PUMPS

Machines that transfer energy INTO fluid system. Pumps have a shaft and an impeller. Impeller is the rotating element. Types of pumps

Fluid flows outward (right angle to its axis)

Fluid flows spirally (along axis)

RADIAL FLOW MIXED FLOW centrifugal pump

AXIAL FLOW Propeller pump

EFFICIENCY OF A PUMP

power given to fluid Qh p = = power given to shaft T

( brake power or shaft power )
where T: torque exerted on the shaft = rotation of the shaft in radians/sec Note: overall pump efficiency is affected by: Hydraulic losses in pump h Mechanical losses in the bearings, seals m Leakage of fluid: volumetric losses v

Overall = h m v

CAVITATION IN PUMPS 2 z 1

The potential for cavitation is characterized by difference in (pressure head +velocity head) on suction side and the liquid vapor pressure head. This is NPSH p s V s2 pv + NPSH = 2g There is a value of NPSH that must be maintained to avoid cavitation called as NPSHR(this is experimentally determined) There is available NPSH called as NPSHA Apply energy equation between 1 and 2

p1 p + z1 + = 2 + z2 + + hL 2g 2g patm ps V s2 +0+0= +z+ + hL 2g p s V s2 patm + = z hL 2g Hence patm pv z1 hL NPSH A = To prevent cavitation NPSHA > NPSHR How? Small z Small losses (shorter pipes) Note: There is a critical value of z above which pump will NOT operate without cavitation

V12

2 V2

PUMP PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS head Efficiency

h,

Brake power
Water power

Q
head Efficiency

h,
BEP Design flowrate

Q
BEP: Best efficiency point

The point where pump is to be operated should be as close as possible to the BEP.

SIMILARITY LAWS FOR PUMPS

Performance prediction from a scaled test model to prototype 1. 2. 3.

Q nD 3 h n2 D 2 P n3 D5
1 1 D2 1 2 D1
1/ 5

n1 n0 h n2
BEP

4.

PUMP SELECTION
head Efficiency

h,

System h

BEP

Operating point Design flowrate

Q Notice: at operating point efficiency is NOT maximum

As system curve changes so will difference between BEP and operating point

SPECIFIC SPEED OF PUMPS

and w, Q, and h are the values at BEP

Velocity of impeller/(2gh)

Suction Specific Speed

S sd =

Q
NPSH R 3 / 4

where NPSH R is in ft , Q in gpm , in rpm PUMPS IN SERIES AND PARALLEL SERIES PARALLEL

Q Increase head

Q Increase Discharge

Pumps in series and parallel should have similar pump characteristics