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rsufrSefrSmwvufvuf
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udkodef;azonf umvuwm;
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a&eHacsmif;odkU

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oydwfarSmufvsuf&Sdavonf/
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xdkifp&myifae&mr&MuaomaMumifh
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tjyifrSmrkd;&Gmvsuf&Sdavonf/
udkodef;azu uRefawmfwkdUtm; 1937ck? 'DZifbmvrSp arSmufcJUaom
a&eHacsmif;tvkyform;rsm;
oydwftaMumif;ajymonf/ tpydkif;wGif udkodef;azu a&eHajrtvkyform;wkdU\
tajctaeudkolUrsufjrifudk,fawGU tjzpfjzihf 0wKa&;q&myDyD rsufpdxJjrifvmatmif
azmfjyonf/
tvkyform;wef;vsm;rsm;okdU oloGm;MunfhykH? wpftdrfaxmifae&aom tcef;uav;rsm;
usOf;ajrmif;ykH?
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tcaMu;aiG
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xdkUaemuf udkodef;azu qufajymavonf/ bDtdkpDukrPDonf t&if;pwmvifaygif
15oef;ESifh
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a&eHxGuf
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rJGjymusaeaMumif;
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4if;jyif oydwfarSmuftvkyform;wdkU\ awmif;qdkcsufrsm;udk wpfcsufpD
&Sif;jyavonf/
a&eHajr&yfoGm;wmyJ/ tvkyform;awGu nDnDnmnmoydwf arSmufMuawmh
pma&;awGvnf;

vdkufarSmufw,f/ tpnf;ta0;BuD;awGvnf; cPcPvkyfwmyJ/ av;ig;em&DtwGif;

okH;av;axmif
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awGUcJU&w,f/
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a,musmf;awGa&m
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'Dvkdoydwfwm;wmudk zsufqD;zdkU
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tmPmzDqef nyD;
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ausmif;om;wpfa,mufu]]tvkyform;acgif;aqmifawGtaMumif; ajymjyygOD;}}
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r&Sdbl;/ rem;rae
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a&eHajr oydwfrSm
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tvkyform;
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ighudk wlwHpOftvH&JU
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trSwftom;jzpfaMumif; &Sif;jy&w,f/
y&dowfu oabmusNyD; tvHudk MobmtBudrfBudrfay;Muw,f/ tqkH;owfrSm
tvHajrSmufudkifNyD;
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iguta&;awmfykHatmifygapvdkU
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tvkyform;awG

pdwfwuf<uovdk igwkdUvnf; pdwfwuf<uMuw,f/ NyD;awmh ukvm;tvkyform;

awGudkvnf;
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umvmAf-Zif;'gbwfudk
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a&eHajrtvkyform;Mum;rSm
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b*Fvm;jynfe,f
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udk,fwdkifod&wJUtcsufawG&Sdw,f/ umvuwm;rSm tvkyform; oydwfawGay:vm&if
wkdUausmif;om;rsm;tzJGUcsKyfrSm aqG;aEG;NyD; axmufcHtm;ay;wJU
qkH;jzwfcsufawGcsMuw,f/ NyD;awmh
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jyefrvmcifuav;yJ *kefeDcsnfpuf&kH tvkyform;awG oydwfarSmufw,f/
wdkUausmif;om;rsm;tzJGUcsKyfu
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oGm;ay;Muw,f/ ckArmjynfrSm
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pdwfa&mudk,fyg
axmufcHzdkUvdkw,f/ wwfEdkifwJU tultnDrsm;ay;zkdUvdkw,f}}
uRefawmfwdkUuvnf; tvkyform;wkdU\ wdkufyGJrsm;udk wwfEdkifaomenf; rsm;jzifh
ulnDMurnfh taMumif;
toD;oD;ajymqdkMuavonf/
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tm&ftD;wD ukrPDac:
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zl;um;paom
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bDtkdpDtvkyform;rsm;ESifh
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taMumif;ajymjyonf/
ocifacgif;aqmifrsm; BuH&G,faeonfrSm a&eHajrtvkyform;rsm;udk
axmufcHaomtm;jzihfvnf;aumif;?
tvkyform; wdkufyGJcsif; qufay;&efvnf;aumif; &efukeftvkyform;wkdUuvnf;
qlylvIyf&Sm;jcif;?

oydwfarSmufjcif;jyKap&efjzpfavonf/ tvkyform;trwf OD;bvIdifu olMoZm&Sdaom

rD;&xm;tvkyform;tzJGUrsm;rSm a&eHajroydwf axmufcHa&;jzpfatmif
vkyfrnf[kqdkaMumif;jzihf
udkb[def;u tpD&ifcHao;\/
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uRefawmfudk,fwdkif
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olwkdU\qif;&Jaomb0udk
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rsm;udkulnDMuyg[k
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vIyf&Sm;rIrsm;udkqufay;&ef
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xdkpufwGifvkyfMuaom tvkyform;rsm;pGmwdkUrSm uRefawmf\
tdrfeD;em;csif;rsm;jzpfMu\/ urm&GwfwGif
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rJGajcmufajcmufr[kwf?
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pdkufem;axmifaeaom udkodef;azu uRefawmhfpum;udk Mum;jzwf]]aMomf &Jabmfu urm&GwfrSmaeovm;? udk,fvnf; urm&GwfrSm 1ESpfausmfausmf
aecJUzl;ao;w,f}}
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ocifcifarmifwkdUu
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tvkyform;awGtaMumif;
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uRefawmfonf urm&Gwftvkyform;rsm;\ tajctaeudk uRefawmfhrsuf

jrifudk,fawGUtwdkif;
uGufwdwifjyvdkufonf/
uRefawmfonf ausmif;pmESifh ausmif;pmoifcef;udk vkH;0pGefUvTwfvdkufNyD;
uJUokdUaom
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ausmif;om;[kqdkonfhtwkdif;
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axmufxm;&jyefojzihf
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rypfy,fyg? okdU&mwGif
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xkdaqG;aEG;yGJrsKd;onf
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rkd;ukyfpuf0dkif;udk
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jrif&avonf/ ,ckrl
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us,f0ef;aom
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,ckrlawmifolv,form;rsm;ESifh
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uGufuGufuav;udkom
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t[kwfxifp&mawG
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okdUaom aqG;aEG;yGJ
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<u,f0vmonf[kqdkcsifygawmhonf/
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ywfoufaom
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ppfuGif;ocifbaomfqdkolu acgif;aqifavonf/ cef;rBuD;rSm usif;yaomfvnf;
w&m;yJGozG,fus,fjyefU

pGmzdwf aqG;aEG;jcif;r[kwfay/ pdwfyg0ifpm; wuf<uaomausmif;om;rsm; udk

a&G;zdwfaom
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ocifxJrSmvnf;
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&kyfuvnf;
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apmifhaeavonf/
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awmifolv,form;wdkU ajrrJU ,mrJUjzpf&ykH? a<u;wif uRefjzpf&ykH? twdk;ESifh oD;pm;c
0efxkyf0efydk;atmufydaeykH ponfwdkUudkajymoGm;aomtcg i,fi,fu
uRefawmfhtazajrwdkif;pma&;BuD;ESifhtwl uGif;qif;&if; jrifzl;cJUaom
awmifolrsm;tajctaeudk
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uRefawmfhrsufpdxJrSm
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pm;&if;tif;
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rsm;pGmuRrf;usif[efwlay\/
v,form;wpfa,muf v,fvkyf&m olUudk,fydkifvkyftm; b,favmufpdkuf&ykH?
v,fulvDc b,frQay;&ykH?

aumufpdkufaumuf&dwfc rnfrQusoifhykH? uRJEGm;iSm;c b,frQay;&ykH? oD;pm;cESihf

twdk;wdkUu wpf{uvQif
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vyfywfvnfatmif wpfcgrQ
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olwufcsufjyojzifh
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olajymjyaomtcg
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tpD&ifcHpmrsm;rS
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tpu txifao;rdjcif;?
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owfrSwfNyD; xdkrQwaom
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a&mufaeaMumif;? om,m0wDta&;ydkif&kH;rsm;rSmqdkvQif avQmufvTmESpfaomif;
a&mufaeaMumif; ajymjyav\/
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tiftm;onf
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tvkyform;wdkU\ vIyf&Sm;rIrsm;
taMumif; Mum;&NyD; vlxky&dowf\ tiftm;xkxnfudk cHpm;aerdonf/ /
9
oli,fcsif;vnf;ru orD;&nf;pm;vnf;rus
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ta&;tom;rsm;udk
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oDqdkavhyif&Sdonf/
okdU&mwGif MumvQif onfhjyiftydk'fawG arhaumif;arh ayvdrfhrnf/
atmufygtydk'fudkum;

wpfoufvkH;arhEdkifrnfr[kwfyg/
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o'grysufapESifh?
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jiif;vdkUy,fEdkifyg&JU
ajzmifhpGmoabm}}
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&doJUoJU
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txufygaumufEkwfcsufuav;udk
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rjrrSD\aowmudk uRefawmfu,lay;NyD; rjrrSDab;wGif xdkifvdkufavonf/ olonf
uRefawmfhxuf
toufrsm;pGmBuD;\/ umrydkifvif&Sdrdef;rvnf;jzpf\/ odkUaomf rjrrSD\ ysKdrspfrIESifh
txl;ESpfvkdpdwfnGwfzG,faom &lyg&kHaMumifh olUtem;xdkif&&m0,f uRefawmfonf
&Id;wkd;&SefUwefU?
&dk;wkd;&Gwjzpfrdao;onf/ rjrrSDtm;MunfhNyD; udk&ifBuD;OD;boef;\ rSwfausmufjzihf
[weDavm?
pdw&eDavm?ocFeDavm? y'kreDavm tuJjzwf&efBudK;pm;aerdavonf/
rjrrSDu olUudk tuJcwfaeaom uRefawmfhtm; pdkufMunfhwJUNyD; emrnfESifh
toufudkar;vdkufavonf/
,if;odkU emrnfESifhtoufomar;NyD; uRefawmfb,ftwef;pmoifaeovJ
b,fausmif;aqmifrSmaeovJpaom ausmif;om;ESifhywfoufaom ar;cGef;rsm;udk
qufrar;onfhtwGuf
okdUavm okdUavm awG;awmaerd\/
uRefawmfwkdUonf rjrrSDoGm;vdkaom jynfvrf; odef;odef;tdrfodkU vdkufydkUMu&avonf/
jynfvrf;ay:odkUa&mufaomtcg rjrrSDu uRefawmfhtm; ckoloGm;aernfh
odef;odef;tdrfodkUvnf;aumif;?
t"du&kPf;at;vQif olUukrPD wnf&mXme odkUvnf;aumif;?
olUaetdrfodkUvnf;aumif;? vmvnfyg[k
twefwef zdwfMum;avonf/ aemifolu ulnDEdkifaomt&mrsm;&Sdu olUtm;ajymyg?
wwfEdkifaombufu
ulygrnf[kvnf; uwday;aeavonf/
14
ocifpdk;ESifhawGUjcif;
&efukefNrdKU Mo*kwfvxJwGif ukvm;Armt"du&kPf;onf awmfawmfyif
at;oGm;avonf/
aps;qdkifuem;rsm; jyefzGifhMu\/ rGwfpvifukvm;ESifh jrefrmAk'bmomwdkU\
qufoG,fa&;rSm
wif;rmcufwa&mfaeao;aomfvnf; wpfzufESifhwpfzuf &efrl&eftm;rxkwfMu/
[dELukvm;rsm;um;
jrefrmAk' bmomwdkUESifh tvGef;oifhap&efrsm;twGuf [dEL-Ak'bmomqdkif[laom
qdkif;bkwfqGJwifjcif;udkvnf;aumif;? bkef;BuD;rsm;tm; qGrf;uGrf;vSL'gef;jcif;udk
vnf;aumif;?

awGUEdkifavonf/ ukvm;Armt"du&kPf;udk taMumif;jyKNyD; Arm Armcsif; &kdif;yif;a&;?

