H. G.

WELLS

THE NEW WORLD ORDER

Whether it is attainable, how it can be attained, and what sort of world a world at peace will have to be.

First Published . . January 1940.

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'" T '( ()%** +$$, ' want to set down as co-pactly, clearly and usefully as possible the .ist of what ' have learnt about war and peace in the course of -y life. ' a- not .oin. to write peace propa.anda here. ' a- .oin. to strip down certain .eneral ideas and realities of pri-ary i-portance to their fra-ewor/, and so prepare a nucleus of useful /nowled.e for those who have to .o on with this business of -a/in. a world peace. ' a- not .oin. to persuade people to say 01es, yes0 for a world peace2 already we have had far too -uch abolition of war by -a/in. declarations and si.nin. resolutions2 everybody wants peace or pretends to want peace, and there is no need to add even a sentence -ore to the vast volu-e of such ineffective stuff. ' a- si-ply atte-ptin. to state the thin.s we -ust do and the price we -ust pay for world peace if we really intend to achieve it. 3ntil the &reat War, the First World War, ' did not bother very -uch about war and peace. (ince then ' have al-ost specialised upon this proble-. 't is not very easy to recall for-er states of -ind out of which, day by day and year by year, one has .rown, but ' thin/ that in the decades before 1914 not only ' but -ost of -y .eneration 4 in the +ritish !-pire, %-erica, France and indeed throu.hout -ost of the civilised world 4 thou.ht that war was dyin. out. (o it see-ed to us. 't was an a.reeable and therefore a readily acceptable idea. We i-a.ined the Franco4&er-an War of 1560461 and the 7usso4Tur/ish War of 1566465 were the final conflicts between &reat Powers, that now there was a +alance

of Power sufficiently stable to -a/e further -a8or warfare i-practicable. % Triple %lliance faced a #ual %lliance and neither had -uch reason for attac/in. the other. We believed war was shrin/in. to -ere e9peditionary affairs on the outs/irts of our civilisation, a sort of frontier police business. abits of tolerant intercourse, it see-ed, were bein. stren.thened every year that the peace of the Powers re-ained unbro/en. There was in deed a -ild ar-a-ent race .oin. on2 -ild by our present standards of e:uip-ent2 the ar-a-ent industry was a .rowin. and enterprisin. on2 but we did not see the full i-plication of that2 we preferred to believe that the increasin. .eneral .ood sense would be stron. enou.h to prevent these -ultiplyin. .uns fro- actually .oin. off and hittin. anythin.. %nd we s-iled indul.ently at unifor-s and parades and ar-y -an;uvres. They were the ti-e4honoured toys and re.alia of /in.s and e-perors. They were part of the display side of life and would never .et to actual destruction and /illin.. ' do not thin/ that e9a..erates the easy co-placency of, let us say, 159<, forty4five years a.o. 't was a co-placency that lasted with -ost of us up to 1914. 'n 1914 hardly anyone in !urope or %-erica below the a.e of fifty had seen anythin. of war in his own country. The world before 1900 see-ed to be driftin. steadily towards a tacit but practical unification. $ne could travel without a passport over the lar.er part of !urope2 the Postal 3nion delivered one=s letters uncensored and safely fro- >hile to >hina2 -oney, based essentially on .old, fluctuated only very sli.htly2 and the sprawlin. +ritish !-pire still -aintained a tradition of free trade, e:ual treat-ent and open4handedness to all co-ers round and about the planet. 'n the 3nited (tates you could .o for days and never see a -ilitary unifor-. >o-pared with to4day that was, upon the surface at any rate, an a.e of

easy4.oin. safety and .ood hu-our. Particularly for the "orth %-ericans and the !uropeans. +ut apart fro- that steady, o-inous .rowth of the ar-a-ent industry there were other and deeper forces at wor/ that were preparin. trouble. The Forei.n $ffices of the various soverei.n states had not for.otten the co-petitive traditions of the ei.hteenth century. The ad-irals and .enerals were conte-platin. with so-ethin. between hostility and fascination, the hun.er weapons the steel industry was .ently pressin. into their hands. &er-any did not share the self4 co-placency of the !n.lish4spea/in. world2 she wanted a place in the sun2 there was increasin. friction about the partition of the raw -aterial re.ions of %frica2 the +ritish suffered fro- chronic 7ussophobia with re.ard to their vast apportions in the !ast, and set the-selves to nurse Japan into a -odernised i-perialist power2 and also they 0re-e-bered )a8uba02 the 3nited (tates were irritated by the disorder of >uba and felt that the wea/, e9tended (panish possessions would be all the better for a chan.e of -ana.e-ent. (o the .a-e of Power Politics went on, but it went on upon the -ar.ins of the prevailin. peace. There were several wars and chan.es of boundaries, but they involved no funda-ental disturbance of the .eneral civilised life2 they did not see- to threaten its broadenin. tolerations and understandin.s in any funda-ental fashion. !cono-ic stresses and social trouble stirred and -uttered beneath the orderly surfaces of political life, but threatened no convulsion. The idea of alto.ether eli-inatin. war, of clearin. what was left of it away, was in the air, but it was free fro- any sense of ur.ency. The a.ue Tribunal was established and there was a steady disse-ination of the conceptions of arbitration and international law. 't really see-ed to -any that the peoples of the earth were settlin. down in their various territories to a liti.ious rather than a belli.erent order. 'f there was -uch social in8ustice it was

bein. -iti.ated -ore and -ore by a :uic/enin. sense of social decency. %c:uisitiveness conducted itself with decoru- and public4spiritedness was in fashion. (o-e of it was :uite honest public4spiritedness. 'n those days, and they are hardly -ore than half a lifeti-e behind us, no one thou.ht of any sort of world ad-inistration. That patchwor/ of .reat Powers and s-all Powers see-ed the -ost reasonable and practicable -ethod of runnin. the business of -an/ind. >o--unications were far too difficult for any sort of centralised world controls. %round the World in !i.hty #ays, when it was published seventy years a.o, see-ed an e9trava.ant fantasy. 't was a world without telephone or radio, with nothin. swifter than a railway train or -ore destructive than the earlier types of .!. shell. They were -arvels. 't was far -ore convenient to ad-inister that world of the +alance of Power in separate national areas and, since there were such li-ited facilities for peoples to .et at one another and do each other -ischiefs, there see-ed no har- in ardent patriotis- and the co-plete independence of separate soverei.n states. !cono-ic life was lar.ely directed by irresponsible private businesses and private finance which, because of their private ownership, were able to spread out their unifyin. transactions in a networ/ that paid little attention to frontiers and national, racial or reli.ious senti-entality. 0+usiness0 was -uch -ore of a world co--onwealth than the political or.anisations. There were -any people, especially in %-erica, who i-a.ined that 0+usiness0 -i.ht ulti-ately unify the world and .overn-ents sin/ into subordination to its networ/. "owadays we can be wise after the event and we can see that below this fair surface of thin.s, disruptive forces were steadily .atherin. stren.th. +ut these disruptive forces played a

co-paratively s-all r?le in the world spectacle of half a century a.o, when the ideas of that older .eneration which still do-inates our political life and the political education of its successors, were for-ed. 't is fro- the conflict of those +alance of Power and private enterprise ideas, half a century old, that one of the -ain stresses of our ti-e arises. These ideas wor/ed fairly well in their period and it is still with e9tre-e reluctance that our rulers, teachers, politicians, face the necessity for a profound -ental adaptation of their views, -ethods and interpretations to these disruptive forces that once see-ed so ne.li.ible and which are now shatterin. their old order co-pletely. 't was because of this belief in a .rowin. .ood4will a-on. nations, because of the .eneral satisfaction with thin.s as they were, that the &er-an declarations of war in 1914 aroused such a stor- of indi.nation throu.hout the entire co-fortable world. 't was felt that the &er-an ,aiser had bro/en the tran:uillity of the world club, wantonly and needlessly. The war was fou.ht 0a.ainst the ohen@ollerns.0 They were to be e9pelled fro- the club, certain punitive fines were to be paid and all would be well. That was the +ritish idea of 1914. This out4of4date war business was then to be cleared up once for all by a -utual .uarantee by all the -ore respectable -e-bers of the club throu.h a *ea.ue of "ations. There was no apprehension of any deeper operatin. causes in that .reat convulsion on the part of the worthy elder states-en who -ade the peace. %nd so Aersailles and its codicils. For twenty years the disruptive forces have .one on .rowin. beneath the surface of that .enteel and shallow settle-ent, and twenty years there has been no resolute attac/ upon the riddles with which their .rowth confronts us. For all that period of the *ea.ue of "ations has been the opiate of liberal thou.ht in the world.

To4day there is war to .et rid of %dolf itler, who has now ta/en the part of the ohen@ollerns in the dra-a. e too has outra.ed the >lub 7ules and he too is to be e9pelled. The war, the >ha-berlain4 itler War, is bein. wa.ed so far by the +ritish !-pire in :uite the old spirit. 't has learnt nothin. and for.otten nothin.. There is the sa-e resolute disre.ard of any -ore funda-ental proble-. (till the -inds of our co-fortable and influential rulin.4class people refuse to accept the plain inti-ation that their ti-e is over, that the +alance of Power and uncontrolled business -ethods cannot continue, and that itler, li/e the ohen@ollerns, is a -ere offensive pustule on the face of a deeply ailin. world. To .et rid of hi- and his "a@is will be no -ore a cure for the world=s ills than scrapin. will heal -easles. The disease will -anifest itself in so-e new eruption. 't is the syste- of nationalist individualis- and unco4ordinated enterprise that is the world=s disease, and it is the whole systethat has to .o. 't has to be reconditioned down to its foundations or replaced. 't cannot hope to 0-uddle throu.h0 a-iably, wastefully and dan.erously, a second ti-e. World peace -eans all that -uch revolution. )ore and -ore of us be.in to realise that it cannot -ean less. The first thin., therefore that has to be done in thin/in. out the pri-ary proble-s of world peace is to realise this, that we are livin. in the end of a definite period of history, the period of the soverei.n states. %s we used to say in the ei.hties with ever4increasin. truthB 0We are in an a.e of transition0. "ow we .et so-e -easure of the acuteness of the transition. 't is a phase of hu-an life which -ay lead, as ' a- tryin. to show, either to a new way of livin. for our species or else to a lon.er or briefer dC.rin.olade of violence, -isery, destruction, death and the e9tinction of -an/ind. These are not rhetorical phrases

' a- usin. here2 ' -ean e9actly what ' say, the disastrous e9tinction of -an/ind. That is the issue before us. 't is no s-all affair of parlour politics we have to consider. %s ' write, in the -o-ent, thousands of people are bein. /illed, wounded, hunted, tor-ented, ill4treated, delivered up to the -ost intolerable and hopeless an9iety and destroyed -orally and -entally, and there is nothin. in si.ht at present to arrest this spreadin. process and prevent its reachin. you and yours. 't is co-in. for you and yours now at a .reat pace. Plainly in so far as we are rational foreseein. creatures there is nothin. for any of us now but to -a/e this world peace proble- the rulin. interest and direction of our lives. 'f we run away fro- it it will pursue and .et us. We have to face it. We have to solve it or be destroyed by it. 't is as ur.ent and co-prehensive as that.

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+!F$7! W! !E%)'"! W %T ' have called so far the 0disruptive forces0 in the current social order, let -e underline one pri-ary necessity for the -ost outspo/en free discussion of the battlin. or.anisations and the cru-blin. institutions a-idst which we lead our present unco-fortable and precarious lives. There -ust be no protection for leaders and or.anisations frothe -ost searchin. criticis-, on the plea that out country is or -ay be at war. $r on any pretence. We -ust tal/ openly, widely and plainly. The war is incidental2 the need for revolutionary reconstruction is funda-ental. "one of us are clear as yet upon so-e of the -ost vital :uestions before us, we are not lucid enou.h in our own -inds to be a-bi.uous, and a -u-blin. tactfulness and indirect half4state-ents -ade with an eye upon so-e censor, will confuse our thou.hts and the thou.hts of those with who- we desire understandin., to the co-plete sterilisation and defeat of every reconstructive effort. We want to tal/ and tell e9actly what our ideas and feelin.s are, not only to our fellow citi@ens, but to our allies, to neutrals and, above all, to the people who are -arshalled in ar-s a.ainst us. We want to .et the sa-e sincerity fro- the-. +ecause until we have wor/ed out a co--on basis of ideas with the-, peace will be only an uncertain e:uilibriu- while fresh anta.onis-s develop. >oncurrently with this war we need a .reat debate. We want every possible person in the world to ta/e part in that debate. 't is so-ethin. -uch -ore i-portant than the actual warfare. 't is

intolerable to thin/ of this stor- of universal distress leadin. up to nothin. but so-e 0conference0 of diplo-atists out of touch with the world, with secret sessions, a-bi.uous 0understandin.s.0 . . . "ot twice surely can that occur. %nd yet what is .oin. to prevent its recurrin.F 't is :uite easy to define the reasonable li-its of censorship in a belli.erent country. 't is -anifest that the publication of any infor-ation li/ely to be of the sli.htest use to an ene-y -ust be drastically anticipated and suppressed2 not only direct infor-ation, for e9a-ple, but inti-ations and careless betrayals about the position and -ove-ents of ships, troops, ca-ps, depots of -unitions, food supplies, and false reports of defeats and victories and co-in. shorta.es, anythin. that -ay lead to blind panic and hysteria, and so forth and so on. +ut the -atter ta/es on a different aspect alto.ether when it co-es to state-ents and su..estions that -ay affect public opinion in one=s own country or abroad, and which -ay help us towards wholeso-e and corrective political action. $ne of the -ore unpleasant aspects of a state of war under -odern conditions is the appearance of a swar- of individuals, too clever by half, in positions of authority. !9cited, conceited, prepared to lie, distort and .enerally hu-bu. people into states of ac:uiescence, resistance, indi.nation, vindictiveness, doubt and -ental confusion, states of -ind supposed to be conductive to a final -ilitary victory. These people love to twist and censor facts. 't .ives the- a feelin. of power2 if they cannot create they can at least prevent and conceal. Particularly they po/e the-selves in between us and the people with whowe are at war to distort any possible reconciliation. They sit, filled with the wine of their transitory powers, aloof fro- the fati.ues and dan.ers of conflict, pullin. i-a.inary strin.s in people=s -inds.

'n &er-any popular thou.ht is supposed to be under the control of err #r &oebbels2 in &reat +ritain we writers have been invited to place ourselves at the disposal of so-e )inistry of 'nfor-ation, that is to say at the disposal of hitherto obscure and unrepresentative individuals, and write under its advice. $fficials fro- the +ritish >ouncil and the >onservative Party ead:uarters appear in /ey positions in this )inistry of 'nfor-ation. That curious and little advertised or.anisation ' have 8ust -entioned, the creation ' a- told of *ord *loyd, that +ritish >ouncil, sends e-issaries abroad, writers, well4dressed wo-en and other cultural persona.es, to lecture, char- and win over forei.n appreciation for +ritish characteristics, for +ritish scenery, +ritish political virtues and so forth. (o-ehow this is supposed to help so-ethin. or other. Guietly, unobtrusively, this has .one on. )aybe these sa-ple +ritish .ive unauthorised assurances but probably they do little positive har-. +ut they ou.ht not to be e-ployed at all. %ny .overn-ent propa.anda is contrary to the essential spirit of de-ocracy. The e9pression of opinion and collective thou.ht should be outside the ran.e of .overn-ent activities alto.ether. 't should be the wor/ of free individuals whose pro-inence is dependent upon the response and support of the .eneral -ind. +ut here ' have to -a/e a-ends to *ord *loyd. ' was led to believe that the +ritish >ouncil was responsible for )r. Teelin., the author of >risis for >hristianity, and ' said as -uch in The Fate of o-o (apiens. ' now unsay it. )r. Teelin., ' .ather, was sent out upon his 8ourneys by a >atholic newspaper. The +ritish >ouncil was entirely innocent of hi-. 't is not only that the )inistries of 'nfor-ation and Propa.anda do their level best to divert the li-ited .ifts and ener.ies of such writers, lecturers and tal/ers as we possess, to the production of disin.enuous -uc/ that will -uddle the public

-ind and -islead the en:uirin. forei.ner, but that they show a -ar/ed disposition to stifle any free and independent utterances that -y see- to traverse their own profound and secret plans for the salvation of -an/ind. !verywhere now it is difficult to .et ade:uate, far4reachin. publicity for outspo/en discussion of the way the world is .oin., and the political, econo-ic and social forces that carry us alon.. This is not so -uch due to deliberate suppression as to the .eneral disorder into which hu-an affairs are dissolvin.. There is indeed in the %tlantic world hardly a si.n as yet of that direct espiona.e upon opinion that obliterates the -ental life of the intelli.ent 'talian or &er-an or 7ussian to4day al-ost co-pletely2 one -ay still thin/ what one li/es, say what one li/es and write what one li/es, but nevertheless there is already an increasin. difficulty in .ettin. bold, unorthodo9 views heard and read. "ewspapers are afraid upon all sorts of -inor counts, publishers, with such valiant e9ceptions as the publishers of this -atter, are -orbidly discreet2 they .et "otice # to avoid this or that particular topic2 there are obscure boycotts and trade difficulties hinderin. the wide diffusion of .eneral ideas in countless ways. ' do not -ean there is any sort of or.anised conspiracy to suppress discussion, but ' do say that the Press, the publishin. and boo/sellin. or.anisations in our free countries, provide a very ill4or.anised and inade:uate -achinery for the ventilation and distribution of thou.ht. Publishers publish for nothin. but safe profits2 it would astound a boo/seller to tell hi- he was part of the world=s educational or.anisation or a publisher=s traveller, that he e9isted for any other purpose than to boo/ -a9i-u- orders for best sellers and earn a record co--ission 4 lettin. the other stuff, the hi.hbrow stuff and all that, .o han.. They do not understand that they ou.ht to put public service before .ain. They have no induce-ent to do so and no pride in their

function. Theirs is the -orale of a profiteerin. world. "ewspapers li/e to insert brave4loo/in. articles of conventional liberalis-, spea/in. hi.hly of peace and displayin. a noble va.ueness about its attain-ent2 now we are at war they will publish the fiercest attac/s upon the ene-y 4 because such attac/s are supposed to /eep up the fi.htin. spirit of the country2 but any ideas that are really loudly and clearly revolutionary they dare not circulate at all. 3nder these bafflin. conditions there is no thorou.h discussion of the world outloo/ whatever, anywhere. The de-ocracies are only a shade better than the dictatorships in this respect. 't is ridiculous to represent the- as real-s of li.ht at issue with dar/ness. This .reat debate upon the reconstruction of the world is a thin. -ore i-portant and ur.ent than the war, and there e9ist no ade:uate -edia for the utterance and criticis- and correction of any broad .eneral convictions. There is a certain fruitless and unproductive splutterin. of constructive ideas, but there is little sense of sustained en:uiry, few real interchan.es, inade:uate pro.ress, nothin. is settled, nothin. is dis-issed as unsound and nothin. is won per-anently. "o one see-s to hear what anyone else is sayin.. That is because there is no sense of an audience for these ideolo.ists. There is no effective audience sayin. rudely and obstinatelyB 0What %. has said, see-s i-portant. Will +. and >., instead of bo-binatin. in the void, tell us e9actly where and why they differ fro- %.F %nd now we have .ot to the co--on truth of %., +., >., and #. ere is F. sayin. so-ethin.. Will he be so .ood as to correlate what he has to say with %., +., >., and #.F0 +ut there is no such bac/.round of an intelli.ently observant and critical world audience in evidence. There are a few people here and there readin. and thin/in. in disconnected fra.-ents. This is all the thin/in. our world is doin. in the face of planetary disaster. The universities, bless the-H are in unifor-

or silent. We need to air our own -inds2 we need fran/ e9chan.es, if we are to achieve any co--on understandin.. We need to wor/ out a clear conception of the world order we would prefer to this present chaos, we need to dissolve or co-pro-ise upon our differences so that we -ay set our faces with assurance towards an attainable world peace. The air is full of the panaceas of half4wits, none listenin. to the others and -ost of the- tryin. to silence the others in their i-patience. Thousands of fools are ready to write us a co-plete prescription for our world troubles. Will people never realise their own i.norance and inco-pleteness, fro- which arise this absolute necessity for the plainest state-ent of the realities of the proble-, for the -ost e9haustive and unsparin. e9a-ination of differences of opinion, and for the -ost ruthless canvassin. of every possibility, however unpalatable it -ay see- at first, of the situationF +efore anythin. else, therefore, in this survey of the way to world peace, ' put free speech and vi.orous publication. 't is the thin. best worth fi.htin. for. 't is the essence of your personal honour. 't is your duty as a world citi@en to do what you can for that. 1ou have not only to resist suppressions, you have to fi.ht your way out of the fo.. 'f you find your boo/seller or newsa.ent failin. to distribute any type of publication whatever 4 even if you are in entire disa.ree-ent with the views of that publication 4 you should turn the weapon of the boycott upon the offender and find another boo/seller or newsa.ent for everythin. you read. The would4be world citi@en should subscribe also to such or.anisation as the "ational >ouncil for >ivil *iberties2 he should use any advanta.e his position -ay .ive hi- to chec/ suppression of free speech2 and he should accusto- hi-self to challen.e nonsense politely but fir-ly and say fearlessly and as clearly as possible what is in

his -ind and to listen as fearlessly to whatever is said to hi-. (o that he -ay /now better either throu.h reassurance or correction. To .et to.ether with other people to ar.ue and discuss, to thin/ and or.anise and then i-ple-ent thou.ht is the first duty of every reasonable -an. This world of ours is .oin. to pieces. 't has to be reconstructed and it can only be effectively reconstructed in the li.ht. $nly the free, clear, open -ind can save us, and these difficulties and obstructions on our line of thou.ht are as evil as children puttin. obstacles on a railway line or scatterin. nails on an auto-obile speed trac/. This .reat world debate -ust .o on, and it -ust .o on now. "ow while the .uns are still thuddin., is the ti-e for thou.ht. 't is incredibly foolish to tal/ as so -any people do of endin. the war and then havin. a World >onference to inau.urate a new a.e. (o soon as the fi.htin. stops the real world conference, the live discussion, will stop, too. The diplo-ats and politicians will asse-ble with an air of profound co-petence and close the doors upon the outer world and resu-e 4 Aersailles. While the silenced world .apes and waits upon their -ysteries.

