Do An Tot Nghiep - Mang FTTH-Duong Quang Ha

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MC LC
LI NOI U.................................................................. Error: Reference source not found
TM TT N............................................................Error: Reference source not found
DANH SCH HNH V, BNG..........................................................................................3
DANH SCH T VIT TT...............................................................................................4
M U...............................................................................................................................6
1.1.Gii thiu chung...........................................................................................................7
1.1.1.Mng FTTC v HFC.................................................................................................7
1.1.2.Gii thiu v mng FTTH...................................................................................11
1.1.3.u im ca FTTH ............................................................................................13
1.2. Mng FTTH..............................................................................................................14
1.2.1. Bc song s dung trong mang FTTH..............................................................14
1.2.2. Mng quang tch cc AON v mng quang th ng PON...............................16
1.2.2.1. AON............................................................................................................16
1.2.2.2. Mng PON..................................................................................................18
1.2.3.Cc chun trong mng PON...............................................................................21
1.2.3.1.B-PON..........................................................................................................21
1.2.3.2. BPON v Gigabit PON...............................................................................22
1.2.3.3.WDM-PON..................................................................................................24
1.2.3.4.CDMA-PON................................................................................................26
1.2.4. B tch/ghp quang v topo trong mng PON..................................................27
1.2.4.1.B tch/ghp quang......................................................................................27
1.2.4.2.Topo hnh cy..............................................................................................29
1.2.4.3.Topo dng bus .............................................................................................31
1.2.4.4.Topo dng vng...........................................................................................31
1.2.4.5.Topo hnh cy kt hp topo dng vng hoc ng ti ph........................32
1.2.5. PON MAC layer................................................................................................34
1.2.5.1. Giao thc iu khin a im MPCP(Multi-Point Control Protocol)........34
1.2.5.2. PON vi kin trc IEEE 802.......................................................................38
Chng II : KIN TRC B THU-PHT TRONG MNG PON....................................42
2.1.c im chung.........................................................................................................42
2.1.1.Yu cu i vi mang PON................................................................................43
2.1.2.Lp vt l mang PON.........................................................................................44
2.1.3.nh thi cho ch burst-mode trong mng PON...........................................46
2.2. Kin trc b thu-pht trong mng.............................................................................51
2.2.1. S khi ca ONU/OLT.................................................................................52
2.2.2. Thit b thu v pht tn hiu quang....................................................................54
2.2.2.1.Thit bi phat quang......................................................................................54
2.2.2.1.1.LED (Light Emitting Diode).................................................................55
2.2.2.1.2.Laser......................................................................................................56
2.2.2.2.Thit bi thu quang........................................................................................60
2.2.2.3.B ghp WDM.............................................................................................64
2.2.2.4.B khuch i truyn tr khng TIA...........................................................65
2.2.3. Cc module thu v pht quang ..........................................................................67
2.2.4. B thu-pht ch burst-mode .........................................................................69
2.2.4.1. So snh gia ch thng thng v ch burst-mode ........................70
2.2.4.2. B pht quang ch burst-mode .............................................................71
2.2.4.2. B thu quang ch burst-mode ...............................................................77
Chng III : MCH PHT VA LAM SC XUNG CC NGN......................................84
3.1. Step-recovery-time diode (SRD)..............................................................................84
Dng Quang H KSTN-TVT-K49
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3.1.1.c tnh l tng ca SRD.................................................................................84
3.1.2.c tnh thc t ca SRD...................................................................................85
3.1.3.Thi gian chuyn tip ca SRD..........................................................................87
3.2.Thit k mch pht va lam sc xung cc ngn..........................................................88
3.2.1.Nguyn l thit k...............................................................................................88
3.2.2.Thit k mch pht va lam sc xung cc ngn...................................................91
3.2.3.Kt qua thc nghim...........................................................................................95
Chng IV : NG DNG CA MCH PHT VA LAM SC XUNG CC NGN......97
4.1.ng dng ca my pht xung cc ngn.....................................................................97
4.2.Mt s ng dng pht trin ca mch pht xung cc ngn.......................................97
4.2.1.ng dng trong h thng UWB..........................................................................97
4.2.2.ng dng trong h thng radar nh v...............................................................98
KT LUN CHUNG..........................................................................................................99
TI LIU THAM KHO.................................................................................................100
BNG I CHIU THUT NG ANH-VIT..............................................................102
PH LC...........................................................................................................................103
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DANH SCH HNH V, BNG
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DANH SCH T VIT TT

ADSL
AGC
AON
APC
APD
ATC
ATM
AWG
BLD
BM-CDR
BM-LDD
BOSA
BPON
CATV
CDMA
CDMA-PON
CDR
CO
CRC
DBA
DFB
EFM
EPON
FDMA
F-P
FSAN
FTTC
FTTH
GEM
GPON
GTC
HDTV
HFC
IPTV
LDS
LED
LLID
LVCMOS
MAC
MPCPDU
MTBF
NE
Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line

Auto-gain Control
Active Optical Network
Auto Power Control
Avalanche Photodiode
Automatic Threshold Control
Automated Teller Machine
Array Waveguide Grating
Bottom Level Detector
Burst-mode Clock Data Recovery
Burst-mode Laser Diode Driver
Bidirectional Optical Sub-Assembly
Broadband Passive Optical Network
Cable Television
Code Division Multiple Access
Code Division Multiple Access Passive Optical Network
Clock Data Recovery
Central Office
Cyclic Redundancy Check
Dynamic Bandwidth Allocation
Distributed Feedback Bragg
Ethernet in First Mile
Ethernet Passive Optical Network
Frequency Division Multiple Access
Fabry Perot
Full Service Access Network
Fiber-to-the-Curb
Fiber-to-the-Home
GPON Encapsulation Method
Gigabit Passive Optical Network
GPON Tranmission Conversion
High-definition Television
Hybrid Fiber Coaxial
Internet Protocol Television
Laser Driver Stage
Light Emitting Diode
Link Logic ID
Low-Voltage CMOS
Medium Access Control
Muli-Point Control Protocol Data Unit
Mean Time Between Failure
Network Element
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NPA
NTT
OAM
ODN
OLT
ONT
ONU
OSA
PD
PECL
PLM
PLOAM
PLP
PMD
PON
POTS
PtPE
QAM
ROSA
RTT
SDH
SDV
SerDes
SFF
SLA
SME
SNR
SRD
TDMA
TDMA-PON
TDP
TIA
TOSA
UWB
VCI
VCSEL
VOD
VoIP
VPI
VPN
WDM-PON
Network Power Assembly

Nippon Telegraph and Telephone
Operations Administration and Maintenance
Optical Distribution Network
Optical Line Terminal
Optical Network Terminal
Optical Network Unit
Optical Sub-Assembly
Photodiode
Positive Emitter-Coupler Logic
Power Leveling Mechanism
Physical Layer Operation Administration and Maintenance
Packet Layer Preample
Physical Media Dependant
Passive Optical Network
Plain Old Telephone Service
Point to Point Emulation
Quadrature Amplititude Modulation
Receive Optical Sub-Assembly
Round Trip Time
Synchronous Digital Hierarchy
Switched Digital Video
Serializer/Deserializer
Small Form Factor
Service Level Agreement
Share Medium Emulation
Signal-to-Noise Ratio
Step Recovery-Time Diode
Time Division Multiple Access
Time Division Multiple Access Passive Optical Network
Transmit and Dispersion Penalty
Transimpedance Amplifier
Transmit Optical Sub-Assembly
Ultra-WideBand
Virtual Circuit Identifier
Vertical Cavity Surface Emitting Laser
Voice on Demand
Voice over Internet Protocol
Virtual Path Identifier
Virtual Private Network
Wavelength Division Multiplexing Passive Optical Network
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M U
Trong xu th hi nhp ton cu, mng Internet l cng c h tr khng th thiu

ca mi ngi trong hu ht cc lnh vc ca i sng. Cng vi s pht trin ca
cng ngh nano, cng ngh bn dn v cng ngh quang-in t, mng FTTH ang
c trin khai trong thi gian hin nay m dn u l cc nc c nn cng nghip
in t pht trin nh M, Nht Bn, Hn Quc,
Mng FTTH l mt kin trc mng mi s dng si quang lm mi trng truyn
dn nn mng cung cp cho ngi s dng bng thng rng, tc truyn d liu
cao vi cht lng dch v kh tt. Da trn cng ngh mng quang th ng cng
vi kin trc transceiver mi, mng FTTH c kh nng cung cp cho s lng thu
bao ln hn rt nhiu so vi mng Internet thng thng, d dng m rng mng v
cho php ngi s dng dng ng thi nhiu dch v truyn thng tc cao.
Ni dung n gm 4 chng :
Chng I : Tm hiu mng FTTH, kin trc mng v cc chun s dng trong
mng
Chng II : Tm hiu kin trc transceiver trong mng FTTH, cc linh kin s
dng trong transceiver v phn tch s khi s dng.
Chng III : Thit k mch pht v lm sc xung cc ngn s dng diode SRD c
rng xung iu chnh c, sn xung khong vi chc ti vi trm picosecond.
Chng IV : Trnh by hng pht trin ca n v cc ng dng ca mch
pht v lm sc xung ni trn.
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Chng I : MNG FTTH (FibertotheHome)

1.1.Gii thiu chung
Ngy nay, s pht trin bng n ca mng Internet trn ton cu gy nh hng
ln ti cc nh cung cp mng trn ton cu trong vi chc nm gn y. S ph
bin ca mng Internet cng vi cc yu cu ngy cng tng ln v lnh vc
multimedia, truyn hnh trc tuyn, qua mng Internet yu cu mng phi phn
phi bng thng rng cho nhiu ngi s dng vi tin cy cao. Vi s lng
ngi dng ngy cng ln v nhiu yu cu dch v cht lng cao, hin tng
thiu bng thng s l tng lai gn cho tt c cc nh cung cp mng Internet nu
nh cung cp vn s dng nhng thit b mng v hnh thc t chc mng theo kiu
truyn thng s dung cap in thng thng. Cng ngh cp quang tr thnh
mt gii php khng th trnh khi cho vn nan gii ny. Cp quang l mi
trng truyn dn cung cp bng thng rng, kh nng chng nhiu in t cao v
t chu nh hng ca mi trng cho php truyn dn d liu vi suy hao thp. Bi
nhng c tnh quan trng ny m tt c cc mng xng sng trong Internet hin
nay u c xy dng bng cp quang. Tuy nhin, vic kt ni trc tip t ngi
dng ti mng Internet bng cp quang mi chi bt u c thc hin trong nhng
nm gn y. L do chnh gii thch cho vn ny l h thng dch v multimedia
cha pht trin ng thi nhng yu cu v dch v bng rng cha tr nn ph
bin. Mt l do khc l vic lp t cp quang c chi ph rt cao cha tha mn
c yu cu cn thit. Do , mng cp quang ti tn thu bao FTTH (Fiber-tothe-Home) l mt bc tin vt bc trong cng nghip multimedia nh kh nng
cung cp cc dch v multimedia cht lng cao nh truyn hnh cht lng cao
HDTV(High-definition Television), download cc bn nhc v video. iu ny gy
nn tc ng rt ln trong lnh vc kinh t bi FTTH l mng em ti nhiu li
nhun do kh nng cung cp tc truyn d liu cao v gi thnh lp t mng.
1.1.1.Mng FTTC v HFC

Vo nhng nm 1970, nhng cng ty in thoi v truyn hnh cp nhn thy
tim nng pht trin ca si quang thay th h thng cp lc . Do s pht trin
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ca cng ngh si quang thi im nn gi thnh xy dng h thng mng
quang rt cao. Bi vy, gii php tm thi chuyn giao sang mng cp quang l
xy dng nhng mng c gi thnh thp hn nh FTTC, HFC m nhng mng ny
s dng cp quang lm ng truyn ti chnh nhng vn s dng phng thc kt
ni mng truyn thng dng cp bng kim loi kt ni t nh cung cp ti ngi
s dng.Bng phng php ny, nh cung cp chia gi thnh xy dng mng s
dng si quang cho nhiu ngi s dng. Ti thi im ny, gii php chuyn sang
mng FTTH ( mt mng ton b s dng si quang cung cp cho ngi dng ) l
mt gii php khng kh thi.
Trong kin trc mng FTTC, ng cp quang c ko di t nh cung cp ti
cc node gn khu vc ngi s dng. iu ny mang ti nhiu thun li : (i) n
khai thc c bng thng rng ca si quang bng cch chia s ng truyn cho
nhiu ngi s dng trong cng mng; (ii) bng cch s dng nhiu si quang, kin
trc ny cho php h gi thnh u t cho cc dch v bng rng cn thit cho
tng lai. Ti chng gia ngi s dng v cc node, FTTC s dng cp xon ng
v cp ng trc. Mc d FTTC c thit k cung cp cc dch v video, vic
s dng song song 2 loi cp l cp xon cho dch v truyn thoi v cp ng trc
cho dch v video s h gi thnh lp t so vi vic s dng cc b ghp v tch
knh dng cho cp xon ng truyn c 2 dch v ny. Trong mng FTTC , cc
thit b u cui truyn tc cao t nh cung cp v c tch knh trn si
quang phn phi cho cc ng cp quang c tc thp hn ti ngi s dng.
Cc thit b u cui s dng khi ngun NPA (Network Power Assembly) ca cc
host cp ngun cho cc thit b kt cui quang ONU (Optical Network Unit)
pha ngi s dng. Khi ngun c cp cho NPA, cc ng cp quang phn phi
s bao gm c ng cp ng cp ngun. ng cp quang mang nhim v chnh
l cung cp cc chc nng truyn, nhn, v ghp knh cho cc lin kt quang ti cc
khi ONU. ONU s phn chia thnh cc knh truyn ti cc thit b giao tip mng
dng cp ng ca ngi s dng. FTTC bao gm nhiu cp quang vi dung lng
khc nhau v cc b chia quang, connector s cung cp bng thng cn thit cho
ngi s dng. Thng thng, mt si quang trong mng FTTC c dng cho 10-
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100 ngi s dng v kt ni u cui ti ngi dng s dng cp ng c chiu
di khong 30m.
Hnh 1.1-M hnh mng FTTC in hnh

ng thi cc cng ty truyn hnh cp cng s dng cp quang phn phi cho
ngi tiu dng s dng kin trc mng lai gia cp in v cp quang
HFC(Hybrid Fiber Coaxial). HFC l kin trc mng kt hp gia cp quang v cp
ng trc dng cho mng bng rng. Hnh 1.2 di y th hin kin trc mng
HFC.
Hnh 1.2-Mng HFC

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Kin trc mng HFC c thnh phn mng xng sng dng cp quang c cc
nh cung cp s dng cung cp c dch v thoi v video cho ngi s dng.
Mng HFC c th cung cp 500 knh truyn dn khc nhau v truyn dn ng thi
2 dch v VOD v thoi. Vi truyn hnh qung b, mng HFC c th cung cp s
knh video tng t cho mi ngi s dng. Nh , HFC l mng c dng cho
1 nhm ln ngi s dng (t 500 2000 thu bao). Cc trm pht trong mng
HFC nhn c tn hiu t trung tm truyn qung b vo khng gian qua h thng
viba hoc v tinh s c kt hp v pht li vo ng cp quang trong mng. Sau
, tn hiu ny c chia cho cc ng fi- ti ngi s dng. Bi v tn hiu b
suy hao rt ln trong cp ng trc nn ti pha ngi dng cn c mt b khuch
i tn hiu nh mini-bridger hoc line extender cho c 2 chiu ln v xung. Kin
trc mng HFC s dng chung mi trng truyn ti, tn hiu t nhiu ngi s
dng s ti 1 node xc nh trong mng. iu dn n vic phi dng thm m
bo mt bo m tnh an ton trong mng. Ti tuyn ln t ngi dng ti cc
trm pht, HFC s dng cc k thut a truy nhp thng dng nh TDMA, FDMA
v CDMA cho php nhiu ngi s dng cng a yu cu ti mng. Vic s dng
h thng cp quang t trm pht ti cc node s gim i kch thc ca node v
gim suy hao trn ng truyn. Bi vy, HFC c th cung cp cc dch v bng
hp vi tc cao v nhiu dch v video tng tc khc.
Sau khi kin trc mng FTTC v HFC c kt hp th mt kin trc mng mi
c hnh thnh. l mng chuyn mch video s SDV (Switched Digital
Video). Do mng FTTC l mng truyn dn tn hiu quang nn n khng th truyn
tn hiu in v phi c cp ngun bi 1 mng khc. Bng cch s dng 1 mng
HFC vi cp ng trc chy dc theo mng FTTC th vn cp ngun cho mng
FTTC c gii quyt. Do , mng cp ng trc c th phn phi tn hiu video 1
chiu ng thi cp ngun cho mng FTTC. iu l l do chnh nh sn xut
s dng mng FTTC trong kin trc mng SDV phn phi dch v thoi 2 chiu
v video s. Kin trc mng SDV c s dng cung cp truyn hnh s mt
cch hiu qu vi bng thng rng cho ngi s dng. Hnh 1.3 di y l kin
trc in hnh ca mng SDV dng cho c h thng truyn hnh cp s dng
phng php iu ch QAM v h thng truyn hnh trc tuyn IPTV ( Internet
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Protocol Television). Trong h thng SDV, mi ngi dng u c kh nng tng
tc 2 chiu vi hub a ra yu cu ca mnh.
Hnh 1.3Mng SDV

1.1.2.Gii thiu v mng FTTH
Mt trong nhng nh cung cp ln nht dch v mng ti Nht Bn l cng ty
NTT trin khai nhng bc i u tin trong cng ngh FTTH. Di s pht
trin ca NTT, nhng cng ty vin thng khc nh AT&T, Hitachi, Fujitsu,
cng tham gia vo qu trnh pht trin ca mng FTTH.
FTTH l mt cng ngh kt ni vin thng s dng cp quang t nh cung cp
dch v ti a im ca khch hng (vn phng, nh). Cng ngh ca ng
truyn c thit lp trn c s d liu c truyn qua tn hiu quang (nh sng)
trong si cp quang n thit b u cui ca khch hng, tn hiu c bin i
thnh tn hiu in, qua cp mng i vo broadband-router. Nh , khch hng c
th truy cp internet bng thit b ny qua c dy hoc khng dy.
Tn hiu quang c ghp knh v a ti b chia dng cho khu vc ca 1 nhm
ngi tiu dng. Trong mng FTTH, c rt nhiu t l chia dng cho b chia nhng
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thng thng s dng b chia t s 1: 16 cho ngi dng hay ni cch khc, tn
hiu quang c ghp knh a ti cho 1 nhm 16 ngi s dng khc nhau.
Khi tn hiu quang phi chuyn i thnh tn hiu in ti ngi s dng, ONU cn
c t ti kt cui ca mng. Do gi thnh lp t ca mt ONU kh cao nn nh
phn phi thng s dng ONU cho nhiu ngi s dng gim chi ph lp t
mng. Hnh 1.4 di y th hin cu trc c bn ca 1 mng FTTH trong ONU
tng ng vi 1 giao tip gia mng thng tin quang v ngi s dng.
Hnh 1.4Mng FTTH