Armaps;qdkifrsm;wnfaxmif Armrsm;umuG,fa&;p aom 0HomEkvkyfief;rsm;
wdk;wufvmavonf/
ul;oef;a&mif;0,fa&; ArmwdkUonf ukvm;rsm;xuf &yfuGufwumrSmvdkvdkyif
or0g,rtoif;qdkifrsm;
ay:aygufvmcJUayonf/ tvkH? Munfhjrifwdkif a&ausmfpaom &yfuGufrsm;omru
paumhaps;xJrSmyif
Armqdkifrsm;ESifh or0g,rtoif;qdkifrsm; ay:aygufvmcJUayonf/ tawmtwGif;
wuodkvfor0g,rtoif;onfvnf; xdk;xGufBuD;yGm;vmcJUavonf/
e,frsm;rSmum; t"du&kPf;rsm; jzpfay:aeqJjzpf\/ e,frsm;rSm t"du&kPf;udk
ppfykvdyfwdkU\ aoewfjzifh
ESdrfeif;ypfonfomrsm;avonf/
Mo*kwfv 26&ufaeUu Oya'jyKvTwfawmfwGif nGefUaygif;tpdk;&tm; t,kHtMunfr&Sd
tqdkoGif;&m
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pDrH&ef
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zGifh[ajymavonf/
,if;odkUaom ypfcwfrIrsm;aMumifh vl55a,mufao 108a,muf'Pf &m&&Sdavonf/
aool
55a,mufteuf Arm 52a,mufESifh ukvm;3a,muf jzpfavonf/
t,kHtMunfr&SdtqdkwGif a'gufwmbarmf\ nGefUaygif;tpdk;&onf 66rJ&&Sd
twdkuftcHrSm
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9rJygavonf/ t"du&kPf;udk
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nGefUaygif;tpkd;&\ ay:vpDudk
t&\t*FvdyfESifh ukvm;"e&SifBuD;rsm;u axmufcHaMumif;xif&Sm;ay\/
Mo*kwfvxJwGif tcsdef&vQif&csif; rjrihfOD;xHodkUoGm;awGUum t"du&kPf;wkef;u
udk,fawGUtjzpftysufrsm;udkvnf;aumif;? Mum;jrifcJUonfrsm;udkvnf;aumif;
ajymjyavonf/
rjrifhOD;rSmum; t"du&kPf; wpfcsdefvkH;tjyifrxGuf? ausmif;aqmiftjyifodkU
vrf;avQmuf&efyifrxGuf/
t"du&kPf;qdkwm Mum;omae&onf? owif;pmrSmom zwfae&onf? t"du&kPf;\
'Pf&m'Pfcsufqdk

t"du&kPf;jzpfpu olUoli,fcsif;aeUausmif;ol rcifaqGonf &efukefNrdKUwGif;&Sd

tdrfodkUrjyefEdkifojzifh
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udk,fawGUrsm;udk
ajymjyaomtcg txl;pdwf0ifpm;pGm em;axmifvsufaeayonf/ uRefawmfu
rjrrSDtp&Sdaom ukvm;Mum;rS
Armrsm;udk u,fq,f&ykH ajymjyaomtcg 0dkif;pufaom olUrsufvkH;rsm;wGif
uRefawmfhtm;
tHUMoMunfndKaom ta&mifrsm; orf;aeonf[k uRefawmfxifay;onf/
]]rjrrSDqdkwm odyfacsmovm;}}
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uRefawmfvnf; vkduf&,favonf/ pdwfxJu rjrihfOD;\ oabmxm;udk
csD;usL;aerdavonf/
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]]wpfaeUoGm;wmaygh? aemuf uRefrcsdef;r,fav}}
xdktawmtwGif; uRefawmfonf OD;azwdkUNcHodkUoGm;&efvnf; 0w&m;rysufyg/
a':aX;Munfu
qD;avmuGwfaumif;vdkufonf/
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vGwfrSvGwfyghrvm;vdkU/
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cszdkUoGm;wkef;u
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xkdtcg uRefawmfonf t"du&kPf;twGif;u udk,fawGUtjzpftysufrsm;?
Mum;&jrif&orQrsm;udk

ajymjy&jyefavonf/ OD;azwdkU ZeD;armifESH? 0ifeDwdkUnDtpfr omru

tjcm;tdrfoltdrfom;rsm;yg
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rGwfpvifukvm;awGudk
b,folrS rrDbl;a[h}}
a':aX;Munfu NyKH;vkdufavonf/
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udk,fhtdrfolom;awG
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b,frSmtpm;wGuf
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atmf-OD;azESifha':aX;Munf zufyJzufrdao;wm/ OD;azu tpm;? a':aX;Munfupum;/
uRefawmfonf
olwdkUESpfOD;tm; wpfvSnfhpDMunfhum Nidrfaevdkufavonf/
pufwifbmv 12 &ufaeUupNyD; &efukefNrdKU ukvm;-Armt"Du&kPf;
topfwpfzefjzpfyGm;vmjyefavonf/ uRefawmfwkdU Armrsm;bufrS Mum;&onfum;
ukvm;rsm;tvGefcsnf;omwnf;/ ukvm;rsm;u armfawmfbwfpf um;rsm;udk
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Armwpfa,mufudk
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okdUaomf tBudrfwGif t"du&kPf;onf rsm;pGmBuD;xGm;jyefUyGm;jcif; rjzpfEdkifawmhacs/
taMumif;rlum;
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pepfwusqefUusifvmMuaom aMumifhwnf;/
pufwifbmvqef;p wpfaeUaomf uRefawmfonf paumhaps;&Sd jrefrmydkif
qef;uaz;wGif
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uRefawmfwdkUxdkifMuaom pm;yGJrSm
tcef;av;rsm\ tjyifbufwGifjzpfonf/ uRefawmfwkdUpm;yJGESifh
ab;wkdufpm;yJGwpfckwGif
tom;ta&cyfjynfhjynfh? Avaumi;faumif;ESifhvlwpfa,mufonf xdkifpm;yJGay:rSm

pmtkyfBuD;wpftkyfzGifhcsum pmzwfaeonf/ olUAdkvfaurSm cyfwdkwdkjzpf\/

rsufESmrSmeDpyfpyfjzpf\/
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xnfhNyD;aemuf
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topfykvif;,lcJU&ef
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aqhmpfykvif;opfudk
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aqmhpfykvif;vmay; aomaMumifh
uRefawmfwdkUonf xdkolUtm;ydk*&kpdkufum Munfhaerdavonf/
xkdolonf yef;uefxJodkU c&rf;csOfoD;aqmhpfrsm;udk cyfrsm;rsm;avmif;xnfh
NyD;aemufMuufoGef?
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oJoJrJrJzwfaeavonf/
olUudkMunfh&if; ol[m b,folrsm;jzpfygvdrfh[k awG;aerdavonf/
MuufoGefwpfyef;uefukefoGm;aomtcg
wufbkef;BuD;udkodef;aza&mufvmNyD; olUqDudk wef;oGm;avonf/ udkodef;azonf
olESifhrsufESmcsif;qdkif
xdkifvdkufav&m uRefawmfwdkUudk jrifoGm;avonf/
]][vdk udkwifxGef;wdkUygvm;? 'Dudkvmyg&Jabmf? pum;ajym&atmif}}
uRefawmfwdkUESpfa,mufonf olwkdUpm;yJGodkU ul;oGm;Muavonf/ xdktcg
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udkwifxGef;wJU? b,folwJU
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]]at;aiG}}
uRefawmfwdkUrSm ocifpdk;\ taMumif;udk Mum;zl;aeavNyD/ ol\pmtcsKdU udkyif
zwfzl;aeavNyD/ xdkUaMumifh
]rSmxm; tvm;oifh}qdkovdk awGU&ojzifh 0rf;omMuayonf/
pm;yJGxkd;u qdwfom;acsmhyfvmcsonf/ ocifpdk;u MuufoGefxyfawmif;NyD;aemuf
uRefawmfwdkUbufodkU]]cifAsm;wdkUaumvdyfausmif;om;awG wyfzJGUNyD; NrdKUxJukvm;awGudk xGufcszdkU
vkyfaewkef;u cifAsm;wdkU

ygao;ovm;}}[k aumufar;vdkufonf/
]] [kwfuJU xGufcszdkU vdkufr,fvdkUawmh r&nf&G,fygbl;/ wyfpkwJUae&m udkawmh
a&mufoGm;ygao;w,f}}
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vlrsKd;a&;t"du&kPf;wkdU?
bmoma&;t"du&kPf;wdkUqdkwm EdkfifiHcsJU"e&SifBuD;awGU&JU tqdyfajzaq;yJAs/
wpfenf;ajym&&if
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uRefawmfwdkUu bmrQjyefrajymbJ olUtajymudkom em;pGifhaeMuonf/ olonf
qdwfom;udkudkufzJUpm;NyD;aemuf qufjyefavonf/
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wdkufaeMuw,f/
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t*Fvdyf[m qufNyD;
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jzpfonfomru
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0ifajymapNyD;
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udkodef;azu t*FvdyfwdkUonf ukvm;awGudkoGif;vmykHESifh t*Fvdyfvkyfxm;aom
vl0ifvlxGufOya'taMumif;udkajymaeavonf/ ocifpdk;\
qdwfom;yef;uefukefavNyD/
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MuufoGefyef;uefxJodkU ,cifenf;wl iHjym&nfESifh c&rf;csOfoD;aqmhpfwdkUudk
avmif;xnfhNyD;
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]]ukvm;-Armt"du&kPf;jzpfvmawmh b,fhavmufypnf;awG ysufpD;qkH;&IH;ovJMunfh/

b,fhavmufvlawGaoovJMunfh/ ckxdt"du&kPf;rSm vl165a,mufaonyD;

'Pf&m&ol 818a,muf
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b,folUememESdyfpufovJ MunfhOD;/
t"du&kPf; taMumif;jyKNyD; ocifawGtrsm;BuD;udk zrf;w,f/ bkduav;u
wkdUArmtpnf;t&kH;
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udkodef;azu vufzuf&nfaomufaeonf/ ocifpdk;u ajymjyefavonf/
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bmoma&;t"du&kPf;wdkUqdkwm &SdrSmyJ/
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tvkyform;rsm;?
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usKyfwdkUu
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xdktwGif; oli,fwpfa,muf0ifvmNyD; ocifpdk;ESifh udkodef;azwkdUtm; udkEku
tac:vGwfonf[k
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wdkUArmtpnf;t&kH;rS
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oifhjrwfpGmaeMu&efESifh
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ay;avonf/ udkodef;azurl
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xdkUaemufolwdkUonf
qef;uaz;teD;wGif wnf&Sdaom e*g;eDpmtkyftoif;wdkufxJodkU 0ifoGm;Muavonf/
udkEkum; ]e*g;eD}
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uRefawmfonf udkodef;azay;cJUaom e*g;eDpmtkyftoif; aMumfjimpmudk
zwfaeavonf/
e*g;eDpmtkyftoif;

