng Thit lp tn s cho knh truyn nhn Thit lp truyn nhn

06

RF_SETUP Reserved PLL_LOCK RF_DR 7:5 4 3 000 0 1 R/W R/W R/W

Khng s dng Kha tn hiu PLL ch s dng trong th nghim 0: 1 M data rate 1: 2M data rate

RF_PWR

2:1

11

R/W

Chn cng sut pht 00' -18dBm '01' -12dBm '10' '11' -6dBm 0dBm

07

STATUS Reserved RX_DR TX_DS MAX_RT 7 6 5 4 0 0 0 0

Thanh ghi trng thi Khng s dng 0 c d liu mi c nhn 0 c d liu mi c truyn

RX_P_NO TX_FULL 0A RX_ADDR_P0

3:1 0

111 0 R/W

111 d liu RX l rng 1 b nh FIFO TX trn a ch nhn pipe0 = 5 byte

39:0 0xE7 E7E7 E7E7 39:0 0xE7 E7E 7E7E 7

10

TX_ADDR

R/W

a ch truyn pipe0 = 5 byte

11

RX_PW_P0

5:0

rng khung d liu

S kt ni vi vi iu khin

Hnh 3.7 s kt ni nRF24L01 vi vi iu khin

Cu trc mt khung truyn nhn d liu:

Hnh 3.8 cu trc khung truyn nhn d liu Mt khung truyn bao gm: Phn m u Premble 1 byte dng pht hin chui bit 0 1 hay thng bo c d liu c a n cc thanh ghi. Phn a ch Address bap gm 3 n 5 byte dng nh a ch thanh ghi. Phn d liu iu khin thanh ghi Packet control dng cu hnh thanh ghi Phn data Payload ti a 32 byte l d liu truyn nhn Phn kim tra li CRC pht hin li truyn nhn iu khin a lung Mt chip nRF24L01 c th nhn c 6 lung d liu cng mt lc nh hnh sau:

Hnh 3.9. iu khin a lung. Mt Master (PRX) cha 6 a ch truyn v nhn ca 6 Slave. Mi Slave m nhim mt lung tng ng vi 1 a cha truyn v nhn. Module gia tip vi vi iu khin theo giao thc SPI c dng s timing nh hnh sau:

Hnh 3.10. Giao tip SPI c d liu t module nRF24L01

Hnh 3.11. Giao tip SPI gi d liu n module nRF24L01

2.2. Ti u ha s dng nng lng trong chip nRF24L01. Chip nRF24L01 c mc tiu th nng lng cc k thp ch vi 11.3mA cho ch pht 0 dB ( mc pht cao nht ) v 11.2mA ch nhn lin tc 2Mbit. c c mc tiu th nng lng nh vy nh sn xut a ra hai ch lm vic khc nhau. Mt l ch kch hot: ton b chp hot ng phc v cho vic truyn nhn d liu. Hai l ch ch: ch mt vi thnh phn hot ng nh kim tra ngt hot ng cc thnh phn cn li khng c cung cp ngun. khi c tn hiu iu khin th c kch hot li. ton b qu trnh c m t nh hnh sau:

Hnh 3.12. Chnh sch tit kim nng lng s dng trong chip nRF24L01.

Cn c vo hnh trn ta c th thy nRF hot ng 3 trng thi ch Th nht: POWER DOWN c iu khin bi bit PWR_UP = 0 trong thanh ghi CONFIG. trng thi ny chp ch hot b truyn nhn SPI ngoi ra cc thnh phn khc khng hot ng. Nh vy chip khng th truyn cng nh nhn d liu. Nng lng tiu th cho trng thi ny cc k thp vo khong 900nA. thot khi trng thi ny ta thit lp bit PWR_UP= 1.

Th hai : Standby I l trng thi ch khi chn CE mc thp ( CE=0). trng thi ny chp khng th truyn v nhn d liu. Nng lng tiu th vo khong 22uA. Th ba: Standby II l trng thi ch khi chn CE mc cao nhng khng c d liu c truyn (Tx FIFO is empty ). Nng lng tiu th vo khong 320uA.

