The domus -Variations in size and shape.

Some regular shapes, some shaped to fit the space of the Insulae. Houses also remodelled, extended, subdivided. Houses also varied as the reflected o!ner"s preferences, financial position and period in !hich the house !as built. i.e. no standard #oman house. $ompeii and Herculaneum provide a picture of the evolution of domestic architecture of the Italic st le. The basic st le !as the atrium house.

%allis-Hadrill groups &. T pe I ' one or t!o roomed houses, used as shops and !or(shops as !ell as living spaces ). T pe II ' These range in size from t!o to seven rooms on the ground floor and contain larger !or(shops and residences 2 I *. T pe III ' +suall follo!ing a fairl s mmetrical plan, T pe III houses have an average of eight rooms, maximum thirteen. ,verage $ompeiian House. Shops at front. -. T pe IV ' The largest houses designed for entertaining and featuring .uarters for large numbers of house slaves.

IV

III

Herculaneum insulae sho!ing house sizes

/volution of houses
Houses varied over the long period of settlement from the Samnite and 0ree( periods into the #oman periods. Houses reflect the period in !hich the !ere erected as !ell as the preferences of their o!ners b ,1 23.

/volution of the houses

/arliest houses had a hortus or garden at the bac(. This evolved into a perist le garden area !ith additional rooms for summer dining and sitting at the bac( of the garden area and cubiculum4cubiculae 5bedrooms6 along the sides.

Terms7
fauces 8 entrance ,trium 8 entrance room !ith compluvium in roof and impluvium belo!. 9ollection tan( underneath for conserving rain!ater. Tablinum 8 reception area for meeting clients, visitors. 9ubiculum 8 bedrooms ,lae 8 open rooms for ever da activities Triclinium 8 dining room Hortus 8 vegetable garden

The house of the Surgeon from $ompeii and the Samnite House of Herculaneum are examples of this t pe of house. These are Italian 5Samnite6 Houses !hich predate the #oman colonisation of 9amania.

$re #oman Samnite house- the house of the Surgeon in $ompeii

:eatures include
Italian fa;ades of Sarno limestone and volcanic tufa ' large s.uared bloc(s 5in contrast to the smaller bric(!or( of later houses6. monumental 5big, impressive6 door!a . Internal !alls of rubble mixed !ith mortar. $lastered and painted in first st le. $resence of 0ree( 5Hellenistic6 influences in use of 1oric, Ionic and 9orinthian columns in court ards the atrium as the source of light and collection point for !ater

/ntrance 8 fauces

<uilding material ' large volcanic stone bloc(s.

,trium !ith tablinum and hortus

triclinium

hortus tablinum

Atrium

#ooms off atrium

triclinium alae cubiculum

Hortus in $ompeii

Samnite House in Herculaneum

Fresco false upper floor

atrium

fauces

Gardens not peristyle Larger gardens are market gardens at the back of the owners house.

#oman $eriod house !ith perist le

These houses retained the fauces and atrium entrances but contain a perist le garden !hich evolved from the hortus and columns of the earlier architectural st le. The fresco decoration also changed to second st le.house of the lab rinth in $ompeii.

=arger atrium $erist le garden >osaics on floors and second st le frescoes on !alls.

The atrium house evolved further in size and decoration up to the earth.ua(e of ,1?&. These larger houses include the House of the >osaic ,trium IV.@-&6 at $ompeii A and the House of the stags IV.& and House of the 9arbonized furniture at Herculaneum $ainted in the third st le. some renovations include paintings in fourth st le.

TH/ >BST >B1/#C STD=/ <D ,1237 The House of the Vettii 5VI.@-.@4&6- plan belo! - sho!s the rebuilding follo!ing the earth.ua(es of ,1 ?&, and indicates the latest construction fashions. Includes t!o atria, no tablinum, ne! focus on perist le garden replacing the atrium and tablinium for conducting business and impressing visitors. $ainted in the fourth st le. Two Atria

Focus on Peristyle garden

o tablinum

:rescoes $erist le ' increased level of impressiveness of the $erist le area.

atrium o tablinum

Peristyle garden

Vie! of the atrium from the $erist le of the House of Bctavius Euartius in $ompeii

:unctions of rooms
rooms ma be identified b function 5bedrooms, stud , dining room, (itchen6 but, as function could var according to need, these labels are not fixed. Households had minimal furniture, easil moved, bedding eas to set do!n in an room, coo(ers eas to bring into an space as a temporar (itchen. So fluid approach to functions of rooms some larger houses also had toilets and bathrooms

! fauces "entrance# A atrium formal entrance hall Al$ ala%wings% opening from atrium &$cubiculum small room' bedroom &u culina kitchen ($e)edra$ garden room

P$ peristylium colonnaded garden T$ taberna shop office' study

Ta $ tablinum

Tri$ triclinium dining room ! *estibulum entrance hall

5from <arbara >ac(a 6

=ight from the internal court ards. So ground floor tended to be dar(.
/CT#,C9/

SHB$S at front

The front and entrance

Houses !ere in!ard oriented ' outer !alls !ere the !alls of the insula fronting the streets of the shops at the front of the house. :e! exterior !indo!s on ground floor ' these !ere barred !here the exist.

!iews of houses in +erculaneum

,maller sla*e entrance

,hop front

+ouse entrance

 upper floor much more open, lighter areas of the house !ith balconies as sho!n on this house from Herculaneum. Houses in Herculaneum tended to have an upper floor for guests. Houses in $ompeii did not generall have an upper floor 5less tourism6

The fauces
a long, narro! hall!a leading from the front door into the atriumA this !as the vestibulum, also called fauces 5FthroatG6. The :auces could be decorated !ith elaborate frescoes. The floor of the vestibulum often contained mosaics !ith a message for the visitor, >osaic ' be!are of the dog 'house of the tragic poet. House of the :aun ' lararium at entrance fauces

:auces of the House of $ansa

The ,trium and Impluvium

The atrium !as a large air room lighted b an opening in the roof. It !as the formal room !here guests !ere received and clients assembled to !ait for their customar morning visits to their patron, but it !as also a room for famil occasions. Bn either side of the atrium !ere small rooms 5cubicula6 used for various purposes. <e ond these small rooms the atrium fre.uentl opened out into t!o F!ingsG 5alae6A

,trium of the house of the faun

,trium of House of the tragic poet

In the center of the atrium, directl beneath the opening in the roof 5compluvium6 !as a shallo! pool 5impluvium6. This had the practical purpose of collecting rain!ater but also added greatl to the attractiveness of the room. Bften the !alls of the atrium !ere adorned !ith !all paintings, perhaps as simple as colored panels, but more often depicting graceful patterns, m thological motifs l

,rtists impression of ,trium of House of the faun

The tablinum
The tablinum is the room be ond the atrium, usuall a thoroughfare to the perist le garden !hich !as the formal meeting place for the paterfamilias and his visitors such as clients and business guests.

tablinum

Impluvium in atrium

Tablinum of the +ouse of the Faun mosaic floor

$erist le garden in bac(ground tablinum

atrium House of the tragic poet

The perist le and exedra

two peristyle gardens in the house of the Faun

Peristyle- garden and cubiculae behind portico of the +ouse of !enus in the shell

The house of the stags in Herculaneum

The perist le became the business and living area

Small rooms in the housecubiculum

The triclinium- dining room

Summer triclinium in garden !ith fixed reclining on three sides.