ArmjynfwGif qif;&Jjcif;? a&m*gxljcif;? ynmrJUjcif;rsm; xlajymaeav&m

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oifonf toif;om;tjzpfjzihf0if xdktoif;\wm0efrsm;udk 0dkif;0ef;ulnD
aqmif&Gufygavmh/
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urm&Gwfocifrsm;ESifh &yfrd&yfzwdkU\ tultnDjzifh xyfrH&dkufESdyfNyD;
wpfqifha0iSavonf/
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e*g;eDpmtkyfoif;aMumfjimrsm;a0NyD;
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OD;av;jrifh?
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pwif
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rMumrD e*g;eDpmtkyftoif;rS udkodef;aza&;aom ukvm;-ArmwdkufyGJ pmtkyfuav;
xGufay:vmavonf/
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ocifxdef0if;? udkEkESifh
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urm&Gwf jrefrmydkif
ukefpkHqdkifzGifhyJwpfck&Sd&m uRefawmf\ aqmfMocsuft& qdkif&Sifu
xdkpmtkyfuav;rsm;udk0,f <uvmaom
y&dowftm; a0iSavonf/
uRefawmfum; tawmfwdk;wufvmNyD[k qdkEdkifygonf/ aMumufaMumuf&GHU&GHUjzihf
ocifvdkvm;oljzpfcJUonf/
qkwfuefqkwfuefESifh ocifaemufvdkufvkyfcJUonf/ 0g;vkH;acgif;vomonfhyrm
wpfa,mufcsif;
ESpfa,mufcsif; ocifw&m;a[mcJUonf/ ,ckrSmrl wuf<uaom ocif0g'jzefU orm;?
pnf;&kH;a&;orm;jzpfvmavNyD/ tpu ukvm;-Armt"du&kPf;udk rBudKufaomfvnf;
bmrQrvkyfwwfbJ
vufydkufMunfhaecJU&onf/ aemufwpfqifh ukvm;rsm;tMum;wGif taeusyfaeaom
Armrsm;udk0ifu,fcJU
onf/ ,ckawmh ukvm;-Armt"du&kPf;udk pepfwus qefUusifNzdKzsufaeavNyD/

uRefawmfum; tawmfwdk;wufvmNyD[k rqdkEdkifygoavm/ /

15
uRefawmfhwGif ajymif;vJcsufrsm;
pufwifbmvqef;pwGif ukvm;Armt"du&kPf; xyfrHjzpfyGm;vmonfqdk vQifyif
aumvdyfausmif;udk
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wpfvwmrQ&Snfaomfvnf; ,ckESpfwGif
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trSefpifppftdrfjyefzdkUxdkufvS\/ t"du&kPf;awGjzpfyGm;aeojzifh &efukefrSmae aom
uRefawmfhtwGuf
rdbrsm;&wufrat; pdwfav;MurnfrSm rkcsjzpf\/ om;jzpfoludk
olwkdUtem;&SdapcsifrnfrSm rkcsjzpf\/
uRefawmfonf rdbrsm;xHodkU uRefawmfhrSm ab;roD&efrc at;jrvsuf&SdygaMumif;?
uRefawmfhtwGuf
pdk;&drfzG,fwpfa&G;om;rQr&SdaMumif;? vmrnfhbDatpmar;yGJ wGif bmomwdkif;
trSwfrsm;rsm;ESifh
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zcifBuD;&nfrSef;xm;onfhtwdkif; tdkifpDtufpfjzpfEdkifrnfhtaMumif;rsm;udk
pma&;om;ay;ydkUvdkufavonf/
uRefawmfum; rsm;pGmajymif;vJcJUavNyD/ 1963 oydwftwGif;u olrsm;
oydwfarSmufaepOf uRefawmfonf
tdrfokdUjyef pmusufaecJU\/ ,ck 1938ck ukvm;Armt"du&kPf;twGif;wGif
trsm;aomausmif;om;wdkU
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e*g;eDpmtkyftoif;
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onfhjyif ajymif;vJcsufrsm;vnf;&Sdao;onf/ Oyrm awmfovif;?
oDwif;uRwfvrsm;odkUwdkif
a&mufvmav&m rdk;yg;pjyKvm\/ rdk;tkHUndKrIdif;aom aumif;uiftpm;
ta&miftrsKd;rsKd;ESifh ykHoPmef
trsKd;rsKd;udk aqmifaeaom wdrfawmifwdrfwdkufrsm;udk awGUjrif&pjyK\/ cgwdkif;qdkvQif
uRefawmfonf
,if;wdfrfawmifwdkU\ qef;jym;rIESifh crf;em;rIrsm;wGif tvSudkxkwf,l cHpm;arGU
aysmfaewwfayonf/

wdrfrsKd;pkHta&mif[yfojzihf wpfrsKd;vSaeaom obm0ywf0ef;usifudk

a&mifrsKd;pkHyGifhaeaom yef;rsm;ESifh
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wdrfndKrdvm? wdrfplumESifh
wdrfjyma&m,Suf? r&ef;zuf
wdrfoufwHa&mif? t0gaygif0,f
arSmifcJUwpfcg? jymcJUwcsKdU
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rIefcJUwpfcsuf/
.....
,k*efxufu
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0guRwfyGJtawGUtBuKHrsm;udk vGrf;aewwfayonf/
]]v0guRwfonf? qef;vwfcg
vlU&GmyJGobif? qDrD;wefaqmif
yef;axmif xD;BuD;ysif
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tVoDESifh yOoDudk? tnDapmifhokH;rSwf
'ge0wf pGefUBuHvSL
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tHUazGrItoHcsKd? vufckyfwajzmufajzmuf
jcif;aumuf oHNydKifqdk
tvdkvdkaomaom&k? 0guRwfobif
aysmfrIqifonf? vl&SiftpkpkESifh
,pf0rItdtHum? wcsKdUuvnf; wcsKdUqJonf
wcsKdU&kdUu &efcdkuf&Sm? wcsKdUom ypfwifukef
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rNcDrlywvm;? apmif;nSif;NyDaom wl&d,monf
vlU&Gmobifrsm;ESifh? waomaom xrif;axmif
vIdifulxGufxm;? bk&m;yg;a&mufatmifwnf;

BuD;aqmifonf tpkpk? om"kBuHBuH? aeUrnHonfh

toHw&k&kESifh &TifaysmfrI toG,foG,f}}
(&cdkifpmqdkawmf OD;umAsef)
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OmPfikHqifjcifrdNyD;
awmolawmifom;onf avmuvlUbkHwGif tauseyfta&mifh&JqkH;?
taysmfqkH;oljzpfonf[laom
tqdkudkaxmufcHaecJUay onf/
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cef;ajcmufoGm;ovm;
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r&if;ESd;ygvQif
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uRefawmfonf
wdrf&J&Jawmufonfxuf wdkUArmtpnf;t&kH;\ vuf&kH;wyfrsm; &J&Jawmuf onfudkom
MunfEl;vdkonf/
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wu,fhem;0ifyD,HtoH?
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]]&J&Jawmuf wdkUArmajr
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tmZmenfaoG;awG?
t&dk;aMuaMu?
wkdUajy? wdkUajr/
acwfaqG;udkajymif;jyef?
wufacwfudkpDrH?
wdk;wufatmif pdwfoef/
nDapaemf
ppf&Jarmf/
csDwufMupdkU wlaysmfaysmf?
b,fnm b,fnm/
Armajy? igwdkUajy?
Armajr igwdkUajr?

cifcifrifrif? trsKd;udkapmifhMu?
b,fnm b,fnm
(onfcsdefcg) Armajy
ZmwdaoG; ta&mifwifap/
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(wdkUArmtpnf;t&kH;rS xkwfaom Armhvuf&kH;wyf ppfcsDoDcsif;)
,cktcg uRefawmhftm; awmvufaus;&Gm\ pdrf;vef;om,maom &Icif;xuf
awmolawmifom;wdkU\
ausmrJGjcif;u vTrf;rdk;aeavonf/ om,mnif;aysmif;aom yavGoHxuf
b0tajctaeudk rauseyf
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rEkvlU&GmrSm? rIromEdkifbJ/
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]trdk;}ESifh]tzm;}udkac:? ,rf;a,mifvdkUatmf?
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(a&;oltrnfrod? 1921ckESpf ol&d,r*Zif;wGif awGU&onf/)
[laom aw;xyfrsKd;onfom uRefawmfh&ifwGif yJUwifcwfEdkifayonf/
]]wdkUArmwdkif;jynf? v,form;rSeforQ? vlwdkif;toufocif/
ezl;ay:vufwif awG;Munfhawmh aus;Zl;&Sif/
oem;nSmyg v,fawG"e&Sif?
tpdk;&"e&Sif? csKyfcs,fykHrqifjcif?
epfematmif OmPfeDxGif?
oum,qdkwmvnf; rjrif?
v,fawG uRJawG EGm;awGyif?
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rdrdudk,fomtm;udk;rS vGwfvyfzdkUjrif?
vQmwpfacsmif;ESifh vla&mif;wJUacgif;awGawGU&if?
ESpfxyfqvHwif?
nDnm&if jynfom,m?

wdkUv,form; e,fwdkif;wGif?
tpnf;ta0;wGif?
rdk;ukefawmh pmzwfzdkUjyif okdUrSjrif?
0dkiftrfbD ocifwif?
nDnmatmif pDpOf?
EId;aqmfwJU owday;uAsm,Of}}?
(0dkiftrfbD ocifwifa&;aom awmifolv,form;oDcsif;)
oDcsif;rsKd;udkMum;&vQif em;pdkufaerd&kHru EIwfuvnf; wdk;wdk;uav;
vdkufaerdavonf/
pme,fZif;rsm;wGif rif;qdk;rif;npfwkdUtm; oa&mfuavmfxm;aom uAsmrsm;awGUvQif
rSwfpkrSmxnfhxm;wwfavonf/
Oyrm- wuodkvfEG,fpdk;a&; b*srf;umwGef;jzifh o&kyfazmftyfaom trwfvc
taMumif;uAsmuav;]]tiwfoif;ygbd? rwfrif; udk,fpm;vS,fwkdU? tcsKdqG,f vdkzG,f pum;awGESifh?
pm;Muaygh wdkif;jynfaiG/
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tom,laygh?
csLjymjzL usKyfwdkUrGJayr,fh? qif;&Jolya'omu? acRumav olwdkUpm;r,fwJU?
tm;&ygay/
rwfr[kwf&ifv? AsyfpkwfrSm xrif;&nfESifh? tmomajy avG;r,fhrsKd; awGu?
*kPfNzdK;um udk,fpm;vS,frdkU?
[dkw,frSm aysmfaysmfjrL;EdkifzkdU? pdwful;jzihf ,Of&Smav? wdkUaiGuJGU rwfrif;/
wm;rNyDbl;? pm;0vQif NrdeftDvdkU? ZdrftqD&pfum tdyfygvdrfh? rGwfodyfol
jynfrSmqlawmh
ukvm;jzLrif;xHBudKUEdkifzdkU? qdkU [JUtyif;/ /
(1938ckESpf r*Zif;wpfckrSm awGU&onf)
armifxifa&; bkH&kHuAsmudk atmufygtwdkif;awGUEdkfif\/
1/ q,ftdrfacgif; acRt&H?
ESpfvkH;jyL;aoewfxrf;ygvdkU? awmvrf;ujyef?
vufpGJwJU Oya'vSef? [efyefESifhav;?
aus;&Gmtuf trIayGw,f?
12-axG oHpkHwD;ygvdkU?
olBuD;wJUav;/ /
2/ vlcGefawmftvGwfxm;vdkU?
q,ftdrfpm; ydkiftajc?