2.3 Phi hp tr khng cho anten thu pht. a. Chn antenna Chip c thit k s dng anten c tr khng Z = 15+j88. Nh vy module hot ng hiu qu nht vi cng sut pht ln nht ta cn phi phi hp tr khngs sao cho tr khng ti = 15+j88. C nhiu loi anten c s dng cho module ny v c s dng nhiu c hnh dng nh sau: Antenna dipole 2.4 GHz.

Hnh 3.13. Anten Dipole

Thng s: Tn s hot ng: 2.4 2.5 GHz Tr khng 50 . H s sng ng: Vswr 2. li: 2 dB. Loi: Mono dipole bc sng.

th bc x:

(a) H-plane

(b) E-plane

Hnh th bc x anten dipole 2.4Ghz

Chip antenna

Hnh 3.14. chip anten Thng s: Tn s hot ng: 2.4 2.5 GHz Tr khng 50 . H s sng ng: Vswr 2. li: 0.5 dB. Cng sut ti a : 3W. Loi: WLAN Ceramic chip antenna. th bc x.

Hnh th bc x anten chip 2.4Ghz

Antenna

onboard

Hnh anten onboard PCB. Cc thng s:

Tn s hot ng: 2.4 2.5 GHz Tr khng 50 . H s sng ng: Vswr 2. li: -8 dB.
th bc x

Hnh th bc x antenna onboard PCB.

V mc ch s dng iu khin cc thit b trong nh nn nhm qut nh chn loi antenna onboard s dng cho ti. L do: Antenna onboard c thit k sn trn board do c th s dng ngay m ko cn n antenna gn ngoi. Kch thc nh => gim kch thc cho mch. Khng cn khong cch qu ln. R tin => tit kim chi ph.
b.

Phi hp tr khng cho antenna c chn.

Annten onboard c tr khng 50 trong khi tr khng ngun c nh sn

xut cung cp l 15 + j88. Nh vy khng th gn trc tip antenna vo chip m phi phi hp tr khng. Phng php phi hp tr khng : Balun.

Hnh phi hp tr khng antenna cho module. Phng php phi hp tr khng hnh trn l phng php dng mch in tp trung gm cc linh kin L ( cun cm ) v C ( t in ). Hnh trn ta thy trn chip c hai ng vo antenna tuy nhin y khng phi l ng vo cho hai antenna ring bit m l ng vo chung cho mt antenna tuy nhin tin hiu trn hai chn ny l ngc pha nhau. Nh vy bin tn hiu s tng gp i. iu ny l gii ti sao trn board ch c duy nht mt antenna.

2.4 Phng php iu ch tn hiu trong chip nRF24L01.

Tn hiu truyn i trong chip c iu ch theo phng php GFSK (Gaussian frequency shift keying) l loi iu ch s theo tn s tn hiu s dng b lc Gauss. Thc cht y l loi iu ch FSK nhng c im khc nhau l GFSK s dng mt b lc Gauss cho tn hiu trc khi qua b iu ch FSK. Nh vy tn hiu s c lc tr nn mt m hn v gim rng ph trc khi vo b FSK. Phng php ny c s ph bin trong cc thit b Bluetooth, DECT v Wavenis.

Hnh s khc nhau gia FSK v GFSK. Hnh sau m t qu trnh iu ch FSK.

Hnh iu ch FSK.

2.5 Gii quyt xung t trong truyn dn.

Chip nRF24L01 h tr chc nng chng xung t trong qu trnh truyn nhn. Qu trnh xung t sy ra khi c hai module ng thi pht. trnh hin tng ny chip RF a h tr chc nng ACK (Auto Acknowledgement) y l chc nng t ng bo nhn d liu thnh cng. Nh vy sau mi ln truyn d liu chip kim tra tn hiu ACK nu khng c tn hiu tr li ACK th chip bit qu trnh truyn b li v thc hin truyn li gi tin . 3. Gii thiu v LCD character 16x2.