Vic cung cp ngun cho mng FTTH l mt trong nhng vn chnh cn c
gii quyt. N ng vai tr quan trng trong mng FTTH ti hu ht cc quc gia v
yu cu cp ngun lin tc cho tt c cc dch v vin thng trong khi mng FTTH
khng th truyn dn tn hiu in. Vi trng hp mng FTTC dng cp ng
trc, mng FTTC c cung cp ngun thng qua mt mng cp ng trc chy
song song vi mng. Vi mng FTTH, kh nng tiu th vi cng sut rt thp
chnh l c im cnh tranh ln nht ca n vi cc kin trc mng khc. Vn
ny c gii quyt bi s pht trin ca cc ngun pin hin nay; nh , thit b
thng tin quang u cui ti ngi s dng c th c cp ngun v sc bng in.
Cc ngun cp in dng pin mt tri cng l gii php kh thi cho cc thit b
khu vc xa vi tiu th cng sut rt thp. Kh nng cung cp ngun ny ca mng
FTTH y chi phi lp t ca ton b mng xung t 4 n 8 ln so vi cc
mng khc.
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Hin nay, s pht trin vt bc trong cng ngh si quang cng y gi thnh
ca lp t ca mng FTTH h xung nhanh chng m s pht trin ny bt ngun
chnh t nhng tin b mnh m trong cng ngh laser, cc gii php mi trong
vic phn phi tn hiu video v kin trc mng th ng. Bn cnh nhng tin b
v cng ngh , chng ta cng cn phi k n sc pht trin mnh m ca mng
Internet, cc website v cng ngh video s hnh thnh nhng dch v yu cu
tc cao, bng thng rng. Chnh nhng yu cu khng ngng ca ngi s dng
nhanh chng cho nh sn xut thy gii hn ca mng v nh iu , mng
FTTH l gii php ti u c xut cho nhng kh nng truyn ti bng rng vi
suy hao thp. FTTH c bit hiu qu vi cc dch v: Private Hosting Server,
VPN, Truyn d liu, Game Online, IPTV, VoD, Video Conferrence, IP Camera
vi u th bng thng truyn ti d liu cao, c th nng cp ln bng thng ln ti
1Gbps, an ton d liu, n nh cao, khng b nh hng bi nhiu in, t
trng...
1.1.3.u im ca FTTH
Kin truc mang FTTH s dung c xem xt vi nhiu u im nh s lng cc
b thu pht quang, thit b u cui ca tng i CO (Central Office) v si quang
kh thp. FTTH l mng quang im a im vi cc linh kin quang th ng trn
ng dn tn hiu t ngun n thu bao nh l si quang, b ni v b chia
quang.
Di gc ca nh phn phi th FTTH m ra mt th trng v nhng c hi
mi v dch v truyn thoi , d liu tc cao cng cc dch v truyn hnh,
multimedia tng tc khc. So snh vi mng ADSL (Asymmetric Digital
Subscriber Line) hin nay, tc upload ca FTTH vt qua ngng ca chun
ADSL2+ (1Mbps) hin ti v c th ngang bng vi tc download. V vy thch
hp vi vic truyn ti d liu theo chiu t trong mng khch hng ra ngoi
internet. n nh v tui th cao hn dch v ADSL do khng b nh hng bi
nhiu in, t trng; kh nng nng cp tc (download/upload) d dng. Ngoi
cc ng dng nh ADSL c th cung cp Triple Play Services (d liu, truyn hnh,
thoi), vi u th bng thng vt tri, FTTH sn sng cho cc ng dng i hi
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bng thng cao, c bit l truyn hnh phn gii cao yu cu bng thng ln n
vi chc Mbps, trong khi ADSL khng p ng c. Ngy nay, cc knh truyn
hnh s c nn ti tc t 1.5 6Mbit/s v tin ti cng ngh truyn hnh s
HDTV vi tc truyn ti 20Mbit/s. Mng FTTH c th cung cp cho ngi dng
ng thi t 5-10 knh truyn hnh HDTV vi cc dch v khc. V th , vi s
pht trin ca truyn hnh s th FTTH l yu cu khng th thiu cho cc nh cung
cp dch v truyn hnh. Hn na, n nh ca mng FTTH ngang bng nh
dch v internet knh thu ring Leased-line nhng chi ph thu bao hng thng
thp hn vi chc ln. y s l 1 gi dch v thch hp cho nhm cc khch hng
c nhu cu s dng cao hn ADSL v kinh t hn leased-line.
Bn cnh , mt mnh ca mng FTTH so vi cc mng khc chnh l FTTH c
gi thnh bo dng v duy tr mng thp nht. Thng thng, cc cng ty vin
thng cn tiu hao mt chi ph ln cho bo tr v thay th nhng cp ng c v
xung cp do s ph hy ca mi trng hng nm. Trong khi , vic s dng si
quang trong mng FTTH gim thiu chi ph bo tr h thng do si quang khng
b nh hng mnh m bi mi trng, thi tit nh cp ng.
Chnh bi nhng l do trn , FTTH l mt bc tin vng chc cho cng ngh
Internet bng rng ang c trin khai tai mt s nc trn th gii nh My, Nht
Ban, Han Quc, va bt u c xy dng tai Vit Nam.
1.2. Mng FTTH

1.2.1. Bc song s dung trong mang FTTH
Tn hao truyn sng trn si quang gy nh hng ln ti d tr cng sut,
khong cch vt l, t s chia trong mng. Trong si quang, tn ti rt nhiu nguyn
nhn gy ra suy hao tn hiu nhng ch yu bi 4 nguyn nhn chnh : suy hao do
hp th vt liu, suy hao do tn x, suy hao do un cong v suy hao do ghp v chia
si quang.
Tng hp cc loi suy hao trong si v biu din mt tng quan theo bc sng
ngi ta nhn c ph suy hao ca si quang. Mi loi si c c tnh suy hao
ring. Mt c tuyn in hnh ca loi si n mode nh hnh 1.5.
14
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Nhn vo hnh 1.5 ta thy c ba vng bc sng suy hao thp nht, cn gi l ba
ca s thng tin.
* Ca s th nht: bc sng 850nm. Trong vung bc song t 0.8m ti
1m, suy hao chu yu do tan xa trong o co mt phn anh hng cua suy hao hp
thu. Suy hao trung bnh trong ca s nay mc t (2-3)dB/Km.
* Ca s th hai : bc sng 1300nm. bc sng ny tn sc rt thp,
suy hao chinh do tiu hao tan xa Rayleigh. Suy hao tng i thp khong t
(0,40,5) dB/Km va tan sc nn c dng rng ri hin nay.
* Ca s th ba : bc sng 1550nm. Suy hao thp nht cho n nay
khong 0,3 dB/Km, vi si quang bnh thng tn sc bc sng 1550nm ln
so vi bc sng 1300nm. Tuy nhin vi mt s loi si quang c dng phn b
chit sut c bit c th gim tn sc bc sng 1550nm nh cc si quang
DC, MC v si quang b tn sc. Lc vic s dng ca s th ba s c nhiu
thun li : suy hao thp v tn sc nh.
Hnh 1.5-c tuyn suy hao trong si quang

Hnh 1.5 trn ch ra ph suy hao trong si quang silicat. Thng thng, tn hao
ln nht trn si quang bc sng 1,38 m gy ra bi hp th ca tp cht trong
ion OH- do qu trnh sn xut cp quang. Thng qua cc tnh cht suy hao ca si
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quang, mng FTTH c trin khai da trn 3 vung bc sng chnh l 1310nm,
1490nm v 1550nm. Vng bc sng 1310nm truyn d liu tuyn ln, vng
bc sng 1490nm c dng cho tuyn truyn dn quang tuyn xung cn vung
bc sng 1550nm c s dng cho vic truyn tn hiu tng t trn cp truyn
hnh CATV.
1.2.2. Mng quang tch cc AON v mng quang th ng PON
Nh ni phn trn, FTTH c xem nh l mt gii php hon ho thay th
mng cp ng hin ti nhm cung cp cc dch v triple play (bao gm thoi,
hnh nh, truy nhp d liu tc cao) v cc cc ng dng i hi nhiu bng
thng (nh l truy cp Internet bng rng, chi game trc tuyn v phn tn cc
on video). Tuy nhin nhc im chnh ca FTTH l chi ph cho cc linh
kin v cp quang tng i cao dn ti gi thnh lp t nhng ng quang nh
vy l rt ln. C nhiu gii php khc phc nhc im ny v mt trong
s l trin khai FTTH trn nn mng quang th ng PON (Passive
Optical Network). Hu ht trong cc mng quang hin nay, mi ng cp quang t
nh cung cp s c chia s cho mt s ngi s dng. Khi cc ng cp quang
ny c ko ti pha ngi s dng, cn c 1 b chia quang tch tn hiu ti
cc si quang ring bit ti tng ngi s dng khc nhau. Bi vy, xut hin 2
kin trc in hnh trong vic chia ng cp quang l mng quang tch cc AON
(Active Optical Network) v mng quang th ng PON. c ci nhn r rt hn
v FTTH, ta s tm hiu s lc 2 kin trc ny.
1.2.2.1. AON
Mng quang tch cc s dng mt s thit b quang tich cc phn chia tn hiu
l : switch, router v multiplexer. Mi tn hiu i ra t pha nh cung cp ch c
a trc tip ti khch hng yu cu n. Do , trnh xung t tn hiu on
phn chia t nh cung cp ti ngi dng, cn phi s dng mt thit b in c
tnh cht m cho qu trnh ny. T nm 2007, mt loi mng cp quang ph
bin ny sinh l Ethernet tch cc (Active Ethernet). chnh l bc i u tin
cho s pht trin ca chun 802.3ah nm trong h thng chun 802.3 c gi l
Ethernet in First Mile (EFM). Mng Ethernet tch cc ny s dng chuyn mch
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Ethernet quang phn phi tn hiu cho ngi s dng; nh , c pha nh cung
cp v khch hng tham gia vo mt kin trc mng chuyn mch Ethernet
tng t nh mng my tnh Ethernet s dng trong cc trng hc. Tuy nhin, 2
mng ny cng c s khc bit l Ethernet trong trng hc mc ch ch yu l
lin kt gia my tnh v my in cn mng chuyn mch Ethernet tch cc ny
dng cho kt ni t pha nh cung cp ti khch hng. Mi mt khi chuyn mch
trong mng Ethernet tch cc c th iu khin ln ti 1000 khch hng nhng
thng thng trong thc t, 1 chuyn mch ch s dng cho t 400 n 500 khch
hng.Cc thit b chuyn mch ny thc hin chuyn mch v nh tuyn da vo
lp 2 v lp 3. Chun 802.3ah cng cho php nh cung cp dch v cung cp ng
truyn 100Mbps song cng ti khch hng v tin ti cung cp ng truyn
1Gbps song cng. Hnh 1.6 di y l kin trc n gin ca mng AON.
Hnh 1.6-Mng Active Ethernet (trn ) v mng AON (di)

Mt nhc im rt ln ca mng quang tch cc chnh l thit b chuyn mch.
Vi cng ngh hin ti, thit b chuyn mch bt buc phi chuyn tn hiu quang
thnh tn hiu in phn tch thng tin ri tip tc chuyn ngc li truyn i.
iu ny s lm gim tc truyn dn ti a c th trong h thng FTTH. Ngoi
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ra do y l nhng chuyn mch c tc cao nn cc thit b ny rt t, khng
ph hp vi vic trin khai i tr cho mng truy cp.
1.2.2.2. Mng PON
Cc mng vin thng ngy nay u da trn cc thit b ch ng, ti thit b
tng i ca nh cung cp dch v ln thit b u cui ca khch hng cng nh
cc trm lp, cc thit b chuyn tip v mt s cc thit b khc trn ng
truyn. Cc thit b ch ng l cc thit b ny cn phi cung cp ngun cho mt
s thnh phn, thng l b x l, cc chp nh Vi mng PON, tt c cc
thnh phn ch ng gia tng i CO v ngi s dng s khng cn tn ti m
thay vo l cc thit b quang th ng, iu khin lu lng trn mng da
trn vic phn tch nng lng ca cc bc sng quang hc ti cc im u
cui trn ng truyn. Vic thay th cc thit b ch ng s tit kim chi ph
cho cc nh cung cp dch v v h khng cn cn n nng lng v cc thit b
ch ng trn ng truyn na. Cc b ghp / tch th ng ch lm cc cng
vic n thun nh cho i qua hoc ngn chn nh sng V th, khng cn
nng lng hay cc ng tc x l tn hiu no v t , gn nh ko di v hn
khong thi gian trung bnh gia cc ln li truy cp MTBF (Mean Time
Between Failure), gim chi ph bo tr tng th cho cc nh cung cp dch v.
Mng quang th ng (PON) c xy dng nhm gim s lng cc thit b
thu, pht v si quang trong mng thng tin quang FTTH. PON l mt mng
im ti a im, mt kin trc PON bao gm mt thit b u cui knh
quang c t ti trm trung tm ca nh khai thc dch v v cc b kt cui
mng cp quang ONU/ONT (O ptic al Ne tw ork Unit/O ptic al Ne twork
Te rminal) t ti gn hoc ti nh thu bao. Gia chng l h thng phn
phi mng quan ODN (Optical Distribution Network) bao gm cp quang, cc
thit b tch ghp th ng. Kin trc ca PON c m t nh trong Hnh 1.7.
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Hnh 1.7Mng PON

Trong h thng PON, kt ni mng quang ONT c kh nng h tr kt ni dch
v in thoi truyn thng qua giao din POTS (Plain Old Telephone Service) v
cc giao tip truyn d liu tc cao nh Ethernet v DSL. u cui ng dy
quang OLT bao gm cc khi giao tip PON, mt kt cu chuyn mch d liu v
cc phn t iu khin NE (Network Element). Thit b OLT (thit b kt cui knh
quang) c t pha nh cung cp dch v, cn cc thit b ONT (thit b kt
cui mng quang) c t pha ngui s dng. Thit b OLT cung cp nhiu knh
quang, mi knh quang uc truyn trn mt tuyn cp quang trn c b chia.
Nhim v ca b chia l thu v nhn cc tn hiu quang uc nhn v pht bi
OLT.
Cp si quang truyn t OLT s tri di v kt ni ti mi ONT. Cc bc sng
truyn 1490 nm (hoc 1550 nm ty theo la chn) uc dng cho bng thng chiu
xung t OLT, trong cc bc sng 1310 nm s uc truyn theo hung ln bi
mi thit b ONT. H thng cung cp a ch, cung cp bng thng mt cch t
ng t ng cng nh vic m ha c s dung truy tr v phn tch lu
lng gia OLT v ONT.
Ti hng xung, OLT pht qung b d liu ti tt c cc ONU. Tn hiu hng
xung bao gm d liu cho cc ONT, t u Khai thc Qun l v Bo
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dng OAM (Operation Administration and Maintenance) v cc tn hiu ng
b cho cc ONT gi d liu hng ln. Da vo cc thng tin v khe thi
gian (knh), a ch gi/t bo, bc sng, m CDMA m cc ONT tch d
liu tng ng vi thu bao ca khch hng.
Trong hng ln, mi mt ONU cn c giao thc iu khin truy nhp
mi trng MAC (Medium Access Control) chia s PON. Giao thc MAC
thng c s dng trong PON l a truy nhp phn chia theo thi gian TDMA,
khi mi ONT c cp mt khe thi gian (knh) gi d liu ca mnh ti
OLT. Ngoi ra trong hng ln cn phi c khong thi gian bo v gia cc nhm
gi d liu ca cc ONT, khong thi gian ny phi m bo sao cho ti b thu
OLT d liu khng b trm ph ln nhau.
Thng thng cc h thng TDMA-PON gn trc mt t l phn chia
c nh bng thng hng ln cho cc ONT m khng quan tm c bao nhiu d
liu c gi i. Mt gii php phn b bng thng cho cc ONT l s dng
giao thc phn b bng thng ng DBA (Dynamic Bandwidth Allocation). DBA
l giao thc cho php cc ONT gi yu cu v bng thng ti OLT nhm s dng
hiu qu bng thng hng ln. Cc thng tin yu cu c th l cc mc y hng
i u vo cho cc lp dch v khc nhau. OLT nh gi cc yu cu t cc ONT
v gn bng thng cho gi d liu hng ln ln k tip theo. OLT cng c th
tch hp chc nng tha thun mc dch v SLA (Service Level Agreement) kt
hp vi DBA trong vic phn b bng thng.
Thng thng cc h thng PON truyn d liu c hng xung v hng ln
trong cng mt si quang. Trn mi si mc d cc b ni nh hng cho php s
dng cng mt bc sng cho c 2 hng, tuy nhin i vi cc h thng truyn ti
tc cao m bo cht lng th thng thng mi hng s dng mt bc
sng ring. Trong cc mng PON cc bc sng c s dng l 1490nm hoc
1550nm cho hng xung v 1310nm cho tn hiu ng ln.
u im ca PON l n s dng cc b tch/ghp quang thu ng, c gi thnh r
v c th t bt k u, khng ph thuc vo cc iu kin mi trng, khng
cn phi cung cp nng lng cho cc thit b gia phng my trung tm v pha
ngi dng. Ngoi ra, u im ny cn gip cc nh khai thc gim c chi ph
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bo dng, vn hnh. Nh m kin trc PON cho php gim chi ph cp si
quang v gim chi ph cho thit b ti nh cung cp do n cho php nhiu ngi
dng (thng l 32) chia s chung mt si quang.
1.2.3.Cc chun trong mng PON
Cc chun mng PON c th chia thnh 2 nhm: nhm 1 bao gm cc chun theo
phng thc truy nhp TDMA-PON nh l B-PON (Broadband PON), E-PON
(Ethernet PON), G-PON (Gigabit PON) (c tnh cc ca chun TDMA-PON c
so snh trong Bng 1.1); nhm 2 bao gm chun theo cc phng thc truy
nhp khc nh WDM-PON (Wavelength Division Multiplexing PON) v CDMAPON (Code Division Multiple Access PON)
1.2.3.1.B-PON
Mng quang th ng bng rng B-PON c chun ha trong chui cc khuyn
ngh G.938 ca ITU-T. Cc khuyn ngh ny a ra cc tiu chun v cc khi chc
nng ONT v OLT, khun dng v tc khung ca lung d liu hng ln v
hng xung, giao thc truy nhp hng ln TDMA, cc giao tip vt l, cc giao
tip qun l v iu khin ONT v DBA.
Trong mng B-PON, d liu c ng khung theo cu trc ca cc t bo
ATM. Mt khung hng xung c tc 155Mbit/s (56 t bo ATM c
khch thc 53byte), hoc 622 Mbit/s (4*56 t bo ATM) v mt t bo
qun l vn hnh bo dng lp vt l OAM (PLOAM Physical Layer
OAM) c chn vo c mi 28 t bo trong knh. PLOAM c mt bt
nhn dng cc t bo PLOAM. Ngoi ra cc t bo PLOAM c kh nng lp trnh
c v cha thng tin nh l bng thng hng ln v cc bn tin OAM.
Cn c vo cc thng tin v m s nhn dng knh o v nhn dng ng o
(VPI/VCI) trong cu trc ATM, cc ONT nhn bit v tch d liu ng xung
ca mnh.
Cu trc khung hng ln bao gm 56 t bo ATM (53 byte). Mi mt knh
(time slot) gm c mt t bo ATM/PLOAM v 24 bt t mo u. T mo u
mang thng tin v khong thi gian bo v (guard time), mo u cho php ng b
v khi phc tn hiu ti OLT, v thng tin nhn dng im kt thc ca t mo
21
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u. Chiu di ca t mo u v cc thng tin cha trong c lp trnh bi
OLT. Cc ONT thc hin gi cc t bo PLOAM khi chng nhn c
yu cu t OLT.
B-PON s dng giao thc DBA cho php OLT nhn bit lng bng thng cn
thit cp cho cc ONT. OLT c th gim hoc tng bng thng cho cc ONT da
vo gi cc t bo ATM ri hoc lm y tt c hng ln bi d liu ca ONT.
OLT dng nh k vic truyn hng ln do vy n c kh nng mi bt k ONT
mi no tham gia vo hot ng h thng. Cc ONT mi pht mt bn tin phc hi
trong ca s ny vi thi gian tr ngu nhin trnh xung t khi m c nhiu
ONT mi mun tham gia. OLT xc nh khong cch ti mi ONT mi bng vic
gi ti ONT mt bn tin o c ly v xc nh thi gian bao lu thu c bn tin
phc hi. Sau OLT gi ti ONT mt gi tr tr, gi tr ny c s dng xc
nh thi gian bo v ng vi cc ONT.
1.2.3.2. BPON v Gigabit PON
E-PON l giao thc mng truy nhp y dch v FSAN (Full Service
Access Network) TDMA PON th nht c pht trin da trn khai thc cc u
im ca cng ngh Ethernet ng dng trong thng tin quang. E-PON c chun
ha bi IEEE 802.3.
Trong E-PON d liu hng xung c ng khung theo khun dng Ethernet.
Cc khung E- PON c cu trc tng t nh cc lin kt Gigabit Ethernet im ti
im ngoi tr t mo u v thng tin xc nh im bt u ca khung c thay
i mang trng nhn dng knh logic LLID (Link logic ID) nhm xc nh duy
nht mt ONU MAC. Trong hng ln, cc ONU pht cc khung Ethernet trong
cc khe thi gian c phn b.
ONU s dng giao thc iu khin a im MPCPDU (Multipoint Control
Protocol Data Unit) gi cc bn tin Report yu cu bng thng, trong khi
OLT gi bn tin Gate cp pht bng thng cho cc ONU. Cc bn tin Gate bao
gm thng tin v thi gian bt u v khong thi gian cho php truyn d liu
i vi ONU. OLT cng nh k gi cc bn tin Gate ti cc ONU hi xem
chng c yu cu bng thng hay khng. Cc ONU cng c th gi Report cng
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vi d liu c pht trong hng ln. Ngoi ra, giao thc DBA cng c th c
s dng trong E-PON thc hin c ch iu khin phn b bng thng.
Do khng c cu trc khung thng nht i vi hng xung v hng ln, do
vy trong cu trc ca E-PON, cc khe thi gian v giao thc xc nh c ly l khc
so vi B-PON v G-PON. OLT v cc ONU duy tr cc b m cc b ring
v tng thm 1 sau mi 16ns. Mi mt MPCPDU mang theo mt thi gian
mu, mu ny l gi tr ca b m cc b ca ONU tng ng. Tc truyn d
liu E-PON c th t ti 1Gbit/s.
Mt chun khc cng cng h vi E-PON l chun Gbit/s Ethernet PON (IEEE
802.3av Gbit/s PON). Chun ny l pht trin ca E-PON ti tc 10Gbit/s v
c ng dng ch yu trong cc mng qung b video s. Gbit/s PON cho php
phn phi nhiu dch v i hi bng thng ln, phn gii cao, ng gi IP cc
lung d liu video ngay c khi h s chia OLT/ONT l 1:64 hoc cao hn. Ti thi
im hin ti, tc chiu xung ca GPON khong 2.5 Gbps, v chiu ln l 1.25
Gbps. Nu 1 OLT phc v duy nht mt thu bao th thu bao c th uc khai
thac ton b bng thng nh trn, tuy nhin thng thng trong cc mng trin
khai ti mt s nuc trn th gii, nha cung cp thng thit k tc cho mt thu
bao s dng PON vo khong 100 Mbps cho chiu xung v 40 Mbps cho chiu
ln. Vi tc truy nhp nh vy, bng thng a thoa man cho hu ht cc ng
dng cao cp nh HDTV (khong 10 Mbps, chiu ln chiu xung, chiu ln cho
peer-to-peer HDTV). Tuy nhin, GPON cng c nhc im chnh l : thiu tnh
hi t IP; c mt kt ni duy nht gia OLT v b chia, nu kt ni ny mt ton b
ONT khng c cung cp dch v.
G-PON l giao thc FSAN TDMA PON th 2 c nh ngha trong chui
khuyn ngh G.984 ca ITU-T. G-PON c xy dng trn tri nghim ca B-PON
v E-PON. Mc d G-PON h tr truyn ti tin ATM, nhng n cng a vo mt
c ch thch nghi ti tin mi m c ti u ha cho truyn ti cc khung Ethernet
c gi l phng thc ng gi G-PON (GEM GPON Encapsulation Method).
GEM l phng thc da trn th tc ng khung chung trong khuyn ngh G.701
ngoi tr vic GEM ti u ha t mo u phc v cho ng dng ca PON, cho
php sp xp cc d liu Ethernet vo ti tin GEM v h tr sp xp TDM. G-PON
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s dng cu trc khung GTC cho c hai hng xung v hng ln. Khung
hng xung bt u vi mt t mo u PLOAM, tip sau l vng ti tin GEM
v/hoc cc t bo ATM. PLOAM gm c thng tin cu trc khung v sp t bng
thng cho ONT gi d liu trong khung hng ln tip theo. Khung hng ln bao
gm cc nhm khung gi t cc ONT. Mi mt nhm c bt u vi t mo u
lp vt l m c chc nng tng t trong B-PON, nhng cng bao hm tng hp
cc yu cu bng thng ca cc ONT. Ngoi ra, cc trc PLOAM v cc yu cu
bng thng chi tit hn c gi i km vi cc nhm hng ln khi c yu cu t
OLT. OLT gn cc thi gian cho vic gi d liu hng ln t cho mi ONT.
c tnh
G-PON
FSANv ITU-T SG15
(G.984 series)
C ly ti a OLT-ONU
Chuyn mch bo v
B-PON
FSAN v ITU-T SG15
(G.983 series)
155.52 Mbit/s hng
ln. 155.52 hoc 622.08
Mbit/s hng xung
1:64
Scrambled NRZ
1 hoc 2
1310nm c 2 hng
hoc 1490nm xung &
1310nm ln
20 km
C h tr
Khun dng d liu
ATM
GEM v/hoc ATM
H tr TDM
Qua ATM
H tr thoi
QoS
Sa li hng ti trc
FEC (Forward Error
Correction)
M ha bo mt
Qua ATM
C (DBA)
Trc tip (qua GEM hoc