Muuf0dkif;qdk vufudkwdkUygAsmh?
rl;vdkU&,fae?
uGrf;zdk;aiG a0pkuJGU &atmifawmif;?
Oya' igrwwfaomfvnf;?
rIayGatmif &GmudkywfEdkifiJU?
b,fZmwf b,fvdkcif;vdkufr,f?
rif;tdrfq,facgif;/ /
3/ owdqdk bmr&Sdaomfvnf;?
rdkufygbd ighudk,f?
acG;rSefvQif vlrrSwfygbl;?
&dkufwwfolAdkvf?
rl;w,fa[h &J&ifqdk]rat}udkaumfqJ?
vufxdyfudk tazmfxm;wJU?
awmom;wJUbJ/ /
(1938ckESpf? BuD;yGm;a&;r*Zif;)
ocifudk,fawmfrIdif;\ av;csKd;BuD;rsm;udk txl;pGJvrf;ESpfoufonfudk um;
txl;ajymzdkUyif
vkdrnfrxifyg/
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nSOf;ovdky e&if;aemufzJU aMumufwJUp&m? tdkuG,f trsKd;rsKd; jrefrmhtoif;awGu?
*dk;*dk;*G*G ykvif;awGeJU? twif; arSmufr[JUvdkU aygufyuJGUwpfcg? aMomf-]yOoDv}&JU
tjyif? tpOf MunfjrapzdkU? tV*rQwJUtjyif? tMuif urmhte,fe,f
][krf;&l;}qdkwJU
acwfudkjzifh? Munf&TifpGmarwmESifh okH;r,fhjyif? ____ [dwf[efaumif;pGm
ormarmufcsifawmh? odyHausmif;rSm ,Mwmtavsmufayxifh? oydwfoH aumif;pGm
wpfcgwpfcg arSmufcsdefrdkU? ____&kH;cef;rSm? bkef;wef;tmPm ESifh?
a&TormawZmNzdK;aeMu? pdk;&ol ]AsL&dkua&pD}ujzihf? vlawGnDnD rqufrqHjcif;&,fESifh
wdkif;&if;oljA[pdk&fydkuf&ifjzihf? ]udk,fBudKuftkyfcsKyfenf;}awGESifh
acwfBuD;om,mpnfyifvdkUrdkU? urmyx0D0if ta&SUbufwpfjcrf;rSmjzifh?
jrefrmjynfwpfcGif
wpfaeUxuf wpfaeUvQrf;ygvdrfh? udef;cef;wm&m ]Munf} ay:NyDavrdkU? ]'Darmfua&pD}
r[mor,wGifjzihf? rMum rMumqGum xumxum awmif;Muayawmh? tr,frif;
a'gif;ZrLtar jrefrmh wpft*FgrEGrf;cJUayordkU? aMomf- wpfaomif;,lZemwGifjzihf?
taMumif;rlvt&Snfor,qDu? awZtMuif ormtpGrf;awGESifh? tdkuG,f

taumif;[lorQ aZ,r*Fvmyef;/
(1921ckESpf? ol&d,r*Zif;)
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EdkfifiHa&;tajctaeo&kyfazmfcJUonf/ xdkacwfu awmif;qdkcsufrsm;udk wifjycJU onf/
,ck
uRefawmfwdkUacwf 1938wGifum; ocifudk,fawmfrIdif;tjzpfjzifh
wuodkvfor*toif;ESifh
a'gif;tdk;a0r*Zif;BuD;bGJUtvFum r*Fvmav;csKd;BuD; udk oDqdkum uRefawmfwdkU\
tajctaersm;udk
wifjyjyefavNyD/
aMomf- txufe*dk&fu ysufNydKvdkUuscJUwJU? ueufy[dk&fyvif vufpt<uif;ayxifh?
wuodkvfobif or*toif;qDu? tquforw toif;awGeJU? Mwif;e0if;
aumif;rsKd;taxGaxG tdkuG,f? xufruG twif;a[hvdkU? tuGufusus eif;eif;NyD;?
cuforQ&Sif;ayrnfh owif;]a'gif;tdk;a0}/ / ____aMomf tkyfcsKyfa&;awGuvJ?
&Iyf&IyfaxG;axG; tjynfjynfBuKH;NyD;awmh? yx0DESpfvkH;u tpftDqkH;qdkwJU
tqDwkH;t&om
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urmhurm<um;cJUwJU ArmhArmom;awG&JU wkdUArmajr/ wdkUArmtarGrdkU
tEdkifr,laypaumif; ]tdkuG,fh} wkdUArmjynfrSmjzifh wkdUomaer,fvdkU
rqdkifolawGarmif;//
____awmifpOfppfudkif;wGifjzihf acsmifjrifwdkif;rSm armif&ifrIdif;BuD; Adkvf0ifcHvdkUrdkU?
[dkt&if,ref rufrdonf orxwpfrsKd;ayy? zkdyvifysHrSm t*d& &uf&SdorQxdk;&mu?
trsKd;bmom omoemiHUaywnfh? wyJUocif ]av;armif} ]Apdef} uav;wdkUESifh?
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a&Ta'gif;
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&G,f&nf&Smt,f'Dwm ]armifndKjr}&JUjyif? aMomf ArmhtwGuf r&orQ yGufruGqdkwJU?
or*OuX ]armifb*srf;}wkdUudk? "Z*okwft& aMomifwzGzGref;&mu? atmifZ,yef;
anmifoajyEkcsdefrawmh? aemifjrefrmhpmwrf; ]armifa&TEk}&,fvdkU? atmifaZw,k
>rufrqkH;Edkifr,fhjyif? wufbkef;BuD;q&m ]odef;az}uav;wdkUudkjzifh ,drf;raoG
udef;aoa&G;vdkufuJU? ta&;&SdvQif t&may:?Mua&mh? q&mtausmftarmf
a,m*Du0d&,fu? urmrSmaomf ta[mnD\ rnD\ awmqDuMunfhvdkufawmh?
jrefrmraemf aumvDrdcsdefrdkU? aZm0DxdwuGufrrSdef arSmifrndKUrl? avmuD\jyu'defrSm
ajymifordkUomy? tkd-azarmifwif&JU atmifrQKdUtvSJU txuf[dk,cifuuJUodkU?
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wuodkfvfocifausmif;/ /
ocifudk,fawmfrIdif;onf oludk,fwdkif ocifjzpfvmcJUovdk uRefawmfwdkU
ausmif;om;rsm;tm;vnf;
ocifjzpfvmap&ef ac:vsuf&Sdayonf/ ocifudk,fawmfrIdif;onf aumvdyfausmif;om;
rD;yGm;uav;rsm;udk
ocifrD;awmufuav;rsm;jzpfapvdkonf/ q&mBuD;onf aumvdyfrD;yGm;uav; rsm;ESifh
txl;a&pufqkHonf[k qdkEdkifonf/ 1920-yxrausmif;om;oydwf? 4if;aemuf
trsKd;om;aumvdyfwdkUESifh
q&mBuD;onf qufaeovdk ,ckausmif;om;or*acwf? tdk;a0acwf?
aq;ausmif;om;acwfESifh vnf;
wpfqufwnf;wpfom;wnf; jzpfaejyefavonf/ xdkUaMumifh q&mBuD;\ pmayonf
ausmif;okH;jyVmef;csufr[kwfaomfvnf; uRefawmfwkdU ausmif;om;rsm; tESpfoufqkH;
tpJGvrf;qkH;pmayjzpfaeayonf/
odkUuvdk uRefawmf\pmyarGUykH? pmayt&om&SmykH Xmeajymif;vJjcif;\ t"dym,fudk
uRefawmfhzcifodygvQif
oabmwlEdkifrnfr[kwfacs/ taMumif; rlum; odkUaomajymif;vJjcif;onf
uRefawmfhtwGuf
olrSef;xm;aom b0yef;wdkifodkU rydkUaqmifEdkif&kHru vrf;vTJay;aeomaMumifh
jzpfygownf/
tcgwdkif;ausmif;ydwfvQif uRefawmfonf tdrfjyefvsuf tdrf&dyfwGif rdcif\tjyKtpk
t,kt,udkcH,lum
uav;vkyfaewwfayonf/ ,ckrlum; aeylusJusJwGifxGufvsuf
ykvdyfESifhvlBuD;EdkifiHa&;orm;
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pm&Gufpmwrf;rsm;udka0 aeavNyD/
rdcif\ txl;csufjyKwfauR;arG;tyfaom tpm;taomuf tpm;?
ocifacgif;aqmifBuD;rsm;\
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tcgwdkif; ausmif;ydwfvQif &Gmjyef wpfaeUvkH;tdrfjyifrxGuf? pmzwfvdkuf?
tdyfvdkufvkyfNyD;naeapmif;aomf a&rdk;csKd;? pwdkifvkyfNyD; vrf;avQmufxGufonf/
&Gmol&Gmom;awGu
aumvdyfausmif;om;BuD; a[hqdkNyD; txifBuD;wpfcJGom;ESifh 0dkif;MunfhMuonf/
EIwfqufMuonf/
a&uefay:wGif tdk;&Gufum a&cyfvmMuaom &GmoltysKdacsmrsm;u ]0efaxmufavmif;}?
]ta&;ydkifavmif;}

BuD;tjzpfjzihf rsufvTmyifh r0HUw0HUMunfhMuonf/ uRefawmfu

NyKH;MunfhvQifvnf;aumif;?
NyKH;EIwfqufvQifvnf;aumif; olwdkUcrsmajymrNyD;Mu/ ,ckrl uRefawmfonf
vkHcsnfwdkwkdESifh
yifeDwdkufykH 0wf 0g;zwfOD;xkyfaqmif;um &efukefNrdKUvlpnfum;&mrSm
avQmufaeav&m ]ocifaygufp
axmifajcmufv}tjzpfjzifh 0dkif;MunfhaeMuavNyD/
okdUuvdk ajymif;vJaeojzifh uRefawmfonf aemifw&oavm/ 0rf;enf;oavm/
aemifwr&? 0rf;renf;/
udk,fhudk,fudk,f csD;usL;rdonf/ igvdkvl ZrL&Sdao;ovm;[k BuKH;0g;rdonf/
aysmfvnf;aysmfrdavonf/
okdUuvdk ocifaygufptjzpfjzihf aysmfaewkef; jAKef;qdk urmajrBuD; aygufuJGNyD;
ay:xGufvmovdk
uRefawmfhzcifBuD; ay:vmavonf/
trSefrSmawmh zcifBuD;qdkufa&mufvmjcif;onf uRefawmfhbufu MunfhvQifom
tHUMozG,fjzpfonf/
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tkef;tkef;uRwfuRwf?
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ausmif;ygydwfay;vdkuf&aom tcsdef
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b,fenf;ESifhrQpdwfrcsEdkif? trsKd;rsKd;awG; pdk;&drfylyefrnfrSm "rwmomwnf;/
uRefawmfu
olwkdUpdwfat;atmif a&;vkdufaompmonf yJavSmfzdk rD;awmufrD;vQHxJusonfh
a&wpfpufrQom
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uRefawmfonf uRefawmfhtazukd jrifvQifjrifjcif; xdwfceJjzpfoGm; ayonf/
tazh"mwfudk
odxm;NyD;jzpfojzifh uRefawmfhudk aumvdyfausmif;om; jzpfaeNyDrdkU
r&dkufrESufonfhwdkifatmif
qlawmhylawmhrnf? rJawmhrmefawmh rnf[k wef;xifvdkufayonf/ odkUaomf tazum;
rqlryl?
rBudrf;rarmif;bJ ndKrnf; nId;EGrf;aom rsufESmjzihfom Munfhaeavonf/
xdktrlt&monf
uRefawmfhpdwftm;rsm;pGm xdckdufapygonf/ tazhudkacsmh&ef pum;p&Sm& awmhonf/

]]tazuvnf; pmav; bmav; a&;vdkufa&maygh/ a&;vdkuf&if uRefawmfblwmudk

vmBudKrSmyJ}}
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aemufxyfpum;qufp&m cufoGm;avonf/ uRefawmfhtazonf
xdkpum;udkwkdawmif;rmausmpGmajymNyD;
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trlt&may:aeonf/
uRefawmfhocif *dkufudk rowDaeoavm/ tawmfMum wpfa,mufESifh wpfa,muf
pum;rajymbJ
MunfhaeMuonf/
uRefawmfu t&JpGefUum pum;pvdkufjyef\/
]]uRefawmfay;vdkufwJUpm &w,fr[kwfvm;taz? uRefawmfhtwGuf bmrS
rylaeygeJUqdkaerSyJ}}
tazonf oufjyif;csvdkufonf/ 4if;aemuf ab;odkUxGDceJ wHawG;axG;vdkuf\/
uRefawmfhrsufESmay:odkU
axG;yufvkdufjcif;r[kwf awmfygao;\/
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rif;tarqdk&if rif;twGuf
tdyfvdkUawmif raysmfbl; od&JUvm;}}
uRefawmfonfrsm;pGmyif 0rf;enf;oGm;ygonf/ tdrfrjyefrdwm rSm;avjcif;
[kyifaemifw&vmygonf/
pum;udkajymNyD;aemuf uRefawmfhtazonf a&rdk;csKd;NyD; c&D;yef;vm aomaMumifh
tyef;ajzaeavonf/
tjcm;pum;odkU rul;Muawmhay/ odkU pum;rul;ojzihfvnf;
uRefawmftxl;pdwfoufom&m&ayonf/
taMumif;rlum; uRefawmfonf tdkifpDtufpfavmif;vrf;aMumif;rS aoGznfNyD;
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txl;pdk;&drfaomaMumifhwnf;/
uRefawmfonf zcifBuD;pdwfajy&ef 0wfBuD;0wfi,frsm;jyK\/ ajcqkyfvufe,fjyK\/
tauR;tarG;vdkavao;r&Sdatmif {nfhcH\/ 4if;wdkUxuf ESpfodrfhauseyfzG,f&mum;
aemufaeUeHeufwGif
a&Twd*kHbk&m;odkUydkU&ef pDrHvdkufjcif;aywnf;/
aemufaeUeHeuf bk&m;oGm;Muaomtcg uRefawmfonf yifeDwdkufykHtusudkyif
0wfvmonf/
tazuydk;tusbmvdkU r0wfovJ[k ar;&m]]

