Tm tt n LED trng c to dng vo nhiu lnh vc ca cuc sng hng ngy.

y. Mt c tnh th v ca cc thit b (ngoi kh nng sng ca chng ) n cn c th c s dng truyn d liu . Trong qu kh, ch yu OOK ( keying on-off ) c s dng cho k thut s iu ch d liu ca cc thit b nh vy. OOK hn ch v tc d liu t c. V vy, trong bi bo ny OFDM c coi l kt hp vi s iu ch cao hn. Mt ngi chng minh phn cng vi mt chui lin kt ton b ( truyn v nhn) c pht trin v kt qu o BER ( t l li bit ) c bo co. H thng s dng b li sng mang ph sa li ng b tn s, chui hun luyn cho c lng knh v th tc ng b thi gian. M ha FEC c s dng. N s c trnh by rng cho COFDM (m OFDM ) vi QPSK iu ch v mt n LED duy nht, mt BER l 2x10-5 cho mt khong cch 90cm gia my pht v my thu. I. Gii thiu Trong th k 21, truyn d liu tc cao s ng mt vai tr quan trng trong cuc sng hng ngy ca chng ta. Thng tin a phng tin d kin s c mt ti bt c ni no v bt c lc no. Mng truy cp khng dy to thnh mt yu t quan trng t c nhng mc tiu ny. Tuy nhin , bng thng tn s v tuyn tn s dao ng cho php ph sng khng gian hp l l mt yu t hn ch . V vy, thay th phng tin truyn dn khng dy phi c khm ph. Giao tip nh sng nhn thy s dng n LED trng cung cp kh nng thay th nh vy. Nhng l do chnh nh sau: n LED trng ang thm nhp vo nhiu lnh vc ca cuc sng hng ngy ca chng ta. Chng c d kin thay th bng n tiu th nng lng cao trong nh ring v kinh doanh v thm ch trong n ng . Hn na, h c th c s dng trong n pha ca chic my bay v xe la, n trc v sau trong xe hi v xe la, v cho cc i tng chiu sng trong cc bo tng , vv. Bng thng khng gii hn. C s h tng ng dy a phng hin kh nng c th c s dng . Cc my pht v thu cc thit b c gi r, v khng c nhu cu cho cc n v RF t tin. Bi v sng nh sng khng xuyn qua cc vt chn nh sng, h khng th nghe trm. N l rt kh khn cho mt k xm nhp ( ln lt ) nhn cc tn hiu t bn ngoi phng. Bc x nh sng nhn thy l chc chn khng c bt k vn sc khe. V vy, cc h thng ny s nhn c s chp nhn s dng trong cc bnh vin, nh ring, vv. Hn na, khng can thip vi vic tn ti h thng RF c bn, do vic s dng trong my bay l khng c g ph bnh. Tn hiu hng ngoi c nghin cu truyn d liu khng dy, v d, p dng cho nh mng cc b khng dy. Cc bc sng ca ngun nh sng hng ngoi v ngun sng c th nhn thy gn gi vi nhau, v cc tn hiu, do , cht lng lan truyn tng t nhau. Do , n LED trng bt u thu ht s ch s dng nh mt phng tin truyn thng d liu. Ngoi ra, n LED trng c th cung cp sng rt cao, tiu th in nng rt thp v tui th lu di. Do , mt tnh nng c o ca n LED trng l h c th phc v hai mc ch cng mt lc: nh sng v truyn d liu khng dy tc cao. Ngoi ra, khng ging nh truyn hng ngoi, khng c quy nh sc khe hn ch cng sut pht. Cc phng tin quang hc c th c xem nh l b sung cho cc phng tin v tuyn hn l cnh trnh. V d, nu mt mng WLAN ( Wireless Local Area Network ) l cn thit cung cp cho mt khu vc rng ln, ni ngi dng c th t do lang thang bn trong v bn ngoi mt ta nh v duy tr kt ni vi mng tt c cc ln, sau i pht thanh truyn l s la chn tt nht t c iu ny. Tuy nhin, nu mt mng WLAN l cn thit ph cho mt khu vc tng i nh, v cc dch v c cung cp ti cc b trong mt cn phng, nhng tc truyn cao c yu cu nh l hi ngh video, truyn hnh k thut s ( truyn hnh) hoc video theo yu cu, sau truyn quang vi bng thng gn nh khng gii hn c th c s dng. ng thi, iu ny s gii phng ph tn s v tuyn cho cc mc ch khc nh m t trn. C rt nhiu ng dng trong nh y ha hn bao gm vic truyn ti truyn hnh v tn hiu a phng tin bng cch s dng n trn hoc n bn, vic s dng cc im n LED trong xe t, tu ha, xe but v my bay nh cc im truy cp Internet v vic thc hin cc im thng tin cc