ATM) hoc CES
Qua TDM hoc VoIP
C (DBA)
Khng
RS(255, 239)
RS(255, 239)
AES 128
OAM
PLOAM v ATM
AES - 128, 192, 256

GTC v ATM/GEM
OAM
Khng
802.3ah Ethernet
OAM
T chc chun ha
Tc d liu
T l chia (ONUs/PON)
M ng truyn
S lng si quang
Bc sng
Ln ti 2.488 Gbit/s c 2
hng
1:64
Scrambled NRZ
1 hoc 2
1310nm c 2 hng hoc
1490nm xung &
1310nm ln
(10 20) km
C h tr
E-PON
IEEE 802.3 (802.3ah)
1 Gbit/s c 2 hng
1:64 **
8B/10B
1
1490nm xung &
1310nm ln
(10 20) km
Khng h tr
Khng (s dng trc
tip cc khung
Ethernet)
CES
VoIP
C (u tin 802.1Q)
Bng 1.1-So snh cc chun cng ngh TDMA PON [5]

1.2.3.3.WDM-PON
WDM-PON l mng quang th ng s dng phng thc a ghp knh phn
chia theo bc sng thay v theo thi gian nh trong phng thc TDMA. OLT s
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dng mt bc sng ring r thng tin vi mi ONT theo dng im-im. Mi
mt ONU c mt b lc quang la chn bc sng tng thch vi n, OLT
cng c mt b lc cho mi ONU.
Nhiu phng thc khc c tm hiu to ra cc bc sng ONU nh l:
-
S dng cc khi quang c th lp t ti ch la chn cc bc sng ONU
Dng cc laser iu chnh c.
Ct ph tn hiu.
Cc phng thc th ng m theo OLT cung cp tn hiu sng mang ti
cc ONU.
-
S dng tn hiu hng xung iu chnh bc sng u ra ca laser
ONU.
Cu trc ca WDM-PON c m t nh trong Hnh 1.8. Trong WDM-PON
c th c s dng cho nhiu ng dng khc nhau nh l FTTH, cc ng dng
VDSL v cc im truy nhp v tuyn t xa. Cc b thu WDM-PON s dng k
thut lc quang mng ng dn sng AWG (Array Waveguide Grating). Mt AWG
c th c t mi trng trong nh hoc ngoi tri.
Hnh 1.8-Cu trc ca WDM-PON

u im chnh ca WDM-PON l n kh nng cung cp cc dch v d liu theo
cc cu trc khc nhau (DS1/E1/DS3, 10/100/1000 Base Ethernet) ty theo
yu cu v bng thng ca khch hng. Tuy nhin, nhc im chnh ca
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WDM-PON l chi ph kh ln cho cc linh kin quang sn xut b lc nhng
bc sng khc nhau. WDM-PON cng c trin khai kt hp vi cc giao thc
TDMA PON ci thin bng thng truyn tin.
1.2.3.4.CDMA-PON
Cng ngh a truy nhp phn chia theo m CDMA cng c th trin khai trong
cc ng dng PON. Cng ging nh WDM-PON, CMDA-PON cho php mi ONU
s dng khun dng v tc d liu khc nhau tng ng vi cc nhu cu ca
khch hng. CDMA-PON cng c th kt hp vi WDM tng dung lng bng
thng.
CDMA-PON truyn ti cc tn hiu khch hng vi nhiu ph tn truyn dn tri
trn cng mt knh thng tin. Cc k hiu t cc tn hiu khc nhau c m ha
v nhn dng thng qua b gii m. Phn ln cng ngh ng dng trong CDMAPON tun theo phng thc tri ph chui trc tip. Trong phng thc ny mi k
hiu 0, 1 (tng ng vi mi tn hiu) c m ha thnh chui k t di hn v c
tc cao hn.
Mi ONU s dng tr s chui khc nhau cho k t ca n. khi phc li d
liu, OLT chia nh tn hiu quang thu c sau gi ti cc b lc nhiu x
tch ly tn hiu ca mi OUN.
u im chnh ca CDMA-PON l cho php truyn ti lu lng cao v c tnh
nng bo mt ni tri so cc chun PON khc. Tuy nhin, mt tr ngi ln
trong CDMA-PON l cc b khuch i quang i hi phi c thit k sao cho
m bo tng ng vi t s tn hiu/tp m. Vi h thng CDMA-PON khng c
b khuch i quang th ty thuc vo tn hao b sung trong cc b chia, b xoay
vng, cc b lc m h s t chia ONU/OLT ch l 1:2 hoc 1:8. Trong khi vi
b khuych i quang h s ny c th t 1:32 hoc cao hn. Bn cnh cc b
thu tn hiu trong CDMA-PON l kh phc tp v gi thnh tng i cao. Chnh
v nhng nhc im ny nn hin ti CDMA-PON cha c pht trin rng ri.
Tng kt:
Cng ngh PON ra i m ra mt tim nng ln cho trin khai cc dch v bng
rng v thay th dn cc h thng mng truy nhp cp ng bng thng hp v cht
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lng thp. Cc mng PON s dng h thng thng tin quang c bng thng rng
t l li bt thp (BER: 10-10 10-12) Tuy nhin, n cng c nhc im l gi thnh
xy dng tng i cao v khng trin khai c ti nhng a hnh phc tp. C
nhiu chun PON khc nhau, do vy trong thc t ty vo yu cu thc t m mt
nh khai thc cn la chn gii php cho ph hp.
1.2.4. B tch/ghp quang v topo trong mng PON
1.2.4.1.B tch/ghp quang
Mt mng quang th ng s dng mt thit b th ng tch mt tn hiu
quang t mt si quang sang mt vi si quang v ngc li. Thit b ny l
Coupler quang. n gin, mt Coupler quang gm hai si ni vi nhau. T s
tch ca b tch c th c iu khin bng chiu di ca tng ni v v th n l
hng s.
O2
I1
O3
a)
I1
O2
I2
b)
I1
O2
I2
O3
c)
Hnh 1.9-Cu hnh c bn b ghep/tach quang

Hnh 1.9a c chc nng tch tia vo thnh 2 tia u ra, y l Coupler Y.Hnh
1.9b l Coupler ghp cc tn hiu quang ti hai u vo thnh mt tn hiu ti u
ra. Hnh 1.9c va ghp va tch quang v gi l Coupler X hoc Coupler phn
hng 2x2. Coupler c nhiu hn hai cng vo v nhiu hn hai cng ra gi l
Coupler hnh sao. Coupler NxN c to ra t nhiu Couper 2x2.
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Hnh 1.10-Coupler hinh sao va phng php to 1x8 coupler t Y coupler

Coupler c c trng bi cc thng s sau:
Tn hoa tch (split loss): Mc nng lng u ra ca Coupler so vi
nng lng u vo (db). i vi Coupler 2x2 l tng, gi tr ny l 3dB. Hnh

1.10 minh ho hai m hnh 8x8 Coupler da trn 2x2 Coupler. Trong m hnh 4
ngn (hnh a), ch 1/6 nng lng u vo c chia mi u ra. Hnh (b) a ra
m hnh hiu qu hn gi l mng lin kt mng a ngn. Trong m hnh ny mi
u ra nhn c 1/8 nng lng u vo.
Tn hao chn (insert loss): Nng lng tn hao do s cha hon ho
ca qu trnh x l. Gi tr ny nm trong khong 0,1dB n 1dB.
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H s nh hng (Directivity): Lng nng lng u vo b r r
t mt cng u vo n cc cng u vo khc. Coupler l thit b nh hng cao

vi thng s nh hng trong khong 40-50dB.
Thng thng, cc Coupler c ch to ch c mt cng vo hoc mt b
kt hp (Combiner). i khi cc Coupler 2x2 c ch to c tnh khng i xng
cao ( vi t s tch l 5/95 hoc 10/90). Cc Coupler loi ny c s dng tch
mt phn nng lng tn hiu, v d vi mc ch nh lng. Cc thit b nh th
ny c gi l tap coupler. B tch/ghp quang c s dng rng ri trong
mng PON xy dng thnh 4 topo c bn nht v mng l : hnh cy , vng , bus
v hnh cy & ng ti d phng.
1.2.4.2.Topo hnh cy
Thng thng trong cc mng u c xy dng theo topo hnh cy trong ch
s dng 1 ng cp quang ni trc tip t OLT ti b chia. T b chia, s c mt
ng cp quang kt ni t mi ONU ti mng. V nguyn tc, cc mng u s
dng topo hnh cy vi kin trc b chia ghp tng v trong thc t, trong mt s
mng ch c 1 b chia thng c gi l topo hnh sao.
u im u tin ca kin trc mng ny l b chia c tp trung ti mt im
nn d dng xc nh c nhng s c ca mng. u im th hai chnh l tt c
cc ONU trong cng mng s c chung d tr cng sut hay ni cch khc l cht
lng tn hiu ti cc ONU s gn tng t nh nhau. Kin trc ny cho php cc
ONU c s dng chung OLT v c kh nng x l v truyn ti mt cch cng
bng ng thi gip nh sn xut h gi thnh cc thit b mng. Hn na, kt ni
im a im ca mng PON cng gim trng thi tc nghn pha OLT so vi
kt ni im - im thng thng. Tuy nhin, s lng ONU trong mng theo topo
ny cng b gii hn bi suy hao ca cc b ghp hnh sao v nhu cu bng thng
ca ngi s dng. Bi v dung lng ca ngi s dng phi ph hp vi kh
nng cung cp ca ng truyn sau b chia nn cng l mt l do hn ch s
lng ngi s dng.
Topo hnh sao vi 1 b chia l kiu topo thng gp trong thc t bi kh nng c
th chuyn i d dng v hiu qu t cng ngh bng hp (2Mbps cho mi khch
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hng) ln ti mng quang bng rng (1Gbps cho mi khch hng). Khi s khch
hng yu cu dch v tng ln, mng PON vi topo hnh sao s c chia nhanh
chng thnh cc mng nh hn bng cch thm b chia v OLT trong mng. V
vy, topo dng ny rt d dng trin khai m rng mng cho nh cung cp. Thng
thng, PON hnh sao thng s dng cc b ghp/chia quang th ng hnh sao
m rng ( passive optical broadcast star coupler) do kh nng cung cp s lng
cng vo hoc ra mt cch linh hot ca b chia ny. Nh cung cp c th d dng
phn phi mt s lng cng pht hu hn cho s cng ra thay i (v ngc li)
hoc c th phn phi mt s lng cng pht v thu thay i nu s dng thm k
thut WDM (cch ny thng c gi thnh cao trong thc t) vi b chia ny.
Nhc im ca topo hnh cy l ch c th s dng cho k thut a truy nhp
TDMA trong cc khe thi gian truyn nhn gia OLT v cc ONU c ch
nh cho mi ng kt ni ring bit t mi ONU ti mng trnh xy ra xung
t d liu gia cc ONU khi pht ln OLT thng qua b chia. Thng thng, trong
mng kiu ny vic ch nh khe thi gian s c cp pht ng cho mi ONU khi
lin kt vo mng. Mt im yu khc ca topo hnh sao l tin cy ca mng
khng cao, mi khi tng i pha nh cung cp CO gp s c s gy s c cho ton
mng. Ngoi ra cn phi k n nhng s c khc trong mng nh li ti b khuch
i, ti b truyn nhn, ti node trong mng cng nh hng ti cht lng ca
ton mng. Mt l do d dng nhn thy na l do hn ch ti cc kt ni sau b
chia lm cho khch hng lun lun b hn ch tc bi 1 gi tr hng nh dn n
lm gim tnh tn dng ca mng trong vic phn phi bng thng cho ngi dng.
Hnh 1.11Topo hnh cy
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1.2.4.3.Topo dng bus
Topo dng bus cng s dng 1 cp quang t OLT ti khch hng nn cng gp
phi nhng vn tng t nh topo hnh cy trn. Mi ngi s dng c kt
ni vo mng thng qua mt b ghp dy nhnh (tap coupler) v b ghp ny s
a mt phn cng sut tn hiu pht t OLT i ti ngi s dng. u im ca
phng php ny l kh nng ti thiu ha s cp quang cn c s dng (nu
ONU c kt ni trc tip ti b ghp) v m rng mng mt cch linh hot, d
dng (khi c thm ONU mi tham gia vo mng th ch cn dng thm b ghp
kt ni trc tip vo mng). Tuy nhin, topo ny cng c nhc im l : tn hiu
quang suy hao dn qua mi b ghp nn ONU xa OLT c th khng thu c tn
hiu do cht lng tn hiu qu ti sau khi i qua mt s lng nht nh b ghp
nhnh. ng thi, vi topo ny s yu cu mt ng cp quang c di rt ln
khi m rng trong mng 2 chiu.
Hnh 1.12Topo dng bus

1.2.4.4.Topo dng vng
Topo dng vng c s dng chnh trong cc mng thnh ph ln bi kh nng
mm do trong vic ti u ha cc ng truyn. Trong topo dng vng, tn ti 2
ng kt ni t OLT ti mi ONU nn n c kh nng rt linh hot trong vic
thit lp v bo tr mng cp quang k c trong trng hp cp quang b t. Tuy
nhin, n cng yu cu s dng 2 si quang ti OLT v nhng thit b phc tp
khc c kh nng chuyn mch v truyn nhn tn hiu theo 2 hng trong vng ti
mi ONU. Do , topo dng vng cng c nhng nhc im tng t nh topo
dng bus v d tr cng sut trn ng truyn. Khi tn hiu quang c truyn qua
mi ONU, tn hiu b suy hao ng k; iu ny gy ra gii hn cho kh nng
truyn nhn v s lng ONU trong topo dng vng. Dung lng ca mng c
chia s mt cch mm do cho cc ONU trong mng nn vic s dng 2 cp quang
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trong mng vng cng khng ci thin c dung lng ca mng v tt nhin, s
lng ONU trong mng topo dng vng cng khng h ln hn trong mng c topo
dng bus v hnh cy.
Hnh 1.13-Topo dng vng

1.2.4.5.Topo hnh cy kt hp topo dng vng hoc ng ti ph
Topo dng ny c s dng nh 1 loi topo chun cho mng hnh cy nhng
trong s dng 2 cp quang cho OLT nhm mc ch tng s mm do trong vic
khai thc mng. Trong trng hp 1 cp quang b t th cp cn li vn c kh
nng hot ng trong mng. Tuy nhin, trong qu trnh thit lp mng ny, 2 ng
cp quang c s dng cho 2 ng ti khc nhau nhm mc ch trnh kh nng
xy ra 2 ng cp quang b t ti cng mt thi im. Cc b ghp quang hnh
sao cng c s dng trong mng cung cp kh nng chuyn mch mt cch
ch ng trong vic la chn ng ti ti OLT cho mi ONU tham gia vo mng
hoc kh nng cung cp dng d liu tng ln gp i khi s dng chuyn mch ti
mi ONU. Nh vy, dung lng cc i trn mi ng ti trong mng quang s
c gim mt na v do , khng cn gii hn s ONU c s dng trong
mng m vn m bo tc truyn nhn mi cng ti mi ONU tham gia vo
mng.
Hnh 1.14Topo hnh cy vi ng ti ph
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Trong thc t, vic kt hp c 3 topo c bn cho php nh cung cp c th cung
cp mt mng c kh nng tp trung vi mt cao nhng vn m bo cht lng
dch v trong cc mng 2 chiu. S kt hp gia topo dng vng c in v topo
hnh cy mang li kh nng phn phi mm do v ti u trong vic thit k mng
quang trn tng on nh trong hnh v 1.15. Mt phng php tip cn khc l s
kt hp ca 2 topo dng vng trn mi on mng cung cp kh nng linh hot
trong vic phn phi mng (hnh 1.16). Tuy nhin, phng php ny s dng nhng
giao thc qun tr mng phc tp v nhiu cp quang trong qu trnh thit lp mng.
Hin nay, c rt nhiu nghin cu trong vic thit lp v xy dng mng ny.
Hnh 1.15Topo hnh cy kt hp topo dng vng
Hnh 1.16Topo dng vng kt hp
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1.2.5. PON MAC layer
Ngoi kin trc MAC thng thng trong Ethernet, mng PON s dng mt s
giao thc khc trong vic iu khin lu lng mng v trnh xung t.
1.2.5.1. Giao thc iu khin a im MPCP(Multi-Point Control Protocol)
h tr vic nh v khe thi gian bi OLT, giao thc MPCP ang c nhm
IEEE 802.3ah pht trin. MPCP khng xy dng mt c ch phn b bng tn c
th, m thay vo , n l mt c ch h tr thit lp cc thut ton phn b bng
tn khc nhau trong EPON. Giao thc ny da vo hai bn tin Ethernet: Gate v
Report. Bn tin Gate c gi t OLT n ONU n nh mt khe thi gian
truyn. Bn tin Report c ONU s dng truyn t cc thng tin v trng thi
hin ti ca n (nh mc chim d ca b m) n OLT, gip OLT c th phn b
khe thi gian mt cch hp l. C hai bn tin Gate v Report u l cc khung iu
khin MAC (loi 88-08) v c x l bi lp con iu khin MAC.
C hai m hnh hot ng ca MPCP: t khi to v hot ng bnh thng.
Trong m hnh t khi to c dng d cc kt ni ONU mi, nhn bit tr
Round-trip v a ch MAC ca ONU . Trong m hnh bnh thng c dng
phn b c hi truyn dn cho tt c cc ONU c khi to.
T nhiu ONU c th yu cu khi to cng mt lc, m hnh khi to t
ng l mt th tc da vo s cnh tranh. lp cao hn n lm vic nh sau:
1. OLT ch nh mt khe khi to, mt khong thi gian m khng c ONU
khi to trc no c php truyn. Chiu di ca khe khi to ny phi ti thiu
l: <transmission size> + <maximum round-trip time> - <minimum round-trip
time>; vi <transmission size> l chiu di ca ca s truyn m mt ONU khng
khi to c th dng.
2. OLT gi mt bn tin khi to Gate bo hiu thi gian bt u ca khe
khi to v chiu di ca n. Trong khi chuyn tip bn tin ny t lp cao hn n
lp MAC, MPCP s gn nhn thi gian c ly theo ng h ca n.
3. Ch cc ONU cha khi to mi p ng bn tin khi to Gate. Trong lc
nhn bn tin khi to Gate, mt ONU s thit lp thi gian ng h ca n theo
nhn thi gian n trong bn tin khi to Gate.
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4. Khi ng h trong ONU n thi gian bt u ca khe thi gian khi to
(cng c phn phi trong bn tin Gate), ONU s truyn bn tin ca chnh n
(khi to Report). Bn tin Report s cha a ch ngun ca ONU v nhn thi gian
tng trng cho thi gian bn trong ca ONU khi bn tin Report c gi.
5. Khi OLT nhn bn tin Report t mt ONU cha khi to, n nhn bit
a ch MAC ca n v thi gian Round-trip. Nh c minh ha hnh 1.17, thi
gian Round-trip ca mt ONU l thi gian sai bit gia thi gian bn tin Report
c nhn OLT v nhn thi gian cha trong bn tin Report.
Hnh 1.17-Thi gian Round-trip