ckukvm;Armt"du&kPf;tNyD;rSm vlwdkif;0HomEkpdwf"mwfawG wufaeMuw,f/

zsifyifeDtuswdkif;&if;jzpfawG odyf0wfaeMuw,f/ NyD;awmh &efukefNrdKUrSm ArmqdkifawG
trsm;BuD;ay:vmw,f/ NrdKUxJus&if tazjrifygvdrfh r,fAsm}}
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qdkifxGufwm[m
aumif;wmyJa[h}}
uRefawmfonf 0HomEkpdwf0ifvmaom tazhtwGufrsm;pGm 0rf;omtm;&
jzpfoGm;avonf/
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Armbwfpfum;qDodkU
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taz/
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tm;ay;wJUtaeeeJU
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t&mBuD;uawmh
b,fvdkufrvJ? tm&ftD;wDom vdkufrSmaygh/ a[m axmifuJBuD;wpfa,muf vmaeNyD?
vdkufrvm;axmifuJ}}
ponfjzifh atmf[pfum vlac:aeavonf/ tawmftoifh vljynfhavNyD/
tm&ftD;wDum;ESpfpD;yif
xGufoGm;avNyD/ uRefawmfwdkU bwfpfum;um; rxGufao;/ wpfa,mufu
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rxGufeJUOD;? [dktpfrav;u
vdkufr,fwJU}}[k jzef;oef;atmfaeavonf/ olajymaom tpfrav;udk
uRefawmfwkdUrjrif&/ um;udkum;
a&SUwkd;aemufiif vkyfaejcif;aMumfih zifxdkifckHESifh zifBudwfe,fae zifem&kHru
rxGufEdkfif
pdwftaESmifht,Sufrsm;pGm jzpf&avonf/
uRefawmfhtazu ]]rif;wdkif;&if;om; tm;ay;&wm redyfygbl;uGm}}[kyif
nnf;pjyKavNyD/

twefMumrS py,f,mu ]]ckd;vdk;}}[k trdefUay;vdkufaomaMumifh um;xGufavonf/

]]aemufu um;rvmao;bl; vSdrfhq&mvSdrfh}}[k py,f,mu trdefUay;xm;ojzihf
um;onf
jznf;jznf;uav; vSdrfhaeavonf/
xdkUaemuf a&SUem;rSmvljrifaomaMumifh py,f,mu ]]qGJqGJ}}[k trdefUay;jyef&m
'&dkifbmonf
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twif;tjrefarmif;jyef&m
uRefawmfwdkUrSm toufudkzufESifhxkyfxm;Mu&avawmh\/
twif;armif;aepOf py,f,mu]]a[h a&SUem;rSm Zdk; Zdk;}}[k owday;vkduf&m '&dkifbmonf jAKef;ceJ
b&dwftkyfvkdufav\/ c&D;onftm;vkH;
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odkUuvdk udk,fpdwfESpfyg;rsm;pGmqif;&JNyD;aemufrS odrfBuD;aps;odkU a&mufMuavonf/
bwfpfum;ay:rS
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onfhjyifpm 0HomEkcsifEkyguGm? bwfpfum;rSmawmh 0HomrEkygeJU}}[k
qkH;ravawmhonf/
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awGUaomtcg
tazonftHUMopGmESifh Munfhaeavonf/
]]bmvJuG}}
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tvkyfwpfckaygh/
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]] uGm nGefUaygif;tpdk;&u [efrusygbl;/ tcGefaumufom ,lwwfwm?
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tazhxHrS vdktpdk;&a0zefa&;pum;rsm; rarQmfvifhcJUaom uRefawmfhrSm
tHUtm;oifh&kHru
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tazu xDxdk;vdkaomaMumifh xD0ifxkd;Muonf/ tazonf twdwfwGif ]]om;tm;
bdvyfydkUynmoif&ef}}[k a&;vkdufavonf/ uRefawmfhzcif\ &efrSef;csufum;
wpfqifhxufwpfqifh

wdk;ae\/ tpwkef;u q,fwef;atmif&kHom? aemuf bDatatmif&kHom? 4if;aemuf

tdkifpDtufpf atmif&ef?
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atmf[pfaeMuonfudk uRefawmfa&m tazyg Mum;Mu&avonf/
]]ocifESpfjcrf;uJGtwGuf ocifudk,fawmfrIdif;EIwfxGufawmhrnf qdkjcif;}}
atmf[pfoHonf uRefawmfem;wGif;odkU oH&nfylavmif;xnfhvdkuf ouJUodkU
jzpfayonf/
atmf[pfaeMuaom owif;pma&mif;orm;rsm;udk aMumifMunfhaeavonf/
0,fzwf&efyif owdr&/
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uRefawmfum; b,fvkdtajzay;&rnf[k pOf;pm;r&atmifjzpfae rajzbJaeonf/
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em;vnfvm;}}
bwfpfum; vIyf&Sm;ojzifh uRefawmfhacgif;ndwfoGm;onf/
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olawmfaumif;BuD;awmif xGufoGm;NyD}}
a&SUwkd;aemufiifvkyfaeaom bwfpfum;yif xGufavNyD/ uRefawmfhyg;pyfrS
pum;wpfvkH;rQrxGuf/
bwfpum;onf bk&m;ajc&if;odkU a&mufonfhwdkifatmif uRefawmf pum;rajymEdkif/
tazuwpfcGef;wavajymonfudkvnf; axmufcHjcif;? uefUuGufjcif;? pGufzufjcif;
wpfpkHwpf&mrjyK/
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uRefawmfhtm&kH [lorQ
a&mufaeayonf/
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qD;ac:Muonf/
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yef;awG&Sdygw,f?
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uRefawmfonf olwkdUtm;
pum;jzihfomru tNyKH;uav;jzifhyif rwkHUjyefrdacs/
apmif;we;fqkH;cgeD; &ifjyifawmft0odkU a&mufaomtcg-

]]a[h yef;uav; bmuav; 0,fcJUOD;pdkUuGm}}[laom zcifBuD;\ toHudk

aemufrSMum;&ojzihf &yfvdkufNyD;
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ezl;rSacR;rsm;pdkUae
onfudkyifjrif&\/ touf&Ivnf; rSm;ae&Smonf/
nmbufu yef;qdkfifwGif0if zdeyfrsm;csxm;NyD; yef;0,fMuonf/ zcifBuD;vnf;
tarmajzao;\/
xdktcdkuf uRefawmfwkdU0,faeaomqdkifrS yef;onfwpfOD;ESifh [dkwpfzufu
yef;onfwkdUonf
ykZGefawmifyef;NcHwGif tNidrfhuvsuf&Sd&m bkef;awmfBuD;rsm;yg MunfhaeMupOf
ukrm&DtrsKd;orD;
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owif;udka0zefaqG;aeG;
aeMuavonf/
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tusyg;0wfwmudk
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wm;wmaygh [J [J}}
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uRefawmfhtazvnf; olwkdUajymqdkaeMuoHudk Mum;onfxif\/ olonf
NyKH;vsufaeonf/
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xifygonf/
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tazonf bk&m;&kyfxkawmfa&SUwGif us,favmifpGm bk&m;&Sdckd;\/ olUtavhtxrSm
us,favmifpGmbk&m;&Sdckd;&kHru us,favmifpGmyif qkawmif;avh&Sdonf/
vlwum;Mum;em aumif;aom
qkudkom bk&m;tm; awmif;&rnf[k olt,lt&Sdavonf/ uRefawmfonf
0ifeDazwdkUESifhbk&m;zl; pOfu
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uRefawmfu

0goemtavsmuf apwDBuD;\ &ifjyifawmfvGifwD;acgfifrSm bk&m;zl;onf/ ckawmh

zcifBuD;tm; usKd;EGH&kdao
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uRefawmfhpdwfxJrSm
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bk&m;tm&kHjyKvdkufaomtcg
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wpfa&G;om;rQr&Sd&Smaom
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ESvkH;oGif;\/
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t&Siftm'dp0Ho\
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0dkif;yumoed,uHjyKcJUonfh
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aus;Zl;&SifzcifaemufrSvlu
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u&Gwfuif;avQmufjzpfaepOf
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zrf;pm;vdkufjyef\/
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bk&m;?
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ynmBuD;jcif;?
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odef;xDaygufjcif;?
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&jcif;rsm;jjzpfygapownf; bk&m;}}

uRefawmfhrSm zcifBuD;\ qkawmif;aMumifh z&PyDwd *Grf;qDxdrjzpfrdbJ

MuufoD;arG;nif;xrdonf/
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ab;bDwGif
b,folawGMum;ukefygfvdrfh[laom pdk;&drfjcif;jzifh bk&m;zl;oly&dowfudk
tuJcwf&SmMunfhrdavonf/
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&G,fwlysKdjzL qdkvnf;
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ab;wdkufrvSrf;rurf; rjrrSDonf
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rjrrSD/ udk,fwpfydkif;aoaeaom OD;xGef;0if;\ ZeD;acsm 'kuonf rjrrSD/
ukvm;Armt"du&kPf;wkef;u
u,fvdkufaom rjrrSDyif jzpfacsonf wum;/
rjrrSDonf zJBuD;vkHcsnfMuufaoG;a&mifudk 0wfxm;\/ 'l;wkyf xdkifaeay&m
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vSyaom
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vkyfvJUvkyfvD
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qHyifaemufwJGxkH;wGif MuufaoG;a&mif
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rjrrSDu uRefawmfhtm; NyKH;Munfhaeonfudk uRefawmfonf &kwfw&uf tNyKH;ESifh
jyefrwkHUjyefrd/
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24
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21-12-38

uRefawmfonf rjrifhOD;\pmudk wpfBudrfESpfBudrfru okH;Budrfusatmif zwfrdygonf/

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21-12-38
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30
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xifyg&JU[k
uRefawmfqifjcifrdavonf/
ta':BuD;u rdwfqufay;jyefonf/
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b,folu rrBuD;? b,folurrvwf[k uRefawmfrcGJjcm;Edkifcif vuf0JbufrS0ifvmol
rdef;rBuD;u
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vuf0JbufrSxGufvmol rdef;rBuD;onf bD;qHywfykykao;ao;uav; xkH;xm;onf/
qHyifjzLrsm;udk
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0wfxm;onf/ vufwpfzufrSm
y,if;ykwD;ESifh tjcm;vufwpfzufrSm jrvufaumufESpfuGif;qifh 0wfxm;onf/

vuf,mbufrSxGufvmaom rdef;rBuD;um; aiGjzLa&mifqHyifrsm;udk uspfuspf

0dkif;qHxkH;xkH;xm;onf/
w&kwfydk;zsiftus? xm;0,fvkHcsnf a&nSda&mifrsm;udk 0wfxm;onf/
olUvufupdefvufpGyfBuD;rSm
wzsyfzsyf awmufae\/ olwdkUtoD;oD;xdkifrdMuaomtcg
uRefawmfvnf;xdkifvdkufonf/ xdkaemuf
pdwfxJrSm olwdkUav;a,mufudk BuD;pOfi,fvdkuf pOfMunfhvdkufonf/ qHyifESifh
qHxkH;rsm;udkrlwnf
qHyifaiGa&mifudk uspfuspf0dkif;0dkif; aoQmifxkH;xm;olrSm tBuD;qkH;tysKdBuD;(0g) tysKdBuD;
eHygwf(1)?
qHyifudkqdk;bDqHywf ykykao;ao; xkH;xm;oludk tysKdBuD; eHygwf(2)?
qHyifjzLudkukefatmif rEkwfEdkifbJ
bD;qHywfBuD;tufuGJ aeatmif xkH;xm;oltm; tysKdBuD; eHygwf(3)?
qHyifa&mifaumif;ao;
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ta':BuD;tm; tysKdBuD;
eHygwf(4) ponfjzifh pOfxm; vkdufayonf/
tysKdBuD;eHygwf(4)u pwifNyD; pum;qufjyefonf/
]]nDrti,fqkH; wifwifvSuawmh tdrfrSmr&Sdbl;? tvkyfudpeJU oGm;ae& w,f/
xrif;pm;tcsdefrDjyefEdkif&ifjyefcJUyghr,fwJU? rjyefEdkif&ifvnf; ausmif;om;
acgif;aqmifawGudk wifwifu
csD;usL;aMumif;ajymvdkufygwJUuGJU}}
tysKdBuD; eHygwf(3)u0if]]wifwifuav rif;wdkU}}
tysKdBuD; eHygwf(2)uvnf;]]wifwifuav rif;wdkU}}
ESpfa,mufNydKifwl pvdkufrdojzifh ESpfa,mufpvkH;&yfvdkufMuonf/ wpfa,muf
wpfa,mufMunfhvdkufNyD;aemuf twefMumrS eHygwf(3)u]]wifwifuav oefvsifbufrSm oydwfarSmufausmif;om;wpfa,muf
udk&mZ0wftkyfvkyfwJUvlu
acG;eJUvdkufwdkufw,fqdkwmMum;NyD; odyfrcHr&yfEdkif jzpfaewm}}
eHygwf(4)u0ifjyefonf/
]]tJ'g ausmif;om;rdbawGu &mZ0wf0efBuD; w&m;pGJxm;w,fqdk r[kwfvm;}}
uRefawmfum; eHygwf(4)tm;ajzqdk&ef yg;pyf[vdkufpOfwGifyif eHygwf(1)u
ar;cGef;topfxkwfvkdufonf/