b trong cc ca hng, sn bay, nh ga v cc vin bo tng. Bn cnh cc ng dng trong nh, c nhiu ng dng ngoi tri c th bao gm vic giao tip xe n xe thng qua n trc v sau, n giao thng cung cp cho cc ngi li vi thng tin giao thng c lin quan, v n ng cung cp nhng ngi i b vi cc thng tin a phng. Bi bo ny c t chc nh sau. Ti mc II, OFDM c gii thiu v nhng li th trn cc h thng knh n c tho lun. D liu nh sng nhn thy truyn nguyn mu c gii thiu trong mc III. M hnh h thng xut c m t trong Mc IV v Mc V trnh by cc kt qu o. Cui cng, kt lun c a ra trong Phn VI. II. Gii thiu OFDM OFDM c coi l mt ng c vin mnh m nh l mt cng ngh truyn d liu khng dy trong mng di ng bng thng rng. c bit, OFDM c s dng trong IEEE 802.16 da trn kh nng tng tc trn ton th gii truy cp sng cc ngn ( WiMAX ) tiu chun. WiMAX s dng OFDM -FDMA ( phn chia tn s truy cp nhiu ), cn c gi l OFDMA. Hn na, OFDM c s dng trong DVB ( Digital Video Broadcasting ) tiu chun. Trong h thng OFDM , tc d liu cao ni tip dng d liu c chia thnh mt tp hp cc dng con t l thp. Vic truyn d liu song song cung cp kh nng lm gim nhiu vn gp phi vi h thng truyn ti ni tip nh nhiu lin k t (ISI) v s cn thit cho b cn bng phc tp. Tng bng thng knh c chia thnh mt s knh ph tn s trc giao. Mi dng ph t l thp c iu ch trn mt knh ph ring bit. Tnh trc giao c thc hin bng cch chn mt b cch u c bit ca tn s sng mang ri rc. N c th c hin th, rng hot ng ny l thun tin thc hin bi cc IFFT (bin i Fourier ngc nhanh chng). Ti my thu, FFT ( bin i Fourier nhanh ) c s dng gii ghp knh cc dng d liu song song . Trong cc h thng thc t, bin dng knh gii thiu ISI c kh nng vi phm cc trc giao. Do , mt khong bo v (GI) vi mt tin t tun hon c gii thiu bo tn tnh trc giao gia cc knh ph. Mt vn m l PAR cao (t l nh-trung bnh ) ca tn hiu OFDM. y l mt vn c th khi s dng cho truyn dn khng dy. Cng sut b khuch i vi mt phm vi tuyn tnh ln vi chi ph hp l vn l mt vn m. Kt qu l , cc cng sut b khuch i phi c thc y vi mt cng sut ch truyn nht nh lm nh hng phm vi bo him tn hiu. OOK, PCM, PPM, v SC- BPSK l mt s s iu ch ph bin kt hp vi cc h thng khng dy LED. Vic s dng OFDM ln u tin c tho lun trong [12]. Kh nng vn c ca OFDM chng li nh hng a ng , kh nng kt hp n vi bt k s a truy cp nh TDMA ( phn chia thi gian a truy cp ), FDMA v CDMA (phn chia a truy cp theo m ), v kh nng d dng kt hp OFDM vi bt k s iu ch bc cao to mt s la chn tuyt vi cn nh truyn thng anh sng nhn thy. Hn na, vn PAR cao trong OFDM c th c xy dng khai thc giao tip nh sng nhn thy. C th, bin i tn hiu cao ca tn hiu thi gian c s dng iu chnh cng n LED. Mt ca con ngi s khng th theo cc bin i ny, v, do , vic chiu sng s khng b nh hng. Nh mt h qu, n gin vic bn i tr n LED c th c s dng pht trin cc my pht gi r. III. Kin trc phn cng Bi v khng th xc nh r m hnh knh truyn cho h thng truyn ti nh vy tn ti trong ti liu, n c quyt nh nh gi hiu sut bng vic s dng mt thit lp th nghim. A. Chui lin kt Hnh 1 cho thy s khi nguyn l ca th nghim chng minh. Chui lin kt gm hai kit DSP, mt cho my pht (Tx) v mt cho nhn (Rx). c bit, Kit nh gi TMS320C6000 DSP vi b x l du chm ng Texas Instruments C6713, ci m da trn cc kin trc hng dn t lu (VLIW), c s dng. B vi x l chy 250MHz. Cc Kit nh gi cha 32-bit stereo cng u vo v u ra tng t vi tn s ly mu ti a 96kHz. MATLAB / Simulink c s dng cho s pht trin ca cc thut ton v m c chy trn Kit DSP.