LCD character hay cn gi l text LCD l cc loi mn hnh tinh th lng nh dng hin th cc dng ch hoc s trong bng m ASCII. Khng ging cc loi LCD ln, Text LCD c chia sn thnh tng v ng vi mi ch c th hin th mt k t ASCII. Cng v l do ch hin th

c k t ASCII nn loi LCD ny c gi l Text LCD ( phn bit vi Graphic LCD c th hin th hnh nh). Mi ca Text LCD bao gm cc chm tinh th lng, vic kt hp n v hin cc chm ny s to thnh mt k t cn hin th. Trong cc Text LCD, cc mu k t c nh ngha sn. Kch thc ca Text LCD c nh ngha bng s k t c th hin th trn 1 dng v tng s dng m LCD c. V d LCD 16x2 l loi c 2 dng v mi dng c th hin th ti a 16 k t. Mt s kch thc Text LCD thng thng gm 16x1, 16x2, 16x4, 20x2, 20x4Hnh sau l mt v d Text LCD 16x2.

Hnh 3.12 LCD character

PHN 4 THIT K V THI CNG MCH CHC NNG

1. Thit k mch. 1.1. S khi h thng 1.1.1. S khi pht d liu ( CENTER )

KEYBOARD

1.1.2. S khi thu d liu.

5V/ DC TO 3.3 V DC

NGUN 5V DC

NRF24L01 MODULE

Hnh 4.1 s khi pht d liu iu khin

Hnh 4.2. s khi thu d liu iu khin 1.2. Thit k b ngun.

5V/ DC TO 3.3 V DC

NGUN 5V DC
NRF24L01 MODULE

Yu cu: Ngun ra 5v cung cp cho mch vi iu khin v relay, n nh. Ngun vo 220v/50Hz. Thc hin: Mch s dng linh kin tiu th dng thp nn dng IC n p chuyn dng LM7805 lm mch cung cp ngun cho PIC18F77A

BR1 JACK DC
1 2 3 TBLOCK-M3 B125C1000 1

7805
7805 VI GND VO 3

100u

104

CP1

CP2

CP3
100u

CP4
104

R1
1k

LED NGUON

Hnh 4.3 Mch ngun dng IC 7805 c ngun 3.3V cung cp cho module nRF24L01 ta cn mch chuyn i 5v sang 3.3 nh sau.

R-LCD
10

Q1
c2383 3.3v

R2
220

D1
1N4007

C1
100u

C2
100p

ZEN-3.3
1N4728A

Hnh 4.4 Mch ngun 3.3 V 1.3. Thit k keyboard Hot ng theo nguyn tt c ADC v gi m phm. Nh vy mi phm s c mt mc nh p c nh. u im: Tit kim Port cho vi x l (ch s dng duy nht mt chn gii m phm) n gin d thc hin. C th m rng s lng nt nhn. Nhc im Gii thut gii m phm phc tp Ch dng cho vi iu khin c chc nng ADC S bn phm:

R16
1K

R17
1K

R18
1K

R19
1K

R20
1K

R21
1K

R1
10k

SW13
SW-DPST 4 2 4 2

SW14
SW-DPST 4 2

SW15
SW-DPST 4 2

SW16
SW-DPST 4 2

SW17
SW-DPST 4 2

SW18
SW-DPST 4 2

SW19
SW-DPST 4 2

SW20
SW-DPST

Hnh 4.5 s mch bn phm 1.4. Thit k mch iu khin trung tm. Yu cu: Giao tip c vi module nRF24L01. Giao tip vi LCD hin th thng tin v trng thi ca thit b Gii m bn phm. Thc hin: thc hin cc yu cu trn ta cn phi dng vi x l PIC 16F877A iu khin. L do: PIC16F877A l loi vi x l gi thnh r, thng dng, hot ng n nh v h tr cc giao thc SPI v ADC. S ton mch phn iu khin trung tm nh hnh sau.

PIC_KIT2

LCD1
LM016L

KHOI DIEU KHIEN

XTAL CXTAL1 4MHz
22p

U1
13 14 RA02 3 4 5 6 7 OSC1/CLKIN OSC2/CLKOUT RB0/INT RB1 RB2 RB3/PGM RB4 RB5 RB6/PGC RB7/PGD 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 15 16 17 18 23 24 25 26 19 20 21 22 27 28 29 30 RB0 E RW RS RB6 RB7 CE CSN SCK MI MO