]]tmPm&Sif armifvSa&Tudk &kH;rStrIppfawmh armifwifxGef; oGm;em;axmifao;ovm;}}

]]ra&mufao;ygbl; cifAsm? rtm;wmeJU}}
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odyfcsufuswmyJaemf}}
uRefawmfuolUvdkyif oabm&aMumif;ajymvdkufrnf jyifaepOf eHygwf(3)u
0ifvdkufjyefonf/
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NrdKUtkyfjzpfp&Sdao;w,f}}
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eHygwf(3)u]]armifvSa&Tu a&SUae}}
eHygwf(4)u]]armifvSa&Tu a&SUae}}
olwdkUESpfa,mufNydKifwlajymrdMuojzifh wpfa,mufudkwpfa,muf ae&may;&ef
BudK;pm;&if;
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aemufwpfcgus&if
ocifjreJU ocifbOD;wkdUvdkufMuygvdrhfr,f}}
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eHygwf(1)u]][dk ol&d, OD;vSaz&JU orufuav;xifyg&JU}}
olwkdUodwm uRefawmfrodjzpfae ai;pdkufom em;axmifaerdonf/
eHygwf(4)u pum;pazmfjyefonf/
]]wuodkvfausmif;q&mBuD;awGu ausmif;om;rdbrsm;qDudk ausmif;om;awG
ausmif;jyefvTwfrvTwf?
ausmif;om;awG pmar;yGJ ajzrajz taMumif;jyef&r,fvdkU pmawGydkUawmh
ausmif;om;1600&SdwJUteuf
1155 a,mufu pmar;yJGajzr,fvdkU pmjyefw,fqdkwm [kwfovm;}}
]]pmar;yJGrajzcsifvdkU oydwfarSmufwmrS r[kwfbJ/ 'Dawmh 'Dtar;'DtajzeJU
ausmif;om;ta&;awmfykHudk
a&csdefwdkif;vdkU rjzpfEdkifygbl;cifAsm/ [kwfcsif[kwfr,f? r[kwfcsifaer,f? odkUayr,fh}}

uRefawmfu okdUayr,fhESifhcsDNyD; ausmif;om;wkdU\ wuf<upnf;&kH;aeykHudk &Sif;vif;jy&ef

tm;,laepOf
eHygwf(3)uwpfaeUu
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uHaumif;vkdUvGwfoGm;w,faemf?
olu'Dhjyifum;pD;NyD; olUum;ay:rSm om;orD;awGwifvTwfw,fqdkawmh
om;orD;awG"m;pmcHvkyfwmeJU
wlaew,f}}
eHygwf(3)onf xdkodkUvQif a'gufwmbarmf\um;udk ayxkyfypfrIESifh ywfouf
pum;yJGwGifvTrf;rdk;&ef
BudK;pm;aeqJ eHygwf(2)u 0ifzsufvdkufavonf/
]]wifwifi,fa& ararhudkvnf; oGm;ac:OD;av}}
wifwifi,f[k tac:cH&olrSm tjcm;olr[kwf/ uRefawmfhtm;vmac:ol tysKdBuD;
eHygwf(4)aywnf;/
a':wifwifi,fonf xdktrdefUoHudkMum;onfESifh wpfNydKifeuf aigufceJxvkdufonf/
tysKdBuD;eHygwf(4)onf wpfcgrQ rQoGufvufaom trlt&m rjycJUzl;ao;/
ajcatmufuMur;fjyif
NydKusrnfudk raMumufawmhaom trlt&m? vkyfvJUvkyfvD r[kwfaomtrlt&mjzifh
tcef;wpfckwGif;odkU
0ifoGm;avonf/
tm;vkH;aomtysKdBuD;rsm;onf nDvmcHyvif oD[moea&SU ]]bk&ifrif;jrwf
xGufawmfrlrnf?
tm;vkH;wdwfap}}[laom aqmife&DrSL;oH Mum;vkduf&bdouJUodkU wdwfoGm;Muav\/
olwkdUonf
olwkdUrdcifbk&ifrBuD; tvmudk apmifhpm;aeMu\/ ,if;odkU wdwfqdwfpGm
apmifhpm;aepOf uRefawmfonf
[dk[dkonfonfawG;zdkU tcGifhta&;&ay\/ a&mufNyD; tysKdBuD;awGESifh
pum;pajym&uwnf;u
awG;awmcGifhr&/ tysKdBuD;rsm;onf uRefawmfhtm; ttm;ray;? 0dkif;war;wnf;
ar;aecJUMuavonf/
tysKdBuD;eHygwf(1)ESifh (2)wkdU\ y,if;ykwD;rsm;onf pdwfzkdUvm;?
tvS0wfxm;zdkUomvm;/
olwkdU\pdefem;uyfBuD;rsm;udk b,ft&G,fxd 0wfMuavOD;rnfenf;/
onftysKdBuD;awGom av;q,fausmfrS
uHay: vif&ukefMuvQif b,fvdkjzpfukefMurnfvJ/

odkUuvdk awGUu&m aygufyef;aps;awG;aeqJ tysKdBuD; eHygwf(3)u cyf,dkU,dkU

trlt&m?
cyftkyftkyftoHjzifh]]a[m ararbk&m;vmaeNyD}}[k aMunmvdkufavonf/
tysKdBuD;tm;vkH;ESifh uRefawmfwkdU\ rsufpdrsm;onf tbGm;BuD;bufodkU
NydKifwla&GUoGm;Muavonf/
tbGm;BuD;um; touf80rsm;ausmfaeNyDvm;rqdkEdkif/ qGwfqGwfjzLaom
a&mifaypl;uav; atmufwGif
tuGufvdkufqHyifuRwfaeaom ae&mrsm;udkjrif&onf/ rsufESmta&rsm;rSm
yyfMum;tyfovdkwGefUvdyfaeMuNyD; rsufwGif;rSm tawmfa[mufaeojzifh
,if;rsufwGif;rsm;txJ
rsufpdtaumif; yuwdrS &Sdygao;oavm[k oHo,jzpfp&myif/ udk,fcEmwGif
tom;&Sdawmh[efrwl?
t&dk;ay:ta&wifae ta&ay:taMumBuD;rsm;u awmifwef;BuD;awGvdk
pDwef;aeMuonf/
tbGm;BuD;onf oefU&Sif;oyf&yfpGm 0wfqifxm;\/ ydk;zJr[kwf/ vuf&ufcsnfvkHcsnf?
zsiftus&ifaph
ponfwkdUjzpf onf/ olUvufxJwGifawmifa0S;wpfacsmif;udkudkifxm;\/ okdUaomf
awmifa0S;udkifaomfvnf;
cg;vkH;0rudkif;onfudk awGU&onf/ tm;vkH;aom olUorD;rsm;ESifh rwlyJ t&yfykonf/
tbGm;BuD;aemufrSm&yfaeonfh tysKdBuD; trSwf(4)u xdkif&mrSxum qD;BudKaeaom
uRefawmfhtm;
&nfnTef;vsuf]]a[m'gyJ armifwifxGef;qkdwm? ausmif;om;acgif;aqmifaygh ararbk&m;&JU}}
uRefawmfhrSmausmif;om;acgif;aqmif[k tac:cH&ojzifh ausmpdrfhoGm;ovdkvdk?
rsufESmxltrf;oGm;ovdkvkd
jzpfrdavonf/
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tr,fBuD;u uRefawmfha&SU ukvm;xdkifwpfckqDodkU vm&if;]]acgif;aqmifawGu bmjzpfvdkU rvdkufvmovJ? w&m;a[mxGuf&vdkU
tvkyfrsm;aerSwfw,f}}
tbGm;BuD;\ toHum;&kyfESifhrvdkuf rmonf/ Munfvifjywfom;jcif; vnf;&Sdonf/
]]xdkif xdkif rif;uti,fav;&Sdygao;uvm;}}
vdkajymvdkufrS tbGm;BuD;\rsufpdonf taumif;yuwd &Sdygao;uvm;[k
uRefawmfhpdwfrSmaocsmoGm;awmhonf/ tbGm;BuD;onf ukvm;xdkifwGifxdkifonf/

awmifa0S;udkudkifxm;aomfvnf; awmifa0S;rygbJ vnf; oGm;Edkif vmEdkif xdkifEdkif

xxdkifykHaygufonf/
tbGm;BuD;\ vufwpfzuf onfawmifa0S;cg;v,fudkudkifxm;NyD; vufwpfzufu
ukvm;xdkifvufwifay:
rSmwifxm;onf/
]][JUwifwifvS rvmao;bl;vm;}}[k tbGm;BuD;u olUorD;awGudk rMunfhbJ
olUorD;rsm;tm; ar;vdkuf&m
eHygwf(4)ESifh (3)u NydKifwlajzvdkufMu onf/
]]vmr,fawmh ajymoGm;wmyJ? ckxd rvmao;bl;}}
]]rvmao;bl; bmjzpfvkdU aemufusaeovJ rodbl;}}
olwkdUajzonfESifh wpfNydKifeuf eHygwf(2)u]]rSmoGm;om;yJ aemufus&if aemufusr,fvdkU}}
eHygwf(4)u ]]tpnf;ta0;rsm; &SdaeNyDvm; rodbl;}}
odkUjzihf tysKdBuD; 4a,mufpvkH; wpfa,mufwpfcGef; nDrti,fqkH;ESifh ywfoufNyD;
xifjrifcsufawGay;aeMuav&m awmfawmfuav; qlnHvmavonf/ xkdtcg
tbGm;BuD;u awmifa0S;ESifh
Murf;jyifudkacgufvdkuf NyD; wdwfoGm;apavonf/ touf 40ausmf 50ausmf 60eD;yg;
tysKdBuD;rsm;onf
olwdkUtara&SU 4-5-6ESpf t&G,f uav;rsm;vdk jyKrlvdkuf Muonf/
rsufpdoli,fuav;rsm;jzifh
wpfa,muf wpfa,mufMunfhNyD; ,dkU,dkUuav;NidrfaevdkufMuonf/ xdkcP ]]aMomf
'gaMumifhvnf;
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xdef;odrf;xm;Edkifaywmudk;}}[laom
todOmPfonf uRefawmfhOD;aESmufxJrSm xGef;vif;vmavonf/
tbGm;BuD;onf b,folUudkrQrMunfhbJ olUa&SUwnfhwnfhudkom aMumifai;MunfhNyD;]]ausmif;om;awG wpfckvkyfzkdUaumif;w,f}}
]]bmvkyfzkdU aumif;ygovJ cifAsm}}
]]tckaetcgrSm ausmif;om;awGudk wkdif;jynfu tm&kHpdkufNyD; av;pm;aewm
rif;wkdUausmif;om;awGuomvkyf&if awmfawmfaumif;r,f/ &Siftm'dp0Ho[m
tifrwefxufjrufwJU
bkef;BuD;/ pmqdkvnf; udk,fhbmom pmayomru bmomjcm;vnf;wwfw,f?
ynmt&nftcsif;xufjruf
oavmuf owdvnf;&Sdw,f? &ifxJrSm&Sdwmudk &SdwJUtwkdif; tefxkwfjy&Jw,f?
tusifhoDvqdkvnf;