I #'(73PT'A! F$7>!( %"# "$W *!T 3( co-e to the disruptive forces that have reduced that late4nineteenth4century drea- of a powerful world patchwor/ of -ore and -ore civilised states lin/ed by an ever4 increasin. financial and econo-ic interdependence, to co-plete incredibility, and so forced upon every intelli.ent -ind the need to wor/ out a new conception of the World that ou.ht to be. 't is supre-ely i-portant that the nature of these disruptive forces should be clearly understood and /ept in -ind. To .rasp the- is to hold the clues to the world=s present troubles. To for.et about the-, even for a -o-ent, is to lose touch with essential reality and drift away into -inor issues. The first .roup of these forces is what people are accusto-ed to spea/ of as 0the abolition of distance0 and 0the chan.e of scale0 in hu-an operations. This 0abolition of distance0 be.an rather -ore than a century a.o, and its earlier effects were not disruptive at all. 't /nit to.ether the spreadin. 3nited (tates of %-erica over distances that -i.ht otherwise have strained their solidarity to the brea/in.4point, and it enabled the sprawlin. +ritish !-pire to sustain contacts round the whole planet. The disruptive influence of the abolition of distance appeared only later. *et us be clear upon its essential si.nificance. For what see-ed li/e endless centuries the swiftest -eans of loco-otion had been the horse on the hi.h4road, the runnin. -an, the .alley and the uncertain, weather4ruled sailin. ship. JThere was the #utch-an on s/ates on s/ates on his canals, but that was an e9ceptional cul-ination of speed and not for .eneral application.K The political, social and i-a.inative life

of -an for all those centuries was adapted to these li-itin. conditions. They deter-ined the distances to which -ar/etable .oods could conveniently be sent, the li-its to which the ruler could send his orders and his solders, the bounds set to .ettin. news, and indeed the whole scale of livin.. There could be very little real co--unity feelin. beyond the ran.e of fre:uent intercourse. u-an life fell naturally therefore into areas deter-ined by the interplay between these li-itations and such natural obstacles as seas and -ountains. (uch countries as France, !n.land, !.ypt, Japan, appeared and reappeared in history li/e natural, necessary thin.s, and thou.h there were such lar.er political efforts as the 7o-an !-pire, they never attained an endurin. unity. The 7o-an !-pire held to.ether li/e wet blottin.4 paper2 it was always fallin. to pieces. The older !-pires, beyond their national nuclei, were -ere precarious tribute4 levyin. powers. What ' have already called the world patchwor/ of the .reat and little Powers, was therefore, under the old horse4and4foot and sailin.4ship conditions, al-ost as -uch a -atter of natural necessity as the si@es of trees and ani-als. Within a century all this has been chan.ed and we have still to face up to what that chan.e -eans for us. First ca-e stea-, the stea-4railway, the stea-ship, and then in a :uic/enin. crescendo ca-e the internal co-bustion en.ine, electrical traction, the -otor car, the -otor boat, the aeroplane, the trans-ission of power fro- central power stations, the telephone, the radio. ' feel apolo.etic in recitin. this well4 /nown story. ' do so in order to enforce the state-ent that all the areas that were the -ost convenient and efficient for the old, ti-e4honoured way of livin., beca-e -ore and -ore inconveniently close and narrow for the new needs. This

applied to every sort of ad-inistrative area, fro- -unicipalities and urban districts and the ran.e of distributin. businesses, up to soverei.n states. They were 4 and for the -ost part they still are 4 too s-all for the new re:uire-ents and far too close to.ether. %ll over the social layout this ti.htenin.4up and s:uee@in. to.ether is an inconvenience, but when it co-es to the areas of soverei.n states it beco-es i-possibly dan.erous. 't beco-es an intolerable thin.2 hu-an life cannot .o on, with the capitals of -ost of the civilised countries of the world within an hour=s bo-bin. ran.e of their frontiers, behind which attac/s can be prepared and secret preparations -ade without any for- of control. %nd yet we are still tolerant and loyal to arran.e-ents that see/ to -aintain this state of affairs and treat it as thou.h nothin. else were possible. The present war for and a.ainst itler and (talin and )r. >ha-berlain and so forth, does not even touch upon the essential proble- of the abolition of distance. 't -ay indeed destroy everythin. and still settle nothin.. 'f one could wipe out all the issues of the present conflict, we should still be confronted with the essential riddle, which is the abolition of the boundaries of -ost e9istin. soverei.n states and their -er.er in so-e lar.er Pa9. We have to do that if any supportable hu-an life is to .o on. Treaties and -utual .uarantees are not enou.h. We have surely learnt enou.h about the value of treaties durin. the last half4century to realise that. We have, because of the abolition of distance alone, to .ather hu-an affairs to.ether under one co--on war4preventin. control. +ut this abolition of distance is only one -ost vivid aspect of the chan.e in the conditions of hu-an life. 'nterwoven with that is a .eneral chan.e of scale in hu-an operations. The past hundred years has been an a.e of invention and discovery beyond the achieve-ents of the precedin. three -illennia. 'n a boo/ ' published ei.ht years a.o, The Wor/, Wealth and

appiness of )an/ind, ' tried to su--arise the con:uest of power and substances that is still .oin. on. There is -ore power e9pended in a -odern city li/e +ir-in.ha- in a day than we need to /eep the whole of !li@abethan !n.land .oin. for a year2 there is -ore destructive ener.y in a sin.le tan/ than sufficed the ar-y of Willia- ' for the con:uest of !n.land. )an is able now to produce or destroy on a scale beyond co-parison .reater than he could before this stor- of invention be.an. %nd the conse:uence is the continual further dislocation of the orderly social life of our .reat4.reat4.randfathers. "o trade, no profession, is e9e-pt. The old social routines and classifications have been, as people say, 0/noc/ed silly0. There is no sort of occupation, fisheries, far-in., te9tile wor/, -etal wor/, -inin. which is not sufferin. fro- constant read8ust-ent to new -ethods and facilities. $ur traditions of trade and distribution flounder after these chan.es. (/illed occupations disappear in the .eneral li:uefaction. The new power or.anisations are destroyin. the forests of the world at headlon. speed, plou.hin. .reat .ra@in. areas into deserts, e9haustin. -ineral resources, /illin. off whales, seals and a -ultitude of rare and beautiful species, destroyin. the -orale of every social type and devastatin. the planet. The institutions of the private appropriation of land and natural resources .enerally, and of private enterprise for profit, which did produce a fairly tolerable, stable and 0civilised0 social life for all but the -ost i-poverished, in !urope, %-erica and !ast, for so-e centuries, have been e9panded to a -onstrous destructiveness by the new opportunities. The patient, nibblin., enterprisin. profit4see/er of the past, -a.nified and e:uipped now with the hu.e claws and teeth the chan.e of scale has provided for hi-, has torn the old econo-ic order to ra.s. Guite apart fro- war, our planet is bein. wasted and disor.anised. 1et the process .oes on, without any .eneral control, -ore -onstrously destructive even than the continually

enhanced terrors of -odern warfare. "ow it has to be -ade clear that these two thin.s, the -anifest necessity for so-e collective world control to eli-inate warfare and the less .enerally ad-itted necessity for a collective control of the econo-ic and biolo.ical life of -an/ind, are aspects of one and the sa-e process. $f the two the disor.anisation of the ordinary life which is .oin. on, war or no war, is the .raver and least reversible. +oth arise out of the abolition of distance and the chan.e of scale, they affect and -odify each other, and unless their parallelis- and interdependence are reco.nised, any pro8ects for world federation or anythin. of the sort are doo-ed inevitably to frustration. That is where the *ea.ue of nations bro/e down co-pletely. 't was le.al2 it was political. 't was devised by an e94professor of the old4fashioned history assisted by a few politicians. 't i.nored the vast disor.anisation of hu-an life by technical revolutions, bi. business and -odern finance that was .oin. on, of which the &reat War itself was scarcely -ore than a by4 product. 't was constituted as thou.h nothin. of that sort was occurrin.. This war stor- which is brea/in. upon us now, due to the continued fra.-entation of hu-an .overn-ent a-on. a patchwor/ of soverei.n states, is only one aspect of the .eneral need for a rational consolidation of hu-an affairs. The independent soverei.n state with its perpetual war threat, ar-ed with the resources of -odern -echanical fri.htfulness, is only the -ost blatant and terrifyin. aspect of that sa-e want of a coherent .eneral control that -a/es over.rown, independent, soverei.n, private business or.anisations and co-binations, socially destructive. We should still be at the -ercy of the 0"apoleons0 of co--erce and the 0%ttilas0 of finance, if there was not a .un or a battleship or a tan/ or a

-ilitary unifor- in the world. We should still be sold up and dispossessed. Political federation, we have to realise, without a concurrent econo-ic collectivisation, is bound to fail. The tas/ of the peace4-a/er who really desires peace in a new world, involves not -erely a political but a profound social revolution, profounder even than the revolution atte-pted by the >o--unists in 7ussia. The 7ussian 7evolution failed not by its e9tre-is- but throu.h the i-patience, violence and intolerance of its onset, throu.h lac/ of foresi.ht and intellectual insufficiency. The cos-opolitan revolution to a world collectivis-, which is the only alternative to chaos and de.eneration before -an/ind, has to .o -uch further than the 7ussian2 it has to be -ore thorou.h and better conceived and its achieve-ent de-ands a -uch -ore heroic and -ore steadfast thrust. 't serves no useful purpose to shut our eyes to the -a.nitude and intricacy of the tas/ of -a/in. the world peace. These are the basic factors of the case.

4 >*%((4W%7 "$W !7! 'T '( necessary to -a/e a distinction which is far too fre:uently i.nored. >ollectivisation -eans the handlin. of the co--on affairs of -an/ind by a co--on control responsible to the whole co--unity. 't -eans the suppression of .o4as4you4please in social and econo-ic affairs 8ust as -uch as in international affairs. 't -eans the fran/ abolition of profit4 see/in. and of every devise by which hu-anLbein.s contrive to be parasitic on their fellow -an. 't is the practical realisation of the brotherhood of -an throu.h a co--on control. 't -eans all that and it -eans no -ore than that. The necessary nature of that control, the way to attain it and to -aintain it have still to be discussed. The early for-s of socialis- were atte-pts to thin/ out and try out collectivist syste-s. +ut with the advent of )ar9is-, the lar.er idea of collectivis- beca-e entan.led with a s-aller one, the perpetual conflict of people in any unre.ulated social syste- to .et the better of one another. Throu.hout the a.es this has been .oin. on. The rich, the powerful .enerally, the -ore intelli.ent and ac:uisitive have .ot away with thin.s, and sweated, oppressed, enslaved, bou.ht and frustrated the less intelli.ent, the less ac:uisitive and the unwary. The aves in every .eneration have always .ot the better of the ave4nots, and the ave4nots have always resented the privations of their disadvanta.e. (o it is and so in the uncollectivised world it has always been. The bitter cry of the e9propriated -an echoes down the a.es fro- ancient !.ypt and the ebrew prophets, denouncin. those

who .rind the faces of the poor. %t ti-es the ave4nots have been so uneducated, so helplessly distributed a-on. their -ore successful fellows that they have been incapable of social disturbance, but whenever such develop-ents as plantation of factory labour, the accu-ulation of -en in seaport towns, the disbandin. of ar-ies, fa-ine and so forth, brou.ht to.ether -asses of -en at the sa-e disadvanta.e, their individual resent-ents flowed to.ether and beca-e a co--on resent-ent. The -iseries underlyin. hu-an society were revealed. The aves found the-selves assailed by resentful, vindictive revolt. *et us note that these revolts of the ave4nots throu.hout the a.es have so-eti-es been very destructive, but that invariably they have failed to -a/e any funda-ental chan.e in this old, old story of .ettin. and not .ettin. the upper hand. (o-eti-es the ave4nots have fri.htened or otherwise -oved the aves to -ore decent behaviour. $ften the ave4nots have found a >ha-pion who has ridden to power on their wron.s. Then the ric/s were burnt or the chMteau9. The aristocrats were .uillotined and their heads carried on e9e-plary pi/es. (uch stor-s passed and when they passed, there for all practical purposes was the old order returnin. a.ain2 new people but the old ine:ualities. 7eturnin. inevitably, with only sli.ht variations in appearance and phraseolo.y, under the condition of a non4collective social order. The point to note is that in the unplanned scra-ble of hu-an life throu.h the centuries of the horse4and4foot period, these incessantly recurrin. outbrea/s of the losers a.ainst the winners have never once produced any per-anent a-elioration of the co--on lot, or .reatly chan.ed the features of the hu-an co--unity. "ot once. The ave4nots have never produced the intelli.ence and the

ability and the aves have never produced the conscience, to -a/e a per-anent alteration of the rules of the .a-e. (lave revolts, peasant revolts, revolts of the proletariat have always been fits of ra.e, acute social fevers which have passed. The fact re-ains that history produces no reason for supposin. that the ave4nots, considered as a whole, have available any reserves of directive and ad-inistrative capacity and disinterested devotion, superior to that of the -ore successful classes. )orally, intellectually, there is no reason to suppose the- better. )any potentially able people -ay -iss education and opportunity2 they -ay not be inherently inferior but nevertheless they are crippled and incapacitated and /ept down. They are spoilt. )any specially .ifted people -ay fail to 0-a/e .ood0 in a 8ostlin., co-petitive, ac:uisitive world and so fall into poverty and into the baffled, li-ited ways of livin. of the co--onalty, but they too are e9ceptions. The idea of a ri.ht4 -inded Proletariat ready to ta/e thin.s over is a drea-. %s the collectivist idea has developed out of the ori.inal propositions of socialis-, the -ore lucid thin/ers have put this a.e4lon. bitterness of the aves and the ave4nots into its proper place as part, as the -ost distressin. part, but still only as part, of the vast wasta.e of hu-an resources that their disorderly e9ploitation entailed. 'n the li.ht of current events they have co-e to realise -ore and -ore clearly that the need and possibility of arrestin. this waste by a world4wide collectivisation is beco-in. continually -ore possible and at the sa-e ti-e i-perative. They have had no delusions about the education and liberation that is necessary to .ain that end. They have been -oved less by -oral i-pulses and senti-ental pity and so forth, ad-irable but futile -otives, as by the intense intellectual irritation of livin. in a foolish and destructive syste-. They are revolutionaries not because the present way of

livin. is a hard and tyrannous way of livin., but because it is fro- top to botto- e9asperatin.ly stupid. +ut thrustin. athwart the socialist -ove-ent towards collectivisation and its research for so-e co-petent directive or.anisation of the world=s affairs, ca-e the clu-sy initiative of )ar9is- with its class4war do.-a, which has done -ore to -isdirect and sterilise hu-an .ood4will than any other -isconception of reality that has ever stultified hu-an effort. )ar9 saw the world fro- a study and throu.h the ha@es of a vast a-bition. e swa- in the current ideolo.ies of his ti-e and so he shared the prevalent socialist drive towards collectivisation. +ut while his sounder4-inded conte-poraries were studyin. -eans and ends he 8u-ped fro- a very i-perfect understandin. of the Trades 3nion -ove-ent in +ritain to the wildest .eneralisations about the social process. e invented and anta.onised two phanto-s. $ne was the >apitalist (yste-2 the other the Wor/er. There never has been anythin. on earth that could be properly called a >apitalist (yste-. What was the -atter with his world was -anifestly its entire want of syste-. What the (ocialists were feelin. their way towards was the discovery and establish-ent of a world syste-. The aves of our period were and are a fantastic -iscellany of people, inheritin. or .ettin. their power and influence by the -ost various of the interbreedin. social solidarity even of a feudal aristocracy or an 'ndian caste. +ut )ar9, loo/in. rather into his inner consciousness than at any concrete reality, evolved that -onster 0(yste-0 on his 7i.ht. Then over a.ainst it, still .a@in. into that vacuu-, he discovered on the *eft the proletarians bein. steadily e9propriated and beco-in. class4 conscious. They were 8ust as endlessly various in reality as the

people at the top of the scra-ble2 in reality but not in the -ind of the >o--unist seer. There they consolidated rapidly. (o while other -en toiled at this .i.antic proble- of collectivisation, )ar9 found his al-ost childlishy si-ple recipe. %ll you had to do was to tell the wor/ers that they were bein. robbed and enslaved by this wic/ed 0>apitalist (yste-0 devised by the 0bour.eoisie0. They need only 0unite02 they had 0nothin. to lose but their chains0. The wic/ed >apitalist (yste- was to be overthrown, with a certain vindictive li:uidation of 0capitalists0 in .eneral and the 0bour.eoisie0 in particular, and a -illenniu- would ensue under a purely wor/ers= control, which *enin later on was to crystallise into a phrase of supra4theolo.ical -ystery, 0the dictatorship of the proletariat0. The proletarians need learn nothin., plan nothin.2 they were ri.ht and .ood by nature2 they would 8ust 0ta/e over0. The infinitely various envies, hatreds and resent-ents of the ave4nots were to fuse into a -i.hty creative drive. %ll virtue resided in the-2 all evil in those who had bettered the-. $ne .ood thin. there was in this new doctrine of the class war, it inculcated a -uch needed brotherliness a-on. the wor/ers, but it was balanced by the or.anisation of class hate. (o the .reat propa.anda of the class war, with these -onstrous falsifications of -anifest fact, went forth. >ollectivisation would not so -uch be or.anised as appear -a.ically when the incubus of >apitalis- and all those irritatin.ly well4to4do people, were lifted off the .reat Proletarian soul. )ar9 was a -an incapable in -oney -atters and -uch bothered by trades-en=s bills. )oreover he cherished absurd pretensions to aristocracy. The conse:uence was that he ro-anced about the lovely life of the )iddle %.es as if he were another +elloc and concentrated his ani-us about the 0bour.eoisie0, who- he -ade responsible for all those .reat disruptive forces in hu-an society that we have considered.

*ord +acon, the )ar:uis of Worcester, >harles the (econd and the 7oyal (ociety, people li/e >avendish and Joule and Watt for e9a-ple, all beca-e 0bour.eoisie0 in his infla-ed i-a.ination. 0#urin. its rei.n of scarce a century0, he wrote in the >o--unist )anifesto, 0the bour.eoisie has created -ore powerful, -ore stupendous forces of production than all precedin. .enerations rolled into one . . . . What earlier .enerations had the re-otest in/lin. that such productive forces slu-bered within the wo-bs of associated labourF0 0The wo-bs of associated labourH0 J&olly, what a phraseHK The industrial revolution which was a conse:uence of the -echanical revolution is treated as the cause of it. >ould facts be -uddled -ore co-pletelyF %nd a.ainB 0 . . . the bour.eois syste- is no lon.er able to cope with the abundance of wealth it creates. ow does the bour.eoisie overco-e these crisesF $n the one hand, by the co-pulsory annihilation of a :uantity of the productive forces2 on the other, by the con:uest of new -ar/ets and the -ore thorou.h e9ploitation of old ones. With what resultsF The results are that the way is paved for -ore widespread and -ore disastrous crises and that the capacity for avertin. such crises is lessened. 0The weapons0 JWeaponsH ow that sedentary .entle-an in his vast beard adored -ilitary i-a.esHK 0with which the bour.eoisie overthrew feudalis- are now bein. turned a.ainst the bour.eoisie itself. 0+ut the bour.eoisie has not only for.ed the weapons that will slay it2 it has also en.endered the -en who will use these weapons 4 the -odern wor/ers, the proletarians.0 %nd so here they are, ha--er and sic/le in hand, chest stuc/

out, proud, -a.nificent, co--andin., in the )anifesto. +ut .o and loo/ for the- yourself in the streets. &o and loo/ at thein 7ussia. !ven for 1545 this is not intelli.ent social analysis. 't is the outpourin. of a -an with a + in his bonnet, the hated +our.eoisie, a -an with a certain vision, uncritical of his own sub4conscious pre8udices, but shrewd enou.h to realise how .reat a drivin. force is hate and the inferiority co-ple9. (hrewd enou.h to use hate and bitter enou.h to hate. *et anyone read over that >o--unist )anifesto and consider who -i.ht have shared the hate or even have .ot it all, if )ar9 had not been the son of a rabbi. 7ead Jews for +our.eoisie and the )anifesto is pure "a@i teachin. of the 19II45 vinta.e. (tripped down to its core in this fashion, the pri-ary falsity of the )ar9ist assu-ption is evident. +ut it is one of the :ueer co--on wea/ness of the hu-an -ind to be uncritical of pri-ary assu-ptions and to s-other up any en:uiry into their soundness in secondary elaboration, in technicalities and conventional for-ulN. )ost of our syste-s of belief rest upon rotten foundations, and .enerally these foundations are -ade sacred to preserve the- fro- attac/. They beco-e do.-as in a sort of holy of holies. 't is shoc/in.ly uncivil to say 0+ut that is nonsense0. The defenders of all the do.-atic reli.ions fly into ra.e and indi.nation when one touches on the absurdity of their foundations. !specially if one lau.hs. That is blasphe-y. This avoidance of funda-ental criticis- is one of the .reatest dan.ers to any .eneral hu-an understandin.. )ar9is- is no e9ception to the universal tendency. The >apitalist (yste- has to be a real syste-, the +our.eoisie an or.anised conspiracy a.ainst the Wor/ers, and every hu-an conflict everywhere has to be an aspect of the >lass War, or they cannot tal/ to you. They will not listen to you. "ever once has there been an

atte-pt to answer the plain thin.s ' have been sayin. about the- for a third of a century. %nythin. not in their lan.ua.e flows off their -inds li/e water off a duc/=s bac/. !ven *enin 4 by far the subtlest -ind in the >o--unist story 4 has not escaped this pitfall, and when ' tal/ed to hi- in )oscow in 19D0 he see-ed :uite unable to realise that the violent conflict .oin. on in 'reland between the >atholic nationalists and the Protestant .arrison was not his sacred insurrection of the Proletariat in full blast. To4day there is :uite a nu-ber of writers, and a-on. thethere are -en of science who ou.ht to thin/ better, sole-nly elaboratin. a pseudo4philosophy of science and society upon the deeply buried but entirely nonsensical foundations laid by )ar9. )onth by -onth the industrious *eft boo/ >lub pours a new volu-e over the -inds of its devotees to sustain their -ental habits and pic/le the- a.ainst the septic influence of unorthodo9 literature. % party 'nde9 of Forbidden +oo/s will no doubt follow. #istin.uished professors with sole-n deli.ht in their own re-ar/able in.enuity, lecture and discourse and even produce serious4loo/in. volu-es, upon the superiority of )ar9ist physics and )ar9ist research, to the unbranded activities of the hu-an -ind. $ne tries not to be rude to the-, but it is hard to believe they are not deliberately playin. the fool with their brains. $r have they a feelin. that revolutionary co--unis- is ahead, and are they doin. their best to rationalise it with an eye to those red days to co-eF J(ee o.ben=s #an.erous Thou.hts.K ere ' cannot pursue in any detail the story of the 7ise and >orruption of )ar9is- in 7ussia. 't confir-s in every particular -y contention that the class4war idea is an entan.le-ent and perversion of the world drive towards a world collectivis-, a wastin. disease of cos-opolitan socialis-. 't has followed in its .eneral outline the co--on

history of every revolt of the ave4nots since history be.an. 7ussia in the shadows displayed an i--ense inefficiency and san/ slowly to 7ussia in the dar/. 'ts .ala9y of inco-petent fore-en, -ana.ers, or.anisers and so forth, developed the -ost co-plicated syste- of self4protection a.ainst criticis-, they sabota.ed one another, they intri.ued a.ainst one another. 1ou can read the :uintessence of the thin. in *ittlepa.e=s 'n (earch of (oviet &old. %nd li/e every other ave4not revolt since the dawn of history, hero worship too/ possession of the insur.ent -asses. The inevitable >ha-pion appeared. They escape fro- the >@ar and in twenty years they are worshippin. (talin, ori.inally a fairly honest, unori.inal, a-bitious revolutionary, driven to self4defensive cruelty and inflated by flattery to his present :uasi4divine autocracy. The cycle co-pletes itself and we see that li/e every other -erely insurrectionary revolution, nothin. has chan.ed2 a lot of people have been li:uidated and a lot of other people have replaced the- and 7ussia see-s returnin. bac/ to the point at which it started, to a patriotic absolutis- of doubtful efficiency and va.ue, incalculable ai-s. (talin, ' believe, is honest and benevolent in intention, he believes in collectivis- si-ply and plainly, he is still under the i-pression that he is -a/in. a .ood thin. of 7ussia and of the countries within her sphere of influence, and he is self4ri.hteously i-patient of criticis- or opposition. is successor -ay not have the sa-e disinterestedness. +ut ' have written enou.h to -a/e it clear why we have to dissociate collectivisation alto.ether fro- the class war in our -inds. *et us waste no -ore ti-e on the spectacle of the )ar9ist puttin. the cart in front of the horse and tyin. hi-self up with the harness. We have to put all this proletarian distortion of the case out of our -inds and start afresh upon the proble- of how to realise the new and unprecedented possibilities of world collectivisation that have opened out

upon the world in the past hundred years. That is a new story. %n entirely different story. We hu-anLbein.s are facin. .i.antic forces that will either destroy our species alto.ether or lift it to an alto.ether unprecedented level of power and well4bein.. These forces have to be controlled or we shall be annihilated. +ut co-pletely controlled they can abolish slavery 4 by the one sure -eans of -a/in. these thin.s unnecessary. >lass4war co--unis- has its opportunity to realise all this, and it has failed to -a/e .ood. (o far it has only replaced one autocratic 7ussia by another. 7ussia, li/e all the rest of the world, is still facin. the proble- of the co-petent .overn-ent of a collective syste-. (he has not solved it. The dictatorship of the proletariat has failed us. We have to loo/ for possibilities of control in other directions. %re they to be foundF

"$T! % friendly adviser readin. the passa.e on p.46 protests a.ainst 0the wo-bs of associated labour0 as a -istranslation of the ori.inal &er-an of the )anifesto. ' too/ it fro- the translation of Professor irendranath )u/her8ee in an 'ndian students= 8ournal, (riharsha, which happened to be at -y des/. +ut -y adviser produces *ily &. %it/en and Fran/ >. +ud.en in a &las.ow (ocialist *abour Press publication, who .ave it as 0the lap of social labour0, which is -ore refined but pure nonsense. The &er-an word is 0schoss0, and in its widest sense it -eans the whole productive -aternal outfit fro- boso- to /nees and here :uite definitely the wo-b. The French translation .ives 0sein0, which at the first .lance see-s to carry .entility to an even hi.her level. +ut as you can say in French that an e9pectant -other carries her child in her 0sein0, ' thin/ Professor )u/her8ee has it. Thousands of reverent youn. >o--unists -ust have read that 0lap0 without observin. its absurdity. )ar9 is tryin. to -a/e out that the increase of productive efficiency was due to 0association0 in factories. % better phrase to e9press his Jwron.4headedK intention would have been 0the co4ordinated operations of wor/ers -assed in factories0.

