" " :

'

-
, ""
. , 20 ,55-24
, / ,
" " ).( . ,
, , ,
. - , .
, . ,
, - ,
,
, . - ,,
, , , ,
- , , ,
,
.

, , , ),(Shelter, Crisis house ,Refuge, Safe house
,
: , ,
) .(Chapman & Gates, 1978
, ,
- --
).( Burgansky, 1989 ;Bogard, 1988

14 - ,

,Cristine de pizan " The book of the city of ladies". Pizan

 ,
. ,
,
).(Dobash & Dobash, 1992
1972 )Pizzey,
(1977 ,
. 5500 ,
) .(Pizzey, 1977 ,
- , " " -
. -
,
).(Davis & Srinivasan, 1991
14 . "
" - , ."
" - , 70 - 80 -
, ,

.
" " - , , , , ,,
, , 80 -
. ,
,
. , . " -

).(1997 ,
, . ,
, :
,
: , , , ,
) ; 1997 , ; 1984 ,,
.(2003
"" ) -(Empowerment ,
,

 ,
. ,
. ,
,
, .
, -
).(1997 ,1996 ,
,
. --,
, ,
. , ,
, )Fleming,
.(1979 ; Ridington, 1978 ) (Walker, 1984 ,
,
, ,
- .
, , -
. ,
,
, , . ,
"" , "",
, , ),
.(1997
,
- : , , , ,
: , . ,
) .(Walker, 1979, 1985 ) (Muarray, 1988 ,
""
.

,
.
3

 , , .
, , ,,
, )Choy & ; 2003 ,
.(Snyder, 1999
) (Menzis, 1978 - 35
. , ) (66%
. , . -
, ,
- , , .
,
.
) ,(2003 12 ,
. , ,

, ,

. ,
, .
.
, , ,
. ,
, : , ,,
, , , .
) (1987 , ,
- .
. " " "
" - -
) ,(Total institution
. (1987) ,
, ) :(1973
, ) (Self
- ,
.
, ,
, ,

 . , , -
- .
,
) .(Johnson, 1985 ; Sparks & Canon, 1989
, ) (Tutty, Weaver & Rothery, 1999 63
- ,
. ,
, , : 4-6
. , ,
"" , ,
, , .
, . ,
, , . ,
,
.

" "
, , -
, , . ,
, .
,
, .
,
. - ,
, ,
, . , ,
, .
"" .
, , -
- -
, . , ,
, ,
) (Victimology ) .(Walker, 1979 ,
5

 " " " ", ,

, - ,
"" . ,
- . , "
" ,
. , ,
, .

, , :
, "
" - . ,
,
, , )& Davis
.(Srinivasan, 1991
, ) (2003
, , , .
, , , , .
, ,
, ,
.
- , -
-
, - :
. ,
- ,
. ,
, ).(Murrary, 1998
,
, - ,
, ).(Walker, 1979
, .
) ,(Frank& Gunderson, 1990 ,
, . ,

 , . ) (Walker, 1979
- ,
.
, ) (Murray, 1998
" " ) (Dialectical tension ,
- ,- ,- ,
. , ,
, ,
- . ,
, ,
? ).(Vaughn & Stamp, 2003
, ,
" " , . , ,
/
. ,
, -
, . ,
, -
, )Stone,
.(1984
,
,
) .(2003 , ,
, , .
, .
, - .
, .
, , ,
: , ,
, , )Tutty, et al, ; 1987 ,
.(1999

, ) ,(1997 ,

 ),(Russell, 1988 ; 1984 ,

-- )Aguilar & Nightingale, ; 1984 ,
,(1994 ,( (Ferraro, 1983
) ,(Walker, 1984 ) (Avni, 1991 ,
, ,
,.
, : , -
- , -
, , - , ,
, .
,
, :
- ? , ,
"" ?.

-
-1 )(N=20
*

39
35
29

20
13
9

30
36
28
35
27
33
30

12
17
8
15
8
15
9

28

31

30
33

10
4

31
26
24

8
7
5

26
48
55

7
27
35

-
, ,
) .(in- depth semi - structured interviews ,
, , , .
"" ) (phenomenon ,phaenesthai ,
) .(Moustakas, 1994
, '' ,
)& Bogdan
.(Biklen, 1982
, -
, ,
. - ,
) , -. ;Maxwell, 1996) 1995 ,
, ,
).(Bogdan & Taylor, 1975
,
-
) , ( .

- . ) (1999 ,
, .
1, : , ,
- , , ,
1 1

 , ,
, .

-
, ,
. , ,
,
, , ) Canon & Sparks, 1989 ; ; 2002 ,
.(Tutty, 1996 ; Tutty, Weaver & Rothery, 1999
,
, . , ,
. ,
,
, . ,
, , . ,
. , 20 ,
- , ,
- .