okefxJrSm ausmif;xkdifwmudkyJ Munfhawmhav/ tJ'Dvkd yk*dKvfwpfyg;

oljrwfwpfa,mufudk
yumoed,uH vkyfwm w&m;oabmvm;[if}}
uRefawmfu udk,fem;rvnfaomta&;wGif bmrQrajymvdkojzifh
qdwfqdwfaevdkufaomtcg eHygwf(1)u
olUtartm; axmufcHvkdufav onf/
]]b,fw&m;rSmvJ arar}}
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uefUuGufajymqdkzdkUaumif;w,f/
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&Siftm'dpygaew,f/ 'gu
b,folurSvnf; xkwfypfvkdU&wm r[kwfzl;? &Siftm'dpuvnf; xGufray;bl;/
tm*udk,fawmf?
Munfhprf;b,favmuf owd&SdovJqdkwm}}
tm;vkH;aomorD;rsm;u acgif;ndwfum axmufcHMuavonf/ uRefawmfum;
acgif;vnf;rndwf?
acgif;vnf;r,rf;/ odkUaomf tbGm;BuD;onf uRefawmfhudkMunfhaeonfr[kwf
uRefawmf\Mum;aea&;udkodrnfr[kwfyg/
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]]tJ'Dvkd Mo0gp&d,tzJGUrSm qufraexdkufbl;vdkU wcsKdU qlylaeMuw,f/ &Siftm'dpudk
xkwfypfEdkifbkdfU
w&m;pJG&r,fvkdU odrf;armifudkajymaeMuw,f}}
eHygwf(4)u0if
]]tpdk;&a&SUaecsKyfBuD; OD;odrf;armifvm;arar}}
]]at;wpfcgwkef;u bkef;BuD;awGu axG;cHeJUaygufwJu bk&m;vlBuD; odrf;armifaygh}}
eHygwf(2)u]]aMomf aMomf 21-OD;ygwDEdkifiHa&;u ]ukodkvfwpfyJ i&Jwpfydm}vdkU
ajymqdkxGufoGm;NyD;
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odkUjzifh tysKdBuD;(4)OD;u OD;odrf;armifonf awmolBuD;om;jzpfaMumif;? OD;odrf;armif\
ZeD;taMumif;?
olwkdUazazbk&m;&SdpOfu tdrfb,fESacguf bmvkyfvmzl;aMumif;
ponfrsm;udkajymqkdaeMujyef&m
qlqlnHnH jzpfvmjyefav\/ tbGm;BuD;onf awmifa0S;ESifhMurf;jyifudk acgufum
Nidrfapjyefavonf/

tbGm;BuD;u uRefawmfhtm; nTef;ajymjyef\/

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0ifuefUuGuf&if
raumif;bl;vm; b,folwJU rif;emrnf}}
eHygwf(4)u 0ifaxmufonf/
]]armifwifxGef;}}
uRefawmfhrSm ra&Smifomawmhojzifh ajz&avonf/
]]uRefawmfawmh 'DudprSm udk,frEdkifwJUjyemjzpfaevdkU rajymwwfatmif
jzpfaeygw,f bGm;bGm;cifAsm?
'Dawmh ausmif;om;acgif;aqmifawGa&SUrSm uRefawmfwifjyyghr,f}}
tbGm;BuD;onf rsm;pGmESpfNcdKufoGm;[ef&Sdonf/ uRefawmfhbufodkU MunfhNyD;]]ajymvdkufyguG,f? rif;wdkUausmif;om;acgif;aqmifawGudk? tbGm;u
tifrweftm;udk;ygw,fvkdU/
r[kwfrcHpdwf&Sdolwkdif; ausmif;om;awGudk tm;udk;aewmyJ (orD;rsm;bufvSnfh) [JU
[JU
xrif;auR;Muawmhav}}
tysKdBuD;eHygwf(4)onf oGufvufpGmxNyD; aemufaz;taqmifodkU ul;oGm;um
cPav;aeawmhjyefvmavonf/ tbGm;BuD;onf olUudk,folikHU Munfhvdkufojzihf
uRefawmfvnf;
vdkufMunfhrdonf/ onfawmhrS tbGm;BuD;\ &ifaphtuswGif
tdwfaxmifuav;wyfxm;onfudk
owdjyKrd\/ tbGm;BuD;onf xdktdwfaxmifuav;xJodkU EIdwfprf;NyD;
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xkwf,lvdkufonf/ NyD;awmholUem;ESpfzufxJodkUxnfh ydwfqdkUvdkufonf/ onfum;
orD;rsm;tm;
ajymcsif&majymMuawmh[k cGifhay;vdkufaom tcsuf[kyif xifp&m&Sdonf/
orD;BuD;rsm;onf uRefawmfhtm; ar;cGef;trsKd;rsKd;xkwfNyD; olwkdUbmom
ajzonfhtcgajzonf/
[dktaMumif;ar;&mu onftaMumif;a&mufoGm;NyD; onftaMumif;ajymae&mrS
onftaMumif;xJu
[kdvlonfvlawGtaMumif; a&mufoGm;avonf/ b,folUom;orD;udkodovm;?
olwdkUoydwfarSmufMu
ovm;paom uRefawmfESifhwdkuf&dkufqdkifaom ar;cGef;rSae rkd;nSif;w&m;yGJudk
a&mufzl;ovm;? ae&if;

OD;aum0d'&JU yOif;trBuD;taMumif;odovm; paom uRefawmfESifhrqkdifonfh

ar;cGef;rsm;txd
a&mufavonf/ olwkdUuar;? uRefawmfurajz? olwkdUbmomajz/ Mumawmh
uRefawmfonf acG;aoaumif
ykyfudk usD;uef;awG 0dkif;xdk;aeMuykHudkom ajy;owd&rdawmhonf/
uRefawmfwnf;[laom
rwkHUjyefEdkifonfhacG;aoaumifykyfudk olwdkUwpfawGu ar;cGef;EIwfoD;rsm;jzifh
0dkif;xkd;aeMuonf
r[kwfygavm/
tapcHruav;uvmNyD; ]]xrif;yGJ tqifoifhjzpfygNyD}}qdkom oufom&m&awmh\/
{nfhcef;\aemufbufwGifuyfvsuf&Sdaomtcef;rSm xrif;pm;cef;jzpf awmh\/
opfvGifaompm;yGJ&SnfBuD;wGif opfvGifawmufajymifaom ukvm;xkdifrsm;u
0dkif;&Hxm;avonf/
yef;uefjym;rsm;ay:wGif usqif;ta&mif [yfaeaom
rD;a&mifum;waoG;warG;vSaeonf/
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ausmif;om;rsm;ESifh
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&efukefwdkUArm
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ZJGvnf;r&Sday/

uRefawmfum; tawGUtBuKHrsm;pGm enf;ao;aom ausmif;om;EdkifiHa&; orm;

rEl;reyfuav;rQom
jzpfayonfwum;/
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ausmif;rsm;ESifh
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ausmif;om;tiftm;pkomru vGwfvyfa&; r&rcsif; oydwfarSmufaeapvdkaom
NrdKUrdNrdKUztcsKdUESifh

wkdUArmtpnf;t&kH;acgif;aqmif ociftcsKdU wufa&mufMuavonf/

xkdtpnf;ta0;wGif udkoef;wifESifh
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trSm;odkUa&muf&ef
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xkdtpnf;ta0;rS
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udkb[def;ESifh
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wufrnfpojzifh
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xif&mvkyfoGm;vdkU
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tawmfrsm;rsm;ESifh

jrefrmbmom ausmif;om;rsm;? t&yfol t&yfom; tcsKdU\ txifwGif

or*toif;csKyf
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aumvdyfausmif;om;wkDUonf
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trfatavmif;rsm;udk
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xkdUaMumifh
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jrefrmbmom
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rqdkEdkifay/
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tajctaerSefudkod&um
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odkUaomfrsm;pGm
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xkdUaMumifh udkoef;wiftm;

trSm;BuD; rSm;aeolrsm;tjzpfjzifh tjypfrwif? ra0zef/ olwkdUonf

ausmif;om;xkteESifh
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udkoef;wifwkdUtm;
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tm;wufwufoljzpfoavmuf
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r[kwfygvm;/
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za,mif;jzpfapayonf/
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pifMu,frIudk
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ajymMuonfrsm;udk
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odkUaomf
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vkyfie;frsm;udk &Gyf&GyfcRHcRH
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uRefawmftxifBuD;aom EdkifiHa&;

acgif;aqmifBuD;rsm; r[kwfygavm/ olwkdU\ EdkifiHa&;wGufudef;rsm;onf

uRefawmfwkdUwGufudef;xuf
ydkrrSefEdkifaybl;vm;/ Mumav ckdifrmaom,kHMunfrI enf;vmav? pOf;pm;av
awGa0vmav jzpfayawmh&m
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Mum;jzwfaqG;aEG;y&ap
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tm;uscHpm;apygw,f?
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apmifhpm;awmfrlMuygukef
38
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wpfcgawmh uRefawmfwkdUowif;pmwdkuf ydwf&ufBuKHojzifh ig;em&Dxdk;NyD;jzpfaomfvnf;

rcifopfwkdUtdrfrS
rjyefao;/ naepm xrif;0ifpm;aeonf/ xrif;pm;NyD;aomf
uRefawmfpmoifpm;yGJ0dkif;rSm xdkifaeonf/
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atmufxyfaq;qdkifrSm
tvkyfrsm;aeonf/ rcifopfonf uRefawmf&Sd&m pmoifpm;yJGokdUvmvdkuf?
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tem;rSmxdkifvkdufum &Sdao;/
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qlylBudrf;armif;oHaMumifh rcifopf\rsufESmrnf;oGm;avonf/ uwkdufu&dkuf xNyD;
olUtarqDajy;&avonf/
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usOf;usyfaomae&m
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,k,cJUonf/
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yGifha0vmNyD/ O,smOfrSL;u
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wm;jrpfvkdufavonf/ jymodkv
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xdkifvsuf tonf;ESvkH;
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onfvkd uRefawmfa&;vkdufaom pmudk rcifopfwkHUjyefvkdufaom uAsm\

t"dym,frSmtuRefonf
O,smOfrSL;\ jyKpkysKd;axmif aygufzGm;BuD;xGm;cJUonf/
tuRefUrSm &moDtvdkufyGifhaom cGmndKr[kwfyg/
tuRefUwGif yGifha0aeaom yef;rSm q,fhESpf&moD yGifhonfh ESif;qDyef; jzpfygonf/
tuRefUudkydkif&Sifa&m? O,smOfrSL;yg qdkifygonf/ /
49
urmppfBuD;aygufuJGvmavNyD
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jyKpkaepOfurmhtajctaeum;
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EdkifiHa&;pnf;&kH;rIrsm;um;
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ocifpdk;u ArmhawmfvSefrI? ocifb[def;u tvkyform;avmu? ocifvSazu
urmhEdkifiHa&;ajrykH?
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csKyfqdkvkdufavonf/
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qdkAD,uf,leD,Honf
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rnfonfhEdkifiHESifhrqdk
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rusL;ausmfrapmfum;a&;pmcsKyf
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ocifatmifqef;?
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acgif;aqmifrsm;onf