< 3"(%*T!# 1$3T W! %A! "$W T$ e9a-ine these disruptive forces a little -ore closely, these disruptive forces which are -anifestly overstrainin. and destroyin. the social and political syste- in which -ost of us have been reared. %t what particular points in our political and social life are these disruptive forces discoverin. brea/in.4pointsF >hief a-on. these brea/in.4points, people are be.innin. to realise -ore and -ore clearly, is the co--on, half4educated youn. -an. $ne particular conse:uence of the onrush of power and invention in our ti-e, is the release of a .reat flood of hu-an ener.y in the for- of une-ployed youn. people. This is a pri-ary factor of the .eneral political instability. We have to reco.nise that hu-anity is not sufferin., as -ost ani-al species when they suffer to do, fro- hun.er or want in any -aterial for-. 't is threatened not by deficiency but by e9cess. 't is plethoric. 't is not lyin. down to die throu.h physical e9haustion2 it is /noc/in. itself to pieces. )easured by any standards e9cept hu-an content-ent and ulti-ate security, -an/ind appears to be -uch wealthier now than in 1915. The :ualities of power and -aterial i--ediately available are -uch .reater. What is called productivity in .eneral is .reater. +ut there is sound reason for supposin. that a lar.e part of this increased productivity is really a swifter and -ore thorou.h e9ploitation of irreplaceable capital. 't is a

process that cannot .o on indefinitely. 't rises to a -a9i-uand then the feast is over. "atural resources are bein. e9hausted at a .reat rate, and the increased output .oes into war -unitions whose purpose is destruction, and into sterile indul.ences no better than waste. )an, 0heir of the a.es0, is a de-oralised spendthrift, in a state of .allopin. consu-ption, livin. on sti-ulants. When we loo/ into the statistics of population, there is irrefutable proof that everywhere we are passin. a -a9i-uJsee for this !nid >harles= The Twili.ht of Parenthood, or 7. 7. ,uc@yns/i=s )easure-ent of Population &rowthK and that a rapid decline is certain not only in Western !urope bur throu.hout the world. There is sound reason for doubtin. the alle.ed vast increase of the 7ussian people Jsee (ouvarine=s (talinK. "evertheless, because of the continually increasin. efficiency of productive -ethods, the relative pressure of this new une-ployed class increases. The 0-ob0 of the twentieth century is :uite different fro- the al-ost ani-al 0-ob0 of the ei.hteenth century. 't is a restless sea of dissatisfied youn. people, of youn. -en who can find no outlet for their natural ur.encies and a-bitions, youn. people :uite ready to 0-a/e trouble0 as soon as they are shown how. 'n the technically crude past, the illiterate ave4nots were sweated and overwor/ed. 't was easy to find toil to /eep theall busy. (uch surplus -ultitudes are wanted no -ore. Toil is no lon.er -ar/etable. )achines can toil better and with less resistance. These frustrated -ultitudes have been -ade acutely aware of their own frustration. The .ap of their always partly artificial disadvanta.e has been .reatly di-inished because now they all read. !ven for incidental e-ploy-ent it has been necessary to teach the- that, and the new readin. public thus created has

evo/ed a press and literature of e9cite-ent and su..estion. The cine-a and the radio da@@le the- with spectacles of lu9ury and unrestricted livin.. They are not the helpless od.es and factory fodder of a hundred years a.o. They are educated up to what -ust have been the -iddle4class level in 1559. They are indeed lar.ely a s:uee@ed4out -iddle class, restless, i-patient and as we shall see e9tre-ely dan.erous. They have assi-ilated al-ost all of the lower strata that were for-erly illiterate drud.es. %nd this -odernised e9cess population has no lon.er any social hu-ility. 't has no belief in the infallible wisdo- of its rulers. 't sees the- too clearly2 it /nows about the-, their waste, vices and wea/nesses, with an even e9a..erated vividness. 't sees no reason for its e9clusion fro- the .ood thin.s of life by such people. 't has lost enou.h of its inferiority to realise that -ost of that inferiority is arbitrary and artificial. 1ou -ay say that this is a te-porary state of affairs, that the fall in population will presently relieve the situation, by .ettin. rid of this surplus of the 0not wanted0. +ut it will do nothin. of the sort. %s population falls, consu-ption will fall. 'ndustries will still be producin. -ore and -ore efficiently for a shrin/in. -ar/et and they will be e-ployin. fewer and fewer hands. % state of five -illion people with half a -illion of useless hands, will be twice as unstable as forty -illion with two -illion standin. off. (o lon. as the present state of affairs continues, this stratu- of perple9ed youn. people 0out of it0 will increase relatively to the total co--unity. 't is still not realised as clearly as it should be, how -uch the troubles of the present ti-e are due to this new aspect of the social pu@@le. +ut if you will scrutinise the events of the past half century in the li.ht of this idea, you will see -ore and -ore convincin.ly that it is -ainly throu.h this .rowin. -ass

of unfulfilled desire that the disruptive forces -anifest the-selves. The ea.er and adventurous une-ployed youn. are indeed the shoc/ troops in the destruction of the old social order everywhere. They find .uidance in so-e confident Party or so-e inspired >ha-pion, who or.anises the- for revolutionary or counter4revolutionary ends. 't scarcely -atters which. They beco-e >o--unists or they beco-e Fascists, "a@is, the 'rish 7epublican %r-y, ,u ,lu9 ,lans-en and so forth and so on. The essence is the co-bination of ener.y, frustration and discontent. What all such -ove-ents have in co--on, is a .enuine indi.nation at the social institutions that have be.otten and then cold4shouldered the-, a :uasi4-ilitary or.anisation and the resolve to sei@e power for the-selves e-bodied in their leaders. % wise and powerful .overn-ent would at any cost anticipate and avert these destructive activities by providin. various and interestin. new e-ploy-ent and the necessary condition for a satisfyin. successful life for everyone. These youn. people are life. The rise of the successful leader only puts off the trouble for a ti-e. e sei@es power in the na-e of his -ove-ent. %nd thenF When the sei@ure of power has been effected, he finds hi-self obli.ed to /eep thin.s .oin., to create 8ustification for his leadership, e9citin. enterprises, ur.encies. % leader of vision with ade:uate technical assistance -i.ht conceivedly direct -uch of the hu-an ener.y he has e-bodied into creative channels. For e9a-ple he could rebuild the dirty, inade:uate cities of our a.e, turn the still slovenly country4side into a .arden and play4.round, re4clothe, liberate and sti-ulate i-a.inations, until the ideas of creative pro.ress beca-e a habit of -ind. +ut in doin. this he will find hi-self confronted by those who are sustained by the pre4e-ptions and appropriations of the old order. These relatively well4off people

will bar.ain with hi- up to the last -o-ent for their -oney and i-pede his sei@ure and utilisation of land and -aterial resources, and will be further ha-pered by the fact that in or.anisin. his youn. people he has had to turn their -inds and capacities fro- creative wor/ to syste-atic violence and -ilitant activities. 't is easy to -a/e an une-ployed youn. -an into a Fascist or .an.ster, but it is hard to turn hi- bac/ to any decent social tas/. )oreover the >ha-pion=s own leadership was lar.ely due to his conspiratorial and adventurous :uality. e is hi-self unfit for a creative 8ob. e finds hi-self a fi.hter at the head of a fi.htin. pac/. %nd further-ore, unless his country is on the scale of 7ussia and the 3nited (tates, whatever he atte-pts in order to -a/e .ood his pro-ises of an abundant life, has to be done in face of that -utual pressure of the soverei.n states due to the abolition of distance and chan.e of scale which we have already considered. e has no elbow4roo- in which to operate. The resultant of these conver.ent difficulties is to turn hi- and his fi.htin. pac/ releasin. flu9 of predatory war. !verywhere in the world, under varyin. local circu-stances, we see .overn-ents pri-arily concerned with this supre-e proble- of what to do with these youn. adults who are une-ployable under present conditions. We have to realise that and bear it constantly in -ind. 't is there in every country. 't is the -ost dan.erous and wron.4headed view of the world situation, to treat the totalitarian countries as differin. funda-entally fro- the rest of the world. The proble- of reabsorbin. the une-ployable adult is the essential proble- in all states. 't is the co--on shape to which all current political dra-as reduce. ow are we to use up or sla/e this surplus of hu-an ener.yF The youn. are the live core of our species. The .eneration below si9teen or seventeen has

not yet be.un to .ive trouble, and after forty, the ebb of vitality disposes -en to accept the lot that has fallen to the-. Fran/lin 7oosevelt and (talin find the-selves in control of vast countries under4developed or so -isdeveloped that their -ain ener.ies .o into internal or.anisation or reor.anisation. They do not press a.ainst their frontiers therefore and they do not threaten war. The recent 7ussian anne9ations have been precautionary4defensive. +ut all the sa-e both 7ussia and %-erica have to cater for that troubleso-e social stratu- :uite as -uch as !urope. The "ew #eal is plainly an atte-pt to achieve a wor/in. socialis- and avert a social collapse in %-erica2 it is e9traordinarily parallel to the successive 0policies0 and 0Plans0 of the 7ussian e9peri-ent. %-ericans shir/ the word 0socialis-0, but what else can one call itF The +ritish oli.archy, de-oralised and slac/ with the accu-ulated wealth of a century of advanta.e, bou.ht off social upheaval for a ti-e by the deliberate and socially de-oralisin. appease-ent of the dole. 't has -ade no ade:uate effort to e-ploy or educate these surplus people2 it has 8ust pushed the dole at the-. 't even tries to buy off the leader of the *abour Party with a salary of OD000 a year. Whatever we -ay thin/ of the :uality and deeds of the "a@i or Fascist re.i-es or the follies of their leaders, we -ust at any rate concede that they atte-pt, however clu-sily, to reconstruct life in a collectivist direction. They are efforts to ad8ust and construct and so far they are in advance of the +ritish rulin. class. The +ritish !-pire has shown itself the least constructive of all .overnin. networ/s. 't produces no "ew #eals, no Five 1ear Plans2 it /eeps on tryin. to stave off its inevitable dissolution and carry on upon the old lines 4 and apparently it will do that until it has nothin. -ore to .ive away. 0Peace in our ti-e0, that foolishly pre-ature self4

con.ratulation of )r >ha-berlain, is -anifestly the .uidin. principle of the +ritish elder states-an. 't is that natural desire we all be.in to feel after si9ty to sit down co-fortably so-ewhere. 3npro.ressive tran:uillity they want at any price, even at the price of a preventive war. This astonishin. bunch of rulers has never revealed any conception whatever of a co--on future before its sprawlin. !-pire. There was a ti-e when that !-pire see-ed li/ely to beco-e the ne9us of a world syste-, but now -anifestly it has no future but disinte.ration. %pparently its rulers e9pected it to .o on 8ust as it was for ever. +it by bit its co-ponent parts have dropped away and beco-e :uasi4independent powers, .enerally after an unedifyin. stru..le2 (outhern 'reland for e9a-ple is neutral in the present war, (outh %frica hesitated. "ow, and that is why this boo/ is bein. written, these people, by a strin. of al-ost incredible blunders, have entan.led what is left of their !-pire in a .reat war to 0end itler0, and they have absolutely no su..estion to offer their anta.onists and the world at lar.e, of what is to co-e after itler. %pparently they hope to paralyse &er-any in so-e as yet unspecified fashion and then to .o bac/ to their .olf lin/s or the fishin. strea- and do@e by the fire after dinner. That is surely one of the -ost astoundin. thin.s in history, the possibility of death and destruction beyond all rec/onin. and our co-batant .overn-ents have no idea of what is to follow when the overthrow of itler is acco-plished. They see- to be as void of any sense of the future, as co-pletely e-pty4headed about the after-ath of their ca-pai.ns, as one of those %-erican Tories who are 08ust out a.ainst F.#.7. #a-n hi-H0 (o the +ritish !-pire re-ains, payin. its way down to ulti-ate ban/ruptcy, buyin. itself a respite fro- the perple9in. proble-s of the future, with the accu-ulated wealth and power of its past. 't is rapidly beco-in. the -ost bac/ward political

or.anisation in the world. +ut sooner or later it will have no -ore -oney for the dole and no -ore allies to abandon nor do-inions to yield up to their local bosses, and then possibly its disinte.ration will be co-plete J7.'.P.K, leavin. intelli.ent !n.lish people to line up at last with %-erica and the rest of the intelli.ent world and face the universal proble-. Which isB how are we to adapt ourselves to these -i.hty disruptive forces that are shatterin. hu-an society as it is at present constitutedF 'n the co-pressed countries which have little internal scope and lac/ the vast natural resources of the 7ussian and %tlantic co--unities, the internal tension -a/es -ore directly for a..ressive warfare, but the funda-ental drivin.4force behind their a..ressiveness is still the universal trouble, that surplus of youn. -en. (een in this broader vision, the present war falls into its true proportions as a stupid conflict upon secondary issues, which is delayin. and preventin. an overdue world ad8ust-ent. That is -ay /ill hundreds of thousands of people does not alter that. %n idiot with a revolver can -urder a fa-ily. e re-ains an idiot. Fro- 1914 to 19I9 has been a :uarter of a century of folly, -eanness, evasion and resent-ent, and only a very tedious and copious historian would atte-pt to distribute the bla-e a-on. those who had played a part in the story. %nd when he had done it, what he had done would not -atter in the least. %n al-ost overwhel-in.ly difficult proble- has confronted us all, and in so-e -easure we have all of us lost our heads in the face of it, lost our di.nity, been too clever by half, pinned ourselves to cheap solutions, :uarrelled stupidly a-on. ourselves. 0We have erred and strayed . . . . We have lest undone those thin.s that we ou.ht to have done and we have done those thin.s which we ou.ht not to have done and there is

no health in us.0 ' do not see any way to a solution of the proble- of World Peace unless we be.in with a confession of universal wron.4 thin/in. and wron.4doin.. Then we can sit down to the :uestion of a solution with so-e reasonable prospect of findin. an answer. "ow let us assu-e that 0we0 are a nu-ber of intelli.ent -en, &er-an, French, !n.lish, %-erican, 'talian, >hinese and so forth, who have decided in conse:uence of the war and in spite of the war, while the war is still .oin. on, to wipe out all these s:uabblin. by.ones fro- our -inds, and discuss plainly and si-ply the present situation of -an/ind. What is to be done with the worldF *et us recapitulate the considerations that so far have been brou.ht in, and what prospects they open, if any, of so-e hopeful concerted action, action that would so revolutionise the hu-an outloo/ as to end war and that hectic recurrent waste of hu-an life and happiness, for ever. Firstly then it has been -ade apparent that hu-anity is at the end of an a.e, an a.e of fra.-entation in the -ana.e-ent of its affairs, fra.-entation politically a-on. separate soverei.n states and econo-ically a-on. unrestricted business of or.anisations co-petin. for profit. The abolition of distance, the enor-ous increase of available power, root causes of all our troubles, have suddenly -ade what was once a tolerable wor/in. syste- 4 a syste- that was perhaps with all its ine:ualities and in8ustices the only practicable wor/in. systein its ti-e 4 enor-ously dan.erous and wasteful, so that it threatens to e9haust and destroy our world alto.ether. )an is li/e a fec/less heir who has suddenly been able to .et at his capital and spend it as thou.h it were inco-e. We are livin. in a phase of violent and irreparable e9penditure. There is an intensified scra-ble a-on. nations and a-on. individuals to

ac:uire, -onopolise and spend. The dispossessed youn. find the-selves hopeless unless they resort to violence. They i-ple-ent the ever4increasin. instability. $nly a co-prehensive collectivisation of hu-an affairs can arrest this disorderly self4destruction of -an/ind. %ll this has been -ade plain in what has .one before. This essential proble-, the proble- of collectivisation, can be viewed fro- two reciprocal points of view and stated in two different ways. We can as/, 0What is to be done to end the world chaosF0 and also 0 ow can we offer the co--on youn. -an a reasonable and sti-ulatin. prospect of a full lifeF0 These two :uestions are the obverse and reverse of one :uestion. What answers one answers the other. The answer to both is that we have to collectivise the world as one systewith practically everyone playin. a reasonably satisfyin. part in it. For sound practical reasons, over and above any ethical or senti-ental considerations, we have to devise a collectivisation that neither de.rades nor enslaves. $ur i-a.inary world conference then has to turn itself to the :uestion of how to collectivise the world, so that it will re-ain collectivised and yet enterprisin., interestin. and happy enou.h to content that co--on youn. -an who will otherwise reappear, baffled and sullen, at the street corners and throw it into confusion a.ain. To that proble- the rest of this boo/ will address itself. %s a -atter of fact it is very obvious that at the present ti-e a sort of collectivisation is bein. i-posed very rapidly upon the world. !veryone is bein. enrolled, ordered about, put under control so-ewhere 4 even if it is only in an evacuation or concentration ca-p or what not. This process of collectivisation, collectivisation of so-e sort, see-s now to be

in the nature of thin.s and there is no reason to suppose it is reversible. (o-e people i-a.ine world peace as the end of that process. >ollectivisation is .oin. to be defeated and a va.uely conceived rei.n of law will restore and sustain property, >hristianity, individualis- and everythin. to which the respectable prosperous are accusto-ed. This is i-plicit even on the title of such a boo/ as !dward )ousley=s )an or *eviathanF 't is -uch -ore reasonable to thin/ that world peace has to be the necessary co-pletion of that process, and that the alternative is a decadent anarchy. 'f so, the phrase for the ai-s of liberal thou.ht should be no )an or *eviathan but )an -asters *eviathan. $n this point, the inevitability of collectivisation as the sole alternative to universal bri.anda.e and social collapse, our world conference -ust -a/e itself perfectly clear. Then it has to turn itself to the -uch -ore difficult and co-plicated :uestion of how.

P ($>'%*'() 3"%A$'#%+*!

*!T 3(, !A!" %T the cost of a certain repetition, loo/ a little -ore closely now into the fashion in which the disruptive forces are -anifestin. the-selves in the Western and !astern he-ispheres. 'n the $ld World the hypertrophy of ar-ies is -ost conspicuous, in %-erica it was the hypertrophy of bi. business. +ut in both the necessity for an increasin. collective restraint upon uncoordinated over4powerful business or political enterprise is -ore and -ore clearly reco.nised. There is a stron. opposition on the part of .reat interests in %-erica to the President, who has -ade hi-self the spear4head of the collectivisin. drive2 they want to put the bra/e now on his pro.ressive socialisation of the nation, and :uite possibly, at the cost of increasin. social friction, they -ay slow down the drift to socialis- very considerably. +ut it is unbelievable that they dare provo/e the social convulsion that would ensue upon a deliberate reversal of the en.ines or upon any atte-pt to return to the .lorious days of bi. business, wild speculation and -ountin. une-ploy-ent before 19D6. They will -erely slow down the drive. For in the world now all roads lead to socialis- or social dissolution. The te-po of the process is different in the two continents2 that is the -ain difference between the-. 't is not an opposition. They travel at different rates but they travel towards an identical .oal. 'n the $ld World at present the socialisation of

the co--unity is .oin. on far -ore rapidly and thorou.hly than it is in %-erica because of the perpetual war threat. 'n Western !urope now the dissolution and the drive towards socialisation pro.ress by leaps and bounds. The +ritish .overnin. class and +ritish politicians .enerally, overta/en by a war they had not the intelli.ence to avert, have tried to atone for their slovenly uni-a.inativeness durin. the past twenty years in a passion of witless i-provisation. &od /nows what their actual war preparations a-ount to, but their do-estic policy see-s to be based on an i-perfect study of +arcelona, &uernica, )adrid and Warsaw. They i-a.ine si-ilar catastrophes on a lar.er scale 4 althou.h they are :uite i-possible, as every steady4headed person who can esti-ate the available supplies of petrol /nows 4 and they have a terrible dread of bein. held responsible. They fear a day of rec/onin. with their lon.4ba-boo@led lower classes. 'n their panic they are rapidly brea/in. up the e9istin. order alto.ether. The chan.es that have occurred in &reat +ritain in less than a year are astoundin.. They recall in -any particulars the social dislocation of 7ussia in the closin. -onths of 1916. There has been a shiftin. and -i9in.4up of people that would have see-ed i-possible to anyone in 19I6. The evacuation of centres of population under the -ere e9a..erated threat of air raids has been of frantic rec/lessness. undreds of thousands of fa-ilies have been bro/en up, children separated fro- their parents and :uartered in the ho-es of -ore or less reluctant hosts. Parasites and s/in diseases, vicious habits and insanitary practices have been spread, as if in a passion of e:ualitarian propa.anda, the slu-s of such centres as &las.ow, *ondon and *iverpool, throu.hout the len.th and breadth of the land. 7ailways, road traffic, all the nor-al co--unications have been dislocated by a universal runnin. about. For a couple of -onths &reat +ritain has been -ore li/e a disturbed ant4hill

than an or.anised civilised country. The conta.ion of fun/ has affected everyone. Public institutions and .reat business concerns have bolted to re-ote and inconvenient sites2 the ++> or.anisation, for e9a-ple, scuffled off headlon. fro- *ondon, needlessly and ridiculously, no -an pursuin. it. There has been a wild epide-ic of dis-issals, of servants e-ployed in *ondon, for e9a-ple, and a still wilder shiftin. of unsuitable -en to novel, unnecessary 8obs. !veryone has been e9horted to serve the country, children of twelve, to the .reat deli.ht of conservative4 -inded far-ers, have been withdrawn fro- school and put to wor/ on the land, and yet the nu-ber of those who have lost their 8obs and cannot find anythin. else to do, has .one up by over 100,000. There have been a-ateurish atte-pts to ration food, producin. waste here and artificial scarcity there. % sort of -assacre of s-all independent businesses is in pro.ress -ainly to the advanta.e of the bi. provision4dealin. concerns, who chan.ed in a ni.ht fro- open profiteers to beco-e the 0e9pert0 advisers of food supply. %ll the e9pertise they have ever displayed has been the e9traction of profits fro- food supply. +ut while profits -ount, ta9ation with an air of .reat resolution sets itself to prune the-. The +ritish public has always been phle.-atic in the face of dan.er, it is too stout4hearted and too stupid to .ive way to e9cesses of fear, but the authorities have thou.ht it necessary to plaster the walls with cast, -anifestly e9pensive, posters, headed with a 7oyal >rown, 01our coura.e, your resolution, your cheerfulness will brin. us victory.0 0$h yus,0 said the *ondon >oc/ney. 01ou=ll .et the victory all ri.ht. Trust you. $n -y coura.e, -y resolution, -y

cheerfulness2 you=ll use up QTo--y %t/ins= all ri.ht. *arf at Qi- in a /indly sort of way and use hi-. %nd then you thin/ you=ll out hi- bac/ a.ain on the dust4heap. %.ainF TwiceF0 That is all too credible. +ut this ti-e our rulers will e-er.e discredited and frustrated fro- the conflict to face a disor.anised population in a state of -utinous en:uiry. They have -ade preposterous pro-ises to restore Poland and they will certainly have to eat their words about that. $r what is -ore probable the .overn-ent will have to .ive place to another ad-inistration which will be able to eat those words for the- with a sli.htly better .race. There is little prospect of Than/s.ivin. (ervices or any %r-istice ni.ht or.y this ti-e. People at ho-e are tastin. the hardships of war even -ore tediously and irritatin. than the -en on active service. >ine-as, theatres, have been shut pre-aturely, blac/4outs have di-inished the safety of the streets and doubled the tale of road casualties. The +ritish crowd is already a sullen crowd. The world has not seen it in such a bad te-per for a century and half, and, let there be no -ista/e about it, it is far less in a te-per with the &er-ans than it is with its own rulers. Throu.h all this swirlin. inti-idatin. propa.anda of civil disorder and a syste-atic suppression of news and criticis- of the -ost e9asperatin. sort, war preparation has proceeded. The perple9ed and baffled citi@en can only hope that on the -ilitary side there has been a little -ore foresi.ht and less hysteria. The loss of confidence and particularly confidence in the .overn-ent and social order is already enor-ous. "o one feels secure, in his 8ob, in his services, in his savin.s, any lon.er. People lose confidence even in the -oney in their poc/ets. %nd hu-an society is built on confidence. 't cannot carry on without it.