T nhiu ONU cha khi to, c th p ng cng bn tin khi to Gate, bn tin
Report c th xung t. Trong trng hp , bn tin Report ca ONU b xung t
s khng thit lp bt k khe no cho hot ng bnh thng ca n. Nu nh ONU
khng nhn c khe thi gian trong khong thi gian no , n s kt lun rng
s xung t xy ra v n s th khi to li sau khi b qua mt s bn tin khi
to Gate ngu nhin. S bn tin b c chn ngu nhin t mt khong thi gian
gp i sau mi ln xung t.
Di y chng ta m t hot ng bnh thng ca MPCP:
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1. T lp cao hn (MAC control client), MPCP trong OLT a ra yu cu
truyn bn tin Gate n mt ONU c th vi cc thng tin nh sau: thi im
ONU bt u truyn dn v thi gian ca qu trnh truyn dn (hnh 1.18).
Hnh 1.18-Giao thc MPCP-hot ng ca bn tin Gate

2 Trong lp MPCP (ca c OLT v ONU) duy tr mt ng h. Trong khi
truyn bn tin Gate t lp cao hn n lp MAC, MPCP s gn vo bn tin ny
nhn thi gian c ly theo ng h ca n.
3. Trong khi tip nhn bn tin Gate c a ch MAC ph hp (a ch ca
cc bn tin Gate u l duy nht), ONU s ghi ln cc thanh ghi trong n thi gian
bt u truyn v khong thi gian truyn. ONU s cp nht ng h ca n theo
thi gian lu trn nhn ca bn tin Gate nhn c. Nu s sai bit vt qu
ngng c nh trc th ONU s cho rng, n mt s ng b v s t
chuyn vo mode cha khi to. mode ny, ONU khng c php truyn. N s
ch n bn tin Gate khi to tip theo khi to li.
4. Nu thi gian ca bn tin Gate c nhn gn ging vi thi gian c
lu trn nhn ca bn tin Gate, ONU s cp nht ng h ca n theo nhn thi
gian. Khi ng h trong ONU ch n thi im bt u ca khe thi gian truyn
dn, ONU s bt u phin truyn dn. Qu trnh truyn dn ny c th cha nhiu
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khung Ethernet. ONU s m bo rng khng c khung no b truyn gin on.
Nu phn cn li ca khe thi gian khng cho khung tip theo th khung ny s
c li cho khe thi gian truyn dn tip theo v trng mt phn khng s
dng trong khe thi gian hin ti.
Bn tin Report s c ONU gi i trong ca s truyn dn gn cho n cng
vi cc khung d liu. Cc bn tin Report c th c gi mt cch t ng hay
theo yu cu ca OLT. Cc bn tin Report c to ra lp trn lp iu khin
MAC (MAC Control Client) v c gn nhn thi gian ti lp iu khin MAC
(Hnh 1.19). Thng thng Report s cha di yu cu cho khe thi gian tip
theo da trn di hng i ca ONU. Khi yu cu mt khe thi gian, ONU cng
c tnh n c cc phn mo u bn tin, l cc khung mo u 64 bit v khung
mo u IFG 96 bit c ghp vo trong khung d liu.
Hnh 1.19-Giao thc MPCP-hot ng ca bn tin Report

Khi bn tin Report c gn nhn thi gian n OLT, n s i qua lp MAC
(lp ny chu trch nhim phn b bng tn). Ngoi ra, OLT cng s tnh li chu
trnh i v v vi mi ngun ONU nh trong hnh 1.19. S c mt s chnh lch
nh ca RTT mi v RTT c tnh t trc bt ngun t s thay i trong chit
sut ca si quang do nhit thay i. Nu s chnh lch ny l ln th OLT s
c cnh bo ONU mt ng b v OLT s khng cp phin truyn dn cho
ONU cho n khi n c khi to li.
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Hin nay giao thc MPCP vn ang tip tc c xy dng v pht trin bi
nhm 802.3ah ca IEEE. y l nhm c nhim v pht trin v a ra cc gii
php Ethernet cho cc thu bao ca mng truy nhp.
1.2.5.2. PON vi kin trc IEEE 802
Kin trc IEEE 802 nh ngha hai phng thc: Share Medium v song cng.
Trong phung thc chia s trung gian (Share Medium), tt c cc trm c kt ni
n min truy nhp n, phn ln mt trm c th pht ti mt lc v tt c
cc trm c th nhn bt c lc no. Trong phng thc song cng, l s kt ni
im-im kt ni hai trm v c hai trm c th pht v nhn ng thi. Da vo
nh ngha , cc cu khng bao gi chuyn tip khung quay tr li cng vo ca
n. Ni khc, n cho rng tt c cc trm c kt ni n cng mt cng ca cu
v c th truyn thng vi nhau m khng cn thng qua cu. Phng thc ny
to ra kh nng cc ngi dng c kt ni n cc ONU khc nhau trong cng
mng PON v c th truyn thng vi nhau m d liu khng cn x l lp 3
hoc lp cao hn.
Point to Point Emulation
Trong m hnh ny, OLT phi c N cng MAC, mt cng cho mt ONU( hnh
1.20). Khi mt khung c gi xung (t OLT n ONU), lp con PtPE trong OLT
s chn LinkID kt hp vi cng MAC c th vo khung d liu. Cc khung s
c chia s cho tng ONU nhng ch mt lp MAC ca n. lp MAC ca cc
ONU cn li s khng nhn c khung ny. Trong kh nng ny, n s xut hin
nu ch khi khung c gi theo kt ni PtP ch cho mt ONU.
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Chn LinkID kt
hp vi cng
MAC
Chp nhn khung

nu LinkID ph
hp
T chi khung nu
LinkID khng ph
hp
Hnh 1.20-Hng xung trong PtPE

hng ln, ONU s chn LinkID c n nh ca n vo mo u ca mi
khung c chuyn. Lp con PtPE trong OLT s tch khung nhn bit cng
MAC chnh xc da vo LinkID duy nht cho mi ONU.(hnh 1.21).
Tch khung
theo cng
trong LinkID
Chn LinkID
c n nh
cho ONU
Hnh 1.21-Hng ln trong PtPE

Cu hnh PtPE thch hp vi cu khi mi ONU c kt ni n mt cng c
lp ca cu. Cu c t trong OLT s chuyn tip lu lng vo trong ONU gia
cc cng ca n.
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Hnh 1.22-Cu gia cc ONU trong PtPE

Share Medium Emulation
Trong SME, bt k mt Node no (OLT hay ONU) s chuyn khung d liu v s
c nhn tt c cc Node (OLT v ONU). Trong hng xung, OLT s chn
mt LinkID qung b m mi ONU u chp nhn (hnh 1.23). m bo hot
ng Share Medium cho hng ln, lp con SME trong OLT phi nhn nh tt c
cc khung tr li hng xung tt c cc ONU nhn chnh khung d liu ca n
th lp con SME ONU ch tha nhn khung nu LinkID ca khung khc vi
LinkID ca n.
Chn LinkID
qung b
Chp nhn tt c cc
khung ngoi tr
khung ca n
Hnh 1.23-Hng truyn xung trong SME

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Chp nhn tt c cc
khung v phn hi li
hng xung
Khi truyn khung, chn

LinkID
Khi nhn khung, t chi
LinkID ca chnh n
Hnh 1.24-Hng truyn ln trong SME

SME ch yu cu mt cng MAC trong OLT. Chc nng vt l ca lp ny (lp
con SME) l cung cp truyn thng ONU n ONU, khng cn cu lin kt.
Bng s kt hp vi chun 802 c, mng PON m ra mt hng i mi cho th
h mng quang th ng. Mng PON s s dng kt hp 2 m hnh mng imim v im-a im nhm ti u ha vic truyn ti d liu v cc dch v video
trong thi gian thc vi cht lng cao.
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Chng II : KIN TRC B THU-PHT TRONG MNG

PON
2.1.c im chung
B thu phat quang chim vai tro quan trong nht trong h thng thng tin quang
hin nay bi chung thc hin nhim vu c ban nht trong mang quang la bin i
tin hiu quang thanh tin hiu in. Cac b thu phat quang s dung laser ban dn va
thit bi nhn c kt hp trong mt linh kin tich hp a lam giam gia thanh thit
bi mang lai y nghia v cung quan trong trong vic truyn nhn tin hiu tng t va
s thng qua si quang. Transceiver (la thut ng kt hp cua transmitter va
receiver) c xem la thanh phn chinh lam gia thanh cua vic lp t mang quang
tng ln kha cao. Chinh vi vy, trn th gii co rt nhiu nghin cu thit k b
thu-phat co gia thanh re, hiu sut cao va gon nhe, d dang s dung trong thc t.
Cap quang a c bit n t nhng nm 1990. Ban u, mang s dung cap
quang chi co tc khoang 100Mbps. Sau o, mang nay c nng cp co th at
ti tc t 150-600 Mbps da vao kin truc SDH. Sau o, kin truc mang s dung
cac goi ATM a c thay th mang Ethernet trc o nhm nng cao tc cua
mang. T o, chun u tin cho mang PON la G.893 c ITU-T a ra nm
1998. ng thi, h thng mang PON tc 100Mbps a c phat trin va a
vao s dung trong thng mai nhng chi trong mt s vung gii han va gia thanh
kha cao. Trong khoang thi gian 3-4 nm sau, tc mang PON c cai thin ln
ti hn 1Gbps va uy ban IEEE a a ra chun 802.3 ah (chun EPON) vao thang 6
nm 2004. Mt vai nha cung cp tai Nht Ban nh NTT a xut mt h thng
vi chun GPON danh cho cac ng dung thc t. Cung trong thi gian nay, ITU-T
a ra chun GPON vi tc lung ln 1,244 Gbps va tc lung xung ln
ti 2,488 Gbps. Cac b thu phat quang tun theo nhng chun nay c a ra
thanh cac chip va cac module cung vi s phat trin cua cac thit bi truyn tin hiu
quang a nng cao tc cua cac ng dung trong mang FTTH.
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2.1.1.Yu cu i vi mang PON
Bang 2.1 di y a ra ti s chia va d tr cng sut cho tng kin truc mang
PON 3 chun khac nhau. BPON co th cung cp t 16 n 32 ONU va kha nng
phn phi bng thng linh hoat. Ca 2 mang BPON va GPON u tun thu theo 3
lp A, B, C cua chun G.982 cua ITU-T vi d tr cng sut ln lt la 20, 25, 30
dB gia OLT va ONU. GPON c nng cp t BPON vi tc cao hn co th
s dung chung cho n 128 node. ng thi, GPON cho phep ti s chia cao hn
mang BPON kha nhiu tc la co th phuc vu s lng thu bao cao hn so vi
BPON rt nhiu nhng no cung bi han ch bi d tr cng sut.
Chun 802.3 ah cung xac inh ro khoang cach truyn nhn chi t 10-20 km. Lp
vt ly cung s dung chun 1000BASE-TX10 hoc 1000BASE-TX20. EPON co th
cung cp ti thiu 16 b chia quang chi cn hiu sut co th vt qua mt gia tri
gii han chp nhn c, ti s chia cung khng c xac inh ro rang bi no phu
thuc chinh vao suy hao cua cap quang va kha nng thit bi lp vt ly trong thc t.
Trong thc t, mang EPON co th cung cp ti s chia 1:32 hoc 1: 64 tuy thuc vao
d tr cng sut trong thc t.
Bng 2.1-D tr cng sut [6]

D tr cng sut quang trong tng c quyt inh bi cac nha cung cp khac
nhau do chung phu thuc trc tip vao cac linh kin tich cc cua nha san xut nh
laser, b thu va PON chip. Thng thng cc thit b trong mng BPON s dng
theo chun lp B nhng mt vi tuyn truyn dn c di 20km trong thc t yu
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cu d tr cng sut cn thit cao hn. Chnh iu lm cho mt s thit b tch
cc trong thc t phi c d tr cng sut ln ti 26,5dB; nh vy lm tng kh
nng ghp vi cc thit b khc trong mng, tng t s chia ca mng BPON ng
thi cho php mng c kh nng chp nhn d tr cng sut l 28dB. Do , lp B+
c a ra trong chun G.982.
Vi chun G.982 lp A thng c s dng cho cc ng dng ca mng FTTC
th chun G.982 lp B v B+ c s dng trong mng FTTP ngy nay vi cht
lng v t s chia tt nht. Hn na, mc d chun lp B+ c cht lng tt hn
nhng n khng c gi thnh cao nh mng tun theo chun lp C (cung cp cht
lng mng c d tr cng sut cao hn) nh cc IC c nhy cao v tp m nh.
Trong thc t cc nh cung cp mng thng s dng chun B+ cung cp mng
cho thu bao s dng. Trong tng lai, cc nh cung cp s a ti nhng thit b
c th s dng cho tuyn truyn dn khong cch xa hn (t 30-40km) vi t s
chia ln ti 1:128 nh chun lp C.
2.1.2.Lp vt l mang PON
c im lp vt l trong mng ph thuc trc tip vo tnh cht vt l ca c s
h tng mng m c th trong mng PON l kh nng bin i tn hiu quang-in
v ngc li, kh nng khi phc nh thi cho xung clock v d liu c truyn
trong mng. Lp vt l s trc tip mang dng d liu nhn c truyn ti ln cc
lp trn v cng chu trch nhim bin i d liu t cc lp trn chuyn ti thnh
cc tn hiu quang truyn i. V vy, c im vt l ca mng PON s quyt
nh bi cng sut pht, nhy thu cho tng mng vi d tr cng sut v tc
truyn ti khc nhau. Bng 2.2 di y xc nh c im ca lp vt l trong
mng BPON theo chun G.982.
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Bng 2.2-Tnh cht lp vt l ca mng BPON [7]

Sau khi a ra chun BPON, mng GPON c xut thay th BPON bi
kh nng truyn ti tc cao. Trong khi GPON c dng phc v tt c cc
dch v khc nhau th mc ch thit k mng EPON ch dnh truyn ti cc gi
d liu trong mng Ethernet. ITU-T c gng a ra mt chun chung cho lp vt
l mng EPON nhng bi tnh cht khc nhau gia 2 mng ny nn c im lp
vt l ca EPON v GPON c s khc bit theo bng 2.3.
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Bng 2.3-Lp vt l mng EPON v GPON [8]

2.1.3.nh thi cho ch burst-mode trong mng PON
Truyn ti ch burst-mode trong mng PON theo hng ln yu cu nh thi
rt nghim ngt gia OLT v ONU. Hnh 2.1 di y minh ha nh thi cho ch
burst-mode ca lp vt l mng PON vi dng d liu tuyn ln pht ra t ONU
ti OLT.
K thut a truy nhp v kh nng truyn nhn ch burst-mode yu cu phn
pht ca ONU cn phi truyn i tn hiu nh thi m u trong khe thi gian
c ch nh bi lp MAC; ni cch khc l cng sut tn hiu laser v t s phn
bit mc tn hiu cn phi n nh trong khong thi gian ny ng thi khng thay
i trc khi khe thi gian hon thnh cng vic. Trong sut cc khe thi gian ch
nh cho cc ONU, phn pht ca mi ONU phi c tt hoc khng c truyn
i tn hiu quang; nu khng n s gy ra nhiu xuyn knh v nh hng ti dng
tn hiu tuyn ln. iu ny yu cu cc chuyn mch pha pht ca ONU phi c
thi gian chuyn mch nhanh (thng thng c thi gian ln v xung ca tn hiu
trong khong di ns) sau khi bt hoc tt ngun hay khi bt u tin hnh kt ni
vi mng.
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Hnh 2.1-nh thi cho ch burst mode [9]

Tm li, c 2 yu cu c bn cho phn pht ca ONU l : c thi gian chuyn
mch v khi ng nhanh bi n chim vai tr rt quan trng i vi thit b c t
s chia cao (kh nng nhanh chng khi phc li kt ni sau khi c li xy ra trong
mng chu nh hng rt ln ca s lng ONU c trong mng), c kh nng
nhanh chng pht hin s tri ca tn hiu trong mng (iu ny rt quan trong khi
cn truyn ti nhng gi d liu ln chim khong thi gian kh di trong mng).
Phn thu ca OLT phi c nhy thu cao (pht hin nhng li trong mng do s
thay i nh ca cng sut tn hiu pht), di ng ln v p ng nhanh. Thng
thng, mi ONU c suy hao truyn dn khc nhau ti OLT do khong cch khc
nhau ca cc ONU ti OLT; bi vy, OLT cn phi nhn bit nhanh chng cc tn
hiu burst c bin thin v bin v pha rt ln trong mng. Trong trng hp
xu nht xy ra l khi mt tn hiu burst c bin rt thp theo sau l tn hiu burst
vi bin ln hn rt nhiu th OLT cn phi nhanh chng xc nh s bin thin
gia bin 2 tn hiu vi thi gian xc lp rt ngn.
Bng 2.4 di y tng kt nh thi trong mng BPON, GPON v EPON. Nh
bng di y, mng BPON v GPON c yu cu nh thi rt nghim ngt. Trong
mng BPON, cc khung d liu tuyn ln gm 53 khe thi gian, mi khung gm 3
byte PLP v 1 byte CRC t phn u mi khung. Khi 2 khe thi gian lin tc
c cp pht cho ONU khc nhau th trong thi gian truyn 4 byte ny (chim
khong 205.8 ns) thi gian lm tt laser pht ONU u tin , bt laser pht
ti ONU th 2, thc hin khuch i v ng b xung clock OLT. GPON c cc
tham s yu cu nh thi cht ch hn. V d, trong mng GPON vi tc
1,244Gbps ch cn dng 32 bit trong khong thi gian bo v thc hin qu trnh
bt v tt laser, 44 bit PLP c ch nh cho vic iu khin khuch i v ng
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b xung clock pha thu. Bng 2.5 lit k cc c trng c bn ca chun GPON lp
B dng cho lp vt l PMD (Physical Medium Dependant) trong tuyn ln do ITUT xut trong chun G984.2.
Bng 2.4-nh thi ch burst mode cho GPON v EPON [8,10]

Trong rt nhiu trng hp, di ng ca tn hiu ti t rt nhiu cc ONU khc
nhau yu cu thi gian thit lp kh di so vi khong thi gian bo v c ch
nh trc. gim thi gian iu chnh di khuch i cn thit th trong mng
BPON v GPON thc hin phng php PLM (Power Leveling Mechanism) m
theo phng php ny, OLT s hng dn cc ONU khc nhau t iu chnh cng
sut pht ca bn thn n. V vy, mc tn hiu thu c ti OLT ca cc ONU
khc nhau s gn ging nhau khng cn phi iu chnh khuch i v thi gian
thit lp.
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Bng 2.5-Tham s c bn cho chun GPON lp B cho tng PMD [8]