n LED trng c phn thnh hai loi. Mt s c ch to bng cch s dng mt con chip LED mu xanh v mt phosphor. Cc loi n LED c mt lp phosphor trn u ca mt InGaN-c bn blue chip LED. Cc loi n LED trng khc c ch to bng cch pha trn nh sng t n LED ca ba mu c bn, chng hn nh mu , xanh l cy v xanh dng. Tt c ba mu sc c pht ra cng mt lc. Ngun quang c s dng trong cc mu th nghim l mt chip duy nht (loi u tin nh m t trn) trng 5mm LED c cng sng ca 11000mcd. Loi ny c chn v n c th c coi l tiu chun v khng tn km. Mch s dng mt P (cc dng) trn N (cc m) silicon phng photodiode c thit k cung cp mt phn ng ti a thng qua phn nhn thy c ca quang ph. Cc photodiode phng 9.8mm2 tch hp trong b lc la chn hng ngoi v cung cp tr khng cao 0.07GOhm, dng ti cao 2000pA. Cc dng quang in c to ra l t l thun vi nng lng nh sng ti v n c chuyn i in p s dng mt iu chnh bin dch tr khng. Photodiode c th hot ng vi mt phn cc ngc, ch quang dn, hoc khng phn cc, ch quang in c lp chn. Photodiode c la chn vi cc c im cp trc y t c offset thp khi photodiode hot ng ch quang in c lp chn, v khi n c s dng trong mt mch khuch i hot ng bin dch tr khng li cao. i vi ng dng ca chng ti trong phm vi tn s thp, ch quang in c lp chn cung cp tuyn tnh hp l v nhiu thp. IV. M hnh h thng VLC Cc khi xy dng chnh ca mt my pht OFDM c bn v h thng nhn c minh ha trong hnh. 2. Bi v OFDM da trn IFFT v FFT thut ton, vic thc hin trn DSP l hin nhin. Trn Kit OFDM Tx, FEC m ha c thc hin. iu ny c da trn mt t l 1/2 m chp. Mt thi gian xen k c p dng. Ti my thu, gii m Viterbi vi ng ra quyt nh r rng c s dng. Ni chung mt thi gian khc nhau, knh fading phng c gi nh. N da trn gi nh rng knh vn khng i trong vng mt khung OFDM. Tuy nhin, khng c thnh lp nhng m hnh cho vic tn ti h thng lan truyn c th ny, mt s cung cp trong thit k h thng c chp nhn. Vi phng php ny cc gi nh trn y c xc nhn.

Vi mc ch c lng knh v ng b, luyn chui v cc b li c s dng [14, 15]. C th, khung OFDM nh thc hin trong h thng th nghim c hnh thnh bi mt tn hiu ng b ha thi gian (tn hiu hnh sin), bn k t OFDM cho trnh t o to, v 20 OFDM k t vi nhng d liu knh ph mang thng tin iu ch (xem hnh. 3). Cc yu t chuyn knh thu c bng cch s dng trnh t o to v trung bnh trn bn giai on trnh t o to cho tt c cc sng mang con.