MCLR 1 2 3 RB74 RB65 SIL-100-05

KHOI GIAO TIEP

VSS VDD VEE

RS RW E RS 4 RW 5 E 6

CXTAL2
22p

R_MCLR
10k

SW_RS
2 1 BUTTON MCLR

8 9 10 1

C3
0.1uF

RA0/AN0 RA1/AN1 RA2/AN2/VREF-/CVREF RA3/AN3/VREF+ RA4/T0CKI/C1OUT RA5/AN4/SS/C2OUT RC0/T1OSO/T1CKI RE0/AN5/RD RC1/T1OSI/CCP2 RE1/AN6/WR RC2/CCP1 RE2/AN7/CS RC3/SCK/SCL RC4/SDI/SDA MCLR/Vpp/THV RC5/SDO RC6/TX/CK RC7/RX/DT RD0/PSP0 RD1/PSP1 RD2/PSP2 RD3/PSP3 RD4/PSP4 RD5/PSP5 RD6/PSP6 RD7/PSP7 PIC16F877A

1 2 3

J1
RA0 1 2 3 SIL-156-03 3.3v

50%

VR_LCD

10k

RF 2.4G
IRQ CE SCK MI D7 D6 D5 D4 1 2 3 4 5 10 9 8 7 6 CSN MO IRQ

7 8 9 10 D4 11 D5 12 D6 13 D7 14

D0 D1 D2 D3 D4 D5 D6 D7

KHOI HIEN THI

Q1
2N3711 3.3v

BR1 JACK DC
1 2 3 TBLOCK-M3 B125C1000 1

7805
7805 VI GND VO 3

R2 CP3
100u

100u

104

CP1

CP2

CP4
104

R1
1k

220

D1
1N4007

C1
100u

C2
100p

LED NGUON

ZEN-3.3
1N4728A

KHOI NGUON

Hnh 4.6. S ton mch khi iu khin trung tm

Hnh 4.6. S ton mch khi iu khin trung tm

1.5. Thit k khi thu d liu v iu khin thit b. Yu cu: Giao tip c vi module nRF24L01. Kt ni vi cc thit b trong gia nh nh n, my bm.... C th t ni vi thit b hot ng in p 220v. Thc hin: thc hin cc yu cu trn ta cn phi dng vi x l PIC 16F877A giao tip vi module nRF24L01 ng thi iu khin cc trng thi relay ng ngt dng in qua cc thit b S ton mch phn thu nh hnh sau.

KHOI GIAO TIEP THIET BI KHOI DIEU KHIEN

RB0

RQ1
330

XTAL CXTAL1 4MHz

22p

R_LED1
10k

U1
13 14 2 3 4 5 6 7 OSC1/CLKIN OSC2/CLKOUT RB0/INT RB1 RB2 RB3/PGM RB4 RB5 RB6/PGC RB7/PGD 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 15 16 17 18 23 24 25 26 19 20 21 22 27 28 29 30 RB0 RB1 RB2 RB3 RB4 RB5 RB6 RB7 CE CSN SCK MI MO

RL1 D1
1N4007

DOMINO1
3 2 1

CXTAL2
22p

R_MCLR
10k

SW_RS
2 1 BUTTON MCLR

8 9 10 1

C3
0.1uF

RA0/AN0 RA1/AN1 RA2/AN2/VREF-/CVREF RA3/AN3/VREF+ RA4/T0CKI/C1OUT RA5/AN4/SS/C2OUT RC0/T1OSO/T1CKI RE0/AN5/RD RC1/T1OSI/CCP2 RE1/AN6/WR RC2/CCP1 RE2/AN7/CS RC3/SCK/SCL RC4/SDI/SDA MCLR/Vpp/THV RC5/SDO RC6/TX/CK RC7/RX/DT RD0/PSP0 RD1/PSP1 RD2/PSP2 RD3/PSP3 RD4/PSP4 RD5/PSP5 RD6/PSP6 RD7/PSP7 PIC16F877A