-
, .
, ' '
)& grounded theory) (Glaser
.(Strauss, 1967 , ) ( ,
, . ,
) ( , , .
,
).(Maykut & Morehouse, 1994 ; 2003 ,

10

" "....
, , -
, .
- , : , -
, , ,
- . 3 ,
, -
- -.
) (victimization .
, , .
, , , ,
. , ,,
.
, - -
,
- . , ,
, , .
, , , , , "
" . , ""
"" " " . :
- . ,
:
" , ,
, , ,
20 , ".
,
, .
, ,
, . ,
, : , ,
. , ,

." - " ) (1981 ,

11

 , ,
.
, .
, . ,

. , - ,
: , , , .
, 27
, :
" , , ,...
, , ,
, , ?
..... , ,
, , . ,
, , ".
,
. ,
- . , ,
, . ,
"" . ,
"" , , -

. , ,
, ,
.
,
. - ,"
, , " , ,
, , ,
, .
, , , .
, , , ,
. , ,

12

 : , ,
. ,
:
" , .
, , , .
, .
, . ? ,
, . . , "?
, ,

, . - ,
:
" , ,
, , .
, ,
".
,
. , .
, .
, ,
. , ,
,
. ,
:
" , ,
. , ,
. ,
, . ,
. , . ,
, ,
. , ,
".

13

 , .
" " ,
. ,
:
. ,
:
" , .
. ,
, , .
".
, :
" , ,
, , ,
. .
. ".
, .
. ,
:
" , .
" .

" ".......
" , " ) ,(1993 ," ,
" ) ,' ,( .
" "
, , ,
, . ,

, -
, :
" , . , .
,
,
14

 . , .
, . .
, , .
.

, . , ,
. , ,".

-- .
-
, ,
. :
" ,
, 7 ' . 7 ?
, .
, . ?,
,
. ,
. , ".
, -
:
" .
.
. . ,
' . .
? ,
, , ? ,
".
, ,
, - .
, ,
.
, .

15

 ,
, . ,
,
.
, ,
, ,
- , .
,
, ,
,
, ,
,.
, ,
,
"" ) ,
,' :(22
" , " " , ,
, ,
, . , , ,
) ( ".
, ,
.
. ""
, .
, " " . -
: , "" , ,
, , , ,
.

, , . , ,
, , , , ,
.

16

" ".....
, -
. , - ,
- , : ,
. , , , ,
, . "
" " " . - ,
- :
, , . , :
" , .
, , , , ,
".
,
. ,
: ,
. . "
" " "
. ,
.
, ,
. ,
. , :
" . , , ,
, . , , !,
. ,
, , ,
, ".
- .
,

17

 - : , , , ,
--.
, )
,(victimization , -
35 - ,
. , .
, ,

. ,
:
" , ,
, , - .
, ,
".
,
. ,
, ,
,
, .
"" , , :
" , , .

, . .
?".

" , , "........
,
, , ,
. ,
, .
,
. , :

18

"
. . ,
. , ".
, ,
. ,
. ,
, ,
:
" , ,
. ,
, ".
, .
,
, . ,
, ,
- . ,
, , ,
. ,
, , .
" " ,
. ,
.
: , ,
. -
: , , , , .

:
" ? ,
? . ,
, , ?
. ,
, ....
' , . , ,

19

 ... . ,
, , ,
, ,
,.
) (peer group ,
. "" ,
,
, . ,
,
. - ,
.
, , ,
, - .
,
, ,
. , ,
,
:
" , , .
.
, ,
, .
, . , , .
, ,,
. ,
, .
, .
, ,
, , . ,
, . ".

" ".....
20

 , ,
- ,
, ,
, .
- ,
, .
, .
, - , ,,
, .
, , ,
, ,
. , ,
:
" , ,....
, , , .
. , ,
".
- , ,
:
" , , ,
, , ,
, ,
- , ".
, - ,
:
" , , ,
7 . ,
, . , , ,
, , , , ,
. , , , ,
".
.
, . "

21

 " , . ,
:
" , . ,
. ,
, , ,
.
, . ,
, . .
? ,
, , ".
,
, ,
, "" ,
, .
, .
, ,

. ,
,
- .
, ,
, ,
, , . ,
:
" ,
,
. , .
. , ,
. , ,
, ,
, , ,
, " .

22


,
- , , .
, ,
, . ,
-,
, , .
- : ,
) ; 1987 ,2003 ,
.(;Murray, 1998 ; Tutty, et al, 1999
-
-
, -
.
, - ,
. ,
. ,
. , ,
, , - ,
. ,
, ,
.
, , -

, ,
, ,

, .
,
,
- . ,
"" ,
. ,

23

 ,
, ,
.
,
, . ,
,
. , ,
.
)"
"( ,
. )( )( , ,
" " . ,
) (Davis & Srinivasan, 1991 -
, " " ,
.
,
, -
- ,
, ,
,
. , )(Murray, 1998
.
, "" .
, , :
, -- , .
) (Tutty, et al, 1999 ,
,
-.
,
, , .
, , , ,
. - - , ,
,

24

 . ,
. ,
, ,
, .
, ,
- -
) ( ,
. , ,
, , , .
, ,
" " )Vaughn & Stamp,
,(2003 , -
, .