Thin.s are li/e this already and it is only the openin. sta.e of this stran.e war. The position of the rulin. class and the financial people who have hitherto do-inated +ritish affairs is a peculiar one. The cast of the war is already enor-ous, and there is no si.n that it will di-inish. 'nco-e ta9, super ta9, death duties, ta9es on war profits have been raised to a level that should practically e9tin.uish the once prosperous -iddle strata of society alto.ether. The very wealthy will survive in a shorn and di-inished state, they will han. on to the last, but the .raded classes that have hitherto intervened between theand the i-poverished -asses of the population, who will be irritated by war sacrifices, e9tensively une-ployed and as/in. -ore and -ore penetratin. :uestions, will have di-inished .reatly. $nly by the -ost in.enious -onetary -anipulation, by dan.erous ta94dod.in. and e9pedients ver.in. on sheer scoundrelis-, will a clever youn. -an have the .host of a chance of cli-bin. by the old traditional -oney4-a/in. ladder, above his fellows. $n the other hand, the career of a public e-ployee will beco-e continually -ore attractive. There is -ore interest in it and -ore self4respect. The lon.er the war continues, the co-pleter and -ore plainly irreparable will be the dissolution of the old order. "ow to -any readers who have been incredulous of the state-ent of the first section of this boo/, that we are livin. in the !nd of an %.e, to those who have been i-pervious to the account of the disruptive forces that are brea/in. up the social order and to the ar.u-ent ' have drawn fro- the-, who -ay have .ot away fro- all that, so to spea/, by sayin. they are 0scientific0 or 0-aterialistic0 or 0sociolo.ical0 or 0hi.hbrow0, or that Providence that has hitherto displayed such a -ar/ed bias in favour of well4off, co-fortable, slu..ish4-inded people is sure to do so-ethin. nice for the- at the eleventh hour, the real inconveniences, alar-s, losses and .rowin. disorder of the life about the- -ay at last brin. a realisation that the situation

in Western !urope is approachin. revolutionary conditions. 't will be a hard sayin. for -any people in the advanta.e4holdin. classes, and particularly if they are -iddle4a.ed, that the older has already .one to pieces can never be put bac/. +ut how can they doubt itF % revolution, that is to say a -ore or less convulsive effort at social and political read8ust-ent, is bound to co-e in all these overstrained countries, in &er-any, in +ritain and universally. 't is -ore li/ely than not to arise directly out of the e9asperatin. di-inuendos and crescendos of the present war, as a cul-inatin. phase of it. 7evolution of so-e sort we -ust have. We cannot prevent its onset. +ut we can affect the course of its develop-ent. 't -ay end in utter disaster or it -ay release a new world, far better than the old. Within these broad li-its it is possible for us to -a/e up our -inds how it will co-e to us. %nd since the only practical :uestion before us is the :uestion of how we will ta/e this world revolution we cannot possibly evade, let -e recall to your attention the reasons ' have advanced in the second section of this boo/ for the ut-ost public discussion of our situation at the present ti-e. %nd also let -e brin. bac/ to -ind the e9a-ination of )ar9is- in the fourth section. There it is shown how easily a collectivist -ove-ent, especially when it is faced by the forcible4feeble resistances and suppressions of those who have hitherto en8oyed wealth and power, -ay de.enerate into an old4 fashioned class4war, beco-e conspiratorial, do.-atic and inadaptable, and sin/ towards leader worship and autocracy. That apparently is what has happened in 7ussia in its present phase. We do not /now how -uch of the ori.inal revolutionary spirit survives there, and a real funda-ental issue in the world situation is whether we are to follow in the footsteps of 7ussia or whether we are .oin. to pull ourselves to.ether, face the stern lo.ic of necessity and produce a Western 7evolution,

which will benefit by the 7ussian e9perience, react upon 7ussia and lead ulti-ately to a world understandin.. What is it that the %tlantic world finds -ost ob8ectionable in the (oviet world of to4dayF 's it any disapproval of collectivisas suchF $nly in the case of a dwindlin. -inority of rich and successful -en 4 and very rarely of the sons of such people. Aery few capable -en under fifty nowadays re-ain individualists in political and social -atters. They are not even funda-entally anti4>o--unist. $nly it happens that for various reasons the political life of the co--unity is still in the hands of unteachable old4fashioned people. What are called 0de-ocracies0 suffer .reatly fro- the rule of old -en who have not /ept pace with the ti-es. The real and effective disapproval, distrust and disbelief in the soundness of the (oviet syste- lies not in the out4of4date individualis- of these elderly types, but in the conviction that it can never achieve efficiency or even -aintain its honest ideal of each for all and all for each, unless it has free speech and an insistence upon le.ally4defined freedo-s for the individual within the collectivist fra-ewor/. We do not deplore the 7ussian 7evolution as a 7evolution. We co-plain that it is not a .ood enou.h 7evolution and we want a better one. The -ore hi.hly thin.s are collectivised the -ore necessary is a le.al syste- e-bodyin. the 7i.hts of )an. This has been for.otten under the (oviets, and so -en .o in fear there of arbitrary police action. +ut the -ore functions your .overn-ent controls the -ore need there is for protective law. The ob8ection to (oviet collectivis- is that, lac/in. the antiseptic of le.ally assured personal freedo-, it will not /eep. 't professes to be funda-entally a co--on econo-ic systebased on class4war ideas2 the industrial director is under the heel of the Party co--issar2 the political police have .ot alto.ether out of hand2 and the affairs .ravitate inevitably

towards an oli.archy or an autocracy protectin. its incapacity by the repression of adverse co--ent. +ut these valid criticis-s -erely indicate the sort of collectivisation that has to be avoided. 't does not dispose of collectivis- as such. 'f we in our turn do not wish to be sub-er.ed by the wave of +olshevisation that is evidently advancin. fro- the !ast, we -ust i-ple-ent all these valid ob8ections and create a collectivisation that will be -ore efficient, -ore prosperous, tolerant, free and rapidly pro.ressive than the syste- we conde-n. We, who do not li/e the (talinised4)ar9ist state, have, as they used to say in +ritish politics, to 0dish0 it by .oin. one better. We have to confront !astern4spirited collectiviswith Western4spirited collectivis-. Perhaps this -ay be better put. We -ay be .ivin. way to a sub4 conscious conceit here and assu-in. that the West is always .oin. to be thin/in. -ore freely and clearly and wor/in. -ore efficiently than the !ast. 't is li/e that now, but it -ay not always be li/e that. !very country has had its phases of illu-ination and its phases of blindness. (talin and (talinisare neither the be.innin. nor the end of the collectivisation of 7ussia. We are dealin. with so-ethin. still al-ost i-possible to esti-ate, the e9tent to which the new 7ussian patriotis- and the new (talin4worship, have effaced and how far they have -erely -as/ed, the .enuinely creative international co--unis- of the revolutionary years. The 7ussian -ind is not a docile -ind, and -ost of the literature available for a youn. -an to read in 7ussia, we -ust re-e-ber, is still revolutionary. There has been no burnin. of the boo/s there. The )oscow radio tal/s for internal consu-ption since the itler4(talin understandin. betray a .reat solicitude on the part

of the .overn-ent to -a/e it clear that there has been no sacrifice of revolutionary principle. That witnesses to the vitality of public opinion in 7ussia. The clash between the teachin.s of 19D0 and 1940 -ay have a liberatin. effect on -any people=s -inds. 7ussians love to tal/ about ideas. 3nder the >@ar they tal/ed. 't is incredible that they do not tal/ under (talin. That :uestion whether collectivisation is to be 0Westernised0 or 0!asternised0, usin. these words under the caveat of the previous para.raph, is really the first issue before the world to4 day. We need a fully ventilated 7evolution. $ur 7evolution has to .o on in the li.ht and air. We -ay have to accept sovietisation R la 7usse :uite soon unless we can produce a better collectivisation. +ut if we produce a better collectivisation it is -ore probable than not that the 7ussian syste- will incorporate our i-prove-ents, for.et its revivin. nationalis- a.ain, debun/ )ar9 and (talin, so far as they can be debun/ed, and -er.e into the one world state. +etween these pri-ary anta.onists, between 7evolution with its eyes open and 7evolution with a -as/ and a .a., there will certainly be co-plications of the issue due to patriotis- and bi.otry and the unteachable wilful blindness of those who do not want to see. )ost people lie a lot to the-selves before they lie to other people, and it is hopeless to e9pect that all the warrin. cults and traditions that confuse the -ind of the race to4day are .oin. to fuse under a realisation of the i-perative nature of the hu-an situation as ' have stated it here. )ultitudes will never realise it. Few hu-anLbein.s are able to chan.e their pri-ary ideas after the -iddle thirties. They .et fi9ed in the- and drive before the- no -ore intelli.ently than ani-als drive before their innate i-pulses. They will die rather than chan.e their second selves.

$ne of the -ost entan.lin. of these disconcertin. secondary issues is that created by the stupid and persistent intri.ues of the 7o-an >atholic >hurch. *et -e be clear here. ' a- spea/in. of the Aatican and of its sustained atte-pts to e9ercise a directive r?le in secular life. ' nu-ber a-on. -y friends -any 7o-an >atholics who have built the -ost char-in. personalities and behaviour syste-s on the fra-ewor/ provided the- by their faith. $ne of the loveliest characters ' have ever /nown was &. ,. >hesterton. +ut ' thin/ he was 8ust as fine before he beca-e a >atholic as afterwards. (till he found so-ethin. he needed in >atholicis-. There are saints of all creeds and of none, so .ood are better possibilities of hu-an nature. 7eli.ious observances provide a fra-e that -any find indispensable for the see-ly orderin. of their lives. %nd outside the ran/s of 0strict0 observers -any .ood people with hardly -ore theolo.y than a 3nitarian, love to spea/ of .oodness and /indness as >hristianity. (o4and4so is a 0.ood >hristian0. Aoltaire, says %lfred "oyes, the >atholic writer, was a 0.ood >hristian0. ' do not use the word 0>hristianity0 in that sense because ' do not believe that >hristians have any -onopoly of .oodness. When ' write of >hristianity, ' -ean >hristianity with a definite creed and -ilitant or.anisation and not these .ood /ind people, .ood and /ind but not very fastidious about the e9act use of the words. (uch 0.ood >hristians0 can be al-ost as bitterly critical as ' aof the continual pressure upon the faithful by that inner .roup of 'talians in 7o-e, subsidised by the Fascist .overn-ent, who pull the strin.s of >hurch policy throu.hout the world, so as to do this or that tortuous or uncivilised thin., to cripple education, to persecute unorthodo9 ways of livin.. 't is to the influence of the >hurch that we -ust ascribe the foolish support by the +ritish Forei.n $ffice of Franco, that

-urderous little 0>hristian .entle-an0, in his overthrow of the sta..erin. liberal renascence of (pain. 't is the 7o-an >atholic influence the +ritish and French have to than/, for the fantastic blunderin. that involved the- in the defence of the i-possible Polish state and its unri.hteous ac:uisitions2 it affected +ritish policy in respect to %ustria and >@echoslova/ia profoundly, and now it is doin. its ut-ost to -aintain and develop a political estran.e-ent between 7ussia and the Western world by its pre8udiced e9acerbation of the idea that 7ussia is 0anti4 &od0 while we Westerners are little children of the li.ht, .allantly fi.htin. on the side of the >ross, $-nipotence, &reater Poland, national soverei.nty, the s-all unecono-ic prolific far-er and shop/eeper and anythin. else you li/e to i-a.ine constitutes 0>hristendo-0. The Aatican strives perpetually to develop the present war into a reli.ious war. 't is tryin. to steal the war. +y all the circu-stances of its trainin. it is unteachable. 't /nows no better. 't will .o on 4 until so-e econo-ic revolution robs it of its funds. Then as a political influence it -ay evaporate very rapidly. The %n.lican >hurch and -any other Protestant sects, the wealthy +aptists, for e9a-ple, follow suit. 't is not only in +ritish affairs that this propa.anda .oes on. With the onset of war France beco-es -ilitant and >atholic. 't has suppressed the >o--unist Party, as a .esture of resent-ent a.ainst 7ussia and a precaution a.ainst post4war collectivisation. The +el.ian caricaturist 7ae-ae/ers is now presentin. itler day after day as a pitiful wea/lin. already disposed of and worthy of our sy-pathy, while (talin is represented as a fri.htful .iant with horns and a tail. 1et both France and +ritain are at peace with 7ussia and have every reason to co-e to a wor/in. understandin. with that country. The attitude of 7ussia to the war has on the whole been cold, conte-ptuous and reasonable.

't is not as if these devious sche-es can ta/e us so-ewhere2 it is not that this restoration of the oly 7o-an !-pire is a possibility. 1ou confront these >atholic politicians, 8ust as you confront the politicians of West-inster, with these two cardinal facts, the abolition of distance and the chan.e of scale. 'n vain. 1ou cannot .et any realisation of the si.nificance of these thin.s into those idea4proofed s/ulls. They are deaf to it, blind to it. They cannot see that it -a/es any difference at all to their lon.4established -ental habits. 'f their -inds waver for a -o-ent they utter little -a.ic prayers to e9orcise the .lea-. What, they as/, has 0-ere si@e0 to do with the soul of -an, 0-ere speed, -ere power0F What can the youn. do better than subdue their natural ur.ency to live and doF What has -ere life to do with the reli.ious outloo/F The war, these Aatican propa.andists insist, is a 0crusade0 a.ainst -odernis-, a.ainst socialis- and free thou.ht, the restoration of priestly authority is its end2 our sons are fi.htin. to enable the priest to thrust his pious uncleanliness once a.ain between reader and boo/, child and /nowled.e, husband and wife, sons and lovers. While honest -en are fi.htin. now to put an end to -ilitary a..ression, to resu-e indeed that 0war to end war0 that was aborted to .ive us the *ea.ue of "ations, these bi.ots are sedulously pervertin. the issue, tryin. to represent it as a reli.ious war a.ainst 7ussia in particular and the -odern spirit in .eneral. The well4trained )osle-, the %-erican funda-entalists, the orthodo9 Jew, all the fi9ed cultures, produce si-ilar irrelevant and wasteful resistances, but the >atholic or.anisation reaches further and is -ore persistent. 't is fran/ly opposed to hu-an effort and the idea of pro.ress. 't -a/es no pretence about it. (uch cross4activities as these co-plicate, delay and -ay even sabota.e effectively every effort to solve the proble- of a lucid

collectivisation of the world=s affairs, but they do not alter the essential fact that it is only throu.h a rationalisation and coalescence of constructive revolutionary -ove-ents everywhere and a liberal triu-ph over the do.-atis- of the class war, that we can hope to e-er.e fro- the present wrec/a.e of our world.

6 F!#!7%T'$" *!T 3( "$W T%,! up certain va.uely constructive proposals which see- at present to be very -uch in people=s -inds. They find their cardinal e9pression in a boo/ called 3nion "ow by )r >larence ,. (treit, which has launched the -a.ic word 0Federation0 upon the world. The 0de-ocracies0 of the world are to .et to.ether upon a sort of enlar.e-ent of the Federal constitution of the 3nited (tates Jwhich produced one of the bloodiest civil wars in all historyK and then all will be well with us. *et us consider whether this word 0Federation0 is of any value in or.anisin. the Western 7evolution. ' would su..est it is. ' thin/ it -ay be a -eans of -ental release for -any people who would otherwise have re-ained dully resistant to any sort of chan.e. This Federation pro8ect has an air of reasonableness. 't is attractive to a nu-ber of influential people who wish with the -ini-u- of adaptation to re-ain influential in a chan.in. world, and particularly is it attractive to what ' -ay call the liberal4conservative ele-ents of the prosperous classes in %-erica and &reat +ritain and the $slo countries, because it puts the -ost difficult aspect of the proble-, the need for collective socialisation, so co-pletely in the bac/.round that it can be i.nored. This enables the- to ta/e :uite a bri.ht and hopeful view of the future without any serious hindrance to their present preoccupations. They thin/ that Federation, reasonably defined, -ay suspend the possibility of war for a considerable period and so li.hten

the burden of ta9ation that the present crushin. de-ands on the- will rela9 and they will be able to resu-e, on a sli.htly -ore econo-ical scale perhaps, their for-er way of livin.. !verythin. that .ives the- hope and self4respect and preserves their ho-es fro- the worst indi.nities of panic, appease-ent, treason4huntin. and the rest of it, is to be encoura.ed, and -eanwhile their sons will have ti-e to thin/ and it -ay be possible so to search, ransac/ and rationalise the (treit pro8ect as to -a/e a .enuine and wor/able sche-e for the socialisation of the world. 'n The Fate of o-o sapiens ' e9a-ined the word 0de-ocracy0 with so-e care, since it already see-ed li/ely that .reat :uantities of our youn. -en were to be as/ed to cripple and ris/ their lives for its sa/e. ' showed that it was still a very inco-pletely realised aspiration, that its co-plete develop-ent involved socialis- and a level of education and infor-ation attained as yet by no co--unity in the world. )r (treit .ives a looser, -ore rhetorical state-ent 4 a -ore idealistic state-ent, shall we sayF 4 of his conception of de-ocracy, the sort of state-ent that would be considered wildly e9a..erated even if it was war propa.anda, and thou.h unhappily it is re-ote froany achieved reality, he proceeds without further en:uiry as if it were a description of e9istin. realities in what he calls the 0de-ocracies0 of the world. 'n the- he i-a.ines he finds 0.overn-ents of the people, by the people, for the people0. 'n the boo/ ' have already cited ' discuss What is #e-ocracyF %nd Where is #e-ocracyF ' do -y best there to brin. )r (treit down to the harsh and difficult facts of the case. ' will .o now a little -ore into particulars in -y e9a-ination of his pro8ect. is 0founder de-ocracies0 are to beB 0The %-erican 3nion, the +ritish >o--onwealth Jspecifically the 3nited ,in.do-, the Federal #o-inion of >anada, the >o--onwealth of

%ustralia, "ew Sealand, the 3nion of (outh %frica, 'relandK, the French 7epublic, +el.iu-, the "etherlands, the (wiss >onfederation, #en-ar/, "orway, (weden and Finland.0 (carcely one of these, as ' have shown in that for-er boo/, is really a fully wor/in. de-ocracy. %nd the 3nion of (outh %frica is a particularly bad and dan.erous case of race tyranny. 'reland is an incipient reli.ious war and not one country but two. Poland, ' note, does not co-e into )r (treit=s list of de-ocracies at all. is boo/ was written in 19I5 when Poland was a totalitarian country holdin., in defiance of the *ea.ue of "ations, Ailna, which it had ta/en fro- *ithuania, lar.e areas of non4Polish country it had con:uered fro- 7ussia, and fra.-ents .ained by the dis-e-ber-ent of >@echoslova/ia. 't only beca-e a de-ocracy, even technically and for a brief period, before its collapse in (epte-ber 19I9, when )r >ha-berlain was so foolish as to dra. the +ritish !-pire into a costly and perilous war, on its behalf. +ut that is by the way. "one of these fifteen Jor tenK 0founder de-ocracies0 are really de-ocracies at all. (o we start badly. +ut they -i.ht be -ade socialist de-ocracies and their federation -i.ht be -ade so-ethin. very real indeed 4 at a price. The 3.(.(.7. is a federated socialist syste-, which has shown a fairly successful political solidarity durin. the past two decades, whatever else it has done or failed to do. "ow let us help )r (treit to convert his 0federation0 fro- a noble but e9tre-ely rhetorical aspiration into a livin. reality. e is aware that this -ust be done at a price, but ' want to su..est that that price is, fro- what ' 8ud.e to be his point of view, far .reater, and the chan.e -uch si-pler, -ore .eneral and possibly even closer at hand, than he supposes. e is disposed to appeal to e9istin. ad-inistrative or.anisations, and it is :uestionable whether they are the ri.ht people to e9ecute his desi.ns. $ne of the difficulties he .losses over is the possible reluctance of the 'ndia $ffice to hand over the control

of 'ndia J>eylon and +ur-a he does not -entionK to the new Federation &overn-ent, which would also, ' presu-e, ta/e char.e of the fairly well .overned and happy fifty4odd -illion people of the #utch !ast 'ndies, the French colonial e-pire, the West 'ndies and so on. This, unless he proposes -erely to re4 christen the 'ndia $ffice, etc., is as/in. for an i--ense outbrea/ of honesty and co-petence on the part of the new Federal officialdo-. 't is also treatin. the possible contribution of these five or si9 hundred -illion of dus/y peoples to the new order with a levity inconsistent with de-ocratic ideals. Guite a lot of these people have brains which are as .ood or better than nor-al !uropean brains. 1ou could educate the whole world to the not very e9alted level of a >a-brid.e .raduate in a sin.le lifeti-e, if you had schools, colle.es, apparatus and teachers enou.h. The radio, the cine-a, the .ra-ophone, the i-prove-ents in both production and distribution, have -ade it possible to increase the ran.e and effectiveness of a .ifted teacher a thousandfold. We have seen intensive war preparations .alore, but no one has drea-t yet of an intensive educational effort. "one of us really li/e to see other people bein. educated. They -ay be .ettin. an advanta.e over our privile.ed selves. (uppose we overco-e that pri-itive 8ealousy. (uppose we speed up 4 as we are now physically able to do 4 the education and enfranchise-ent of these hu.e undeveloped reservoirs of hu-an capacity. (uppose we tac/ that on the 3nion "ow idea. (uppose we stipulate that Federation, wherever it e9tends, -eans a "ew and Powerful !ducation. 'n +en.al, in Java, in the >on.o Free (tate, :uite as -uch as in Tennessee or &eor.ia or (cotland or 'reland. (uppose we thin/ a little less about 0.radual enfranchise-ent0 by votes and e9peri-ents in local autono-y and all these old ideas, and a little -ore about the enfranchise-ent of the -ind. (uppose we drop that old cant about politically i--ature peoples.

There is one direction in which )r (treit=s proposals are open to i-prove-ent. *et us turn to another in which he does not see- to have realised all the i-plications of his proposal. This .reat 3nion is to have a union -oney and a union custo-s4free econo-y. What follows upon thatF )ore ' thin/ than he realises. There is one aspect of -oney to which the -a8ority of those that discuss it see- to be incurably blind. 1ou cannot have a theory of -oney or any plan about -oney by itself in the air. )oney is not a thin. in itself2 it is a wor/in. part of an econo-ic syste-. )oney varies in its nature with the laws and ideas of property in a co--unity. %s a co--unity -oves towards collectivis- and co--unis-, for e9a-ple, -oney si-plifies out. )oney is a necessary in a co--unis- as it is in any other syste-, but its function therein is at its si-plest. Pay-ent in /ind to the wor/er .ives hi- no freedo- of choice a-on. the .oods the co--unity produces. )oney does. )oney beco-es the incentive that 0wor/s the wor/er0 and nothin. -ore. +ut directly you allow individuals not only to obtain .oods for consu-ption, but also to obtain credit to produce -aterial for types of production outside the staple productions of the state, the :uestion of credit and debt arises and -oney beco-es -ore co-plicated. With every liberation of this or that product or service fro- collective control to business or e9peri-ental e9ploitation, the play of the -oney syste- enlar.es and the laws re.ulatin. what you -ay ta/e for it, the co-pany laws, ban/ruptcy laws and so forth increase. 'n any hi.hly developed collective syste- the ad-inistration will certainly have to .ive credits for hopeful e9peri-ental enterprises. When the systeis not collectivis-, -onetary operations for .ain are bound to creep in and beco-e -ore and -ore co-plicated. Where -ost of the substantial side of life is entrusted to uncoordinated

private enterprise, the intricacy of the -oney apparatus increases enor-ously. )onetary -anipulation beco-es a .reater and .reater factor in the co-petitive stru..le, not only between individuals and fir-s, but between states. %s )r (treit hi-self shows, in an e9cellent discussion of the abandon-ent of the .old standard, inflation and deflation beco-e devices in international co-petition. )oney beco-es strate.ic, 8ust as pipe lines and railways can beco-e strate.ic. This bein. so it is plain that for the Federal 3nion a co--on -oney -eans an identical econo-ic life throu.hout the 3nion. %nd this too is i-plied also in )r (treit=s 0custo-s4free0 econo-y. 't is i-possible to have a co--on -oney when a dollar or a pound, or whatever it is, can buy this, that or the other advanta.e in one state and is debarred fro- anythin. but bare purchases for consu-ption in another. (o that this Federal 3nion is bound to be a unifor- econo-ic syste-. There can be only very sli.ht variations in the control of econo-ic life. 'n the precedin. sections the i-placable forces that -a/e for the collectivisation of the world or disaster, have been e9posed. 't follows that 0Federation0 -eans practically uniforsocialis- within the Federal li-its, leadin., as state after state is incorporated, to world socialis-. There -anifestly we carry )r (treit farther than he realises he .oes 4 as yet. For it is fairly evident that he is under the i-pression that a lar.e -easure of independent private business is to .o on throu.hout the 3nion. ' doubt if he i-a.ines it is necessary to .o beyond the partial socialisation already achieved by the "ew #eal. +ut we have asse-bled evidence to show that the profit scra-ble, the wild days of uncorrelated 0business0 are over for ever. %nd a.ain thou.h he realises and states very clearly that .overn-ents are -ade for -an and not -an for .overn-ents, thou.h he applauds the .reat declarations of the >onvention

that created the %-erican >onstitution, wherein 0we the people of the 3nited (tates0 overrode the ha..lin. of the separate states and established the %-erican Federal >onstitution, nevertheless he is curiously chary of supersedin. any e9istin. le.al .overn-ents in the present world. e is chary of tal/in. of 0We the people of the world0. +ut -any of us are co-in. to realise that all e9istin. .overn-ents have to .o into the -eltin. pot, we believe that it is a world revolution which is upon us, and that in the .reat stru..le to evo/e a Westernised World (ocialis-, conte-porary .overn-ents -ay vanish li/e straw hats in the rapids of "ia.ara. )r (treit, however, beco-es e9traordinarily le.al4-inded at this sta.e. ' do not thin/ that he realises the forces of destruction that are .atherin. and so ' thin/ he hesitates to plan a reconstruction upon anythin. li/e the scale that -ay beco-e possible. e evades even the obvious necessity that under a Federal &overn-ent the -onarchies of &reat +ritain, +el.iu-, "orway, (weden, olland, if they survive at all, -ust beco-es li/e the -ediatised soverei.ns of the co-ponent states of the for-er &er-an !-pire, -ere cere-onial vesti.es. Perhaps he thin/s that, but he does not say it outri.ht. ' do not /now if he has pondered the "ew 1or/ World Fair of 19I9 nor the si.nificance of the 7oyal Aisit to %-erica in that year, and thou.ht how -uch there is in the +ritish syste- that would have to be abandoned if his Federation is to beco-e a reality. 'n -ost of the i-plications of the word, it -ust cease to be 0+ritish0. is 'llustrative >onstitution is achieved with an alto.ether forensic disre.ard of the funda-ental chan.es in hu-an conditions to which we have to adapt ourselves or perish. e thin/s of war by itself and not as an eruption due to deeper -aladaptations. +ut if we push his earlier stipulations to their necessary co-pletion, we need not trouble very -uch about that sa-ple constitution of his, which is to ad8ust the balance so fairly a-on. the constituent states. The abolition of