Bng 2.6 lit k tt c cc tham s chnh ca giao tip quang PMD v c im
tn hiu v nh thi ca tng vt l trong mng EPON tuyn ln vi khong cch
truyn dn l 20km :
1. Laser Fabry- Perot c gi thit s dng trong mng ny. Gi tr ca
rng ph cho php c lit k trong chun 802.3ah.
2. Mng phn phi quang ODN : PX10 (0.5-10km, 5-20dB); PX20 (0.5-20km,
5-24dB)
3. Trong trng hp tt c cc tham s trong mng tnh trng xu nht th tn
x n sc trong mng cn phi c gi tr di 1,5dB. Tn x n sc ca
mng l mt thnh phn quan trng ca tham s TDP (Transmit and
Dispersion Penalty).
4. Di ng ca pha thu c lit k theo gi tr ngng trong tng trng hp
Tuy nhin, mng EPON cng c nhiu c im khc bit so vi 2 mng trn ti
tng vt l. Ban u theo chun 802.3, c rt nhiu cc gii php khc nhau cho
vic nh thi ch burst mode nh vic s dng laser c khong thi gian thit
lp ngn, s dng mch t iu chnh khuch i AGC (Auto-gain Control) v
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mch khi phc xung clock cng d liu CDR (Clock Data Recovery) tng t nh
trong mng GPON. Sau khi phn tch v th nghim, chun 802.3 xc nh cc
tham s c nh v nh thi nh sau : thi gian bt laser l 512 ns, thigian tt
laser l 512 ns, thi gian thit lp ca pha thu di 400ns. Do cc thit b ONU l
nhng thit b c sn xut hng lot nn n cn phi c thit k mt cch n
gin v chi ph thp nht. Do , cc thnh phn ca PMD phi c sn xut vi
s lng ln v khng cn phi s dng bt c mt giao tip s no khc ng thi
cn c thi gian bt/tt laser n nh. Ngc li vi ONU, OLT l thit b c gi
thnh cao nn n ch l thit b n nht c s dng trong tng mng c th
nn n khng cn phi c cc gi tr nh thi xc nh. Trong mng thc t, OLT
c php t iu chnh cc c im phn thu ca n (gi tr thit lp pha thu,).
Bng 2.6-Cc tham s PMD chnh trong mng EPON [11]

c im nh thi l c tnh k thut quan trng quyt nh kh nng khai thc
v m rng mng EPON trong thc t. Hin nay c rt nhiu hng cung cp thit b
quang s dng trong mng EPON nn hiu sut v s lng cc b thu-pht trong
mng EPON ngy cng cao vi gi thnh h thp. Trong thi gian ny, cc nh
cung cp ang tin hnh xy dng cc thit b mng GPON da trn cc yu cu
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theo chun ca ITU-T. Do c im nh thi cht ch v di ng rt rng nn tnh
cht k thut ca mng GPON chy ch burst mode rt phc tp so vi mng
BPON v EPON nn hin nay mi ch c vi chip OLT dng cho chun GPON
1,244 Gbps c bn trn th trng.
2.2. Kin trc b thu-pht trong mng

Cc b thu-pht trong mng PON c phn chia thnh cc loi khc nhau theo
bc sng, tc truyn d liu, giao tip quang-in, di nhit hot ng,
Cc nh sn xut cung cp cc thit b ny bt u t vic xy dng cc linh kin
ri rc cho ti vic t hp chng li trn mt chip bn dn hoc ch to thnh cc
module. Hnh 2.2 di y minh ha mt s cc b thu-pht c s dng trong
thc t cc mng thng tin quang hin nay. Thng thng, kin trc cc b thu-pht
u da trn cc chip quang in t ri rc vi cc thnh phn c ng gi theo
chun s dng trong cng nghip. Bi v gi thnh ca cc b thu-pht ny kh cao
nn vic sn xut hng lot vn l yu cu bc thit cn c gii quyt.
Hnh 2.2Mt vi b thu-pht s dng trong mng quang

B thu-pht trong mng quang l cc thit b truyn-nhn song cng s dng
bc sng khc nhau cho vic pht v thu tn hiu quang gia OLT ti pha nh
cung cp v ONU pha thu bao s dng. Hin nay, c 2 chun chnh cho b thupht l : thit b diplexer v triplexer. Vi b thu-pht kiu diplexer, bc sng s
dng theo chun dng trong cng nghip vi 1310nm cho dng d liu tuyn ln v
1490nm cho dng d liu tuyn xung. Vi thit b dng triplexer, bc sng
1550nm c ch nh cho vic pht qung b tn hiu video tng t cho dng d
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liu hng xung. iu cng c ngha l tn hiu video s c truyn trn bc
sng 1490nm tuyn xung qua cng ngh IP.
nhanh chng pht trin FTTH, gi thnh ca cc b thu-pht quang cn phi
c gim xung mt cch hp l; c th l trong mng FTTH th gi thnh ca
mng quyt nh ch yu bi gi thnh ca thit b ONU cn thit b OLT tuy c
gi thnh cao nhng n c chia s bi rt nhiu ngi s dng trong mng. Bi
vy, gi thnh b thu-pht pha ONU chim vai tr quan trng trong vic h chi
ph s dng mng. Hin nay, trong cng ngh mng PON tn ti rt nhiu thch
thc v mt k thut cho vic thit k cc b thu-pht bi mt s l do chnh sau :
1. OLT c cng sut quang pht ra ln v c nhy cao b li suy hao ca
b chia v ng truyn cp quang kt ni t nh cung cp ti ngi s
dng.
2. K thut truyn tn hiu quang ch burst-mode dng cho dng d liu ln.
3. H gi thnh ng gi cc thit b quang
4. Tch hp cc chc nng s v tng t trn mt IC.
2.2.1. S khi ca ONU/OLT
Hnh 2.3 di y minh ha s khi ca b thu-pht s dng trong mng PON
trong kin trc lp vt l trn mt chip cho c 2 ch burst-mode v ch truyn
nhn lin tc. y l nhng khi c bn nht trong kin trc b thu, pht ca mng
PON. Trong s khi, bn pha ONU gm b thu dng d liu tuyn xung (Rx)
v b pht dng d liu tuyn ln (Tx) cn bn pha OLT th ngc li Tx ca dng
d liu tuyn xung v Rx ca dng d liu tuyn ln. B pht dng d liu tuyn
ln gm b iu khin laser burst-mode v mt laser Fabry- Perot trong khi pht
tn hiu quang TOSA (Transmit Optical Sub-Assembly). B thu d liu tuyn
xung gm mt diode PIN hoc APD cng b khuch i truyn tr khng TIA
(Transimpedance Amplifier) trong khi nhn tn hiu quang ROSA (Receive
Optical Sub-Assembly), mt b khuch i gii hn nhm mc ch khuch i tn
hiu in sau khi TIA ti gi tr ln khi khi phc d liu CDR c th khi
phc li tn hiu xung clock v d liu c pht i. Trong c hai trng hp ca
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ONU v OLT, b thu v pht cng c kt hp trn mt ng truyn cp quang
thng qua mt b ghp WDM.
Hnh 2.3S khi kin trc thu-pht trong mng PON

C 3 loi chip chy ch burst-mode chnh c xem nh l thit b ch cht
trong mng PON truyn tn hiu quang tuyn ln theo ch burst-mode l :
BM-LDD (Burst-mode Laser Diode Driver) vi kh nng iu khin cng sut
nhanh v chnh xc; u thu PIN v APD/TIA c nhy thu cao v di thng rng
kt hp vi b tin khuch i bn pha u thu; BM-CDR (Burst-mode Clock and
Data Recovery) vi kh nng nhanh chng khi phc li dng d liu nhn c.
Nhng chipset ny trong mng PON l thnh phn quan trng quyt nh hiu sut
v cht lng hot ng ca h thng.
Vi kin trc b thu-pht nh hnh 2.3, cc khi b thu-pht c nhm li thnh
2 khi chnh l khi x l tn hiu quang v khi x l tn hiu in. Khi x l tn
hiu quang gm LD (Laser Diode) v PD (Photodiode) dng TO-CAN (nh hnh
2.10), b lc WDM c gi l b x l tn hiu quang 2 chiu BOSA (Bidirection
Optical Sub-Assembly). B lc WDM c t nghing 45 0 vi nh sng ti
tch hoc ghp tn hiu tuyn ln 1310 nm hoc tn hiu tuyn xung 1490 nm
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(1550 nm) nh hnh 2.12. Khi x l tn hiu in gm cc IC tng t x l tn
hiu u vo. Trong xu hng hin nay, cc IC ny c tch hp trn cng mt
chip vi b gii hn khuch i v b iu khin laser ch burst mode. S tch
hp cao hn vi cc khi CDR v khi chc nng truyn nhn tn hiu d b SerDes
(Serializer/Deserializer) vi b vi x l PON MAC ang c thc hin. Hinh di
y la s khi cua mt IC iu khin MAC tich hp vi SerDes.
Hnh 2.4-S khi IC MAC Control

2.2.2. Thit b thu v pht tn hiu quang
2.2.2.1.Thit bi phat quang
Trong iu kin thng thng, hu ht cac vt liu u hp thu anh sang hn la
phat xa anh sang. Qua trinh hp thu lin quan ti vic chuyn i mc nng lng
t trang thai nn ti trang thai kich thich cua in t. Khi photon ti, in t se hp
thu nng lng photon chuyn mc nng lng va qua trinh hp thu xay ra. Qua
trinh phat xa la qua trinh xay ra hoan toan ngc lai, in t t trang thai kich thich
chuyn v trang thai nn se phat xa ra photon co nng lng bng hiu 2 mc nng
lng trn. Qua trinh phat xa gm 2 loai : phat xa kich thich va phat xa t phat.
Trong trng hp phat xa t phat, in t chuyn mc nng lng mt cach ngu
nhin t trang thai kich thich tr v trang thai nn va cac photon phat xa mt cach
ngu nhin, khng co mt s lin h v pha nao gia chung. i vi qua trinh phat
xa kich thich, tt ca cac photon phat xa u co tinh cht (v nng lng , tn s,
pha, hng) tng t nh nhau. Hin nay, 2 linh kin phat quang chinh c s
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dung la LED va laser; trong o, qua trinh phat xa cua LED la phat xa t phat con
laser la phat xa kich thich.
2.2.2.1.1.LED (Light Emitting Diode)
Cu truc cua LED la mt tip xuc p-n ng nht trn mt vt liu. Qua trinh phat
xa t phat xay ra khi chuyn tip p-n c phn cc thun, in t va l trng c
tim vao vung hoat tinh va tai hp lai. Ngoai qua trinh tai hp phat xa cua cp in
t-l trng trong vung hoat tinh tao thanh photon (anh sang), cp in t- l trng
co kha nng tai hp khng phat xa. Qua trinh tai hp khng phat xa bao gm s tai
hp xay ra tai cac by in tich (do nhng khim khuyt trong qua trinh lam mu) ,
tai hp trn b mt vt liu va tai hp Auger. Trong qua trinh tai hp Auger, nng
lng sinh ra t cp in t-l trng tao thanh ng nng cho in t hoc l trng
khac ma khng tao thanh photon. Qua trinh tai hp Auger c bit xay ra manh tai
vung bc song t 1,3m ti 1,6m do rao th tai vung hoat tinh kha nho. Do LED
phat xa t phat nn no co ph phat xa kha rng (30-60 nm) va goc phat xa kha ln.
Vi mt dong tim I cho trc, tai trang thai cn bng, tc tai hp (phat xa va
khng phat xa) cua cp in t l trng la I/q. Hiu sut lng t ni c quyt
inh bi s lng tai hp phat xa cua cp in t-l trng tao ra. Cng sut quang
ni c cho bi cng thc :
[2.1]
Trong o :
la hiu sut lng t ni,
la nng lng cua photon phat xa, q la
in tich cua in t.
Trong s photon phat xa chi co mt phn thoat ra t linh kin c ghep vao si
quang. Bi vy, hiu sut lng t ngoai
c trng cho phn photon thoat ra
khoi cu truc c ghep vao si quang. Cng sut phat xa thc la :

[2.2]
Do goc phat xa cua LED kha rng nn thng thng cng sut ghep vao si
quang cua LED kha thp (khoang 100W) mc du cng sut quang ni co th ln
ti 10mW.
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Hnh 2.5-c tinh cua LED : a)ng cong P-I cua LED tai mt dai nhit
b) Ph phat xa cua LED 1.3m
Mt thng s thng c s dung anh gia c tinh cua LED la ap ng cua
LED RLED c xac inh bi ti s Pe/I.
[2.3]
Trong thng tin quang, ph phat xa cua ngun phat quang anh hng manh me ti
hiu sut cua tuyn truyn dn thng qua tan xa trong si quang. Do LED co b
rng ph ln ( 50-60nm tinh theo FWHM) nn tich s BL cua LED bi gii han.
Vi vy, LED thng chi c s dung trong cac ng truyn tc thp va
khoang cach gn (vai km).
Han ch th hai cua LED la tc iu ch. Tc iu ch cua LED phu thuc
vao linh ng hat tai va gii han bi thi gian sng cua hat tai c. Bng thng
iu ch cua LED c cho bi cng thc :
[2.4]
Thng thng, c cua InGaAs LED vao khoang t 2-5ns tng ng vi bng
thng iu ch vao khoang 50-140MHz. Chinh vi vy, LED chi co th s dung cho
nhng ng dung tc thp.
2.2.2.1.2.Laser
Laser ban dn phat xa anh sang thng qua qua trinh phat xa kich thich. S khac
bit gia phat xa kich thich vi phat xa t phat khng chi bi cng sut phat xa cao
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(~ 100nW) ma con bi kha nng ghep hiu sut cao vao si quang. Laser co goc
phat xa kha hep nn hiu sut ghep vao si quang co th cao hn LED ti 50%;
ng thi, laser co b rng ph rt hep cho phep hoat ng tc kha cao
(khoang vai chuc Gb/s). Hn na, laser ban dn co th iu ch trc tip tai tn s
rt cao (~ 25GHz) bi thi gian sng cua hat tai kha ngn do qua trinh phat xa kich
thich.
Qua trinh phat xa kich thich chi xay ra trong iu kin hinh thanh trang thai ao
v mt c thoa man. Trong laser ban dn iu kin nay c xay ra khi pha
tap rt manh tai lp p, n trong cu truc lam cho mc Fermi cua 2 lp nay chnh lch
cao hn rao th khi phn cc thun cho chuyn tip p-n. Khi mt hat tai tim vao
vung hoat tinh vt qua gia tri ngng (lasing threshold) thi trang thai ao mt
c hinh thanh va vung hoat tinh mang tinh cht khuch ai quang. co th xay
ra hiu ng laser, thanh phn hi tip quang cn phai c thm vao bin i
tinh cht khuch ai vung hoat tinh thanh mt bung cng hng. Tuy theo cu truc
cua phn hi tip quang ma laser c chia thanh cac loai khac nhau : Fabry-Perot
laser, DFB laser, Trong mang FTTH, 2 ngun laser c s dung chu yu la DFB
(Distributed Feedback Bragg Laser) va F-P laser (Fabry-Perot laser).
iu kin xay ra phat xa laser trong cu truc bung cng hng :
[2.5]
Trong o g la h s khuch ai cua vung hoat tinh, int la h s suy hao do tan xa,
hp thu trong bung cng hng, mir la h s suy hao do phan xa va L la chiu dai
bung cng hng, m la chi s mode.
Trong cu truc cua DFB laser, thanh phn hi tip khng nm trn b mt cua
laser ma phn phi trong cu truc cua bung cng hng. iu nay c thc hin
thng qua mt cu truc tun hoan bin thin chit sut. S hi tip xay ra qua hin
tng tan xa Bragg do giao thoa cua 2 song ti va song phan xa. Hin tng la
chon mode xay ra trong DFB laser la kt qua cua hiu ng Bragg. Bc song Bragg
trong cu truc thoa man cng thc :
[2.6]
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Trong o : la chu ky bin thin chit sut, n la chi s chit sut trung binh va m la
bc cua tan xa Bragg. S giao thoa xay ra gia song ti va song phan xa xay ra
manh nht tai tan xa Bragg bc 1. Cac laser DFB thng hoat ng tai bc song B
= 1.5m. Do tinh cht chon loc mode, DFB laser c kh nng pht ra tn hiu quang
n mode. DFB laser c hiu sut cao vi di nhit rt rng nn thit b ny
c s dng rng ri trong kin trc mng PON c bit l pha OLT. DFB laser
(khng c b phn lm mt) thng c dng ngng thp, di nhit hot ng
rt rng, t s nn mode cnh cao (thng thng l 40 dB) v p ng nhanh ( 0.12
ns thi gian ln v xung ly trong khong bin t 20-80%).
Hnh 2.6-Cu truc cua DFB laser

Khac vi DFB laser, F-P laser s dung 2 gng phan xa nm tai 2 canh cua bung
cng hng nhm muc ich phan xa anh sang tao thanh vong hi tip. H s phan
xa cua 2 gng nm trong cu truc c tinh theo cng thc :
[2.7]
Hnh 2.7-Hnh nh ca F-P laser

F-P laser thng c s dng nhm mc ch h gi thnh ca cc module
quang c bit c s dng bn pha ONU. Vi h thng PON, cng sut tn hiu
quang pht i t pha ONU cng yu cu phi t c cng sut cao (ni cch
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khc l pha OLT ch cn s dng b thu dng diode PIN vi gi thnh v nhy
thp ) th vic s dng laser F-P cho php pht tn hiu c cng sut cao hn so vi
vic s dng laser DFB. Nhm nng cao cng sut pht quang ca laser pht cnh,
thit k s dng F-P laser cn c ti u m khng cn s dng cc b cch ly v
thng t c hiu sut 0.45W/A vi cng sut pht quang 20mW di nhit
250C. in dung k sinh trn thit b cn c ti u nhm mc ch nng cao tc
iu ch ti khong 1,25Gbps. Hnh 2.8 th hin c tuyn P-I ca cc laser
DFB v F-P in hnh.
Hnh 2.8c tuyn P-I ca laser DFB (a) v F-P (b)

Ngoai 2 loai laser truyn thng trn, laser VCSEL (Vertical Cavity Surface
Emitting Laser) la laser c s dung rng rai hin nay vi kha nng phat tin hiu
quang co b rng ph kha hep. Do chiu dai bung cng hng cua laser VCSEL
kha ngn (khoang 2 5 m) nn laser VCSEL co kha nng tich hp kha hoan hao
vi si quang n mode. Hinh 2.9 di y la hinh anh laser VCSEL co rt nhiu
nhng lp ban dn mong c nui trn cung mt . Vung hoat tinh cua laser
VCSEL bao gm vai ging lng t nm kep gia 2 gng cach t phan xa co h
s phan xa cao (> 99,5%) c tao thanh t 10 50 lp ban dn vi chi s chit
sut khac nhau. Anh sang phat xa t laser VCSEL co hng phu hp vi mt phng
hoat tinh va co tia phat xa hinh tron d dang ghep vi si quang n mode. VCSEL
co gia thanh kha thp so vi cac laser phat canh nh DFB va DBR laser
(Distributed Bragg Reflector laser) do no co gia thanh san xut, ong goi, hiu
chinh va th nghim kha thp. VCSEL cung c san xut thanh cac ma trn 1D
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hoc 2D ti u hoa kha nng ong goi va dai thng. Bi vi th tich bung cng
hng kha nho, VCSEL co dong ngng kha thp (di mA) nhit phong.
Tiu thu cng sut cua laser nay cung kha thp. Nhng laser VCSEL co bc song
dai (1310nm hoc1550 nm) c s dung phat xa trc tip tin hiu trong mang
10Gb/s trong cac mang thng tin quang.
Hnh 2.9-Hinh anh cu truc cua laser VCSEL

Trong mang FTTH, laser VCSEL cung thng c s dung lam thit bi phat cho
ONU. Di y la c tuyn hoat ng cua 1 laser VCSEL
Hnh 2.10-c tuyn hoat ng cua laser VCSEL

2.2.2.2.Thit bi thu quang
Trong hu ht cc thit b thu quang, c 2 loi photodiode thng c s dng
nht l photodiode cu trc p-i-n v APD. Photodiode p-i-n thng c s dng
nht bi tin cy v hot ng n nh ca n. Photodiode APD c cu trc
khuch i dng quang lm tng nhy ca thit b thu.
Photodiode p-i-n thng thng c cu trc gm 1 vng p, 1 vng n v xen gia l
mt vng bn dn i khng pha tp. Trong ch hot ng bnh thng, thin p
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ngc ln t vo thit b m bo hon ton c th tri c ht ti. Hnh
2.11 l hnh nh ca photodiode p-i-n c t di trng ngc. Trong 3 vng
p,i, n th vng i khng pha tp nn c in tr cao nht dn n hu ht thin p
ngc c t trn n. Do vy, trong lp i tn ti mt trng in ngc kh ln.
Khi mt photon mang nng lng ln hn (hoc bng) rng vng cm ca vt
liu bn dn th n s kch thch mt in t vng ha tr nhy ln vng dn to
thnh mt cp in t-l trng. Qu trnh ny xy ra trong lp i ca bn dn; do
trng ngc t vo lp i nn cp in t-l trng s i v 2 pha ca 2 bn cc
to thnh dng quang.
Hnh 2.11- Hnh nh photodiode p-i-n