Q1
2N3711

LED1

RB1 IRQ RW E D4 D5 D6 D7

RQ2
330

R_LED2
10k

DOMINO2 RL2 D2
1 2 3

Q2
2N3711

LED2

BR1 JACK DC
1 2 3 TBLOCK-M3 B125C1000 1

7805
7805 VI GND VO 3

R_LED3 CP3
100u

DOMINO3 RL3 D3
1N4007 1 2 3

100u

104

CP1

CP2

CP4
104

R1
1k

RB2

RQ3
330

10k

LED3 LED NGUON Q3

2N3711

Q1X
2N3711 3.3v

KHOI GIAO TIEP

3.3v

R2
220

PIC_KIT2 D1X
1N4007

C1
100u

C2
100p

MCLR 1 2 3 RB74 RB65 SIL-100-05

RF 2.4G
CE SCK MI 1 2 3 4 5 10 9 8 7 6 CSN MO IRQ

ZEN-3.3
1N4728A

KHOI NGUON

Hnh 4.7. S ton mch khi thu

Hnh 4.7. S ton mch khi thu

1.6. Mch module nRF24L01.

nRF24L01- module l board mch thit k cho gii php truyn d liu khng dy, s dng chip th h mi nht nRF24L01+ca hng Nordic's, b sung thm mt s pipelines, buffers, v chc nng auto-retransmit feature , s dng bng tn 2.4GHz, s dng giao thc SPI giao tip. Module ny rt l tng cho truyn d liu wireless, multicast v frequency-hopping communication.

S mch nh hnh sau:

Hnh 4.8. s mch module nRF24L01

2. Thi cng mch. 2.1. S gii thut cu hnh nRF24L01 truyn nhn d liu.

Hnh 4.9. s trnh t cu hnh chip nRF24L01 S gii thut cu hnh nRF24L01 truyn d liu nh hnh sau:

Hnh 4.10. s gii thut truyn d liu

Hnh 4.11. s gii thut cu hnh nRF24L01 nhn d liu

2.2.

S gii thut iu khin Multihop.

BEGIN

CU HNH TX_mode Read key() No

Key ! =0 ?

Yes Yes Gi d liu ti PIPE0

Multihop =2?

No No
Multihop =1?

Yes
PIPE=0 ? PIPE=1 ?

No

PIPE=0 ?

Yes

Gi d liu ti PIPE1

i a ch nhn => PIPE 1

i a ch nhn => PIPE 0

Hnh 4.12. s gii thut truyn d liu ti CENTER.

2.3.

S gii thut nhn d liu v iu khin thit b.

BEGIN

CU HNH RX_mode

No
IRQ=0 ?

Yes

Nhn d liu Kim tra a ch nhn No

a ch ng ?

CU HNH TX_mode

Yes Ly trng thi mi ca thit b Truyn d liu nhn c n PIPE cnh

Cp nhp trng thi mi cho tb

Hnh 4.13. s gii thut nhn d liu ti NHM THIT B.

3. Kt qu thi cng.

PHN 5 KT LUN V NH GI KT QU

1. Kt lun. Qua 2 thng tm hiu v nghin cu nhm tin hnh thit k v thc hin thnh cng ti v c nhng kinh nghim thu c rt qu bu.
Nm bt c cng ngh truyn tin khng dy cng nh cc cng ngh lin quan. Xy dng hon chnh mt h thng iu khin thit b v c th p dng vo thc t. H thng hot ng tt trong cc mi trng khc nhau. H thng cho php cu hnh iu khin multihop do rt thun li cho iu khin khng gian rng v m rng s lng thit b iu khin.

2. Nhng hn ch. Tuy c nhiu c gng trong thit k v thi cng nhng mch vn cn nhng hn ch sau: Khong cch iu khin cn hn ch. S dng bng tn 2.4 d b nhiu bi cc thit b hot ng cng bng tn nh Wifi, wireless LAN.... 3. Hng pht trin ti. Nng cao cng sut pht bng cc my pht cng sut cao hn. Tng s lng thit b v khong cch truyn. To mng iu khin Zigbee.

TI LIU THAM KHO

[1] nRF24L01_Product_Specification_v2_0 datasheet chip nRF2401 [2] http://tailieu.vn/xem-tai-lieu/bai-giang-song-vo-tuyen.1307723.html [3] http://www.microchip.com/wwwproducts/Devices.aspx?dDocName=en026561 [4] PIC16F87XA Data Sheet. [5] http://www.hocavr.com/index.php/lectures/spi

CODE CHUONG TRNH