-1
: , , , ,'

- :
/
-



) ,- (
-

25

 - :

-
-


:

" "
)(Peer group

:
: , ,


: , -
.

,' ) .(1997
.
, . : -.
,' ) .(1987 - .

. : -.
,' ) .(1981 . ,',
.88-77
26

 ,' ) .(2002 .

. : -.
,' ) .(1993 . :.
,' ).(1990 . ' ,- ' , )(.

)' .(262-230- : .
,'.' ) .(2003 .- : .
,' ) .(2003 . .
:
.
,' , ,' - ,' ) .(1995 :
.
,'.95-84 ,
,' ) .(1984 " . .
:
-.
,' ) .(1984 : . : .
,' ) .(1996 . ,.162-143 ,
,' ) .(1997 - -
. -:
.
,' ) .(2003 .

. : -.
,' ) .(2003 .- :.
Aguilar, R.J., & Nightingale, N. N. (1994). The impact of specific battering experience on the
.self esteem of abused women. Journal of Family Violence, 9, 34-45
Avni, N. (1991). Battered wives: The home as a total institution. Violence and Victims, 6,
.137-149
.Bogard, M. (1984). Familiy systems approaches to life battering: A feminist critique
.American Journal of Orthapsychiatry, 54,558-568
Bogdan, R.C., & Taylor, S.J. (1975). Introduction to Qualitative research methods. New
.York: John Wiley & Sons

27

:Bogdan, R.C., & Biklen, S.K. (1982). Qualitative research for education. Boston, M.A
.Allyn & Bacon
Burgansky, M. (1989). A comparison between battered women living at home and
.residing in a shelter. Journal of Social Work and Policy in Israel, 2, 7-30
Cannon, B.,& Sparks, J.S. (1989). Shelters- An alternative to violence: A psychosocial
.case study. Journal of Community Psychology, 17, 203-212
.Chapman, J.R & Gates, M (1978). The Victimization of Women. Beverly Hills: Sage
.Choy, N.G., & Snyder, L.J. (1999). Homeless family with children. U.S.A: Springer
Davis, V & Srinivasan, M (1991). A Shelter: An organization like any other?. Affilia, 6, 38.57
Dobash, R.E. & Dobash, R. (1992). Women Violence & Social Change. London:
.Routledge
,Ferraro, K.J. (1983). Rationalizing violence: How battered women stay. Victimology, 8
.203-212
.Fleming, J. (1979). Stopping wife abuse. New York: Anchor Books
Frank, A.F., & Gunderson, J.G. (1990). The role of the therapeutic alliance in the
.treatment of schizophrenia. Archives of General Psychiatry, 47, 228-236
Glaser, B.G., & Strauss, A.L. (1967). The discovery of grounded theory: Strategy for
.qualitative research. New York: Aldine Publishing Company
.Johnson, N. (1985). Marital violence. London: Routledge
Maxwell, J.A. (1996). Qualitative research design.Thousand Okas, London, New York:
.Sage Publication
Maykut, P., & Morehouse, R. (1994).Beginning qualitative research: A philosophic and
.practical guide. London: The Falmer Press
Menzis, K.S. (1978). The road to independence: The role of a refuge. Victimology: An
.International Journal, 3, 141-148
.Moustakas, C. (1994). Phenomenological research methods. Hhousand: Sage
Muarry, S.B. (1998). The unhappy marriage of theory and practice: A analysis of battered
.women`s shelter. NWSA, 1, 75-92
.Pizzey, E. (1977). Scream Quietly or the neighbors will hear .Hillside, N.J: Enslow
Ridington, J. (1978). The transition process: A feminist enviroment as reconstitutive
milieu. Victimology, 2, 563.575
28

Russell, M. (1988). Wife assault theory, research and treatment: A literature review.
.Journal of Family Violence, 3, 193-205
Stone, L.H. (1984). Shelters for battered women: A temporary escape from danger or the
.first step toward divorce?. Victimology, 9, 284-289
Tutty, L.M. (1996). Post- shelter services: The efficacy of follow-up programs for abused
.women. Research on Social Work Practice, 6, 425-441
Tutty, L.M, Weaver, G. & Rothery, M.A (1999). Residents views of the efficacy of
.shelter services for assaulted women. Violence Against Women, 15, 898-925
Vaughn, M., & Stamp, G.H. (2003). The empowerment dilemma: The dialectic of
emancipation and control in staff/client interaction at shelters for battered women.
.Communication Studies, 54, 154-168
Walker, L.E. (1979). The Battered Women. New York: Harper& Row
.Walker, L. (1984). Battered Women Syndrome. New York: Springer
Walker, L. (1985). Psychological impact of the criminalization of domestic violence on
.victims. Victimology: An International Journal, 10,281-300

29

30