Bc sng ct ca photodiode c nh ngha bi cng thc :
c =
1, 24
Eg
[2.8]
Trong , Eg l nng lng vng cm ca vt liu, h l hng s Planck. Vi bc

sng di hn bc sng c th nng lng photon khng kch thch to thnh cp
in t-l trng. Ngoi thng s bc sng ct, mt thng s khc rt quan trng
ca photodiode l p ng R ca n. p ng R c trng cho kh nng chuyn i
cng sut quang thnh dng in ca photodiode.
R=
e
h
[2.9]
Trong l hiu sut lng t ca photodiode, e l in tch electron, l tn

s ca nh sng ti.
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Photodiode avalanche thm 1 vt liu loi p lm lp epitaxy nn p +, 1 lp n+ c
cy khuch tn so vi cu trc p-i-n to thnh cu trc p +ipn+ (hnh 2.12). Khi t
in p phn cc ngc ln APD, hu ht in th ri trn vng tip gip pn + to
thnh vng in tch khng gian gia 2 lp ny vi in trng rt ln (gn ti
vng nh thng lp i) t ti vng ny. Khi cp in t-l trng c to ra, in
trng ny tng tc cho in t, l trng ti mc nng lng ion ha cc in
t xung quanh do va chm vi chng. Nh vy, cp in t-l trng sinh ra s to
ra thm cc cp in t-l trng khc to thnh hiu ng thc khuch i dng
quang ca photodiode.
Hnh 2.12- Hnh nh photodiode APD v phn b in trng trn n

Trong photodiode APD, h s khuch i dng quang c nh ngha bi h s
nhn M theo cng thc :
M=
IM
Ip
[2.10]
Trong IM l dng trung bnh ti u ra, Ip l gi tr dng quang khi cha c

khuch i c tnh ton.
Photodiode avalanche APD vi nhy cao thng c s dng u thu tn
hiu quang pha OLT bi thit b ONU thng c cng sut pht quang rt thp
nhm mc ch gim gi thnh. Khi APD c nh thin in p gn in p
nh thng, dng quang c khuch i nn APD c nhy quang rt cao so vi
diode PIN. Thng thng, u thu InGaAs thng c s dng nh c nhy
cao trong di bc sng t 1m ti 1,6m trong vng hp th v cu trc InGaAs-
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InP c s dng vi InP dng cho vng avalanche. Cc diode APD in hnh
dng cho cc ng dng GPON thng c ng knh vng tch cc khong 35m,
p ng 0,9A/W bc sng 1310 nm vi di thng khong 2.5GHz. Hnh 2.13
th hin c tuyn V-I ca diode APD ny. in p nh thng vo khong 60V
vi h s nhn l 10 hoc cao hn cng sut tn hiu quang ti l 0,3W.
Hnh 2.13-c tuyn V-I ca APD v h s nhn

Hin nay, cc thit b thu v pht quang c tch hp bng 2 cng ngh ng v
l TO-CAN hoc ng gi da trn cp ng trc. K thut ng gi TO ang c
s pht trin tch cc hin nay cho cc b thu v pht quang bi n c gi thnh
thp, chim din tch nh v d dng s dng. Cc module laser TO c s dng
rng ri trong cc b thu, pht v pht-p tc cao trong cc module SFF (Small
Form Factor).
Hnh 2.14a th hin mt DFB laser c ng gi theo cng ngh TO-CAN.
Thu knh dng gi cu c s dng gip nng cao h s ghp quang ln khong
65%. Photodiode PD iu khin c bc bay ln b mt sau ca laser DFB nhm
mc ch xc nh cng sut pht ca laser iu khin laser gip cho laser c
cng sut pht n nh khi nhit thay i. Mt b cch ly quang c s dng
nhm mc ch gim nhiu do hi tip quang gy ra. Kch thc v gi thnh ca
b cch ly quang c gim bng cch bc bay n ti pha sau u vo tn hiu trn
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cp quang m ti ng knh ca tia sng pht ra t DFB laser c gim ti
mc ti thiu.
Hnh 2.14b th hin cu trc TO-CAN ca mt diode APD vi b tin khuch
i c tch hp trn cng mt IC. Bi v APD c ng knh vng tch cc ln
nn n c h s ghp kh cao (c th t ti 100%) v d dng iu chnh hn rt
nhiu so vi laser diode.
Hnh 2.14-DFB v APD ng gi theo cu trc TO-CAN

2.2.2.3.B ghp WDM
Mt thit b quang rt quan trng c s dng trong mng PON l b ghp
WDM c th hin nh trong s khi. Vai tr chnh ca n l tch dng tn
hiu ln v xung trong h thng PON. Thng thng, cc b lc WDM c lng
ng ln trn mt nh phin thy tinh sau c ct thnh cc chip hnh vung
vi tit din khong vi mm v c bc bay ln OSA (Optical Sub-Assembly).
Trong cng ngh mi ny, b lc WDM c lng ng ln trn b mt ca si
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quang c nh bng vi gc nghing khong 30 0 nhm mc ch gim kch
thc ca WDM. Theo cch ny, WDM vn chim vai tr chnh trong gi thnh
ca OSA c tch hp mt cch n gin qua qu trnh x l si quang trong vic
ng gi. Vic ghp si quang vi LD c thc hin trong cc rnh hnh
omega trn plastic. Hnh 2.15 th hin c tnh ph ca ng truyn v hnh nh
b lc WDM c to ra trn b mt si quang. N cho php h s cch ly ln ti
20 dB gia 2 vng ph tn hiu tuyn ln v xung vi bc sng ln nht ti tuyn
ln l 1360nm v bc sng nh nht ti tuyn xung l 1480nm. Hn na, nhm
mc ch gim nhiu xuyn knh t b pht vi bc sng 1310nm v t c h
s cch ly cao gia tn hiu s v tn hiu video tuyn xung bc sng 1550nm (
yu cu thng thng l 40 dB hoc cao hn) th b lc thng di vi di thng t
bc sng 1480nm ti 1550nm cn c t trc PD cng b lc pha cui cp
quang.
Hnh 2.15-c im ph ca ng truyn v hnh nh b lc WDM

2.2.2.4.B khuch i truyn tr khng TIA
Kin trc b thu quang c phn loi da vo thit k tng tin khuch i thnh
3 loi : tr khng thp, tr khng cao v truyn tr khng. Hnh 2.16 di y l
hnh nh ca 3 kin trc thu trn.
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Hnh 2.16Kin trc tng tin khuch i

Nh ni trn, thng thng cc b thu tn hiu quang l cc photo-diode PIN
hoc APD u c cu trc l tip gip p-i-n. nhm mc ch nng cao tc p
ng v gim tp m nhiu, cc photo-diode ny thng c phn cc ngc. V
vy, nhn pha u vo, b thu c xem nh mt b lc R-C c di thng l :
[2.11]
i vi mch tin khuch i hnh 2.16a l mch tin khuch i tr khng thp.
Mch ny c in tr R ni tip vi photo-diode nh nn c di thng rng nhng
c nhy thu thp do in p t trn in tr R thp lm gim nhy thu.
Tng t vi mch tin khuch i tr khng cao nh hnh 2.16c, mch ny c
nhy thu kh cao nhng li c di thng b hn ch bi in tr R ni tip ln.
Trong 3 kin trc trn, kin trc b tin khuch i truyn tr khng hnh 2.16b
c s dng nhiu nht bi n ci thin c c 2 vn trn. Nhn t pha u
vo, mch TIA c in tr R in l in tr vo ca tng khuch i nn c gi tr rt
ln. V vy, n c nhy thu kh cao ng thi vic s dng vng hi tip m
trn tng khuch i lm nng cao di thng ca mch.
Do , trong hu ht cc kin trc transceiver ca FTTH, khi thu ROSA u s
dng kin trc tin khuch i truyn tr khng v c tch hp on-chip da vo
cng ngh thit k mch t hp nh bipolar, CMOS,
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2.2.3. Cc module thu v pht quang
Hin nay, thit k cc b thu pht tn hiu quang vn l lnh vc c quan tm
bi nhiu nhm nghin cu do nhu cu rt ln ca th trng. Do c im ca
mng FTTH l mng im-a im nn cc b thu pht quang ch burst mode
trong mng PON phi c nhng c im ring bit ph hp vi yu cu mong
mun. Mc d c s dng rt rng ri nhng hin ny vn cha c mt vn bn
lin quan ti thit b ny xc nh r nhng ng dng ca chng. Thng thng,
cc nh cung cp module quang lin kt vi cc hng cung cp h thng PON
xc nh yu cu thit k c bn trong tng trng hp c th.
Nhm mc ch tng thch vi cc mng EPON v GPON cng vi kh nng s
dng li, cc module thu-pht c chia thnh cc khi : khi x l tn hiu 2 chiu
BOSA, khi x l tn hiu in ESA (Electrical Sub-Assembly) v khi iu khin
nhit . Trong , khi BOSA bo m cng sut pht tn hiu v nhy thu;
khi ESA chu trch nhim v hiu sut ca PMD di ch burst-mode, bo m
vic iu khin tn hiu v di ng ca cng sut thu chp nhn c, nhy thu
cao. Hiu ng nhiu xuyn knh gia b thu v pht cn c bo m cht ch.
Hnh 2.17 di y l mt v d c bn gm s khi v hnh nh ca module
thu-pht dng diplexer c s dng trong mng PON thit k cho ONU. Module
ny c cm trn mt u ni dng 2x5 hoc 2x7 chn nhm mc ch kt ni vi
mch ch v c cp ngun 3.3 V 5%. Module bao gm mt u ni dng LC
hoc SC (ty tng trng hp), mch in , OSA v mch iu khin. OSA l mt
thit b quang c t hp gm mt b lc quang thng di, u thu quang PD, IC
khuch i bin i tr khng TIA pha thu hoc mt laser F-P cng mt u thu
PD iu khin cng sut pha pht. B ghp WDM s ghp tn hiu quang u thu
v pht ln trn cng mt si quang. Ngoi ra, OSA c th s dng IC gm b tin
khuch i bin i tr khng v b khuch i gii hn gim gi thnh sn
phm v cng sut tiu th khong 0,8W.
Hnh 2.18 l hnh nh v s khi ca mt module thu-pht dng triplexer dng
cho ONU. Ty theo yu cu lp t m kch thc ca module ny c hn ch
trong kch thc t 8,5mm hoc thp hn. u ni LC hoc SC c s dng ph
thuc vo tng trng hp c th.
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Hnh 2.17-Module thu-pht 2 chiu dng diplexer
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Hnh 2.18Module thu pht 2 chiu dng triplexer

2.2.4. B thu-pht ch burst-mode
H thng PON yu cu s dng ch truyn nhn c bit l ch burst-mode
nh l mt ci tin ln v mt k thut cho vic truyn d liu tuyn ln (t pha
ngi s dng ti trung tm). iu l rt cn thit cho mng PON bi trong
mang PON c rt nhiu ngi s dng chia s mt ng truyn cp quang thng
qua k thut a truy nhp TDMA nn tin hiu nhn c cua cac goi d liu trong
cac khe thi gian t nhiu ngi dung khac nhau co s bin thin rt manh v bin
va pha. Nguyn nhn chu yu la khoang cach t mi ONU ti OLT la khac nhau
nn tin hiu thu c tai OLT cua cac ONU khac nhau co th co s chnh lch ti
20 dB v bin ( cn phai chu y rng, iu nay khng xay ra vi tin hiu phat t
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OLT ti ONU bi tuyn truyn dn nay la ng truyn im-im). Bi vy, nu
s dung u thu va phat tin hiu quang thng thng se khng th thu c mt
cach chinh xac d liu trong cac goi c truyn i do s khac bit v bin tin
hiu nay. khc phuc vn nay, mang PON s dung b thu-pht chy ch
burst-mode vi u thu burst-mode pha OLT (co kha nng thay i ngng xac
inh mc logic theo tin hiu u vao cung vic t ng xac inh pha da vao nhng
bit u tin cua goi tin hiu burst nhn c) v u pht burst-mode pha ONU.
Cc b thu-pht ch burst-mode ny c tch hp trn mt IC s dng cng
ngh CMOS c gi thnh v cng sut tiu th thp.
2.2.4.1. So snh gia ch thng thng v ch burst-mode
Hnh 2.19 minh ha 3 dng tn hiu c s dng trong thng tin s. Hnh 2.19a
l tn hiu truyn lin tc thng thng. Chui bit d liu nh phn c truyn i
mt cch lin tc vi t s phn bit gia bit 0 v 1 cng tn s xung nhp nm
trong gii hn cho php. V d di y l m ng truyn 8B10B v 64B66B
thng c s dng trong cc ng dng truyn d liu im-im nh h thng
gigabit v 10-gigabit Ethernet. Hnh 2.19b l tn hiu burst-mode c truyn i
m trong t s phn bit v tc truyn d liu khng b gii hn cht ch.
Chui bit ny c bin ging nhau cho cng mt k t ging nhau c truyn i.
Hnh 2.19c th hin bin ca tn hiu c th thay i gia cc gi tn hiu burst
khc nhau v khong thi gian bo v cng thay i theo cc gi ny. Hai hnh b v
c l hai dng tn hiu thng gp trong mng a truy nhp ch burst-mode nh
PON. Nhim v ca b thu ch burst-mode l khi phc li mu tn hiu b v c
mt cch chnh xc v nhanh nht.
Cc b pht v thu thng thng ch ph hp cho nhng ng dng truyn d liu
ch lin tc thng s dng cc mch ghp AC. Mch ghp AC c th cung cp
nhy cao v d s dng. Tuy nhin, do thi gian tch t v x i in tch ca t
in ni vi ng tn hiu trong mch ghp AC nn tc trung bnh ca lung
d liu nhn c thng thng b gii hn trong khong t microsecond (s) ti
milisecond (ms) v khng th phn bit c s thay i ca bin tn hiu vi
tc cao hn.
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Hnh 2.19Dng d liu truyn i trong thng tin s

Hot ng ca b thu ch burst-mode c s khc bit so vi cc b thu thng
thng khc. S khc bit c bn y l b thu ch burst-mode c ghp DC
v ngng xc nh tn hiu thay i tng thch vi s thay i ca tn hiu nhn
c trong khong thi gian rt ngn. S thay i th hai trong b thu burst-mode
l mch khi phc d liu v xung clock phi hot ng tc cao (trong khong
thi gian c nanosecond) v thay i nhanh chng ch trong khong thi gian ca
mt phn nh gi d liu c truyn i.
2.2.4.2. B pht quang ch burst-mode
B pht tn hiu ch burst-mode BM-Tx bao gm 2 khi chnh : laser diode
nm trong khi TOSA hoc BOSA nh hnh v 2.3 trn v IC iu khin laser
diode (LDD) cung cp in p DC yu cu v dng iu ch cho laser diode. IC
iu khin laser diode ny phi c cng sut tiu th rt thp nn n c th c
cung cp ngun pin d phng trong trng hp thiu nng lng cung cp. Ngoi
ra, IC ny phi c gi thnh thp v chy n nh trong khong nhit rng do b
thu c th c t ngoi tri.
c im truyn d liu tuyn ln theo ch burst-mode trong mng PON
t ra nhiu yu cu mi cho mch iu khin laser diode. Trong s ghp knh
TDMA, BM-LDD phi pht ra dng phn cc v dng iu khin bin thin ti
thiu trong khong t 1mA ti 160mA vi thi gian ln v xung ca tn hiu di
nano-giy. Dng phn cc trong thi gian m ca cung cp cho BM-LDD ngn
chn vic laser diode pht x nh hng ti cng sut pht ca cc ngun tn hiu
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bn cnh sut khong thi gian n khng truyn i tn hiu. Nu mt vi ngun tn
hiu c pht ra t nhng ONU khng truyn d liu s tc ng ti tn hiu u
thu ca OLT v dn n vic thay i ng k di ng ca tn hiu. V vy, cng
sut laser pht x trong khong thi gian n khng truyn i d liu phi nh hn
t 25-30 dB so vi cng sut laser pht x lc n truyn d liu. c th gim
thi gian chuyn mch gia 2 trng thi bt v tt ca laser diode, dng iu ch
ca laser khng hon ton b tt khi n trng thi off nhm gim thi gian tr
khi chuyn sang trng thi on v nhiu trong chu k tn hiu c pht i. Gii
php ph bin hin nay l gi cho dng phn cc laser diode rt gn vi dng
ngng ca n v theo cch ny, t s phn bit mc cng sut gia 2 trng thi
on v off, thi gian tr trong qu trnh chuyn i gia 2 trng thi c bo
m. La chn cng sut pht ca laser cng l mt vn quan trng bi nu cng
sut pht cao s lm gim t s phn bit mc cng sut mong mun, ngc li nu
cng sut pht thp c th y laser vo ch pht x t pht gy ra nhiu trong
vic iu ch thng tin.
BM-LDD yu cu phi iu khin dng cung cp cho laser diode mt cch n
nh nhm m bo cng sut pht quang trung bnh khng i ng thi c t s
phn bit mc cng sut n nh trong mt di nhit rng (t -40 0C ti 800C).
Hnh 2.20 th hin c tnh nhit ca F-P laser bng ng c tuyn P-I. Nh
hnh 2.20, cng sut pht quang ca laser ph thuc vo dng iu khin, ngng
v h s nhit ca laser; nhng tham s ny ph thuc rt mnh vo cu trc v
nhit hot ng ca laser. b li s thay i cng sut pht ca laser v t s
phn bit mc cng sut vo nhit , mt mch iu khin cng sut tc cao
APC (Auto Power Control) cn phi c s dng. Mch APC ny da vo in p
tham chiu thu c t photodiode iu khin ca LD (thng t mt sau ca
laser) ri thc hin vic n nh cng sut cho laser khi pht tn hiu mc cao v
thp. Khi laser khng pht ra cc gi burst truyn i trn ng truyn, mt mch
kim sot mc tn hiu nh s iu khin cng sut pht ca laser v mt vng hi
tip s gi cho dng phn cc trng thi ny gn di ngng. Khi laser trng
thi hot ng truyn i cc gi d liu burst, mch kim sot mc tn hiu trn
s chuyn sang iu khin cng sut pht x trung bnh ca laser thng qua
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photodiode PD v vng hi tip s gi cho dng phn cc v iu ch ca laser
diode n nh mc tn hiu mong mun. Nh vy, cng sut pht quang ca laser
s gi n nh mt cch tin cy mc cho php.
Hnh 2.20c tuyn nhit ca laser F-P

Hnh 2.21 th hin s khi ca mt IC laser driver in hnh. Tn hiu u vo
c s dng di dng PECL (Positive Emitter-Coupler Logic) in p thp hoc
dng tn hiu dng cho CMOS in p thp (LVCMOS Low-Voltage CMOS).
Trong thit k ny, dng d liu a vo c b nhiu trong khi TODC trc khi
iu khin laser diode tng iu khin laser LDS (Laser Driver Stage). V vy, n
c kh nng b nhiu do thi gian tr khi chuyn sang trng thi on ca laser
diode v sau hot ng khng cn ti dng phn cc. Tn hiu t photodiode
iu khin c hi tip v mch so snh nh PC (Peak Comparator) so snh
gi tr in p hi tip t photodiode vi gi tr in p tham chiu. Khi x l s
DIG iu khin dng trng thi on ca tng LDS v cung cp tn hiu bo hiu
EOL (End of Alarm). Giao tip gia mch BM-LDD v mch iu khin laser
diode c ghp DC nhm gim thi gian p ng ca mch so vi mch ghp AC
thng thng.
Hnh 2.22 so snh hot ng ca tng LDS trong 2 trng hp : hot ng ch
lin tc v ch burst-mode . Mch LDS hot ng di ch lin tc c
thit k nh hnh 2.22a nhm mc ch gi cho dng phn cc cho laser n nh; t
, cng sut pht quang cng gi gi tr n nh trong vng hot ng. iu
cho thy mch LDS ny khng cn thit phi thay i dng phn cc mt cch
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nhanh chng nn hu ht cc mch iu khin laser ch lin tc khng c kh
nng iu khin ch burst-mode . Tuy nhin, LDS cng c kh nng s dng
cho vic iu ch tn hiu quang ca laser diode di tc d liu mong mun c
kh nng hot ng nhanh vi tc in hnh ln ti Gbps. Cc mch tng t c
th c s dng iu ch dng phn cc vi tc tng t. Nh thy c
hnh 2.22, mch iu khin laser c thit k vi thi gian T on v Toff rt ngn
(trong khong vi ns). T im ny c th thy mch iu khin laser ch burstmode khng cn thit phi xy dng mch phc tp hn so vi mch iu khin
laser ch lin tc.
Hnh 2.21S khi ca IC iu khin laser diode in hnh
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Hnh 2.22So snh gia mch LDS trong 2 ch lin tc v burst-mode
Hnh 2.23 l 2 s chun dng cho mch chc nng iu khin APC trong mch
iu khin laser diode ch burst-mode . c im chnh ca mch APC l da
vo vng hi tip t photodiode iu khin. Trong trng hp u tin (s trn),
b bin i I/V di rng v mch xc nh nh c s dng; chng thng tiu
th cng sut kh cao. Do , mch tng t xc nh nh ch hot ng trong mt
khong thi gian gii hn nn thng dn n vic xc nh sai mc cng sut tn
hiu ti thi im u ca dng tn hiu burst.
Hnh 2.23-Hai s mch APC in hnh