distance -ust inevitably substitute functional associations and loyalties for local attributions, if hu-an society does not brea/ up alto.ether. The local divisions will -elt into a world collectivity and the -ain conflicts in a pro.ressively unifyin. Federation are -uch -ore li/ely to be these between different world4wide types and associations of wor/ers. (o far with 3nion "ow. $ne of )r (treit=s outstandin. -erits is that he has had the coura.e to -a/e definite proposals on which we can bite. ' doubt if a !uropean could have produced any such boo/. 'ts naTve political le.alis-, its idea of salvation by constitution, and its -anifest faith in the -a.ic beneficence of private enterprise, are distinctly in the vein of an %-erican, al-ost a pre4"ew #eal %-erican, who has beco-e, if anythin., -ore %-erican, throu.h his e9periences of the deepenin. disorder of !urope. (o -any %-ericans still loo/ on at world affairs li/e spectators at a ball .a-e who are capable of vociferous participation but still have no real sense of participation2 they do not realise that the .round is -ovin. under their seats also, and that the social revolution is brea/in. surface to en.ulf the- in their turn. To -ost of us 4 to -ost of us over forty at any rate 4 the idea of a funda-ental chan.e in our way of life is so unpalatable that we resist it to the last -o-ent. )r (treit betrays at ti-es as vivid a sense of advancin. social collapse as ' have, but it has still to occur to hi- that that collapse -ay be conclusive. There -ay be dar/ a.es, a relapse into barbaris-, but so-ewhen and so-ehow he thin/s -an -ust recover. &eor.e +ernard (haw has recently been sayin. the sa-e thin.. 't -ay be worse that that. ' have .iven )r (treit scarcely a word of praise, because that

would be beside the -ar/ here. e wrote his boo/ sincerely as a .enuine contribution to the unsyste-atic world conference that is now .oin. on, ad-ittin. the possibility of error, de-andin. criticis-, and ' have dealt with it in that spirit. 3nfortunately his word has .one -uch further than his boo/. is boo/ says definite thin.s and even when one disa.rees with it, it is .ood as a point of departure. +ut a nu-ber of people have cau.ht up this word 0Federation0, and our -inds are distracted by a -ultitude of appeals to support Federal pro8ects with the -ost various content or with no content at all. %ll the scores and hundreds of thousands of nice people who are si.nin. peace pled.es and so forth a few years a.o, without the sli.htest atte-pt in the world to understand what they -eant by peace, are now echoin. this new -a.ic word with as little conception of any content for it. They did not realise that peace -eans so co-plicated and difficult an orderin. and balancin. of hu-an society that it has never been sustained since -an beca-e -an, and that we have wars and preparatory interludes between wars because that is a -uch si-pler and easier se:uence for our wilful, -uddle4headed, suspicious and a..ressive species. These people still thin/ we can .et this new and wonderful state of affairs 8ust by cla-ourin. for it. %nd havin. failed to .et peace by sayin. 0Peace0 over and over a.ain, they are now with an i--ense sense of discovery sayin. 0Federation0. What -ust happen to -en in conspicuous public positions ' do not /now, but even an irresponsible literary -an li/e -yself finds hi-self inundated with innu-erable len.thy private letters, hysterical post4cards, pa-phlets fro- buddin. or.anisations, 0declarations0 to si.n, de-ands for subscriptions, all in the na-e of the new panacea, all as vain and unproductive as the bleatin. of lost sheep. %nd ' cannot open a newspaper without findin. so-e e-inent conte-porary writin. a letter to it, sayin. .ently, fir-ly and bravely, the sa-e

word, so-eti-es with bits of 3nion "ow tac/ed on to it, and so-eti-es with -inor i-prove-ents, but often with nothin. -ore than the bare idea. %ll sorts of idealistic -ove-ents for world peace which have been tal/in. :uietly to the-selves for years and years have been stirred up to follow the new banner. *on. before the &reat War there was a boo/ by (ir )a9 Waechter, a friend of ,in. !dward the (eventh, advocatin. the 3nited (tates of !urope, and that ine9act but flatterin. parallelis- to the 3nited (tates of %-erica has recurred fre:uently2 as a phase thrown out by )onsieur +riand for e9a-ple, and as a pro8ect put forward by an %ustrian4Japanese writer, >ount >oudenhove4,aler.i, who even devised a fla. for the 3nion. The -ain ob8ection to the idea is that there are hardly any states co-pletely in !urope, e9cept (wit@erland, (an )arino, %ndorra and a few of the Aersailles creations. %l-ost all the other !uropean states e9tend far beyond the !uropean li-its both politically and in their sy-pathies and cultural relations. They trail with the-ore than half -an/ind. %bout a tenth of the +ritish !-pire is in !urope and still less of the #utch !-pire2 7ussia, Tur/ey, France, are less !uropean than not2 (pain and Portu.al have their closest lin/s with (outh %-erica. Few !uropeans thin/ of the-selves as 0!uropeans0. ', for e9a-ple, a- !n.lish, and a lar.e part of -y interests, intellectual and -aterial, are Transatlantic. ' disli/e callin. -yself 0+ritish0 and ' li/e to thin/ of -yself as a -e-ber of a .reat !n.lish4spea/in. co--unity, which spreads irrespective of race and colour round and about the world. ' a- annoyed when an %-erican calls -e a 0forei.ner0 4 war with %-erica would see- to -e 8ust as insane as war with >ornwall 4 and ' find the idea of cuttin. -yself off fro- the !n.lish4spea/in. peoples of %-erica and %sia to follow the fla. of -y %ustrian4 Japanese friend into a federally bunched4up !uropean

e9tre-ely unattractive. 't would, ' su..est, be far easier to create the 3nited (tates of the World, which is )r (treit=s ulti-ate ob8ective, than to .et to.ether the so4called continent of !urope into any sort of unity. ' find -ost of these 3nited (tates of !urope -ove-ents are now 8u-pin. on to the Federation band4wa.on. )y old friend and anta.onist, *ord #avid #avies, for instance, has recently succu-bed to the infection. e was concerned about the proble- of a World Pa9 in the days when the *ea.ue of "ations (ociety and other associated bodies were a-al.a-ated in the *ea.ue of "ations 3nion. e was struc/ then by an idea, an analo.y, and the e9perience was uni:ue for hi-. e as/ed why individuals went about in -odern co--unities in nearly perfect security fro- assault and robbery, without any need to bear ar-s. is answer was the police-an. %nd fro- that he went on to the :uestion of what was needed for states and nations to .o their ways with the sa-e blissful i--unity fro- violence and plunder, and it see-ed to hi- a co-plete and reasonable answer to say 0an international police-an0. %nd there you wereH e did not see, he is probably :uite incapable of seein., that a state is so-ethin. :uite different in its nature and behaviour fro- an individual hu-anLbein.. When he was as/ed to e9plain how that international police-an was to be created and sustained, he 8ust went on sayin. 0international police-an0. e has been sayin. it for years. (o-eti-es it see-s it is to be the *ea.ue of "ations, so-eti-es the +ritish !-pire, so-eti-es an international %ir Force, which is to underta/e this .rave responsibility. The bench before which the police-an is to hale the offender and this position of the loc/4up are not indicated. Findin. our criticis-s uncon.enial, his lordship went off with

his .reat idea, li/e a pen.uin which has found an e.., to incubate it alone. ' hope he will be spared to say 0international police-an0 for -any years to co-e, but ' do not believe he has ever perceived or ever will perceive that, brilliant as his inspiration was, it still left vast areas of the proble- in dar/ness. +ein. a -an of considerable -eans, he has been able to sustain a 0"ew >o--onwealth0 -ove-ent and publish boo/s and a periodical in which his one .reat idea is elaborated rather than developed. +ut ' will not deal further with the very incoherent -ultitude that now echoes this word 0Federation0. )any a-on. thewill cease to cerebrate further and fall by the wayside, but -any will .o on thin/in., and if they .o on thin/in. they will co-e to perceive -ore and -ore clearly the realities of the case. Federation, they will feel, is not enou.h. (o -uch for the present 0Federalist0 front. %s a funda-ental basis of action, as a declared end, it see-s hopelessly va.ue and confused and, if one -ay coin a phrase, hopelessly opti-istic. +ut since the concept see-s to be the way to release a nu-ber of -inds fro- belief in the sufficiency of a *ea.ue of "ations, associated or not associated with +ritish '-perialis-, it has been worth while to consider how it can be a-plified and turned in the direction of that full and open4eyed world4wide collectivisation which a study of e9istin. conditions obli.es us to believe is the only alternative to the co-plete de.eneration of our species.

5 T ! "!W T1P! $F 7!A$*3T'$" *!T 3( 7!T37" T$ our -ain purpose, which is to e9a-ine the way in which we are to face up to this i-pendin. World 7evolution. To -any -inds this idea of 7evolution is al-ost inseparable fro- visions of street barricades -ade of pavin.4stones and overturned vehicles, ra..ed -obs ar-ed with i-pro-ptu weapons and inspired by defiant son.s, prisons bro/en and a .eneral 8ail delivery, palaces stor-ed, a .reat huntin. of ladies and .entle-en, decapitated but still beautiful heads on pi/es, re.icides of the -ost sinister :uality, the busy .uillotine, a crescendo of disorder endin. in a whiff of .rapeshot. . . . That was one type of 7evolution. 't is what one -i.ht call the >atholic type of 7evolution, that it is to say it is the ulti-ate phase of a lon. period of >atholic livin. and teachin.. People do not realise this and so-e will be indi.nant at its bein. stated so barely. 1et the facts stare us in the face, co--on /nowled.e, not to be denied. That furious, hun.ry, desperate, brutal -ob was the outco-e of .enerations of >atholic rule, >atholic -orality and >atholic education. The ,in. of France was the 0)ost >hristian ,in., the eldest son of the >hurch0, he was -aster of the econo-ic and financial life of the co--unity, and the >atholic >hurch controlled the intellectual life of the co--unity and the education of the people absolutely. That -ob was the outco-e. 't is absurd to parrot that >hristianity has never been tried. >hristianity in its -ost hi.hly developed for- has been tried and tried a.ain. 't was tried for centuries fully and co-pletely, in (pain, France, 'taly. 't was responsible for the filth and chronic pestilence and

fa-ine of -edieval !n.land. 't inculcated purity but it never inculcated cleanliness. >atholic >hristianity had practically unchallen.ed power in France for .enerations. 't was free to teach as it chose and as -uch as it chose. 't do-inated the co--on life entirely. The >atholic syste- in France cannot have reaped anythin. it did not sow, for no other sowers were allowed. That hideous -ob of -urderous ra.a-uffins we are so fa-iliar with in pictures of the period, was the final harvest of its re.i-e. The -ore >atholic reactionaries revile the insur.ent co--on people of the first French 7evolution, the -ore they conde-n the-selves. 't is the -ost i-pudent perversion of reality for the- to snivel about the .uillotine and the tu-brils, as thou.h these were not purely >atholic products, as thou.h they ca-e in suddenly fro- outside to wrec/ a .enteel Paradise. They were the last sta.e of the syste-atic in8ustice and i.norance of a strictly >atholic re.i-e. $ne phase succeeded another with relentless lo.ic. The )aseillaise co-pleted the life4cycle of >atholicis-. 'n (pain too and in )e9ico we have seen undisputed educational and -oral >atholic ascendancy, the >hurch with a free hand, producin. a si-ilar uprush of blind resent-ent. The crowds there also were cruel and blasphe-ous2 but >atholiciscannot co-plain2 for >atholicis- hatched the-. Priests and nuns who had been the sole teachers of the people were insulted and outra.ed and churches defiled. (urely if the >hurch is anythin. li/e what it clai-s to be, the people would have loved it. They would not have behaved as thou.h sacrile.e was a .ratifyin. relief. +ut these >atholic 7evolutions are only speci-ens of one sin.le type of 7evolution. % 7evolution need not be a spontaneous stor- of indi.nation a.ainst intolerable indi.nities

and deprivations. 't can ta/e :uite other for-s. %s a second variety of 7evolution, which is in sharp contrast with the indi.nation4revolt in which so -any periods of unchallen.ed >atholic ascendancy have ended, we -ay ta/e what we -ay call the 0revolution conspiracy0, in which a nu-ber of people set about or.anisin. the forces of disco-fort and resent-ent and loosenin. the .rip of the .overn-ent=s forces, in order to brin. about a funda-ental chan.e of syste-. The ideal of this type is the +olshevi/ 7evolution in 7ussia, provided it is a little si-plified and -isunderstood. This, reduced to a wor/in. theory by its advocates, is conceived of as a syste-atic cultivation of a public state of -ind favourable to a 7evolution to.ether with an inner circle of preparation for a 0sei@ure of power0. Guite a nu-ber of >o--unist and other leftish writers, bri.ht youn. -en, without -uch political e9perience, have let their i-a.inations loose upon the 0techni:ue0 of such an adventure. They have brou.ht the "a@i and Fascist 7evolutions into the -aterial for their studies. )odern social structure with its concentration of directive, infor-ation and coercive power about radio stations, telephone e9chan.ers, newspaper offices, police stations, arsenals and the li/e, lends itself to :uasi4.an.ster e9ploitation of this type. There is a .reat rushin. about and occupation of /ey centres, an or.anised capture, i-prison-ent or -urder of possible opponents, and the country is confronted with fait acco-pli. The re.i-entation of the -ore or less reluctant population follows. +ut a 7evolution need be neither an e9plosion nor a coup d=Ctat. %nd the 7evolution that lies before us now as the only hopeful alternative to chaos, either directly or after an interlude of world co--unis-, is to be attained, if it is attained at all, by neither of these -ethods. The first is too rhetorical and chaotic and leads si-ply to a >ha-pion and tyranny2 the second is too

conspiratorial and leads throu.h an obscure stru..le of -asterful personalities to a si-ilar end. "either is lucid enou.h and deliberate enou.h to achieve a per-anent chan.e in the for- and te9ture of hu-an affairs. %n alto.ether different type of 7evolution -ay or -ay not be possible. "o one can say that it is possible unless it is tried, but one can say with so-e assurance that unless it can be achieved the outloo/ for -an/ind for -any .enerations at least is hopeless. The new 7evolution ai-s essentially at a chan.e in directive ideas. 'n its co-pleteness it is an untried -ethod. 't depends for its success upon whether a sufficient nu-ber of -inds can be brou.ht to realise that the choice before us now is not a choice between further revolution or -ore or less reactionary conservatis-, but a choice between so carryin. on and so or.anisin. the process of chan.e in our affairs as to produce a new world order, or sufferin. an entire and perhaps irreparable social collapse. $ur ar.u-ent throu.hout has been that thin.s have .one too far ever to be put bac/ a.ain to any si-ilitude of what they have been. We can no -ore drea- of re-ainin. where we are than thin/ of .oin. bac/ in the -iddle of a dive. We -ust .o trou.h with these present chan.es, adapt ourselves to the-, ad8ust ourselves to the plun.e, or be destroyed by the-. We -ust .o throu.h these chan.es 8ust as we -ust .o throu.h this ill4conceived war, because there is as yet no possible end for it. There will be no possible way of endin. it until the new 7evolution defines itself. 'f it is patched up now without a clear4headed settle-ent understood and accepted throu.hout the world, we shall have only the si-ulacru- of a peace. % patched4up peace now will not even save us fro- the horrors of war, it will postpone the- only to a..ravate the- in a few years ti-e. 1ou cannot end this war yet, you can at best

ad8ourn it. The reor.anisation of the world has at first to be -ainly the wor/ of a 0-ove-ent0 or a Party or a reli.ion or cult, whatever we choose to call it. We -ay call it "ew *iberalis- or the "ew 7adicalis- or what not. 't will not be a close4/nit or.anisation, toein. the Party line and so forth. 't -ay be a very loose4/nit and -any faceted, but if a sufficient nu-ber of -inds throu.hout the world, irrespective of race, ori.in or econo-ic and social habituations, can be brou.ht to the free and candid reco.nition of the essentials of the hu-an proble-, then their effective collaboration in a conscious, e9plicit and open effort to reconstruct hu-an society will ensue. %nd to be.in with they will do all they can to spread and perfect this conception of a new world order, which they will re.ard as the only wor/in. fra-e for their activities, while at the sa-e ti-e they will set the-selves to discover and associate with the-selves, everyone, everywhere, who is intellectually able to .rasp the sa-e broad ideas and -orally disposed to realise the-. The distribution of this essential conception one -ay call propa.anda, but in reality it is education. The openin. phase of this new type of 7evolution -ust involve therefore a ca-pai.n for re4invi.orated and -odernised education throu.hout the world, an education that will have the sa-e ratio to the education of a couple of hundred years a.o, as the electric li.htin. of a conte-porary city has to the chandeliers and oil la-ps of the sa-e period. $n its present -ental levels hu-anity can do no better than what it is doin. now. Aitalisin. education is only possible when it is under the influence of people who are the-selves learnin.. 't is inseparable fro- the -odern idea of education that it should be

/nit up to incessant research. We say research rather than science. 't is the better word because it is free fro- any su..estion of that finality which -eans do.-atis- and death. %ll education tends to beco-e stylistic and sterile unless it is /ept in close touch with e9peri-ental verification and practical wor/, and conse:uently this new -ove-ent of revolutionary initiative, -ust at the sa-e ti-e be sustainin. realistic political and social activities and wor/in. steadily for the collectivisation of .overn-ents and econo-ic life. The intellectual -ove-ent will be only the initiatory and correlatin. part of the new revolutionary drive. These practical activities -ust be various. !veryone en.a.ed in the- -ust be thin/in. for hi-self and not waitin. for orders. The only dictatorship he will reco.nise is the dictatorship of the plain understandin. and the invincible fact. %nd if this cul-inatin. 7evolution is to be acco-plished, then the participation of every conceivable sort of hu-anLbein. who has the -ental .rasp to see these broad realities of the world situation and the -oral :uality to do so-ethin. about it, -ust be welco-ed. Previous revolutionary thrusts have been vitiated by bad psycholo.y. They have .iven .reat play to the .ratification of the inferiority co-ple9es that arise out of class disadvanta.es. 't is no doubt very un8ust that anyone should be better educated, healthier and less fearful of the world than anyone else, but that is no reason why the new 7evolution should not -a/e the fullest use of the health, education, vi.our and coura.e of the fortunate. The 7evolution we are conte-platin. will ai- at abolishin. the bitterness of frustration. +ut certainly it will do nothin. to aven.e it. "othin. whatever. *et the dead past punish its dead.

't is one of the -ost vicious strea/s in the )ar9ist teachin. to su..est that all people of wealth and capacity livin. in a co--unity in which unco4ordinated private enterprise plays a lar.e part are necessarily de-oralised by the advanta.es they en8oy and that they -ust be dispossessed by the wor/er and peasant, who are presented as endowed with a collective virtue capable of runnin. all the co-ple9 -achinery of a -odern co--unity. +ut the starin. truth of the -atter is that an unco4 ordinated scra-ble between individuals and nations ali/e, de-oralises all concerned. !veryone is corrupted, the filchin. tra-p by the roadside, the servile hand4/issin. peasant of !astern !urope, the dole4bribed loafer, as -uch as the wo-an who -arries for -oney, the co-pany pro-oter, the industrial or.aniser, the rent4e9actin. landlord and the diplo-atic a.ent. When the social at-osphere is tainted everybody is ill. Wealth, personal freedo- and education, -ay and do produce wasters and oppressive people, but they -ay also release creative and ad-inistrative -inds to opportunity. The history of science and invention before the nineteenth century confir-s this. $n the whole if we are to assu-e there is anythin. .ood in hu-anity at all, it is -ore reasonable to e9pect it to appear when there is -ost opportunity. %nd in further confutation of the )ar9ist caricature of hu-an -otives, we have the very considerable nu-ber of youn. people drawn fro- -iddle4class and upper4class ho-es, who fi.ure in the e9tre-e left -ove-ent everywhere. 't is their -oral reaction to the 0stuffiness0 and social ineffectiveness of their parents and their own sort of people. They see/ an outlet for their abilities that is not .ainful but serviceable. )any have sou.ht an honourable life 4 and often found it, and death with it 4 in the stru..le a.ainst the >atholics and their )oorish and Fascist helpers in (pain.

't is a -isfortune of their .eneration, that so -any of the- have fallen into the -ental traps of )ar9is-. 't has been -y absurd e9perience to encounter noisy -eetin.s of e9pensive youn. -en at $9ford, not one of the- stunted physically as ' was by twenty years of under4nourish-ent and devitalised upbrin.in., all pretendin. to be rou.h4hewn collarless proletarians in shoc/ed revolt a.ainst -y bour.eois tyranny and the -odest co-fort of -y declinin. years, and recitin. the ridiculous class4 war phrases by which they protected their -inds fro- any reco.nition of the realities of the case. +ut thou.h that attitude de-onstrates the unsti-ulatin. education of their preparatory and public schools, which had thrown the- thus uncritical and e-otional into the proble-s of the under.raduate life, it does not detract fro- the fact that they had found the idea of abandonin. the-selves to a revolutionary reconstruction of society, that pro-ised to end its enor-ous waste of potential happiness and achieve-ent, e9tre-ely attractive, notwithstandin. that their own advanta.es see-ed to be reasonably secure. Faced with the i--ediate approach of disco-fort, indi.nity, wasted years, -utilation 4 death is soon over but one wa/es up a.ain to -utilation every -ornin. 4 because of this ill4 conceived war2 faced also by the reversion of 7ussia to autocracy and the fiscal e9tinction of -ost of the social advanta.es of their fa-ilies2 these youn. people with a leftish twist are li/ely not only to do so-e very profitable re4 e9a-ination of their own possibilities but also to find the-selves 8oined in that re4e9a-ination by a very considerable nu-ber of others who have hitherto been repelled by the obvious foolishness and insincerity of the ha--er and sic/le sy-bols Jwor/ers and peasants of $9fordHK and the e9asperatin. do.-atis- of the orthodo9 )ar9ist. %nd -ay not these youn. people, instead of waitin. to be overta/en by an insurrectionary revolution fro- which they will e-er.e .reasy,

unshaven, class4conscious and in incessant dan.er of li:uidation, decide that before the 7evolution .ets hold of thethey will .et hold of the 7evolution and save it fro- the inefficiency, -ental distortions, disappoint-ents and frustrations that have over4ta/en it in 7ussia. This new and co-plete 7evolution we conte-plate can be defined in a very few words. 't is JaK outri.ht world4socialis-, scientifically planned and directed, plus JbK a sustained insistence upon law, law based on a fuller, -ore 8ealously conceived resent-ent of the personal 7i.hts of )an, plus JcK the co-pletest freedo- of speech, criticis- and publication, and sedulous e9pansion of the educational or.anisation to the ever4.rowin. de-ands of the new order. What we -ay call the eastern or +olshevi/ >ollectivis-, the 7evolution of the 'nternationale, has failed to achieve even the first of these three ite-s and it has never even atte-pted the other two. Puttin. it at its co-pactest, it is the trian.le of (ocialis-, *aw and ,nowled.e, which fra-es the 7evolution which -ay yet save the world. (ocialis-H +eco-e outri.ht collectivistsF Aery few -en of the -ore fortunate classes in our old collapsin. society who are over fifty will be able to read8ust their -inds to that. 't will see- an entirely repulsive su..estion to the-. JThe avera.e a.e of the +ritish >abinet at the present ti-e is well over si9ty.K +ut it need not be repulsive at all to their sons. They will be i-poverished anyhow. The stars in their courses are seein. to that. %nd that will help the- .reatly to realise that an ad-inistrative control to ad-inistrative participation and then to direct ad-inistration are easy steps. They are bein. ta/en now, first in one -atter and then in another. $n both sides of the %tlantic. 7eluctantly and often very disin.enuously and a.ainst ener.etic but di-inishin. resistances. &reat +ritain,

li/e %-erica, -ay beco-e a (ocialist syste- with a definitive 7evolution, protestin. all the ti-e that it is doin. nothin. of the sort. 'n +ritain we have now no distinctively educated class, but all up and down the social scale there are well4read -en and wo-en who have thou.ht intensely upon these .reat proble-s we have been discussin.. To -any of the- and -aybe to enou.h of the- to start the avalanche of purpose that will certainly develop fro- a clear and deter-ined be.innin., this conception of 7evolution to evo/e a liberal collectivised world -ay appeal. %nd so at last we narrow down our en:uiry to an e9a-ination of what has to be done now to save the 7evolution, what the -ove-ent or its Party 4 so far as it -ay use the se-blance of a Party will do, what its Policy will be. itherto we have been de-onstratin. why a reasonable -an, of any race or lan.ua.e anywhere, should beco-e a 0Western0 7evolutionary. We have now to review the i--ediate activities to which he can .ive hi-self.