Fig. 3. OFDM frame structure: Four OFDM symbols carrying a training sequence are used for channel estimation. The data symbols are transmitted in the consecutive 20 OFDM symbols. Each of these symbols uses four subcarriers for pilot transmission. Ngoi ra, cc b li ti knh ph c th c thm vo sa cha d ton v ng b ha cc li knh cn li. Mt tin t tun hon c di c nh c thm vo tn hiu truyn. Root raised cosine pulse shaping filters with a rolloff of 0.2 are used at the transmitter and receiver. Min tn s cn bng c thc hin bng cch s dng b tch sng Bt buc khng OFDM thng thng. Vi vic thc hin c bit l PAR cao trong OFDM c khai thc vi cng iu chnh n LED trng. Do , ch c tn hiu thc s c gi tr c th c truyn i. iu ny c thc hin bng cch chia k t OFDM trong hai na. Na th hai mang bn sao lin hp phc tp ca na u. Kt qu l, sau php ton IFFT, ch nhng mu gi tr thc l thu c. Cc mu c a vo root raised cosine pulse shaping filter v sau tn hiu kt qu c chuyn i A/D. Cu trc chnh xc ca mt k t OFDM c m t trong hnh. 4.

Cc thng s ca h thng truyn dn OFDM c lit k trong bng 1. Bng 1 c im k thut ca m hnh h thng

V. Kt qu Th nghim chng minh c m t trong hnh. 5. Mt LED n c s dng, v vi dng thit lp mt lin kt n c th c thc hin. Cc php o c da trn mt knh LOS (line-of-sight). Nh cc mu th nghim c thit k cho cc ng dng truyn d liu trong nh, cc php o c thc hin di mi trng khuch tn nh sng mt tri trong mt cn phng. Hnh. 6 cho thy SNR o ti my thu ln n mt mt.

 nghin cu hiu sut ca h thng, iu ch c thay i v vic thc hin c v khng c m ha knh c phn tch. Hnh. 7 cho thy hiu sut BER so vi khong cch gia Tx v Rx. Php o c thc hin cho mt khong cch ln n 100cm. BER ca OFDM cho gii m QPSK, gii m 16-QAM (iu ch bin vung gc) , cng nh truyn gii m 64-QAM c v. i vi trng hp m ho, QPSK v 16-QAM kt qu c hin th. Kt qu cho thy vi khng c bt k m ha knh, mt BER khong 10-4 ti mt khong cch tch bit Tx-Rx 50cm c th t c vi iu ch QPSK. Cho khong cch tch bit tng t, m ha knh ci thin hiu sut BER khong 10-7. Tht th v khi lu rng hiu sut BER cho QPSK truyn m ha gia tng t ngt n 10-1 khong cch khong 1m, trong khi hiu sut BER vn cn khong 10-5 ti khong cch 90cm Tx-Rx. Khong cch ny v th c th c coi l khong cch ti a c th ca my pht LED duy nht. Mt quan st th v na l khong cch khong 20cm (20% ca khong cch ti a), kt qu gii m 64QAM vn trong mt hiu sut BER hp l.

Trong hnh. 8 bin v pha ca c lng knh quang hc cho 14 khung hnh OFDM lin tip c hin th. 14 khung OFDM l cn thit truyn ti mt hon chnh TIFF (Tagged Image File Format) tp tin hnh nh. Cc knh c c lng cho mi khung OFDM. Thi gian thay i khc nhau ca knh quang trn 30 knh ph khc khng ca mt k t OFDM c th c quan st thy. Cc php o c thc hin khong cch 75cm t my pht quang. C th thy rng nhng bin thin ln knh trong min tn s l khng ng k. Knh do c th c m t nh phng trn ton b bng thng. T c th suy ra rng cc thnh phn a ng (nu c) c nhm kht xung quanh ng dn trc tip. Cch x l ny l gi nh qua trc gic do din tin LOS trong nh. Hn na, quan st c bit ny c th c khai thc tip tc ti u ha phn phi ca cc pilot v cc thut ton c lng knh cho h thng nh vy.

VI. Kt lun Mt tiu chun truyn thng nh sng nhn thy c pht trin. Vic truyn d liu da trn cc gi nh ca LOS trc tip v iu kin knh n. N c chng minh rng h thng truyn d liu nh sng nhn thy trn cc n LED trng kt hp vi truyn OFDM thc s l k thut kh thi. Cc bi kim tra c thc hin trong iu kin nh sng mi trng xung quanh trong nh va phi. N c cho thy rng i vi iu ch QPSK mt BER 2 10-5 t c khong cch khong 90cm ch vi mt n LED duy nht. D tnh ph sng ln hn c th thu c bng cch s dng cc mng LED. Hn na, cc knh khng dy cn phi c m t c im v cc m hnh cho n phi c pht trin. Hn na, vn r r nng lng quang t my pht n my thu s phi c gii quyt cho php truyn song cng. Tt c iu ny l ty theo cng vic sau ny.