Trong hnh 2.23, s pha di l mt gii php khc cho mch APC vi kh
nng tiu th cng sut t hn v gim sai st gy ra bi thi gian hot ng gii
hn ca mch xc nh nh. Mch APC ny c th hot ng theo tng gi tn hiu
burst hoc theo tng bit d liu v khng cn thit phi s dng nhng mch c tc
x l cao, tiu th cng sut ln. Trong sut chui d liu burst u tin, in
dung ca photodiode Cpd c tch t ti gi tr xc nh. Sau , trong sut qu
trnh truyn d liu burst t in ny c tch t t dng in ca photodiode hoc
x bi xung dng pht ra t chui d liu burst v ngun dng tham chiu. Ti thi
im cui ca dng d liu burst, in p trn t in s c s c so snh vi
in p tch t ban u bi khi so snh pht ra xung clock. Ty thuc vo tn
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hiu u ra, mt b m s iu khin cng sut ra ca laser ln cao hoc xung
thp theo tng bc xc nh. Do mc cng sut ca tn hiu c la chn bi b
m ln hoc xung nn thi gian gi ca mch ny l v hn; nh khc phc
nhc im thi gian gi hu hn ca mch xc nh nh trc.
So snh vi phng php iu khin cng sut theo tng bit, phng php iu
khin cng sut theo tng burst c p ng chm hn. Mc d thi gian p ng
ca phng php ny chm hn nhng n ch chim khong thi gian vi ms nn
p ng ny vn rt nhanh khi so snh vi s thay i ca nhit v thi gian
sng ca laser. Ngay sau khi h thng c bt ln, mt vi gi d liu s c
truyn i vi mc cng sut rt thp bi b m vn cha t iu chnh c ti
gi tr mong mun. Tuy nhin, iu ny ch xy ra trong ln u tin ONU c bt
ln v c th khc phc bng cch pht i mt chui ngn cc gi burst thm d
nhm mc ch iu chnh gi tr ca b m trong sut thi gian ONU c bt
ln t pin d phng v gi tr ca b m vn cn tham gia vo h thng.
Hnh nh ca tn hiu quang v nh thi ca BM-Tx cho mang EPON c th
hin nh hnh 2.24 trong l cc mu mt, gi d liu burst, mu tn hiu laser
ch burst on v off. Mu mt c o bng cch truyn chui d liu bt k
27 1 bit v cng sut pht ca laser khi khng truyn d liu < -47 dBm. Thi
gian laser burst-off di 2ns cn thi gian laser burst-on di 8ns.
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Hnh 2.24Tn hiu nh thi v mu mt ca BM-Tx mng EPON
Hnh 2.25 l mt v d mu mt o c trong di nhit rng t -40 0C ti
800C. Do tc dng ca mch APC, laser c cng sut pht n nh trong khong
25% cnh mt v t s phn bit mc cng sut n nh trn 10dB. Do tc p
ng nhanh ca cc IC iu khin laser ch burst-mode c tc t 155Mbps
n 1,25Gbps nn cc IC ny c s dng ph bin trong cc mng EPON, GPON
v BPON. Cc mch iu khin laser c th iu khin mt cch c lp dng phn
cc v iu ch thng qua vng lp APC nhm mc ch b s bin thin cng sut
pht ca laser do s thay i ca nhit v in p t vo. Cc IC iu khin
laser F-P v DFB thng c dng iu ch khong 100mA v dng phn cc
khong 80mA. gim gi thnh ca cc module ONU, cc b khuch i gii hn
ch lin tc thng c tch hp vi mch iu khin laser ch burst-mode
trn 1 chip.
Hnh 2.25Mu mt o c cc nhit khc nhau

2.2.4.2. B thu quang ch burst-mode
c im chinh cua b thu ch burst-mode la co nhay cao, dai ng rng
va ap ng nhanh. nhay cua u thu lin quan cht che ti d tr cng sut
trong mang PON. Nu nhay c cai thin 3 dB thi ng nghia vi vic tng gp
i ti s chia trong mang PON tc la se co gp i s ngi dung c chia se
trong cung mt mang. Dai ng la tham s cn phai quan tm vi no anh hng ti
dai mang c lp t cho phep s dung chung gia ngi dung gn hoc xa
b chia quang trong mang.
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Yu cu t ra cho b thu tn hiu burst-mode l kh nng nhanh chng khi phc
li mc logic ca cc chui burst ring bit. Nguyn tc c bn l s dng cc mch
ghp DC nhanh chng o c mc tn hiu ti t dng d liu n ri nhanh
chng iu chnh mc ngng ph hp. B thu tn hiu ch burst-mode c
chia thnh 2 cu trc chnh : cu trc hi tip pha sau v hi tip pha trc nh
hnh 2.26.
Trong cu trc hi tip pha trc, mch tin khuch i ghp DC thng c s
dng. Tn hiu nhn c s c khuch i ri chia thnh 2 nhnh. Nhnh u
tin t u ra ca b khuch i s i ti b khuch i vi sai c ghp trc tip.
Nhnh th hai c hi tip v pha trc ti mch xc nh nh ly li thng
tin t bin tn hiu ti ca cc gi nhn c. T u ra ca b xc nh nh,
mc ngng thch hp c la chn thch nghi pha trc b khuch i vi sai.
Ti u ra ca b khuch i vi sai, bin tn hiu thu c t cc gi d liu
c khi phc v x l tip tc.
Trong cu trc hi tip pha sau, bin tn hiu s c khi phc ti tng tin
khuch i. B khuch i vi sai bin i tr khng vi mch xc nh nh hnh
thnh mt vng lp. Mch xc nh nh quyt nh mc ngng tc thi cho tn
hiu ti. u ra ca tng tin khuch i s c ghp DC vi cc tng khuch i
k tip. Trn quan im thit k th mch hi tip pha sau s hot ng n nh hn
mch hi tip pha trc bi vng hi tip m cho php b thu hot ng n nh
hn nhng li yu cu thm mt mch tin khuch i bin i tr khng. Trong
cu trc hi tip pha trc, mch tin khuch i ghp DC thng thng c s
dng nhng cn c thit k mt cch k lng trnh xy ra t kch gy ra dao
ng trong mch.
B thu quang cn c th c phn loi da vo cch xc nh ngng ca n.
Cch t ngng u tin l u thu xc nh ngng thch nghi da vo tn hiu
quang thu u vo. Do , phng php ny gi l phng php t ng iu
khin ngng ATC (Auto Threshold Control). Cch t ngng th hai l u thu
xc nh ngng hon ton da vo trng preamble trong gi d liu thng qua
k thut t ng iu khin h s khuch i AGC v gi gi tr l hng s trong
trng payload.
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Hnh 2.26Cu trc b thu tn hiu ch burst-mode

Hnh 2.27 th hin s khi ca mt IC khuch i ch burst-mode bao gm
b khuch i gii hn, m tn hiu u ra v mch ATC. IC ny hot ng do 1
ngun +3.3V cung cp. Mch ATC gm c : mch xc nh ngng, mch hi tip
DC, mch chia i v mch reset. Nh thy p ng ca mch ATC trong
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hnh 2.27, mch xc nh ngng khi nhn c mc logic 1 u vo tn hiu
th mch hi tip DC s gi mc logic 0. Mch chia i s t mc ngng
gia 2 mc tn hiu trn. xa tn hiu u ra ca mch xc nh ngng, mch
reset nhanh chng x in tch thng qua t in gi mc nh cng vi tn hiu
reset c gi ti. Nh vy, r rng mch ATC l mch xc nh nh c
chnh xc cao vi p ng nhanh v nhy cao.
B thu ch burst-mode yu cu kh nng hot ng di mt di ng rt
rng, p ng nhanh bt u t bit tn hiu u tin ca gi d liu a ti v xc
nh c tn hiu vi t s phn bit rt thp. c th hot ng t c nhng
yu cu trn, mch tin khuch i cn phi t iu chnh h s khuch i theo
tng burst tc l h s khuch i ln cho tn hiu nh v h s khuch i nh cho
tn hiu ln. Trong cng mt thi im, mch tin khuch i burst-mode phi c
th phn bit c mc tn hiu c h s phn bit thp vi nhy cao.
Nu u vo l tn hiu ln nhng c h s phn bit thp ti mch tin khuch
i AGC thng thng, dng tn hiu u ra s b phn cc ln nh hnh 2.28a.
Bin tn hiu ra s b hn ch lm cho u thu kh c th phn bit c mc
logic 0 v 1 mt cch ph hp. Nhm gii quyt vn v s hn ch ca t s
phn bit mc tn hiu u ra, mt khi AGC c kh nng iu khin khuch i
bin i tr khng cn c thm vo tng tng trong mch ph thuc vo bin
tn hiu u vo. Hnh 2.28b l p ng ca khi AGC ny cho tn hiu burst c t
s phn bit thp. ng G1 trn hnh v l p ng ca b khuch i bin i tr
khng cho tn hiu ln, ng G2 l p ng cho tn hiu nh vi h s khuch i
cao hn so vi trng hp tn hiu ln. bo m khuch i trong cng mt
tng, mc logic 0 khng th ln bng mc logic 0 trong cc b tin khuch i
thng thng. Nh vy, mch ny c kh nng phn bit mc logic 0 v 1 mt
cch thch hp, cho php u thu khi phc li tn hiu burst vi t s phn bit
thp.
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Hnh 2.27S khi ca mt IC tin khuch i ch burst-mode
Hnh 2.28So snh gia mch AGC thng thng v mch AGC burst-mode
Hnh 2.29a l hnh dng mt b tin khuch ai AGC. Mch ny gm mt mch
xc nh mc nn BLD (Bottom Level Dectector), mch iu khin khuch i
GCC (Gain Control Circuit), mch reset v mt transistor FET ni song song vi
in tr hi tip. Hnh 2.29b l p ng ca tng khi vi tn hiu burst u vo.
BLD nhanh chng xc nh mc nn ca tn hiu sau tng khuch i th ba v
mch gi trong BLD s gi li mc tn hiu ny. Ty theo mc tn hiu ny, mch
GCC s pht ra mt in p khng i trong sut qu trnh hot ng ca tng ny
a ti in p cc cng ca FET (FET c ni song song vi in tr hi tip
nhm mc ch gim tr khng hi tip). Khi dng u vo IC tng (do cng sut
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tn hiu quang ti cao), in p cc cng ca FET tng lm gim bin i tr
khng. V th bin i tr khng ph thuc vo dng in u vo. Khi tn hiu
trong tng thay i, mt tn hiu reset c pht ra ti BLD, u ra ca mch
GCC v mch khuch i bin i tr khng chng tr v trng thi ban u. Kt
qu l tng khuch i c di ng ln mc d vi tn hiu c t s phn bit thp.
Hnh 2.29S khi v nguyn tc hot ng ca tng tin khuch i AGC

Tt c cc b thu c ni n trn u c ghp trc tip gia cc tng gip
cho chng c p ng nhanh v gim sai st vi tn hiu burst. Nhng thit b ny
c xy dng cho mng BPON v GPON vi c im nh thi mt cch cht
ch. C th ly v d trong mng GPON tc d liu 1,244Gbps vi 32 bit bo v
(25,6ns) c ch nh cho thi gian laser bt v tt, 44 bit trong trng preamble
(35,4ns) ti u mi gi burst ch nh cho vic iu khin khuch i v phc hi
xung clock. Nh bit trong mng EPON, b thu c thi gian khi ng ln ti
400ns cho php s dng mch ghp AC cho nhng ng dng c thi gian ngn
cho php. Khi mch ghp AC c ng dng cho nhng mch c hng s thi gian
nh lm cho mch c p ng rt nhanh vi tn hiu u vo. Hnh 2.30 th hin s
khi ca 2 mch thu quang ch burst-mode ghp AC v ghp DC. Trong
hnh 2.30, mch ghp AC gm 1 t ngn cch gia 2 tng lin tip, mch tin
khuch i ti u ra c phi hp tr khng v mch khuch i gii hn phi
hp tr khng u vo.
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Hnh 2.30So snh gia u thu s dng mch ghp AC v DC

Tm li, kin trc transceiver ca mng FTTH s dng ch truyn burst-mode
y nhanh tc truyn nhn d liu. Thng qua vic thit k chi tit cc mch
iu khin laser, s dng ghp tng trc tip DC, mch xc nh tn hiu thch nghi,
; mng FTTH c th c tc truyn nhn d liu gp nhiu ln kin trc
transceiver thng thng. Cng ngh mch t hp s tip tc gip tng tc ca
kin trc ny.
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Chng III : MCH PHT VA LAM SC XUNG CC NGN

Hin nay, khi mng FTTH ang ngy cng y nhanh tc truyn ti d liu
(t 1,25Gbps ln ti 10Gbps), vic tao va lam sc xung co sn khoang vai trm ps
l vn tt yu xy ra. Bn cnh , hu ht cc linh kin pht quang l LED v
laser u b hn ch tc bi thi gian sng ca ht ti dn ti vic ko di sn
xung ca xung quang. iu ny dn ti vn cn phi thit k mt my pht
xung cc ngn c sn ln v xung tm c t vi chc ti vi trm pico giy. C
rt nhiu gii php c a ra gii quyt vn ny nh s dng chuyn mch
quang dn, s dng ng truyn phi tuyn NTLT hoc s dng diode SRD,
Trong , my pht xung s dng diode SRD l mt gii php n gin c gi
thnh thp nht tha mn c nhu cu cn thit ny. Trong lun vn ny, vn
trn c gii quyt bng cch s dng my pht xung SRD vi kh nng iu
chnh rng xung dng ng dy tr ngn mach.
3.1. Step-recovery-time diode (SRD)

Diode SRD c to nn bng cu trc gm 2 chuyn tip p-i-n c c tnh tng
t nh chuyn tip p-n thng thng. Tuy nhin, c tnh ng ca diode ny rt
khc bit nn tnh cht ny lm cho n tr thnh mt ng dng rng ri trong cc
chuyn mch tc cao.
3.1.1.c tnh l tng ca SRD
Tnh cht c o nht ca SRD l kh nng thay i mt cch nhanh chng tr
khng ca n ph thuc vo lng in tch tch t trong n. Qu trnh tch t in
tch xy ra l kt qu ca vic ti hp nhng ht ti thiu s c tim vo thng
qua chuyn tip p-i-n di trng phn cc thun. Di iu kin phn cc thun,
tr khng ca diode kh nh (thng nh hn 1 Ohm). Ngay khi in p ngc t
vo diode, diode vn gi nguyn gi tr tr khng thp cho ti khi in tch tch t
ti tip gip ca n c x ht. Ngay ti thi im phng ht in tch, diode
chuyn trng thi lp tc t tr khng thp ln tr khng cao v hon ton chn
dng phn cc ngc t vo n. Qu trnh bin i tr khng ny xy ra trong
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khong thi gian ngn hn 1ns. V vy, SRD c dng trong nhng ng dng pht
xung c sn cc ngn (khong vi chc pico giy) hoc sa dng nhng xung c
sn bin i chm.
Hnh 3.1-Hnh nh SRD diode

in tch tch t di in p phn cc thun c tnh ton bng cch gii
phng trnh phn b in tch :
i (t ) =
dQ Q
+
vi Q>0
dt
[3.1]
Trong i(t) l dng in tc thi chy qua diode, Q l lng in tch tch t trong
chuyn tip v l thi gian sng ca ht ti thiu s ca diode. Trong trng hp
dng tch t khng thay i, in tch tch t c cho bi cng thc :
QF = I F (1 e tF / )
[3.2]
Trong QF l in tch tch t ti chuyn tip, IF l dng in phn cc thun v tF

l khong thi gian in p phn cc thun t ln diode. Khi dng phn cc ngc
chy trn diode khng i th thi gian diode x ht in tch l :
I (1 e tF / )
tS
= ln 1 + F
IR
[3.3]
Trong : tS l khong thi gian cn thit x ht in tch tch t bi dng I F

bng dng phn cc ngc IR.
3.1.2.c tnh thc t ca SRD
Vi diode SRD trong thc t, cn phi k ti s xut hin ca cc thng s k
sinh khi ng v. iu c th hin thng qua s khc bit gia dng sng tn
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hiu ra ca diode l tng v diode thc t nh hnh 3.2. m hnh ha c tnh
ng thc t ca diode SRD, mch tng ng c th hin nh hnh 3.3.
Thng s k sinh u tin nh hng ti tn hiu ra l in tr ng ca diode gy
ra s st nh ca tn hiu ra trn diode di iu kin phn cc thun :
VF = + I F RS
[3.4]
Trong VF l in p st trn diode, l ro th ca chuyn tip (0,70,8V) v R S

l in tr ng ca diode. in p st c th hin r trn hnh 3.2 dng tn
hiu ra trc mch sa dng xung.
Hnh 3.2-c tuyn ng l tng v khng l tng ca diode SRD
Hnh 3.3-Mch tng ng ca diode SRD

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Thng s k sinh th hai nh hng ti tn hiu ra l in cm k sinh ca diode
(do qu trnh ng v) to ra nhng nh nhn trn xung tn hiu bi s thay i
nhanh ca dng phn cc ngc chy qua in cm k sinh. in p gy ra bi
in cm ny c tnh theo cng thc :
di
VL (max) = L P d
dt max
[3.5]
Trong : VL l in p cc i ca cc nh xung nhn, L P l in cm ng v.

Gi tr ca cc nh xung nhn ny s gim i bng cch s dng nhng phng
php ng v c thng s k sinh thp hn. Trong lun vn ny s dng diode
SMMD840 c in cm ng v khong 2nH. Cc thng s ny c cho bi
datasheet trong phn ph lc.
Mt hin tng khc quan st c trn xung hnh 3.2 l vic xung tn hiu b
dng mc nn. in p ny xut hin do thnh phn dng phn cc ngc chy qua
in tr ng RS ca diode trong sut qu trnh tch t ca diode. in p ny c
xc nh bi :
VP = ( I F + I R ) RS
[3.6]
Trong VP l in p dng mc nn. Thng thng, gi tr ca in p ny rt nh

khong 0,16V. Hin tng ny c th b qua i vi mch chnh dng xung c bin
ln.
Thng s k sinh cui cng gy nh hng ti tn hiu ra l in dung k sinh C P
ca qu trnh ng v linh kin. in cm k sinh L P v in dung k sinh CP ny
gy ra hin tng dao ng damping ca SRD. Hin tng ny c th khc phc
bng cch chn la SRD c thng s ng v thp.
3.1.3.Thi gian chuyn tip ca SRD
Thi gian chuyn trng thi ln ca SRD c xc nh bng thi gian diode thay
i tr khng ca n trong mch. Thng s ny ph thuc vo vic thit k diode,
mch ngoi v mt in tch tch t trong diode. Thi gian ln ca diode l s
kt hp ca 2 thnh phn xc nh theo cng thc :
tr = tt 2 + tRC 2
[3.7]
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Trong tt l thi gian ln ca diode do qu trinh ni ti trong n (thng s ny
c cho bi nh sn xut; trong lun vn ny s dng diode c t t l 70ps) v tRC l
thi gian ln ca mch iu khin diode ph thuc vo in dung phn cc ngc
ca diode CVR ( gm in dung tip gip Cj song song vi in dung ng v C P)
ca SRD. Trong trng hp sn xung tnh t 10%-90% bin , t RC c tnh theo
cng thc :
tRC = 2,2ReqCVR
[3.8]
cn nu tnh t 20% ti 80% bin th c tnh theo cng thc :

tRC = 1,4 ReqCVR
[3.9]
Trong Req l in tr tng ng ca in tr ca ngun mc song song vi

in tr ca ti.
3.2.Thit k mch pht va lam sc xung cc ngn

3.2.1.Nguyn l thit k
Mch pht xung s dng SRD thng thng ch c th sa dng xung hoc pht
xung c mt sn nhanh m khng th thay i rng ca xung. c th to ra
xung c rng thay i c, mch s dng phng php nh hnh 3.4.
Hnh 3.4-Mch nguyn l

Trong hnh trn, mch gm ngun pht tn hiu c tr khng 50. Ngun pht c
th pht xung hnh sin hoc xung vung. Mch gm diode SRD, ng dy tr c
di Ld v ti 50.
Nguyn l hot ng ca mch :
Trn hinh ve 3.5 di y minh hoa xung tin hiu sau SRD s dung may phat
xung 2 cc tinh (hoc co th s dung may phat tin hiu hinh sin). Tai na chu ky
88
n tt nghip
u, SRD phn cc thun, in tich c tich tu tai SRD va luc nay cha co in ap
ra trn tai. Dong phn cc thun IF se tich tu in tich tai lp I cua chuyn tip p-i-n
trong khoang thi gian tF. Tai na chu ky sau, in ap t vao SRD chuyn xung
m, SRD phn cc ngc. Ngay tc thi, SRD xa ht in tich tich tu ra ng
truyn tao ra xung co dang nh hinh ve.
Hnh 3.5-Dang xung tao ra sau khi qua diode SRD

Nhin t phia tai, xung nay chia thanh 2 xung tai im ni tip gia ng truyn
va ng dy ngn mach Ld : mt xung truyn doc theo ng truyn chnh ni tip
tai ti ca ra, mt xung truyn doc theo ng truyn ngn mach.
Theo nguyn ly ng truyn siu cao tn, h s phan xa cua mt ng truyn
ngn mach la :
=
Z L Z 0 0 50
=
= 1
Z L + Z 0 0 + 50
[3.10]
89
n tt nghip
T cng thc 3.10 c th thy c xung phn x t ng truyn ngn mch c
cc tnh ngc vi xung pht ra v c truyn tr li ng truyn chnh sau mt
khong thi gian ri kt hp vi xung trn ng truyn chnh to thnh xung pht
ra trn ti. Lc ny, ng truyn ngn mch c vai tr nh mt ng tr vi
khong thi gian tr gia 2 xung truyn trn ng truyn chnh l :
td =
2 Ld
vp
[3.11]
Trong vp l vn tc truyn sng trn ng truyn ngn mch c tinh theo

cng thc 3.12
vp =
[3.12]
Trong o la hng s in mi cua mi trng truyn song.