9 P$*'T'>( F$7 T ! (%"! )%" *!T 3( 7!(T%T! T ! .eneral conclusions to which our precedin. ar.u-ent has brou.ht us. The establish-ent of a pro.ressive world socialis- in which the freedo-s, health and happiness of every individual are protected by a universal law based on a re4declaration of the ri.hts of -an, and wherein there is the ut-ost liberty of thou.ht, criticis- and su..estion, is the plain, rational ob8ective before us now. $nly the effective realisation of this ob8ective can establish peace on earth and arrest the present -arch of hu-an affairs to -isery and destruction. We cannot reiterate this ob8ective too clearly and too fre:uently. The trian.le of collectivisation, law and /nowled.e should e-body the co--on purpose of all -an/ind. +ut between us and that .oal intervenes the vast and deepenin. disorders of our ti-e. The new order cannot be brou.ht into e9istence without a .i.antic and -ore or less co4ordinated effort of the saner and abler ele-ents in the hu-an population. The thin. cannot be done rapidly and -elodra-atically. That effort -ust supply the fra-e for all sane social and political activities and a practical criterion for all reli.ious and educational associations. +ut since our world is -ultitudinously varied and confused, it is i-possible to narrow down this new revolutionary -ove-ent to any sin.le class, or.anisation or Party. 't is too .reat a thin. for that. 't will in its e9pansion produce and perhaps discard a nu-ber of or.anisations and Parties, conver.in. upon its ulti-ate ob8ective. >onse:uently, in order to review the social and political activities of sane, clear4headed people to4day, we have

to deal with the- piece-eal fro- a nu-ber of points of view. We have to consider an advance upon a lon. and various front. *et us be.in then with the proble- of sanity in face of the political -ethods of our ti-e. What are we to do as votin. citi@ensF There ' thin/ the history of the so4called de-ocracies in the past half4century is fairly conclusive. $ur present electoral -ethods which .ive no choice but a bilateral choice to the citi@en and so force a two4party syste- upon hi-, is a -ere caricature of representative .overn-ent. 't has produced upon both sides of the %tlantic, bi., stupid, and corrupt party -achines. That was bound to happen and yet to this day there is a sort of shyness in the -inds of youn. -en interested in politics when it co-es to discussin. Proportional 7epresentation. They thin/ it is a 0bit faddy0. %t best it is a side issue. Party politicians strive to -aintain that bashfulness, because they /now :uite clearly that what is called Proportional 7epresentation with the sin.le transferable vote in lar.e constituencies, returnin. a do@en -e-bers or -ore, is e9tinction for the -ere party hac/ and destruction for party or.anisations. The -achine syste- in the 3nited (tates is -ore elaborate, -ore deeply entrenched le.ally in the >onstitution and ille.ally in the spoils syste-, and it -ay prove -ore difficult to -odernise than the +ritish, which is based on an outworn caste tradition. +ut both Parlia-ent and >on.ress are essentially si-ilar in their funda-ental :uality. They trade in titles, concessions and the public welfare, and they are only a-enable in the rou.h and at lon. last to the -ove-ents of public opinion. 't is an open :uestion whether they are -uch -ore responsive to popular feelin. than the #ictators we denounce so unreservedly as the antithesis of de-ocracy. They betray a .reat disre.ard of -ass responses. They e9plain less. They disre.ard -ore. The #ictators have to .o on tal/in. and

tal/in., not always truthfully but they have to tal/. % du-b #ictator is inconceivable. 'n such ti-es of e9tensive stress and crisis as the present, the bafflin. slowness, inefficiency and wastefulness of the party syste- beco-e so -anifest that so-e of its worst pretences are put aside. The party .a-e is suspended. is )a8esty=s $pposition abandons the pose of safe.uardin. the interests of the co--on citi@ens fro- those scoundrels upon the .overn-ent benches2 7epublican and #e-ocrats be.in to cross the party line to discuss the new situation. !ven the -en who live professionally by the Parlia-entary J>on.ressionalK i-posture, abandon it if they are sufficiently fri.htened by the posture of affairs. The appearance of an %ll4Party "ational &overn-ent in &reat +ritain before very lon. see-s inevitable. &reat +ritain has in effect .one socialist in a couple of -onths2 she is also suspendin. party politics. Just as the 3nited (tates did in the .reat slu-p. %nd in both cases this has happened because the rottenness and inefficiency of party politics stan/ to heaven in the face of dan.er. %nd since in both cases Party &overn-ent threw up its hands and bolted, is there any conceivable reason why we should let it co-e bac/ at any appearance of victory or recovery, why we should not .o ahead fro- where we are to a less i-pro-ptu socialist re.i-e under a per-anent non4party ad-inistration, to the reality if not to the for- of a per-anent socialist .overn-entF "ow here ' have nothin. to su..est about %-erica. ' have never, for e9a-ple, tried to wor/ out the conse:uences of the absence of e9ecutive -inisters fro- the le.islature. ' ainclined to thin/ that is one of the wea/ points in the >onstitution and that the !n.lish usa.e which e9poses the -inister to :uestion ti-e in the ouse and -a/es hi- a pri-e -over in le.islation affectin. his depart-ent, is a less

co-plicated and therefore -ore de-ocratic arran.e-ent than the %-erican one. %nd the powers and functions of the President and the (enate are so different fro- the consolidated powers of >abinet and Pri-e )inister, that even when an !n.lish-an has industriously 0-u..ed up0 the constitutional points, he is still al-ost as -uch at a loss to .et the livin. reality as he would be if he were shown the score of an opera before hearin. it played or the blue prints of a -achine he had never seen in action. Aery few !uropeans understand the history of Woodrow Wilson, the (enate and his *ea.ue of "ations. They thin/ that 0%-erica0, which they i-a.ine as a lar.e sin.le individual, planted the latter institution upon !urope and then deliberately shuffled out of her responsibility for it, and they will never thin/ otherwise. %nd they thin/ that 0%-erica0 /ept out of the war to the very li-it of decency, overchar.ed us for -unitions that contributed to the co--on victory, and -ade a .rievance because the conse:uent debt was not dischar.ed. They tal/ li/e that while %-ericans tal/ as if no !n.lish were /illed between 1914 and 1915 Jwe had 500,000 deadK until the noble %-erican conscripts ca-e forward to die for the- Jto the tune of about <0,000K. (avour for e9a-ple even the title of Guincy owe=s !n.land e9pects every %-erican to do his #uty. 't=s the -eanest of titles, but -any %-ericans see- to li/e it. $n -y des/ as ' write is a pa-phlet by a )r 7obert 7andall, nicely cyclostyled and .ot up. Which ur.es a co--on attac/ on the 3nited (tates as a solution of the proble- of !urope. "o countries will ever feel united unless they have a co--on ene-y, and the natural co--on ene-y for !urope, it is declared, is the 3nited (tates. (o to brin. about the 3nited (tates of !urope we are to be.in by denouncin. the )onroe doctrine. ' believe in the honesty and .ood intentions of )r 7obert 7andall2 he is, ' a- sure, no -ore in the pay of &er-any, direct or indirect, than )r Guincy owe or )r arry

!l-er +arnes2 but could the -ost brilliant of "a@i war propa.andists devise a -ore effective estran.in. su..estionF . . . +ut ' wander fro- -y topic. ' do not /now how sane -en in %-erica are .oin. to set about rela9in. the stran.lehold of the >onstitution, .et control of their own country out of the hands of those lu-pish, sole-nly cunnin. politicians with their .reat stron. 8owls developed by chewin.4.u- and orotund spea/in., whose photo.raphs add a real ele-ent of fri.htfulness to the pa.es of Ti-e, how they are .oin. to abolish the spoils syste-, discover, and educate to e9pand a co-petent civil service able to redee- the ha-pered pro-ises of the "ew #eal and pull %-erica into line with the reconstruction of the rest of the world. +ut ' perceive that in politics and indeed in -ost thin.s, the underlyin. hu-our and sanity of %-ericans are apt to find a way round and do the i-possible, and ' have as little doubt they will -ana.e it so-ehow as ' have when ' see a street perfor-er on his little chair and carpet, all tied up with chains, waitin. until there are sufficient pennies in the hat to 8ustify e9ertion. These differences in -ethod, pace and tradition are a .reat -isfortune to the whole !n.lish4spea/in. world. We !n.lish people do not respect %-ericans enou.h2 we are too disposed to thin/ they are all Guincy owes and arry !l-er +arneses and +orahs and suchli/e, conceited and suspicious anti4+ritish -ono-aniacs, who -ust be hu-oured at any cost2 which is why we are never so fran/ and rude with the- as they deserve. +ut the -ore we -ust contain ourselves the less we love the-. 7eal brothers can curse each other and /eep friends. (o-eday +ritannia will .ive >olu-bia a piece of her -ind, and that -ay clear the air. (aid an e9asperated !n.lish-an to -e a day or so a.oB 0' pray to &od they /eep out of the end of this war anyhow. We shall never hear the last of it if they don=t. . . .0

1et at a different pace our two people are travellin. towards identical ends, and it is la-entable that a difference of accent and idio- should do -ore -ischief than a difference of lan.ua.e. (o far as &reat +ritain .oes thin.s are nearer and closer to -e, and it see-s to -e that there is an e9cellent opportunity now to catch the country in a state of socialisation and suspend party politics, and /eep it at that. 't is a lo.ical but often disre.arded corollary of the virtual creation of %ll4Party "ational &overn-ents and suspension of electoral contests, that since there is no $pposition, party criticis- should .ive place to individual criticis- of -inisters, and instead of throwin. out .overn-ents we should set ourselves to throw out individual ad-inistrative failures. We need no lon.er confine our choice of public servants to political careerists. We can insist upon -en who have done thin.s and can do thin.s, and whenever an election occurs we can or.anise a bloc/ of non4party voters who will vote it possible for an outsider of proved ability, and will at any rate insist on a clear state-ent fro- every Parlia-entary candidate of the concrete service, if any, he has done the country, of his past and present financial entan.le-ents and his fa-ily relationships and of any title he possesses. We can .et these necessary particulars published and note what newspapers decline to do so. %nd if there are still only politicians to vote for, we can at least vote and spoil our votin. cards by way of protest. %t present we see one public service after another in a -ess throu.h the inco-petent handlin. of so-e party hac/ and the unseen activities of interested parties. People are as/in. already why (ir %rthur (alter is not in control of %llied (hippin. a.ain, (ir John $rr directin. our food supply with perhaps (ir Fredric/ ,eeble to help hi-, (ir 7obert Aansittart in the

Forei.n $ffice. We want to /now the individuals responsible for the incapacity of our 'ntelli.ence and Propa.anda )inistries, so that we -ay induce the- to :uit public life. 't would be :uite easy now to e9cite a nu-ber of an9ious people with a cry for 0>o-petence not Party0. )ost people in the +ritish 'sles are heartily sic/ of )r >ha-berlain and his .overn-ent, but they cannot face up to a political split in warti-e, and )r >ha-berlain stic/s to office with all the pertinacity of a +arnacle. +ut if we do not attac/ the .overn-ent as a whole, but individual -inisters, and if we replace the- one by one, we shall presently have a .overn-ent so re8uvenated that even )r >ha-berlain will realise and accept his superannuation. Guite a s-all body of public4 spirited people could or.anise an active Ai.ilance (ociety to /eep these ideas before the -ass of voters and be.in the eli-ination of inferior ele-ents fro- our public life. This would be a practical 8ob of pri-ary i-portance in our political re.eneration. 't would lead directly to a new and -ore efficient political structure to carry on after the present war has collapsed or otherwise ended. Followin. upon this ca-pai.n for the conclusive inter-ent of the played4out party syste-, there co-es the necessity for a -uch -ore strenuous search for ad-inistrative and technical ability throu.hout the country. We do not want to -iss a sin.le youn.ster who can be of use in the .reat business of -a/in. over &reat +ritain, which has been so rudely, clu-sily and wastefully socialised by our war perturbations, so that it -ay beco-e a per-anently efficient syste-. %nd fro- the base of the educational pyra-id up to its ape9 of hi.her education of teachers, heads of depart-ents and research, there is need for such a :uic/enin. of -inds and -ethods as only a -ore or less or.anised -ove-ent of sanely

critical -en can brin. about. We want -inisters now of the hi.hest :uality in every depart-ent, but in no depart-ent of public life is a -an of creative understandin., bold initiative and ad-inistrative power so necessary as in the !ducation )inistry. (o tran:uil and unobtrusive has been the flow of educational affairs in the +ritish !-pire that it see-s al-ost scandalous, and it is certainly 0vul.ar0, to su..est that we need an educational &in.er &roup to discover and support such a -inister. We want a )inister of !ducation who can shoc/ teachers into self4e9a-ination, electrify and re8uvenate old dons or put the- away in ivory towers, and sti-ulate the youn.er ones. 3nder the party syste- the !ducation )inistry has always been a restful corner for so-e deservin. party politician with an ab8ect respect for his %l-a )ater and the per-anent officials. #urin. war ti-e, when other depart-ents wa/e up, the !ducation #epart-ent sin/s into deeper lethar.y. $ne cannot recall a sin.le +ritish !ducation )inister, since there have been such thin.s in our island story as )inisters for !ducation, who si.nified anythin. at all educationally or did anythin. of his own i-pulse that was in the least worth while. (uppose we found a live one 4 soon 4 and let hi- ripH There a.ain is so-ethin. to be done far -ore revolutionary than throwin. bo-bs at innocent police-en or assassinatin. har-less potentates or e94potentates. %nd yet it is only as/in. that an e9istin. depart-ent be what it pretends to be. % third direction in which any .atherin. accu-ulation of sanity should direct its attention is the clu-sy unfairness and indirectness of our present -ethods of e9propriatin. the for-er well4to4do classes. The only observable principle see-s to be widows and children first. (ocialisation is bein. effected in

+ritain and %-erica ali/e not by fran/ e9propriation Jwith or without co-pensationK but by increasin. .overn-ent control and increasin. ta9ation. +oth our .reat co--unities are .oin. into socialis- bac/ward and without ever loo/in. round. This is .ood in so far as that technical e9perience and directive ability is chan.ed over step by step fro- entirely private e-ploy-ent to public service, and on that side sane and helpful citi@ens have little to do beyond -a/in. the process conscious of itself and the public aware of the real nature of the chan.e, but it is bad in its indiscri-inate destruction of savin.s, which are the -ost e9posed and vulnerable side of the old syste-. They are e9propriated by profit4control and ta9ation ali/e, and at the sa-e ti-e they suffer in purchasin. power by the acceleration of that process of -onetary inflation which is the unavoidable read8ust-ent, the petition in ban/ruptcy, of a co--unity that has overspent. The shareholdin. class dwindles and dies2 widows and orphans, the old who are past wor/ and the infir- who are incapable of it, are e9posed in their declinin. years to a painful shrin/a.e of their -odes of livin.2 there is no doubt a di-inution of social waste, but also there is an indirect i-poverish-ent of free opinion and free scientific and artistic initiative as the endless societies, institutions and services which have enriched life for us and been very lar.ely supported by voluntary subscriptions, shrivel. %t present a lar.e proportion of our scientific, artistic, literary and social wor/ers are educated out of the private savin.s fund. 'n a class4war revolution these econo-ically very defenceless but socially very convenient people are sub8ected to vindictive hu-iliation 4 it is viewed as a .reat triu-ph for their -eaner nei.hbours 4 but a revolution sanely conducted will probably devise a syste- of ter-inable annuities and co-pensation, and of assistance to once voluntary associations, which will ease off the social dislocations due to the disappearance of one stratu- of

relatively free and independent people, before its successors, that is to say the .rowin. class of retired officials, public ad-inistrators and so forth, find their feet and develop their own -ethods of assertion and enterprise.

10 #!>*%7%T'$" $F T ! 7'& T( $F )%" *!T 3( T37" "$W to another syste- of proble-s in the collectivisation of the world, and that is the preservation of liberty in the socialist state and the restoration of that confidence without which .ood behaviour is .enerally i-possible. This destruction of confidence is one of the less clearly reco.nised evils of the present phase of world4disinte.ration. 'n the past there have been periods when whole co--unities or at least lar.e classes within co--unities have .one about their business with a .eneral honesty, directness and sense of personal honour. They have ta/en a /een pride in the :uality of their output. They have lived throu.h life on tolerable and tolerant ter-s with their nei.hbours. The laws they observed have varied in different countries and periods, but their .eneral nature was to -a/e an orderly law4abidin. life possible and natural. They had been tau.ht and they believed and they had every reason to believeB 0This Jthat or the other thin.K is ri.ht. #o ri.ht and nothin., e9cept by so-e stran.e e9ceptional -isfortune, can touch you. The *aw .uarantees you that. #o ri.ht and nothin. will rob you or frustrate you.0 "owhere in the world now is there very -uch of that feelin. left, and as it disappears, the behaviour of people de.enerates towards a panic scra-ble, towards cheatin., over4reachin., .an. or.anisation, precautionary hoardin., conceal-ent and all the -eanness and anti4social feelin. which is the natural outco-e of insecurity. Faced with what now a-ounts to so-ethin. li/e a -oral

sta-pede, -ore and -ore sane -en will realise the ur.ency for a restoration of confidence. The -ore socialisation proceeds and the -ore directive authority is concentrated, the -ore necessary is an efficient protection of individuals fro- the i-patience of well4-eanin. or narrow4-inded or ruthless officials and indeed fro- all the possible abuses of advanta.e that are inevitable under such circu-stances to our still childishly wic/ed breed. 'n the past the %tlantic world has been particularly successful in e9pedients for -eetin. this aspect of hu-an nature. $ur characteristic and traditional -ethod -ay be called the -ethod of the funda-ental declaration. $ur Western peoples, by a happy instinct, have produced state-ents of 7i.ht, fro- )a.na >arta onwards, to provide a structural defence between the citi@en and the necessary .rowth of central authority. %nd plainly the successful or.anisation of the -ore universal and penetratin. collectivis- that is now bein. forced upon us all, will be frustrated in its -ost vital aspect unless its or.anisation is acco-panied by the preservative of a new #eclaration of the 7i.hts of )an, that -ust, because of the increasin. co-ple9ity of the social structure, be -ore .enerous, detailed and e9plicit than any of its predecessors. (uch a #eclaration -ust beco-e the co--on funda-ental law of all co--unities and collectivities asse-bled under the World Pa9. 't should be interwoven with the declared war ai-s of the co-batant powers now2 it should beco-e the pri-ary fact in any settle-ent2 it should be put before the now co-batant states for their approval, their e-barrassed silence or their re8ection. 'n order to be as clear as possible about this, let -e sub-it a draft for your consideration of this proposed #eclaration of the 7i.hts of )an 4 usin. 0-an0 of course to cover every

individual, -ale or fe-ale, of the species. ' have endeavoured to brin. in everythin. that is essential and to o-it whatever secondary issues can be easily deduced fro- its .eneral state-ents. 't is a draft for your consideration. Points -ay have been overloo/ed and it -ay contain repetitions and superfluous state-ents. 0(ince a -an co-es into this world throu.h no fault of his own, since he is -anifestly a 8oint inheritor of the accu-ulations of the past, and since those accu-ulations are -ore than sufficient to 8ustify the clai-s that are here -ade for hi-, it followsB 0J1K That every -an without distinction of race, of colour or of professed belief or opinions, is entitled to the nourish-ent, coverin., -edical care and attention needed to realise his full possibilities of physical and -ental develop-ent and to /eep hi- in a state of health fro- his birth to death. 0JDK That he is entitled to sufficient education to -a/e hi- a useful and interested citi@en, that special education should be so -ade available as to .ive hi- e:uality of opportunity for the develop-ent of his distinctive .ifts in the service of -an/ind, that he should have easy access to infor-ation upon all -atters of co--on /nowled.e throu.hout his life and en8oy the ut-ost freedo- of discussion, association and worship. 0JIK That he -ay en.a.e freely in any lawful occupation, earnin. such pay as the need for his wor/ and the incre-ent it -a/es to the co--on welfare -ay 8ustify. That he is entitled to paid e-ploy-ent and to a free choice whenever there is any variety of e-ploy-ent open to hi-. e -ay su..est e-ploy-ent for hi-self and have his clai- publicly considered, accepted or dis-issed.

0J4K That he shall have the ri.ht to buy or sell without any discri-inatory restrictions anythin. which -ay be lawfully bou.ht or sold, in such :uantities and with such reservations as are co-patible with the co--on welfare.0 J ere ' will interpolate a co--ent. We have to bear in -ind that in a collectivist state buyin. and sellin. to secure inco-e and profit will be not si-ply needless but i-possible. The (toc/ !9chan.e, after its career of four4hundred4odd4years, will necessarily vanish with the disappearance of any rational -otive either for lar.e accu-ulations or for hoardin. a.ainst deprivation and destitution. *on. before the a.e of co-plete collectivisation arrives, the savin.s of individuals for later consu-ption will probably be protected by so-e develop-ent of the 3nit Trust (yste- into a public service. They will probably be entitled to interest at such a rate as to co-pensate for that secular inflation which should .o on in a steadily enriched world co--unity. 'nheritance and be:uest in a co--unity in which the -eans of production and of all possible -onopolisation are collectivised, can concern little else than relatively s-all, beautiful and inti-ate ob8ects, which will afford pleasure but no unfair social advanta.e to the receiver.K 0J<K That he and his personal property lawfully ac:uired are entitled to police and le.al protection fro- private violence, deprivation, co-pulsion and inti-idation. 0JPK That he -ay -ove freely about the world at his own e9pense. That his private house or apart-ent or reasonably li-ited .arden enclosure is his castle, which -ay be entered only with consent, but that he shall have the ri.ht to co-e and .o over any /ind of country, -oorland, -ountain, far-, .reat .arden or what not, or upon the seas, la/es and rivers of the world, where his presence will not be destructive of so-e

special use, dan.erous to hi-self nor seriously inconvenient to his fellow4citi@ens. 0J6K That a -an unless he is declared by a co-petent authority to be a dan.er to hi-self and to others throu.h -ental abnor-ality, a declaration which -ust be annually confir-ed, shall not be i-prisoned for a lon.er period than si9 days without bein. char.ed with a definite offence a.ainst the law, nor for -ore than three -onths without public trial. %t the end if the latter period, if he has not been tried and sentenced by due process of law, he shall be released. "or shall he be conscripted for -ilitary, police or any other service to which he has a conscientious ob8ection. 0J5K That althou.h a -an is sub8ect to the free criticis- of his fellows, he shall have ade:uate protection fro- any lyin. or -isrepresentation that -ay distress or in8ure hi-. %ll ad-inistrative re.istration and records about a -an shall be open to his personal and private inspection. There shall be no secret dossiers in any ad-inistrative depart-ent. %ll dossiers shall be accessible to the -an concerned and sub8ect to verification and correction at his challen.e. % dossier is -erely a -e-orandu-2 it cannot be used as evidence without proper confir-ation in open court. 0J9K That no -an shall be sub8ected to any sort of -utilation or sterilisation e9cept with his own deliberate consent, freely .iven, nor to bodily assault, e9cept in restraint of his own violence, nor to torture, beatin. or any other bodily punish-ent2 he shall not be sub8ected to i-prison-ent with such an e9cess of silence, noise, li.ht or dar/ness as to cause -ental sufferin., or to i-prison-ent in infected, ver-inous or otherwise insanitary :uarters, or be put into the co-pany of ver-inous or infectious people. e shall not be forcibly fed nor prevented fro- starvin. hi-self if he so desire. e shall not be

forced to ta/e dru.s nor shall they be ad-inistered to hiwithout his /nowled.e and consent. That the e9tre-e punish-ents to which he -ay be sub8ected are ri.orous i-prison-ent for a ter- of not lon.er than fifteen years or death.0 J ere ' would point out that there is nothin. in this to prevent any country fro- abolishin. the death penalty any country froabolishin. the death penalty. "or do ' assert a .eneral ri.ht to co--it suicide, because no one can punish a -an for doin. that. e has escaped. +ut threats and inco-petent atte-pts to co--it suicide belon. to an entirely different cate.ory. They are indecent and distressin. acts that can easily beco-e a serious social nuisance, fro- which the nor-al citi@en is entitled to protection.K 0J10K That the provisions and principles e-bodied in this #eclaration shall be -ore fully defined in a code of funda-ental hu-an ri.hts which shall be -ade easily accessible to everyone. This #eclaration shall not be :ualified nor departed fro- upon any prete9t whatever. 't incorporates all previous #eclarations of u-an 7i.ht. enceforth for a new ear it is the funda-ental law for -an/ind throu.hout the whole world. 0"o treaty and no law affectin. these pri-ary ri.hts shall be bindin. upon any -an or province or ad-inistrative division of the co--unity, that has not been -ade openly, by and with the active or tacit ac:uiescence of every adult citi@en concerned, either .iven by a direct -a8ority vote of his publicly elected representatives. 'n -atters of collective behaviour it is by the -a8ority decision -en -ust abide. "o ad-inistration, under a prete9t of ur.ency, convenience or the li/e, shall be entrusted with powers to create or further define offences or set up by4 laws, which will in any way infrin.e the ri.hts and liberties

here asserted. %ll le.islation -ust be public and definite. "o secret treaties shall be bindin. on individuals, or.anisations or co--unities. "o orders in council or the li/e, which e9tend the application of a law, shall be per-itted. There is no source of law but the people, and since life flows on constantly to new citi@ens, no .eneration of the people can in whole or in part surrender or dele.ate the le.islative power inherent in -an/ind.0 There, ' thin/, is so-ethin. that /eener -inds than -ine -ay polish into a wor/in. #eclaration which would in the -ost effective -anner be.in that restoration of confidence of which the world stands in need. )uch of it -i.ht be better phrased, but ' thin/ it e-bodies the .eneral .ood4will in -an/ind fropole to pole. 't is certainly what we all want for ourselves. 't could be a very potent instru-ent indeed in the present phase of hu-an affairs. 't is necessary and it is acceptable. 'ncorporate that in your peace treaties and articles of federation, ' would say, and you will have a fir- foundation, which will continually .row fir-er, for the fearless cos-opolitan life of a new world order. 1ou will never .et that order without so-e such docu-ent. 't is the -issin. /ey to endless conte-porary difficulties. %nd if we, the virtuous de-ocracies, are not fi.htin. for these co--on hu-an ri.hts, then what in the na-e of the nobility and .entry, the >rown and the !stablished >hurch, the >ity, The Ti-es and the %r-y and "avy >lub, are we co--on +ritish peoples fi.htin. forF

11 '"T!7"%T'$"%* P$*'T'>( %"# "$W, %A'"& >$)P*!T!# our picture of what the saner ele-ents in hu-an society -ay reasonably wor/ for and hope for, havin. cleared away the horrible ni.ht-ares of the class war and the totalitarian slave4state fro- our i-a.inations, we are able to attac/ the i--ediate riddles of international conflict and relationship with so-e hope of a .eneral solution. 'f we realise to the depths of our bein. that a world settle-ent based in the three ideas of socialis-, law and /nowled.e, is not only possible and desirable, but the only way of escape frodeepenin. disaster, then -anifestly our attitude towards the resent-ents of &er-any, the pre8udices of %-erica or 7ussia, the poverty and undernourish-ent of 'ndia or the a-bitions of Japan, -ust be fran/ly opportunist. "one of these are pri-ary issues. We sane -en -ust never lose si.ht of our ulti-ate ob8ective, but our -ethods of .ettin. there will have to vary with the fluctuatin. variations of national feelin. and national policy. There is this idea of federalis- upon which ' have already sub-itted a criticis- in chapter seven. %s ' have shown there, the (treit proposals will either ta/e you further or land you nowhere. *et us assu-e that we can stren.then his proposals to the e9tent of -a/in. a socialistic econo-ic consortiu- and adhesion to that #eclaration of 7i.hts, pri-ary conditions for any federal union2 then it beco-es a -atter of -ood and occasion with what co--unities the federal association -ay be be.un. We can even encoura.e feeble federal e9peri-ents which do not venture even so far as that alon. the path to sanity, in the certainty that either they will fade out a.ain or else that they will beco-e liberal realities of the type to which

the whole world -ust ulti-ately confor-. +ehind any such half4hearted tentatives an educational propa.anda can be active and effective. +ut when it co-es to the rate and a-ount of participation in the construction of a rational world order we can e9pect froany country or .roup of countries, we are in a field where there is little -ore than .uessin. and hapha@ard .eneralisations about 0national character0 to wor/ upon. We are dealin. with -asses of people which -ay be swayed enor-ously by a brilliant newspaper or an outstandin.ly persuasive or co-pellin. personality or by al-ost accidental chan.es in the drift of events. ', for e9a-ple, cannot tell how far the .enerality of educated and capable people in the +ritish !-pire now -ay fall in with our idea of acceptin. and servin. a collectivis-, or how stron. their conservative resistance -ay be. 't is -y own country and ' ou.ht to /now it best, and ' do not /now it detachedly enou.h or deeply enou.h to decide that. ' do not see how anyone can foretell these swirls and eddies of response. The advocacy of such -ove-ents of the -ind and will as ' aspea/in. of here is in itself a-on. the operatin. causes in political ad8ust-ent, and those who are deepest in the stru..le are least able to esti-ate how it is .oin.. !very factor in political and international affairs is a fluctuatin. factor. The wise -an therefore will not set his heart upon any particular drift or co-bination. e will favour everythin. that trends towards the end at which he ai-s. The present writer cherishes the idea that the realisation of a co--on purpose and a co--on cultural inheritance -ay spread throu.hout all the !n.lish4spea/in. co--unities, and there can be no har- in efforts to .ive this concrete e9pression. e believes the dissociation of the +ritish !-pire -ay inau.urate this .reat synthesis. %t the sa-e ti-e there are

factors -a/in. for so-e closer association of the 3nited (tates of %-erica with what are called the $slo powers. There is no reason why one of these associations should stand in the way of the other. (o-e countries such as >anada rest already under what is practically a double .uarantee2 she has the security of the )onroe #octrine and the protection of the +ritish fleet. % &er-any of ei.hty -illion people which has been brou.ht to ac:uiesce in the #eclaration of the 7i.hts of )an and which is already hi.hly collectivised, -ay co-e -uch earlier to a co-pletely liberal socialist re.i-e than &reat +ritain or France. 'f she participates in a consortiu- for the develop-ent of what are called the politically bac/ward re.ions of the world, she -ay no lon.er be disposed for further -ilitary adventures and further stress and -isery. (he -ay enter upon a phase of social and econo-ic recovery so rapid as to sti-ulate and react upon every other country in the world. 't is not for other countries to dictate her internal politics, and if the &er-an people want to re-ain united as one people, in federated states or in one centralised state, there is neither ri.hteousness nor wisdopreventin. the-. The &er-ans li/e the rest of the world have to .et on with collectivisation, they have to produce their pattern, and they cannot .ive the-selves to that if they are artificially divided up and disor.anised by so-e old4fashioned Guai d=$rsay sche-e. They -ust do the ri.ht thin. in their own way. That the belli.erent tradition -ay lin.er on in &er-any for a .eneration or so, is a ris/ the %tlantic powers have to ta/e. The world has a ri.ht to insist that not si-ply so-e &er-an .overn-ent but the people .enerally, reco.nise une:uivocably and repeatedly, the ri.hts of -an asserted in the #eclaration, and it is disar-ed and that any a..ressive plant, any war plane, warship, .un or arsenal that is discovered in the country shall

be destroyed forthwith, brutally and co-pletely. +ut that is a thin. that should not be confined to &er-any. &er-any should not be sin.led out for that. %r-a-ent should be an ille.ality everywhere, and so-e sort of international force should patrol a treaty4bound world. Partial ar-a-ent is one of those absurdities dear to -oderate4-inded 0reasonable0 -en. %r-a-ent itself is -a/in. war. )a/in. a .un, pointin. a .un and firin. it, are all acts of the sa-e order. 't should be ille.al to construct anywhere upon earth, any -echanis- for the specific purpose of /illin. -en. When you see a .un it is reasonable to as/B 0Who- is that intended to /illF0 &er-any=s rear-a-ent after 1915 was lar.ely tolerated because she played off +ritish 7ussophobia a.ainst the 7ussian fear of 0>apitalist0 attac/, but that e9cuse can no lon.er serve any furtive war4-on.ers a-on. her people after her pact with )oscow. 7eleased fro- the econo-ic burdens and restrictions that crippled her recovery after 1915, &er-any -ay find a full and satisfyin. outlet for the ener.y of her youn. -en in her syste-atic collectivisation, raisin. the standard of her co--on life deliberately and steadily, .ivin. 7ussia a lead in efficiency and obli.in. the -aunderin. 0politics0 and discursive inattention of the %tlantic world to re-ain concentrated upon the realities of life. The idea of a.ain splittin. up &er-any into discordant fra.-ents so as to postpone her ulti-ate recovery indefinitely, is a pseudo4de-ocratic slac/er=s drea-. 't is dia-etrically opposed to world reconstruction. We have need of the peculiar :ualities of her people, and the sooner she recovers the better for the whole world. 't is preposterous to resu-e the policy of holdin. bac/ &er-any si-ply that the old order -ay en8oy a few -ore years of self4indul.ence in !n.land, France and %-erica.

% lin.erin. fear of &er-an -ilitary a..ression -ay not be alto.ether bad for the -inor states of (outh4!astern !urope and %sia )inor, by brea/in. down their e9cessive nationalis- and inducin. the- to wor/ to.ether. The policy of the sane -an should be to welco-e every possible e9peri-ent in international understandin.s duplicate and overlap one another, so -uch the better. e has to watch the activities of his own Forei.n $ffice with incessant 8ealousy, for si.ns of that )achiavellian spirit which fo-ents division a-on. forei.n .overn-ents and peoples and sche-es perpetually to frustrate the pro.ressive -ove-ent in hu-an affairs by convertin. it into a swayin. indecisive balance of power. This boo/ is a discussion of .uidin. principles and not of the endless specific proble-s of ad8ust-ent that arise on the way to a world realisation of collective unity. ' will -erely .lance at that old idea of "apoleon the Third=s, the *atin 3nion, at the possibility of a situation in (panish and Portu.uese (outh %-erica parallel to that overlap of the )onroe #octrine and the !uropean -otherlands which already e9ists in practice in the case of >anada, nor will ' e9patiate upon the -anifold possibilities of sincere application of the #eclaration of the 7i.hts of )an to 'ndia and %frica 4 and particularly to those parts of the world in which -ore or less blac/ peoples are awa/enin. to the realities of racial discri-ination and oppression. ' will utter a passin. warnin. a.ainst any )achiavellian treat-ent of the proble- of "orthern and !astern %sia, into which the +ritish -ay be led by their constitutional 7ussophobia. The (oviet collectivis-, especially if presently it beco-es liberalised and -ore efficient throu.h a recovery froits present obsession by (talin, -ay spread very effectively across >entral %sia and >hina. To anyone nourished -entally upon the ideas of an unendin. co-petition of Powers for

ascendancy for ever and ever, an alliance with Japan, as truculent and -ilitarised a Japan as possible, will see- the -ost natural response in the world. +ut to anyone who has .rasped the reality of the present situation of -an/ind and the ur.ent desirableness of world collectivisation, this i--ense unification will be so-ethin. to welco-e, criticise and assist. The old bu.bear of 7ussia=s 0desi.ns upon 'ndia0 -ay also play its part in distortin. the %siatic situation for -any people. 1et a hundred years of -in.led ne.lect, e9ploitation and occasional outbrea/s of .enuine helpfulness should have tau.ht the +ritish that the ulti-ate fate of 'ndia=s hundreds of -illions rests now upon no con:uerin. ruler but wholly and solely upon the ability of the 'ndian peoples to co4operate in world collectivisation. They -ay learn -uch by way of precept and e9a-ple fro- 7ussia and fro- the !n.lish4spea/in. world, but the days for -ere revolt or for relief by a chan.e of -asters have passed. 'ndia has to wor/ out for itself, with its own -anner of participation in the stru..le for a world order, startin. fro- the +ritish ra8 as a datu- line. "o outside power can wor/ that out for the 'ndian peoples, nor force the- to do it if they have no will for it. +ut ' will not wander further a-on. these ever4chan.in. proble-s and possibilities. They are, so to spea/, wayside eventualities and opportunities. '--ense thou.h so-e of theare they re-ain secondary. !very year or so now the shiftin. channels of politics need to be recharted. The activities and responses of the sane -an in any particular country and at any particular ti-e will be deter-ined always by the overrulin. conception of a secular -ove-ent towards a sin.le world order. That will be the underlyin. per-anent ob8ective of all his political life. There is, however, another line of world consolidation to which

attention -ust be drawn before we conclude this section, and is what we -ay call ad hoc internationalis- is ad-irably set forth in *eonard Woolf=s 'nternational &overn-ent, a classic which was published in 191P and still -a/es profitable readin.. The typical ad hoc or.anisation is the Postal 3nion, which #avid *ubin, that brilliant ne.lected thin/er, would have had e9tended until it controlled shippin. and e:ualised frei.hts throu.hout the world. e based his ideas upon his practical e9perience of the -ail order business fro- which he derived his very considerable fortune. Fro- that proble- of frei.ht ad8ust-ent he passed to the idea of a controlled survey of world, so that a shorta.e here or a .lut there could be foreseen and re-edied in ti-e. e realised the idea in the for- of the 'nternational 'nstitute of %.riculture at 7o-e, which in its heyday -ade treaties li/e an independent soverei.n power for the supply of returns fro- nearly every .overn-ent upon earth. The war of 1914 and *ubin=s death in 1919 chec/ed the develop-ent of this ad-irable and -ost inspirin. e9peri-ent in ad hoc internationalis-. 'ts history is surely so-ethin. that should be -ade part of the co-pulsory education of every states-en and publicist. 1et never in -y life have ' -et a professional politician who /new anythin. whatever or wanted to /now anythin. about it. 't didn=t .et votes2 it see-ed difficult to ta9 it2 what was the .ood of itF %nother ad hoc or.anisation which -i.ht be capable of a considerable e9tension of its functions is the !lder +rethren of Trinity ouse, who control the li.hthouses and chartin. of the seas throu.hout the world. +ut it would need a very considerable revision and e9tension of )r Woolf=s boo/ and, in spite of the war stresses that have delayed and in so-e cases reversed their develop-ent, it would be :uite beyond our present scope, to brin. up to date the len.thenin. tale of ad hoc international networ/s, ran.in. fro- international business

cartels, scientific and technical or.anisations, white4slave4trade suppression and international police co4operation, to health services and reli.ious -issions. Just as ' have su..ested that the 3nited (tates and &reat +ritain -ay beco-e co-plete socialis-s unawares, so it is a not alto.ether i-possible dreathat the world -ay discover to its .reat surprise that it is already practically a cos-opolis, throu.h the e9tension and interweavin. of these ad hoc co4operations. %t any rate we have this very powerful collateral process .oin. on side by side with the -ore definite political sche-es we have discussed. (urveyin. the possibilities of these various attac/s upon the co-plicated and intricate obstacles that stand between us and a new and -ore hopeful world order, one realises both the reasons for hope in that .reat possibility and the absurdity over over4confidence. We are all li/e soldiers upon a vast battlefield2 we cannot be sure of the trend of thin.s2 we -ay be elated when disillusion-ent is rushin. headlon. upon us2 we -ay be on the ver.e of despair, not /nowin. that our anta.onists are already in collapse. )y own reactions vary between an al-ost -ystical faith in the ulti-ate triu-ph of hu-an reason and .ood4will, and -oods of stoical deter-ination to carry on to the end in the face of what loo/s li/e inevitable disaster. There are :uantitative factors in the outloo/ for which there are no data2 there are ele-ents of ti-e and opportunity beyond any esti-atin.. !very one of these activities we have been canvassin. tends to delay the drift to destruction and provides a foothold for a further counter4 offensive a.ainst the adversary. 'n the co-panion predecessor to this boo/, The Fate of o-o sapiens, ' tried to drive ho-e the fact that our species has no -ore reason to believe it can escape defeat and e9tinction, than any other or.anis- that plays or has played its part in the dra-a of life. ' tried to -a/e clear how precarious is our

present situation, and how ur.ent it is that we should -a/e a strenuous effort at ad8ust-ent now. $nly a little while a.o it see-ed as thou.h that was an appeal to a deaf and blind world, invincibly set in its habitual ways into the :uestion whether this inclination towards pessi-is- reflected a -ood or phase in -yself, and ' threw out a :ualifyin. su..estion or so2 but for -y own part ' could not find any serious reason to believe that the -ental effort that was clearly necessary if -an was to escape that fate that -arched upon hi- would ever be -ade. is conservative resistances, his apathy, see-ed incurable. "ow suddenly everywhere one -eets with alar-ed and open and en:uirin. -inds. (o far the tre-endous dislocations of the present war have been i--ensely beneficial in strippin. off what see-ed to be :uite invincible illusions of security only a year a.o. ' never e9pected to live to see the world with its eyes as widely open as they are to4day. The world has never been so awa/e. *ittle -ay co-e of it, -uch -ay co-e of it. We do not /now. *ife would a-ount to nothin. at all if we did.

1D W$7*# $7#!7 '" +!'"& T !7! W'** +! "$ day of days then when a new world order co-es into bein.. (tep by step and here and there it will arrive, and even as it co-es into bein. it will develop fresh perspectives, discover unsuspected proble-s and .o on to new adventures. "o -an, no .roup of -en, will ever be sin.led out as its father or founder. For its -a/er will be not this -an nor that -an nor any -an but )an, that bein. who is in so-e -easure in every one of us. World order will be, li/e science, li/e -ost inventions, a social product, an innu-erable nu-ber of personalities will have lived fine lives, pourin. their best into the collective achieve-ent. We can find a s-all4scale parallel to the probable develop-ent of a new world order in the history of flyin.. *ess than a third of a century a.o, ninety4nine people out of a hundred would have told you that flyin. was i-possible2 /ites and balloons and possibly even a navi.able balloon, they could i-a.ine2 they had /nown of such thin.s for a hundred years2 but a heavier then air -achine, flyin. in defiance of wind and .ravityH That they /new was nonsense. The would4be aviator was the typical co-ic inventor. %ny fool could lau.h at hi-. "ow consider how co-pletely the air is con:uered. %nd who did itF "obody and everybody. Twenty thousand brains or so, each contributin. a notion, a device, an a-plification. They sti-ulated one another2 they too/ off froone another. They were li/e e9cited .an.lia in a lar.er brain sendin. their i-pulses to and fro. They were people of the -ost diverse race and colour. 1ou can write down perhaps a hundred people or so who have fi.ured conspicuously in the air, and

when you e9a-ine the r?le they have played, you will find for the -ost part that they are -ere notorieties of the *indber.h type who have put the-selves -odestly but fir-ly in the li-eli.ht and can lay no valid clai- to any effective contribution whatever. 1ou will find -any disputes about records and priority in -a/in. this or that particular step, but the lines of su..estion, the .rowth and elaboration of the idea, have been an alto.ether untraceable process. 't has been .oin. on for not -ore than a third of a century, under our very eyes, and no one can say precisely how it ca-e about. $ne -an said 0Why not thisF0 and tried it, and another said 0Why not thatF0 % vast -iscellany of people had one idea in co--on, an idea as old as #Ndalus, the idea that 0)an can fly0. (uddenly, swiftly, it .ot about 4 that is the only phrase you can use 4 that flyin. was attainable. %nd -an, -an as a social bein., turned his -ind to it seriously, and flew. (o it will certainly be with the new world order, if ever it is attained. % .rowin. -iscellany of people are sayin. 4 it is .ettin. about 4 that 0World Pa9 is possible0, a World Pa9 in which -en will be both united and free and creative. 't is of no i-portance at all that nearly every -an of fifty and over receives the idea with a pityin. s-ile. 'ts chief dan.ers are the do.-atist and the would4be 0leader0 who will try to suppress every collateral line of wor/ which does not -inister to his supre-acy. This -ove-ent -ust be, and it -ust re-ain, -any4 headed. (uppose the world had decided that (antos #u-ont or ira- )a9i- was the heaven4sent )aster of the %ir, had .iven hi- the ri.ht to appoint a successor and sub8ected all e9peri-ents to his inspired control. We should probably have the %ir )aster now, with an applaudin. retinue of yes4-en, followin. the hops of so-e clu-sy, useless and e9tre-ely dan.erous apparatus across country with the ut-ost di.nity and self4satisfaction . . . .

1et that is precisely how we still set about our political and social proble-s. +earin. this essential fact in -ind that the Peace of )an can only be attained, if it is attained at all, by an advance upon a lon. and various front, at varyin. speed and with diverse e:uip-ent, /eepin. direction only by a co--on faith in the triple need for collectivis-, law and research, we realise the i-possibility of drawin. any picture of the new order as thou.h it was as settled and stable as the old order i-a.ined itself to be. The new order will be incessant2 thin.s will never stop happenin., and so it defies any 3topian description. +ut we -ay nevertheless asse-ble a nu-ber of possibilities that will be increasin.ly realisable as the tide of disinte.ration ebbs and the new order is revealed. To be.in with we have to realise certain peculiarities of hu-an behaviour that are all too disre.arded in .eneral political speculation. We have considered the very i-portant r?le that -ay be played in our conte-porary difficulties by a clear state-ent of the 7i.hts of )an, and we have s/etched such a #eclaration. There is not an ite- in that #eclaration, ' believe, which a -an will not consider to be a reasonable de-and 4 so far as he hi-self is concerned. e will subscribe to it in that spirit very readily. +ut when he is as/ed not only to concede by the sa-e .esture to everybody else in the world, but as so-ethin. for which he has to -a/e all the sacrifices necessary for its practical realisation, he will discover a reluctance to 0.o so far as that0. e will find a serious resistance wellin. up frohis sub4conscious and tryin. to 8ustify itself in his thou.hts. The thin.s he will tell you will be very variable2 but the word 0pre-ature0 will play a lar.e part in it. e will display a tre-endous tenderness and consideration with which you have never credited hi- before, for servants, for wor/ers, for aliens

and particularly for aliens of a different colour fro- hi-self. They will hurt the-selves with all this dan.erous liberty. %re they fit, he will as/ you, for all this freedo-F 0>andidly, are they fit for itF0 e will be sli.htly offended if you will say, 0%s fit as you are0. e will say in a sli.htly a-used tone, 0+ut how can you say thatF0 and then .oin. off rather at a tan.ent, 0' aafraid you idealise your fellow4creatures.0 %s you press hi-, you will find this /indliness evaporatin. fro- his resistance alto.ether. e is now concerned about the .eneral beauty and loveliness of the world. e will protest that this new )a.na >arta will reduce all the world to 0a dead level of unifor-ity0. 1ou will as/ hi- why -ust a world of free4-en be unifor- and at a dead levelF 1ou will .et no ade:uate reply. 't is an assu-ption of vital i-portance to hi- and he -ust clin. to it. e has been accusto-ed to associate 0free0 and 0e:ual0, and has never been bri.ht4-inded enou.h to ta/e these two words apart and have a .ood loo/ at the- separately. e is li/ely to fall bac/ at this sta.e upon that +ible of the i-potent .enteel, u9ley=s +rave "ew World, and i-plore you to read it. 1ou brush that disa.reeable fantasy aside and continue to press hi-. e says that nature has -ade -en une:ual, and you reply that that is no reason for e9a..eratin. the fact. The -ore une:ual and various their .ifts, the .reater is the necessity for a )a.na >arta to protect the- fro- one another. Then he will tal/ of robbin. life of the pictures:ue and the ro-antic and you will have so-e difficulty in .ettin. these words defined. (ooner or later it will .row clear that he finds the prospect of a world in which 0Jac/=s as .ood as his )aster0 unpleasant to the last de.ree. 'f you still probe hi- with :uestions and leadin. su..estions, you will be.in to realise how lar.e a part the need for .lory over his fellows plays in his co-position Jand incidentally you will note, please, you own secret satisfaction in carryin. the

ar.u-ent a.ainst hi-K. 't will beco-e clear to you, if you collate the speci-en under e9a-ination with the behaviour of children, yourself and the people about you, under what ur.ent necessity they are for the sense of triu-ph, of bein. better and doin. better than their fellows, and havin. it felt and reco.nised by so-eone. 't is a deeper, steadier i-pulse than se9ual lust2 it is a hun.er. 't is the clue to the unlovin.ness of so -uch se9ual life, to sadistic i-pulses, to avarice, hoardin. and endless un.ainful cheatin. and treachery which .ives -en the sense of .ettin. the better of so-eone even if they do not .et the upper hand. 'n the last resort this is why we -ust have law, and why )a.na >arta and all its /indred docu-ents set out to defeat hu-an nature in defence of the .eneral happiness. *aw is essentially an ad8ust-ent of that cravin. to .lory over other livin. thin.s, to the needs of social life, and it is -ore necessary in a collectivist society than in any other. 't is a bar.ain, it is a social contract, to do as we would be done by and to repress our e9trava.ant e.otis-s in return for reciprocal concessions. %nd in the face of these considerations we have advanced about the true nature of the beast we have to deal with, it is plain that the politics of the sane -an as we have reasoned the- out, -ust anticipate a strenuous opposition to this pri-ary vital i-ple-ent for brin.in. about the new world order. ' have su..ested that the current discussion of 0War %i-s0 -ay very effectively be transfor-ed into the propa.anda of this new #eclaration of the 7i.hts of )an. The opposition to it and the atte-pts that will be -ade to postpone, -iti.ate, stifle and evade it, need to be watched, denounced and co-batted persistently throu.hout the world. ' do not /now how far this #eclaration ' have s/etched can be accepted by a .ood >atholic, but the Totalitarian pseudo4philosophy insists upon ine:uality of treat-ent for 0non4%ryans0 as a .lorious duty.