Hnh 3.6 l hnh nh 2 xung truyn trn ng truyn chnh kt hp li to thnh
mt xung c sn ln va xung bng thi gian chuyn tip gia 2 trang thai cua
diode SRD; rng xung bng chnh thi gian tr truyn sng t delay trn ng
truyn ngn mch (tai sau im ni gia ng truyn chinh va ng truyn ngn
mach). Xung phn x c cc tnh ngc vi xung pht ra v c bin thp hn
xung truyn thng do suy hao trn ng truyn ngn mch.
Hnh 3.6-Hnh nh tng hp ca 2 xung ti ti
90
n tt nghip
3.2.2.Thit k mch pht va lam sc xung cc ngn
c th to ra xung c rng thay i c, ng dy tr s dng trong
mch thit k dng cp semi-rigid to thnh ng truyn phn x c th thay
i c chiu di.
Do xung yu cu thit k c rng khong vi ns ng thi c sn dc (vi
trm ps) nn tt c linh kin s dng u c di thng rng ng thi s dng linh
kin lp rp b mt. Mch in thit k s dng ng truyn microstrip trn in
mi CGP-500 BF-6012 c di thng ti 18GHz (chi tit xem phn ph lc). Cp
semi-rigid dng lm ng truyn ngn mch cng c di thng khong 18GHz,
cc u ni ti my pht xung 2 cc tnh (my pht tn hiu hnh sin) v cng ra
u s dng connector SMA. Diode SRD s dng trong mch SMMD840 (dng 2
chn) c thi gian sng ca ht ti thiu s l T = 10ns cho php my pht xung c
tn s nhp ln ti 100MHz, sn xung to ra c thi gian ln v xung khong
70ps (thng s ny th hin thi gian chuyn trng thi ca SRD thng c hng
sn xut cung cp). Diode Schottky s dng trong mch l diode HSMS8101 c
in p ngng khong 0,35V (cn chn in p ngng ca Schottky cng thp
cng tt ta s c li v bin xung u ra do st p trn Schottky).
S mch thit k :
Hnh 3.7-Mach phat va lam sc xung cc ngn

91
n tt nghip
Trong s trn, connector SMA u vao c ni vi may phat xung 2 cc tinh
hoc may phat xung hinh sin co tn s nhip di 100MHz. in tr R1 va R3 la 2
in tr n inh tr khang vao va ra cua mach c chon gia tri la 50. Tu C1 la tu
ngn tng gia tng ra va tng vao mach. Diode Schottky c ni tip sau SRD va
ng dy tr nhm muc ich ct i nhng xung nhon m (do qua trinh cng 2
xung) tao dang cho xung ngo ra trn tai. in ap V bias c s dung sau tu C1
tao in ap phn cc cho xung tin hiu u ra. Nh a trinh bay trn, khi phat
laser in ap t trn no phai vt qua gia tri ngng V threshold thi laser mi phat
xung quang. Vi vy, tai u ra t V bias gn ti Vthreshold nhm muc ich giam thi
gian tr khi phat xung quang tai tng driver phia sau. Tu C2 c dung loc tin
hiu 1 chiu phn cc cho mach, in tr R1 va L1 mc ni tip vi V bias tao in
ap phn cc. in cam L1 c dung chn tin hiu cao tn di ngc v phia
ngun 1 chiu. Cng ra s dung connector SMA ni trc tip ti tng iu khin
laser.
Trong thit k mch ta chn Z L>> Z0 = 50 th cng tt gim tn hiu cao tn
phn x ngc v ngun nn ti tn s 10GHz, Z L chn khong vi chc k tr ln
hay ni cch khc L ta chn khong vi chc H. T C1 lm nhim v ngn cch
tn hiu mt chiu gia tng vo v ra nm ni tip trn ng truyn nn thng
chn gi tr tr khng kh nh gim phn x do s bin i tr khng khi t C1
ni tip trn ng truyn (ZC1 nt Z0). Trong mch thit k chn gi tr t C1 c tr
khng di m ti tn s 10GHz m bo tng ra phi hp tr khng 50.
Tinh toan ng truyn mach vi dai :
ng truyn mach vi dai la loai ng truyn song phng c dung ph bin
nht hin nay bi no d dang thit k va thc hin thng qua cng ngh lam mach
in thng thng. ng thi, mach vi dai d dang t hp vi cac linh kin tich cc
va thu ng lp rap b mt. ng truyn vi dai gm 1 dai dn co rng W c
in trn in mi co day h va hng s in mi r.
92
n tt nghip
Hnh 3.8-ng truyn mach vi dai

Do tinh cht khng ng nht cua ng truyn vi dai (mt mt tip xuc vi
in mi, mt mt tip xuc vi khng khi) nn mode song truyn trn ng truyn
vi dai khng phai la mode song TEM ly tng do mt phn trng truyn trong mi
trng khng khi. Do o, song truyn trn ng truyn mach vi dai la song quasiTEM va cac thng s ng truyn c tinh toan gn ung bng nhng cng thc
thc nghim di y.
Vn tc pha cua song :
vp =
c
e
[3.13]
Trong o e la hng s in mi tng ng cua mach vi dai c tinh theo hng

s in mi cua bi cng thc sau :
e =
+1 1
+
X
2
2
1
12h
1+
W
[3.14]
Tr khang cua ng truyn vi dai c tinh theo cng thc :

Z0 =
Z0 =
60 8d W
ln
+
vi W/d 1
e W 4d
120
vi W/d 1
e [ W / d + 1.393 + 0.667 ln(W / d + 1.444) ]
[3.15]
[3.16]
Trong trng hp a bit tr khang c tinh cua ng truyn Z 0 va hng s in

mi cua thi ti s W/d c tinh bi cng thc sau :
W
8e A
= 2A
vi W/d< 2
d e 2
[3.17]
93
n tt nghip
W 2
1
0.61
= B 1 ln(2 B 1) +
ln( B 1) + 0.39
vi W/d> 2
d
2

[3.18]
Trong o :
A=
Z0 + 1 1
0.11
+
(0.23 +
)
60
2
+1
[3.19]
B=
377
2Z 0
[3.20]
Trong ng truyn siu cao tn, tr khang song cua ng truyn thng la
Z0=50 Ohm. Da vao thng s in mi va cng thc 3.17 3.20 ta tinh c
rng cua ng truyn (thit k cho tn s 10GHz) la :
W = 1.323(mm)
Trong thit k, giam suy hao do tr khang b mt cua lp dn , mach thit k
phai thm ma trn l khoan nh hinh ve 3.10 ng thi nhm giam suy hao truyn
song trong khng khi cua ng truyn mach vi dai cn thit k cac ng GND
sat vi ng truyn tin hiu gn nht co th c.
Di y la hinh anh may phat xung va layout mach thit k :
Hnh 3.9-Hinh anh mch phat xung cc ngn

94
n tt nghip
Hnh 3.10-Hinh anh mach in layout

3.2.3.Kt qua thc nghim
Di y la kt qua thc nghim o ac xung tn hiu tai u ra vi rng thay
i c t 4ns ti 500ps c dung dao ng ky sampling 3S1 Tektronic tn s
1GHz.
Hnh 3.11- Xung rng 4ns, sn xung 1ns
95
n tt nghip
Hnh 3.12- Xung rng 500ps, sn xung 500ps
96
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Chng IV : NG DNG CA MCH PHT VA LAM SC

XUNG CC NGN
4.1.ng dng ca my pht xung cc ngn
My pht xung cc ngn c thit k s dng trong mch iu khin laser
v LED nh kh nng thay i c rng xung v xung c sn ln v xung
ch trong khong vi chc ti vi trm ps. Mch pht xung ny c t trc tng
driver cho LED v laser nhm nng tc truyn d liu ln ti 1,23Gbps s dng
2 IC driver MAX3966 dng cho LED v MAX3996 dng cho laser (chi tit ti
phn ph lc).
4.2.Mt s ng dng pht trin ca mch pht xung cc ngn

Ngoi nhng ng dng trong thng tin quang, mch pht xung SRD cn c s
dng trong rt nhiu cc lnh vc khc nhau.
4.2.1.ng dng trong h thng UWB
Ngy nay, mng thng tin khng dy ang pht trin mnh m v lin kt khng
dy cng ang chim mt vai tr quan trng trong hu ht cc lnh vc thng tin.
Cc mng WLAN, WPAN v mng ad-hoc c xy dng khp mi ni. S pht
trin ca h thng mng khng dy da trn nn tng ca k thut UWB. K thut
UWB l a ra nhng gii php s dng hiu qu hn vng ph v tuyn c sn m
khng cn phi tm kim mt vng ph mi. K thut UWB c t chc FCC
pht trin dnh cho nhng lin kt v tuyn.
Xut pht t cng thc Shanon :
C = B log 2 (1 + SNR )
[4.1]
Trong C l dung lng ca ng truyn, B l di thng ca ng truyn v

SNR l t s tn hiu/tp m. R rng l vi di thng ca tn hiu pht cng rng
th ch cn SNR nh hay ni cch khc l cng sut pht rt thp m vn m bo
cht lng ca ng truyn. V vy, h thng UWB c xy dng vi kh nng
cung cp di thng rt rng (ti thiu l 500MHz) m cng sut pht ch khong
-2dBm. Mch pht xung UWB tr thnh mt ti rt hp dn trong lnh vc radar
v truyn thng tc cao. H thng UWB yu cu dng tn hiu pht ra phi c
97
n tt nghip
dng bc xung hoc cc xung vung c rng c t 1 10ns v sn xung kh
dc. Nh vy ta c th thy mch pht xung SRD ng vai tr quan trng trong lnh
vc UWB vi kh nng thay i rng xung v cho php sn xung ln ti vi
chc ps.
4.2.2.ng dng trong h thng radar nh v
Trong h thng radar nh v, nhm mc ch xc nh chnh xc v tr ca
chng ngi vt, radar pht ra mt xung vo mi trng khng gian. Thng qua
vic o thi gian tn hiu phn x v quay ngc li tr v pha pht m c th xc
nh chnh xc khong cch ca chng ngi vt. Xung pht ra t radar thng l
mt xung n hnh sin c chu k rt ngn. Xung pht ra cng ngn cng nng cao
chnh xc ca radar. Vic pht xung n hnh sin c chu k rt ngn c to ra
da trn phng php s dng diode SRD v ng dy ngn mch [19].
Qua , ta c th thy trong lnh vc radar nh v, mch pht xung cc ngn
SRD l gii php r tin nht tha mn yu cu k thut c t ra.
98
n tt nghip
KT LUN CHUNG
Sau thi gian thc tp va lam vic, an H thng FTTH(Fiber-to-the-Home)
Gigabits/s a hoan thanh ung tin t ra. Mach phat va lam sc xung cc ngn
la bc i u tin phat trin mach phat laser tc cao ng dung trong mang
FTTH. Mach co kha nng phat xung co sn t 100 500 ps vi rng xung co
th iu chinh c theo yu cu s dung. Mach phat va lam sc xung nay khng
chi ng dung trong vic thit k transceiver cho modem quang trong mang FTTH
ma con co nhiu ng dung khac trong h thng UWB va radar.
Trong qua trinh thc hin an, ban thn em a thu nhn c mt s kt qua sau
:
-
Tim hiu v mang FTTH va kin truc transceiver trong ONU va OLT
Cu truc va cng ngh thit k cac linh kin quang in t
Tim hiu diode SRD va ng dung cua no
Tinh toan va thit k mach siu cao tn dung mach vi dai
Bit cach la chon linh kin siu cao tn va o ac
Tim hiu nhng vn lin quan ti mach lam sc xung va phat xung cc
ngn
Do thi gian co han va khi lng cng vic kha ln cung han ch bi kha nng
cua ban thn nn trong an nay cha hoan thanh mach phat laser tc t
1,25Gb/s ti 2,5Gb/s cung thit k mu transceiver ng dung cho mang FTTH. Hi
vong trong thi gian ti em co th tip tuc hng phat trin nay cung mt s y
tng ng dung khac tip tuc kt qua cua an nay.
99
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TI LIU THAM KHO

[1].
http://www.infocellar.com/networks/new-tech/PON/PON-real.htm, truy cp
cui cng ngy 23/02/2009
[2].
http://www.cs.cmu.edu/afs/andrew.cmu.edu/usr9/sirbu/www/pubs/FITL/tprc
6.html , truy cp cui cng ngy 23/02/2009
[3].
http://vntelecom.org/diendan/, truy cp cui cng ngy 23/02/2009
[4].
Josep Prat, Next-Generation FTTH Passive Optical Network, Springer Press,

2008
[5].
Quang Minh, Cng ngh v chun ha mng quang th ng
[6].
IEEE Standard for Information Technology, IEEE 802.3ah Ethernet in the

First Miles Task Force, D3.3, April 19,2004
[7].
ITU-T Rec.G.983.1, Study Group 15, Broadband optical access based on

passive optical network, Oct.1998
[8].
ITU-T Rec.G.984.2, Gigabit-capable passive optical network (GPON) :

physical media dependant (PMD) layer specification , Mar.2003
[9].
W.Huang, X.Li, C.Xu, X.Hong, C.Xu and W.Liang, Optical transceivers

for fiber-to-the-premises application : System requirement and enabling
technologies, J.Lightwave Technol, vol.25, pp.11-27, 2007
[10]. X.Z.Qui, P.Ossieur, J.Bauwelinck, Y.C.Yi, D.Verhulst, J.Vandewege, B.De

Vos and P.Solina, Development of G-PON upstream physical media
dependent prototypes,
J.Lightwave Technol, vol.22, pp.2498-2508,
Nov.2007
[11]. Y.Chang and G.Noh, 1,25Gb/s uplink burst mode tranmissions : System
requirement and optical diagnostic challenges of EPON physical-layer
chipset for enabling broadband optical Ethernet access network,
OFC/NFOEC06 Paper JThB84
[12]. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FTTH, truy cp cui cng ngy 23/02/2009
[13]. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hybrid_Fibre_Coaxial, truy cp cui cng ngy
23/02/2009
100
n tt nghip
[14]. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switched_digital_video, truy cp cui cng
ngy 23/02/2009
[15]. Cedric F.Lam, Passive Optical Network: Principle and Practice, Academic
Press, 2007
[16]. Govind P.Agrawal, Fiber-Optics Communication System, Wiley Series in
Microwave and Optical Engineering, 2002
[17]. J.S.Lee, C.Nguyen, Uniplanar picosecond pulse generator using step
recovery-time diode, Electronic Letter, Vol.37, No.8, April 2001, pp.504506.
[18]. Hewlett Packard, Pulse and Waveform Generation with Step Recovery
Diode, Application Note 918, California/USA, October 1986.
[19]. Jeong Soo Lee, Cam Nguyen and Tom Scullion, New Uniplanar
Subnanosecond Monocycle Pulse Generator and Transformer for TimeDomain Microwave Application, IEEE Transaction on Microwave Theory
and Technique, Vol.49, No.6, June 2001, pp.1126-1129
[20]. David M.Pozar, Microwave Engineering, John Wiley & Sons, 1998
[21]. Gerd Keiser, FTTX Concepts and Applications, John Wiley & Sons,
[22].
www.alldatasheet.com truy cp ln cui cng ngy 12/05/2009
101
n tt nghip
BNG I CHIU THUT NG ANH-VIT

Active component
Active Optical Network
Auto Power Control
Bragg grating
Central Office
Coupler
Dynamic Bandwidth Allocation
Falltime
Guard time
IP convergence
Lasing threshold
Multipoint Control Protocol Data Unit
Network Element
Operation
Administration
Thit b ch ng
Mng quang tch cc
T ng iu khin cng sut
Cch t Bragg
Tng i
B ghp
Giao thc phn phi bng thng ng
Sn xung
Khong thi gian bo v
Tnh hi t IP
Ngng pht laser
Giao thc iu khin truy nhp im-a
im
Phn t mng
and B phn khai thc, qun l v bo dng
Maintenance
Optical Line Terminal
Optical Network Terminal
Passive Optical Network
Point-to-Point
Risetime
Service Level Agreement
Splitter
Transceiver
Transimpedance Amplifier
Thit b kt cui knh quang

Kt ni mng quang
Mng quang th ng
Giao thc im-im
Sn ln
Chc nng tha thun mc dch v
B chia quang
B thu-pht
B khuch i truyn tr khng
102
n tt nghip
PH LC
Di y l cc thng s k thut ca mch in, diode SRD, diode Schottky v
IC driver cho LED v laser
103

Do An Tot Nghiep - Mang FTTH-Duong Quang Ha

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Do An Tot Nghiep - Mang FTTH-Duong Quang Ha

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n tt nghip

Dng Quang H KSTN-TVT-K49

Dng Quang H KSTN-TVT-K49

DANH SCH HNH V, BNG

Dng Quang H KSTN-TVT-K49

DANH SCH T VIT TT

Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line

Dng Quang H KSTN-TVT-K49

Network Power Assembly

Dng Quang H KSTN-TVT-K49

Trong xu th hi nhp ton cu, mng Internet l cng c h tr khng th thiu

Dng Quang H KSTN-TVT-K49

Chng I : MNG FTTH (FibertotheHome)

1.1.1.Mng FTTC v HFC

Dng Quang H KSTN-TVT-K49

Dng Quang H KSTN-TVT-K49

Hnh 1.1-M hnh mng FTTC in hnh

Hnh 1.2-Mng HFC

Dng Quang H KSTN-TVT-K49

Hnh 1.3Mng SDV

Hnh 1.4Mng FTTH

Dng Quang H KSTN-TVT-K49

Dng Quang H KSTN-TVT-K49

1.2. Mng FTTH

Dng Quang H KSTN-TVT-K49

Hnh 1.5-c tuyn suy hao trong si quang

Hnh 1.6-Mng Active Ethernet (trn ) v mng AON (di)

Dng Quang H KSTN-TVT-K49

Hnh 1.7Mng PON

Dng Quang H KSTN-TVT-K49

Dng Quang H KSTN-TVT-K49

Dng Quang H KSTN-TVT-K49

Dng Quang H KSTN-TVT-K49

Khun dng d liu

GEM v/hoc ATM

Trc tip (qua GEM hoc

AES - 128, 192, 256

Bng 1.1-So snh cc chun cng ngh TDMA PON [5]

S dng cc khi quang c th lp t ti ch la chn cc bc sng ONU

Dng cc laser iu chnh c.

Cc phng thc th ng m theo OLT cung cp tn hiu sng mang ti

S dng tn hiu hng xung iu chnh bc sng u ra ca laser

Hnh 1.8-Cu trc ca WDM-PON

Dng Quang H KSTN-TVT-K49

Hnh 1.9-Cu hnh c bn b ghep/tach quang

Dng Quang H KSTN-TVT-K49

Hnh 1.10-Coupler hinh sao va phng php to 1x8 coupler t Y coupler

Tn hoa tch (split loss): Mc nng lng u ra ca Coupler so vi

nng lng u vo (db). i vi Coupler 2x2 l tng, gi tr ny l 3dB. Hnh

Tn hao chn (insert loss): Nng lng tn hao do s cha hon ho

ca qu trnh x l. Gi tr ny nm trong khong 0,1dB n 1dB.

Dng Quang H KSTN-TVT-K49

H s nh hng (Directivity): Lng nng lng u vo b r r

t mt cng u vo n cc cng u vo khc. Coupler l thit b nh hng cao

Hnh 1.11Topo hnh cy

Dng Quang H KSTN-TVT-K49

Hnh 1.12Topo dng bus

Hnh 1.13-Topo dng vng

Hnh 1.14Topo hnh cy vi ng ti ph

Dng Quang H KSTN-TVT-K49

Hnh 1.15Topo hnh cy kt hp topo dng vng

Hnh 1.16Topo dng vng kt hp

Dng Quang H KSTN-TVT-K49