ow >o--unists would respond to its clauses would, ' suppose, depend upon their orders fro- )oscow. +ut what are called the 0de-ocracies0 are supposed to be different, and it would be possible now to -a/e that #eclaration a searchin. test of the honesty and spirit of the leaders and rulers in whothey trust. These rulers can be brou.ht to the point by it, with a precision unattainable in any other fashion. +ut the types and characters and authorities and officials and arro.ant and a..ressive individuals who will bo..le at this #eclaration and dispute and defy it, do not e9haust the resistances of our unre.enerate natures to this i-ple-ent for the establish-ent of ele-entary 8ustice in the world. For a far lar.er proportion of people a-on. the 0de-ocracies0 will be found, who will pay it lip service and then set about discoverin. how, in their innate cravin. for that sense of superiority and advanta.e which lies so near the core of our individuals wills, they -ay unobtrusively sabota.e it and cheat it. !ven if they only cheat it 8ust a little. ' a- inclined to thin/ this disin.enuousness is a universal wea/ness. ' have a real passion for servin. the world, but ' have a pretty /een disposition to .et -ore pay for -y service, -ore reco.nition and so on than ' deserve. ' do not trust -yself. ' want to be under 8ust laws. We want law because we are all potential law4 brea/ers. This is a considerable di.ression into psycholo.y, and ' will do no -ore than .lance at how lar.e a part this cravin. for superiority and -astery has played in the se9ual practices of -an/ind. There we have the ready -eans for a considerable relief of this e.otistical tension in -utual boastin. and reassurance. +ut the -otive for his di.ression here is to e-phasise the fact that the .eneralisation of our 0War %i-s0 into a #eclaration of 7i.hts, thou.h it will enor-ously si-plify the issue of the war, will eli-inate neither open and heartfelt

opposition nor endless possibilities of betrayal and sabota.e. "or does it alter the fact that even when the stru..le see-s to be driftin. definitely towards a world social de-ocracy, there -ay still be very .reat delays and disappoint-ents before it beco-es an efficient and beneficent world syste-. >ountless people, fro- -ahara8as to -illionaires and fro- pu//ha sahibs to pretty ladies, will hate the new world order, be rendered unhappy by frustration of their passions and a-bitions throu.h its advent and will die protestin. a.ainst it. When we atte-pt to esti-ate its pro-ise we have to bear in -ind the distress of a .eneration or so of -alcontents, -any of the- :uite .allant and .raceful4loo/in. people. %nt it will be no li.ht -atter to -ini-ise the loss of efficiency in the process of chan.in. the spirit and pride of ad-inistration wor/ fro- that of an investin., hi.h4salaried -an with a handso-e display of e9penditure and a socially a-bitious wife, into a relatively less hi.hly4salaried -an with a hi.her standard of self4criticis-, aware that he will be estee-ed rather by what he puts into his wor/ than by what he .ets out of it. There will be a lot of social spill, tra.i4co-edy and loss of efficiency durin. the period of the chan.e over, and it is better to be prepared for that. 1et after -a/in. allowances for these transitional stresses we -ay still loo/ forward with so-e confidence to certain phases in the onset of World $rder. War or war fear will have led everywhere to the concentration of vast nu-bers of wor/ers upon -unition wor/ and the construction of offensive and defensive structures of all sorts, upon shippin., internal co--unications, replace-ent structures, fortification. There will be both a .reat accu-ulation and control of -aterial and constructive -achinery and also of hands already .rowin. accusto-ed to handlin. it. %s the possibility of conclusive

victory fades and this war -uddle passes out of its distinctively -ilitary phase towards revolution, and as so-e sort of Peace >on.ress asse-bles, it will be not only desirable but necessary for .overn-ents to turn over these resources and activities to social reconstruction. 't will be too obviously dan.erous and wasteful to put the- out of e-ploy-ent. They -ust surely have learnt now what une-ploy-ent -eans in ter-s of social disor.anisation. &overn-ents will have to lay out the world, plan and build for peace whether they li/e it or not. +ut it will be as/ed, 0Where will you find the credit to do thatF0 and to answer this :uestion we -ust reiterate that fact that -oney is an e9pedient and not an end. The world will have the -aterial and the hands needed for a reconditionin. of its life everywhere. They are all about you now cryin. out to be used. 't is, or at any rate it has been, the function of the conte-porary -oney4credit syste- to brin. wor/er and -aterial to.ether and sti-ulate their union. That syste- always 8ustified its activities on that .round, that is its clai- to e9ist, and if it does not e9ist for that purpose then for what purpose does it e9ist and what further need is there for itF 'f now the financial -echanis- will not wor/, if it confronts us with a non possu-us, then clearly it resi.ns its function. Then it has to .et out of the way. 't will declare the world has stopped when the truth will be that the >ity has stopped. 't is the countin.4house that has .one ban/rupt. For a lon. ti-e now an increasin. nu-ber of people have been as/in. :uestions about the world countin.4house, .ettin. down at last to such funda-ental :uestions as 0What is -oneyF0 and 0Why are +an/sF0 't is disconcertin. but sti-ulatin. to find that no lucid answer is forthco-in.. $ne -i.ht have i-a.ined that lon. before this one of the -any .reat ban/ers and financial e9perts in our world would have

co-e forward with a clear and si-ple 8ustification for the -onetary practices of to4day. e would have shown how co-pletely reasonable and trustworthy this -oney4credit syste- was. e would have shown what was te-porarily wron. with it and how to set it wor/in. a.ain, as the electrician does when the li.hts .o out. e would have released us froour deepenin. distress about our -oney in the +an/, our little s:uirrel hoard of securities, the deflatin. lifebelt of property that was to assure our independence to the end. "o one of that :uality co-es forward. There is not so -uch as a latter4day +a.ehot. 't dawns upon -ore and -ore of us that it is not a syste- at all and never has been a syste-, that it is an accu-ulation of conventions, usa.es, collateral develop-ents and co-pensatory e9pedients, which crea/s now and sways -ore and -ore and .ives every si.n of a co-plete and horrifyin. social collapse. )ost of us have believed up to the last -o-ent that so-ewhere distributed a-on. the ban/s and city offices in a sort of world countin.4house, there were boo/s of accounts, -ultitudinous perhaps and intricate, but ulti-ately proper accounts. $nly now is it dawnin. upon co-fortable decent people that the countin.4house is in a desperate -ess, that codes see- to have been lost, entries -ade wron., additions .one astray down the colu-n, records /ept in vanishin. in/. . . . For years there has been a .reat and .rowin. literature about -oney. 't is very various but it has one .eneral characteristic. First there is a swift e9posure of the e9istin. syste- as wron.. Then there is a .lib de-onstration of a new syste- which is ri.ht. *et this be done or that be done, 0let the nation own its own -oney0, says one radio prophet earnestly, repeatedly, si-ply, and all will be well. These various syste-s of doctrine run periodicals, or.anise -ove-ents Jwith coloured shirt co-pleteK, -eet, de-onstrate. They disre.ard each other flatly.

%nd without e9ception all these -onetary refor-ers betray si.ns of e9tre-e -ental strain. The secret trouble in their -inds is .nawin. doubt that their own proper 0plan0, the panacea, is in so-e subtle and treacherous way li/ely to fail the- if it is put to the test. The internal fi.ht a.ainst this intolerable shadow betrays itself in their outer behaviour. Their letters and pa-phlets, with scarcely an e9ception, have this -uch in co--on with the letters one .ets fro- lunatics, that there is a continual resort to capital letters and abusive ter-s. They shout out at the sli.htest provocation or none. They are not so -uch shoutin. at the e9asperatin. reader who re-ains so obstinate when they have been so clear, so clear, as at the sceptical whisper within. +ecause there is no perfect -oney syste- by itself and there never can be. 't is a drea- li/e the eli9ir vitN or perpetual -otion. 't is in the sa-e order of thou.ht. %ttention has already been drawn, in our e9a-ination of )r (treit=s proposals for 3nion "ow, to the fact that -oney varies in its nature and operations with the theory of property and distribution on which society is based, that in a co-plete collectivis- for e9a-ple it beco-es little -ore than the chec/ handed to the wor/er to enable hi- to purchase whatever he li/es fro- the resources of the co--unity. !very detach-ent of production or enterprise fro- collective control Jnational or cos-opolitanK increases the possible functions of -oney and so -a/es a different thin. of it. Thus there can be endless species of -oney 4 as -any types of -oney as there are types and varieties of social order. )oney in (oviet 7ussia is a different or.an fro- -oney French or %-erican -oney. The difference can be as wide as that between lun.s and swi--in. bladders and .ills. 't is not si-ply a :uantitative difference, as so -any people see- to i-a.ine, which can be ad8usted by varyin. the rate of e9chan.e or any such contrivance, it .oes deeper, it is a

difference in :uality and /ind. The bare thou.ht of that -a/es our business and financial people feel unco-fortable and confused and -enaced, and they .o on -ovin. their bars of .old about fro- this vault to that, hopin. al-ost beyond hope that no one will say anythin. -ore about it. 't wor/ed very well for a ti-e, to .o on as thou.h -oney was the sa-e thin. all the world over. They will not ad-it how that assu-ption is failin. to wor/ now. >lever people reaped a certain advanta.e fro- a -ore or less definite apprehension of the variable nature of -oney, but since one could not be a financier or business director without an underlyin. faith in one=s ri.ht to profit by one=s superior cleverness, there did not see- to be any reason for the- to -a/e a public fuss about it. They .ot their profits and the flats .ot left. #irectly we .rasp this not very obscure truth that there can be, and are, different sorts of -oney dependent on the econo-ic usa.es or syste- in operation, which are not really interchan.eable, then it beco-es plain that a collectivist world order, whose funda-ental law is such a #eclaration of 7i.hts as we have s/etched, will have to carry on its -ain, its pri-ary operations at least with a new world -oney, a specially contrived -oney, differin. in its nature fro- any sort of -oney conventions that have hitherto served hu-an needs. 't will be issued a.ainst the total purchasable output of the co--unity in return for the wor/ers= services to the co--unity. There will be no -ore reason for .oin. to the >ity for a loan than for .oin. to the oracle at #elphi for advice about it. 'n the phase of social stress and e-er.ency socialisation into which we are certainly passin., such a new -oney -ay be.in to appear :uite soon. &overn-ents findin. it i-possible to resort to the tan.led e9pedients of the financial countin.4house,

-ay ta/e a short cut to recuperation, re:uisition the national resources within their reach and set their une-ploy-ent hands to wor/ by -eans of these new chec/s. They -ay carry out international barter arran.e-ents upon an increasin. scale. The fact that the countin.4house is in a hopeless -ess because of its desperate atte-pts to i.nore the protean nature of -oney, will beco-e -ore -anifest as it beco-es less i-portant. The (toc/ !9chan.e and +an/ credit and all arts of loanin. and usury and forestallin. will certainly dwindle away to.ether as the World $rder establishes itself. 'f and when World $rder establishes itself. They will be superseded, li/e e..4shells and f;tal -e-branes. There is no reason for denouncin. those who devised and wor/ed those -ethods and institutions as scoundrels and villains. They did honestly accordin. to their li.hts. They were a necessary part of the process of .ettin. o-o sapiens out of his cave and down fro- his tree. %nd .old, that lovely heavy stuff, will be released fro- its vaults and hidin.4places for the use of the artist and technician 4 probably at a price considerably below the present :uotations. $ur atte-pt to forecast the co-in. World $rder is fra-ed then in an i--ense and increasin. spectacle of constructive activity. We can anticipate a rapid transfi.uration of the face of the earth as its population is distributed and re4distributed in accordance with the shiftin. re:uire-ents of econo-ic production. 't is not only that there is what is called a housin. shorta.e in nearly every re.ion of the earth, but -ost of the e9istin. acco--odation, by -odern standards, is unfit for hu-an occupation. There is scarcely a city in the world, the new world as well as the old, which does not need to have half its dwellin.4places destroyed. Perhaps (toc/hol-, reconditioned under a (ocialist re.i-e, -ay clai- to be an e9ception2 Aienna was doin. hopefully until its spirit was bro/en by #ollfuss and

the >atholic reaction. For the rest, behind a few hundred -ain avenues and prospects, sea and river fronts, capitols, castles and the li/e, filthy slu-s and roo/eries cripple childhood and de.rade and devitalise its dulled elders. 1ou can hardly say people are born into such surroundin.s2 they are only half born. With the co4operation of the press and the cine-a it would be easy to en.ender a world4wide public interest and enthusiasfor the new types of ho-e and fit-ent that are now attainable by everyone. ere would be an outlet for urban and re.ional patriotis-, for local sha-e and pride and effort. ere would be stuff to ar.ue about. Wherever -en and wo-en have been rich enou.h, powerful enou.h and free enou.h, their thou.hts have turned to architecture and .ardenin.. ere would be a new incentive to travel, to see what other towns and country4sides were doin.. The co--on -an on his holidays would do what the !n.lish -ilord of the seventeenth century did2 he would -a/e his &rand Tour and co-e bac/ fro- his 8ourneys with architectural drawin.s and notions for ho-e application. %nd this buildin. and rebuildin. would be a continuin. process, a sustained e-ploy-ent, .oin. on fro- .ood to better, as the econo-ic forces shifted and chan.ed with new discoveries and -en=s ideas e9panded. 't is doubtful in a world of risin. needs and standards if -any people would want to live in -anifestly old houses, any -ore than they would want to live in old clothes. !9cept in a few country places where ancient buildin.s have wedded the-selves happily to so-e local loveliness and beco-e :uasi4 natural thin.s, or where so-e .reat city has shown a brave facade to the world, ' doubt if there will be -uch to preserve. 'n such lar.e open countries as the 3nited (tates there has been a considerable develop-ent of the -obile ho-e in recent years. People haul a trailer4ho-e behind their cars and beco-e seasonal no-ads. . . . +ut there is no need to e9patiate further

on a li-itless wealth of possibilities. Thousands of those who have been assistin. in the -onstrous clu-sy evacuations and shiftin.s of population that have been .oin. on recently, -ust have had their i-a.inations stirred by di- realisation of how -uch better all this -i.ht be done, if it were done in a new spirit and with a different intention. There -ust be a -ultitude of youn. and youn.ish people :uite ripe for infection by this idea of cleanin. up and resettlin. the world. 1oun. -en who are now porin. over war -aps and plannin. anne9ations and strate.ic boundaries, fresh )a.inot lines, new &ibraltars and #ardanelles, -ay presently be sche-in. the happy and healthy distribution of routes and residential districts in relation to this or that i-portant re.ion of world supply for oil or wheat or water4power. 't is essentially the sa-e type of cerebration, better e-ployed. >onsiderations of this sort are sufficient to supply a bac/.round of hopeful activities to our prospective world order. +ut we are not all architects and .ardeners there are -any types of -inds and -any of those who are trainin. or bein. trained for the s/illed co4operations of warfare and the develop-ent of a co-batant -orale, -ay be -ore disposed to .o on with definitely educational wor/. 'n that way they can -ost easily .ratify the cravin. for power and honourable service. They will face a world in e9tre-e need of -ore teachers and fresh4-inded and inspirin. teachers at that. %t every level of educational wor/ fro- the /inder.arten to the research laboratory, and in every part of the world fro>apricornia to %las/a and fro- the &old >oast to Japan, there will be need of active wor/ers to brin. -inds into har-ony with new order and to wor/ out, with all the labour savin. and -ultiplyin. apparatus available, cine-a, radio, cheap boo/s and pictures and all the rest of it, the endless new proble-s of hu-an liaison that will arise. There we have a second line of wor/ alon. which -illions of youn. people -ay escape the

sta.nation and frustration which closed in upon their predecessors as the old order drew to its end. % sturdy and assertive variety of the new youn. will be needed for the police wor/ of the world. They will be -ore disposed for authority and less teachin. or creative activities than their fellows. The old proverb will still hold for the new order that it ta/es all sorts to -a/e a world, and the alternative to drivin. this type of te-pera-ent into conspiracy and fi.htin. it and, if you can, suppressin. it, is to e-ploy it, win it over, trust it, and .ive it law behind it to respect and enforce. They want a loyalty and this loyalty will find its best use and satisfaction in the service of world order. ' have re-ar/ed in the course of such air travel as ' have done, that the air-en of all nations have a co--on rese-blance to each other and that the patriotic virus in their blood is lar.ely corrected by a wider professionalis-. %t present the outloo/ before a youn. air-en is to perish in a spectacular do.4fi.ht before he is five and twenty. ' wonder how -any of the- really re8oice in that prospect. 't is not unreasonable to anticipate the develop-ent of an ad hoc disar-a-ent police which will have its .reatest stren.th in the air. ow easily the spirit of an air police can be de4 nationalised is shown by the instance of the air patrols on the 3nited (tates4>anadian border, to which President 7oosevelt drew -y attention. There is a lot of s-u..lin. alon. that border and the planes now play an i-portant part in its suppression. %t first the 3nited (tates and >anada had each their own planes. Then in a wave of co--on sense, the two services were pooled. !ach plane now carries a 3nited (tates and >anadian custo-s officer. When contraband is spotted the plane co-es down on it and which officer acts is deter-ined by the destination of the s-u..led .oods. There we have a pattern for a world stru..lin. throu.h federation to collective unity. %n ad hoc disar-a-ent police with its -ain stren.th in the air

would necessarily fall into close co4operation with the various other world police activities. 'n a world where cri-inals can fly anywhere, the police -ust be able to fly anywhere too. %lready we have a world4wide networ/ of co-petent -en fi.htin. the white4slave traffic, the dru. traffic and so forth. The thin. be.ins already. %ll this ' write to provide i-a.inative -aterial for those who see the co-in. order as a -ere blan/ interro.ation. People tal/ -uch nonsense about the disappearance of incentive under socialis-. The e9act opposite is the truth. 't is the obstructive appropriation of natural resources by private ownership that robs the prosperous of incentive and the poor of hope. $ur #eclaration of u-an ri.hts assures a -an the proper satisfaction of all his ele-entary needs in /ind, and nothin. -ore. 'f he wants -ore than that he will have to wor/ for it, and the healthier he is and the better he is fed and housed, the -ore bored he will be by inactivity and the -ore he will want so-ethin. to do. ' a- su..estin. what he is li/ely to do in .eneral ter-s, and that is as -uch as one can do now. We can tal/ about the broad principles upon which these -atters will be handled in a consolidatin. world socialis-, but we can scarcely venture to anticipate the detailed for-s, the i--ense richness and variety of e9pression, an ever4increasin. nu-ber of intelli.ent people will i-pose upon these pri-ary ideas. +ut there is one -ore structural su..estion that it -ay be necessary to brin. into our picture. (o far as ' /now it was first broached by that very bold and subtle thin/er, Professor Willia- Ja-es, in a s-all boo/ entitled The )oral !:uivalent of War. e pointed out the need there -i.ht be for a conception of duty, side by side with the idea of ri.hts, that there should be so-ethin. in the life of every citi@en, -an or wo-an ali/e, that should .ive hi- at once a sense of personal obli.ation to the World (tate. e brou.ht that into relation

with the fact that there will re-ain in any social order we can conceive, a -ultitude of necessary services which by no sort of device can be -ade attractive as nor-al life4lon. occupations. e was not thin/in. so -uch of the fast4vanishin. proble- of -echanical toil as the such ir/so-e tas/s as the prison warder=s, the asylu- attendant=s2 the care of the a.ed and infir-, nursin. .enerally, health and sanitary services, a certain residuu- of clerical routine, dan.erous e9ploration and e9peri-ent. "o doubt hu-an .oodness is sufficient to supply volunteers for -any of these thin.s, but are the rest of us entitled to profit by their devotionF is solution is universal conscription for a certain period of the adult life. The youn. will have to do so -uch service and ta/e so -uch ris/ for the .eneral welfare as the world co--onwealth re:uires. They will be able to do these 8obs with the freshness and vi.our of those who /now they will presently be released, and who find their honour throu.h perfor-ance2 they will not be sub8ected to that deadenin. te-ptation to self4protective slac/in. and -echanical insensitiveness, which assails all who are thrust by econo-ic necessity into these callin.s for .ood and all. 't is :uite possible that a certain percenta.e of these conscripts -ay be cau.ht by the interest of what they are doin.2 the asylu- attendant -ay decide to specialise in psycho4 therapeutic wor/2 the hospital nurse succu-b to that curiosity which underlies the .reat physiolo.ist2 the %rctic wor/er -ay fall in love with his snowy wilderness. . . . $ne other leadin. probability of a collectivist world order has to be noted here, and that is an enor-ous increase in the pace and a-ount of research and discovery. ' write research, but by that ' -ean that double4barrelled attac/ upon i.norance, the biolo.ical attac/ and the physical attac/, that is .enerally /nown as 0(cience0. 0(cience0 co-es to us fro- those acade-ic #ar/ %.es when -en had to console the-selves for

their i.norance by pretendin. that there was a li-ited a-ount of /nowled.e in the world, and little chaps in caps and .owns strutted about, bachelors who /new all that there was to be /nown. "ow it is -anifest that none of us /now very -uch, and the -ore we loo/ into what we thin/ we /now, the -ore hitherto undetected thin.s we shall find lur/in. in our assu-ptions. itherto this business of research, which we call the 0scientific world0, has been in the hands of very few wor/ers indeed. ' throw out the su..estion that in our present4day world, of all the brains capable of .reat and -asterful contributions to 0scientific0 thou.ht and achieve-ent, brains of the :uality of *ord 7utherford=s, or #arwin=s or )endel=s or Freud=s or *eonardo=s or &alileo=s, not one in a thousand, not one in a score of thousands, ever .ets born into such conditions as to realise its opportunities. The rest never learn a civilised lan.ua.e, never .et near a library, never have the faintest chance of self4realisation, never hear the call. They are under4 nourished, they die youn., they are -isused. %nd of the -illions who would -a/e .ood, useful, ea.er secondary research wor/ers and e9plorers, not one in a -illion is utilised. +ut now consider how thin.s will be if we had a stirrin. education ventilatin. the whole world, and if we had a syste-atic and continually -ore co-petent search for e9ceptional -ental :uality and a continually -ore e9tensive net of opportunity for it. (uppose a :uic/enin. public -ind i-plies an at-osphere of increasin. respect for intellectual achieve-ent and livelier criticis- of i-posture. What we call scientific pro.ress to4day would see- a poor, hesitatin., uncertain advance in co-parison with what would be happenin. under these happier conditions. The pro.ress of research and discovery has produced such

brilliant and startlin. results in the past century and a half that few of us are aware of the s-all nu-ber of outstandin. -en who have been concerned in it, and how the -inor fi.ures behind these leaders trail off into a followin. of ti-id and ill4 provided specialists who dare scarcely stand up to a public official on their own .round. This little ar-y, this 0scientific world0 of to4day, nu-berin. ' suppose fro- head to tail, down to the last bottle4washer, not a couple of hundred thousand -en, will certainly be represented in the new world order by a force of -illions, better e:uipped, a-ply co4ordinated, free to :uestion, able to de-and opportunity. 'ts best will be no better than our best, who could not be better, but they will be far -ore nu-erous, and its ran/ and file, e9plorers, prospectors, e9peri-ental tea- wor/ers and an encyclopNdic host of classifiers and co4ordinators and interpreters, will have a vi.our, a pride and confidence that will -a/e the laboratories of to4day see- half4way bac/ to the alche-ist=s den. >an one doubt that the 0scientific world0 will brea/ out in this way when the revolution is achieved, and that the develop-ent of -an=s power over nature and over his own nature and over this still une9plored planet, will under.o a continual acceleration as the years passF "o -an can .uess beforehand what doors will open then nor upon what wonderlands. These are so-e fra.-entary inti-ations of the :uality of that wider life a new world order can open to -an/ind. ' will not speculate further about the- because ' would not have it said that this boo/ is 3topian or 0'-a.inative0 or anythin. of that sort. ' have set down nothin. that is not strictly reasonable and practicable. 't is the soberest of boo/s and the least ori.inal of boo/s. ' thin/ ' have written enou.h to show that it is i-possible for world affairs to re-ain at their present level. !ither -an/ind collapses or our species stru..les up by the hard yet fairly obvious routes ' have collated in this boo/, to

reach a new level of social or.anisation. There can be little :uestion of the abundance, e9cite-ent and vi.our of livin. that awaits our children upon that upland. 'f it is attained. There is no doubtin. their de.radation and -isery if it is not. There is nothin. really novel about this boo/. +ut there has been a certain te-erity in brin.in. to.ether facts that -any people have avoided brin.in. to.ether for fear they -i.ht foran e9plosive -i9ture. )aybe they will. They -ay blast throu.h so-e obstinate -ental barriers. 'n spite of that e9plosive possibility, that e9plosive necessity, it -ay be this re-ains essentially an asse-bla.e, di.est and encoura.e-ent of now prevalent but still hesitatin. ideas. 't is a plain state-ent of the revolution to which reason points an increasin. nu-ber of -inds, but which they still lac/ resolution to underta/e. 'n The Fate of o-o sapiens ' have stressed the ur.ency of the case. ere ' have asse-bled the thin.s they can and need to do. They had better su--on up their resolution.