EdkifiHa&;vkyfief;rsm; vkyfaeMuavonf/
1939 ck? pufwifbmv 1&ufaeU/
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pvdkufonf/
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jyifopfESifh t*FvefwkdUu *smreDtm; ppfaMunmvkdufavonf/
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wdkufcwfvmayonf/
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NydKvJawmhrnfuJUodkU &Sdav\/
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ay;xm;&aom
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csKyfvdkufaomtcg
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uRefawmfht,f'Dwmu
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csufcsif; a&Taps;wufoGm;onf/ txnftvdyfESifh EdkifiHjcm;ukefypnf;aps;rsm;vnf;

ckefwufoGm;\/
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usqif;oGm;ayonf/
udk,fESifh bmrQrqdkifbl;xifaom Armtrsm;tm; xdcdkufavawmhrnf/
r*dkvrf;wpf0dkufwGif
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uRefawmfonf pum;rsKd;udk arQmfvifhNyD;om;jzpfojzifh qifajc&SmNyD;om;jzpfonf/
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uRefawmfuonfvkd tajymcH&wm oabmusovdkvdk&Sdaomfvnf; rl&mrm,mvkyfNyD;

EIwfcrf;plvkdufonf/
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vkyfaeayonf/
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rjrrSDu uRefawmfhyg;pyfudkvufESifhtkyfvkdufonf/
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uRefawmhfqHyifawGudk
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uRefawmfydkifw,f?
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uRefawmfhrsufESmwGif
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wkHUjyefaeavownf;/ /
53
aovdkufcsifwmyJ armifav;&,f
rD;&xm;onf ompnfblwmodkU qkdufa&mufaomtcg uRefawmfwdkU wGJrsm;udk jzKwfNyD;

ompnfa&Tanmif&xm;odkU qufay;vdkufonf/
nae 2em&DavmufwGif ompnfblwmrS xGufcJUMu\/
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a&aomufxm;Muojzifh
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ta&SUbufodkU ckwfarmif;&if; &IjrifuGif;onf wjznf;jznf; ajymif;vmonf/
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acsmif;ajrmif;awGawGUvmonf/ aeylusJusJwGif jymrIdif;rIdif; jrif&aom awmifrsm;onf
pdrf;&ifh&ifhjzpfvmMuavonf/
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rjrrSDa&csKd;cef;u xGufvmaomtcg oeyfcg;a&usJusJ vdrf;NyD;om; jzpfonf/
aemufwJGqHxkH;rSm
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t&GuftE,foefoefykH&dkufxm;aom
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oeyfcg;a&usJ?
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,if;rmyifblwmvGefaomtcg awmifajcodkU a&mufvmonf/
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EGm;vSnf;rsm;? uRJrsm;?
qifESpfaumif okH;aumif/
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yif;acsmif;BuD;udk ul;jzwfrdonfESifhwpfNydKifeuf ododomomBuD; &moDOwk
ajymif;vmonf/
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xGufcgpuvdk

rjrefawmhacs/
wjznf;jznf; awmifrsm;ay:odkU wufvmMuonf/ vrf;u tauGUtaumuf
rsm;vmonf/
wpfawmifwufNyD;vQif a&SUu wpfawmifay: vmonf/
awmifrsm;rSm ta0;uMunfhvQifom ndKUrIdif;rIdif;Esifh wpfa&mifwnf;jzpf onf/
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ausmufom;jywfrsm;
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cJa&mifodkUa&mufonf/
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ajreD? ajr0g? ajreuf?
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eDaeonfudkawGU&onf/
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atmufajcu
ausmufp&pfcJuav;rsm;udk jrifae&onf/ ig;apmifhzrf;aeaom AsKdif;rsm;rSm
orm"daumif;vSonf/
&xm;oHudk Mum;rS Mum;ygavp atmufarh&onf/
tcsKdUacsmif;0Srf;rsm;xJ&Sd ausmufaqmifrsm;onf abmfa&mifawmufNyD;
wpfrsKd;vSaeMu\/
awmawmifa&ajrwGif uRefawmfpdwf0ifpm;aeovdkyif rjrrSDESifh odef;odef;wdkUvnf;
pdwf0ifpm;aeMu\/
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ab;ywf0ef;usifudkom
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tvkyfrsm;csxm;NyD;
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tpGrf;ukeftm;xkwf
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wnHwnf;nHaeonf/
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vTrf;rdk;xkd;azmufvsuf&Sd\/
yJUwifcwfvsuf&Sd\/

rodef;odef;u uRefawmfhbufvSrf;NyD;]]udkwifxGef; 'g &Srf;jynfxJ0ifvmNyDvm;}}

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xif&Sm;vSonf/
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o&kyfazmfay;aeonf/
a&mif;csaeMuaom pm;aomufp&mwkdUuvnf; vlrsKd;pkHoabmudk aqmifaeMuonf/
a&waumif; vkdufa&mif;aeolawGudkvnf; awGU&onf/
uRefawmfwdkUonf pxa&mfb,f&Djcif;uav;awGudk 0,fMuonf/
blwmwpfckwGif opfcGyef;awGudk tyiftjrpf ttkHvkdufESifhwuG a&mif;aeonf/
uRefawmfuajy;qif;NyD;
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&Tifvef;tm;&pGm
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0,fcJUw,f}}
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rsufESmu plvmonf/
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trSm;udk
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t&Sufjzifh
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yef;onfqDodkU ajy;cJUonf/
odef;ode;fu pum;emxdk;vkdufjyef\/
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xdktcdkuf rD;&xm;xGuf&ef 0DpDrIwfvkdufonf/
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uRefawmfhrSm &xm;ay:jyefwuf&awmhrvdkvkd? yef;qdkifodkU qufNyD; ajy;&awmhrvkdvdkESifh
Asmrsm;aeavonf/

odef;odef;u&,fvkdfufonf/
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rxGufao;/ OMoom
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ayuvwfESifh aeavonf/
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opfcGyef;udkif;udk
qGJ,lNyD;ajy;vmonf/ &xm;uxGufpjyKavNyD/
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rodef;odef;udkvnf; &Srf;jynfu
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ar;onfh tMunfhrsKd;jzifh
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vGef;xdk;aeonfESifhvnf;wlonf/
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odef;odef;wkdUonf
qG,fwmrsm;0wfMu\/
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ckwfarmif;oHonf
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bmoHrQrMum;&/

udk,fhpum;ajymoHudkyif rMum;Edkif/ tarSmifxkMum;xJ a&muf&muaeNyD; a&SUa0;a0;rS

tvif;a&mif0ifaeaom tayguf0udk arQmfMunfhvdkuf&onfrSm
tm;wufp&mwpfrsKd;jzpfaeonf/
arQmfvifhcsufa&mifjcnfqkdaom pum;udk owd&\/
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rcsKdonf odef;odef;tm; awmif,mcif;wpfcif;udk vufnSKd;xdk;jyaeonf/
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4if;aemuf awmifMum;rsm;wGif tqifhqifhvkyfxm;aom
v,fuGufpdr;fpdr;frsm;udkjrif&onf/
v,fuGufuav;rsm;rSm usOf;ajrmif;vS\/ jrefrmjynfwGif jrif&wwfaom
v,fuGufrsm;ESifh jcm;em;vS\/
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yef;NcHjzpfaeonf/
yef;wdkif;uvnf; qef;onf/

rD;&xm;u jznf;jznf;ckwfarmif;0ifonf/ tdrf0if;awGxJrSm upm;aeMuaom

t*Fvdyfuav;rsm;ESifh
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oGm;Munfhavonf/ tcef;rsm;rSm

vkHvkHNcKHNcKH&Sd&kHru oefU&Sif;oyf&yfvSayonf/ Murf;jyifrSm ta&mifawmufaeonf/

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tif;xJ&Sd&Gmrsm;rS
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rjrrSD\ &ifcGifrSm
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uRefawmfwkdUu
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rsufESmjzLrsm;om rsm;aejcif;
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uRefawmfwdkUonf [ef;eD;rGef;xGufaom nm;cg;pvifr,m;ESifhwlae avonf/

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tjcm;olawGESifh
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tdyfcsifonf/
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rjrrSDu axmifxm;aom uRefawmfhacgif;udk nifompGm qGJ,lvsuf vufarmif;ay:rSm
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rjrrSDxHrS
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aqG;aEG;zl;avonf/
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taruvnf;
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udk&ifBuD; udkboef;xHrS

r[kwfw&kwfrsm;udkom Mum;emqnf;yl;cJU&avonf/ rjrrSDxHrS uRefawmf

rodzl;wmawG odzl;
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rjrrSDu pum;ydwfNyD; cyfjrefjrefavQmufonfESifh uRefawmfvnf;
cyfjrefjrefvdkuf&avonf/
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rar;aomfvnf; awG;aerdonf/

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AdkvfqefqefrkdU
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uRefawmfwkdUonf ypKyefrSmom
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onfvkdESifh uRefawmfwdkUESpfa,mufonf us,f0ef;aom urmavmuBuD;ESifh
tqufjzwfNyD;
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yGJysufoGm;ovdk Zmwfudk&yfvdkUom &yfvkduf&onf? acgif;aygif;jzKwfzkdU? ykqdk;acgufzkdU?

oeyfcg;zsufzkdUudkyif
arhaeMuovkd &Sdayawmhonf/ /
55
udk,fhvdyfjym udk,fvefUaeNyD
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twlwljyef&jcif;om
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qGJac:&modkU
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awGU&avonf/
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aqmif;yg;wkdU bmwdkUvnf;
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vSr;fMunfhvdkufMuaomtcg

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&GufavSuav;wpfckay:odkU
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ajymrdwmyg/
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EdkifiHa&;
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uRefawmfwkdU rsufESmwl&lrS vkH;BuD;aygufvS cHUnm;oyf&yfaom

rdef;rBuD;wpfa,mufavQmufvmonf/
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txif&SdaeaMumif;
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awmifolv,form;awGtwGuf
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v,fxGefr*Fvmvkyfr,fqkdawmh a&S;rif;rsm;vufxufu v,fxGefr*Fvmrsm;rSm
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rjrifhOD;onf bmrQrajymawmhbJ NyKH;csKdcsKdrsufESmxm;jzifh uRefawmfhpum; udkom
em;axmifaeavonf/
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ajymjyaeavonf/ ajrydkif&Sifrsm;xHrS
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a&mif;csrnf/
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ukefoG,fa&;vkyfief;rsm;
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e*g;eD*sme,fxJrSm
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]]rawGUvkd&bl;}}
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]][dkbuf ywfavQmufcsifao;ovm;}}
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uRefawmfwdkUonf umumqdkif0ifNyD; umzDaomufMuonf/
bwfpfum;rsm; vIyf&Sm;rI rsm;vmNyD/
umzDaomufNyD; qkdifrSxGufvmMuaomtcg &SpfrdkifbufwGif ukvm;ppfom;rsm;onf
jynfvrf;rBuD;udk
ul;jzwfoGm;onfudk awGUvkduf&avonf/ a*:&mqm*sif wpfa,mufvnf; ygonf/
olwkdUonf
ppfa&;avhusifhaeMujcif;jzpf\/ rjrifhOD;rSm tenf;i,fxdwfvefUoGm;[ef &Sdavonf/
uRefawmfwkdUonf twefMumbmrQrajymbJ acgif;idkufpkdufcsNyD; vrf;avQmufMuonf/
um;vrf;ab;rS
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pum;twdkif;
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[m[ufpfbdvyfudk
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aphpyfzkdUqkdyJ/
EdkUaywJU rjzpfEdkifawmhbl;? jyifopfvnf; *smreDvufatmuf vkH;vkH;a&mufawmhr,f/

*syefucsufaumif;apmifhaewm/ jAKef;ceJ xcsvdkuf&if ta&SUbufrSm ppfyJGBuD;jzpfrSmyJ/

*syefu
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rjrifhOD;um; uRefawmfajymonfrsm;udk Mum;[efr&Sdawmhay/ pum;vnf; wpfcGef;rQ
rajym/ acgif;idkufpdkuf
csom avQmufaeavonf/ rjrifhOD;rSm ppfBuD;udkom
awG;awmxdwfvefUae[ef&Sdayonf/
onfvkdESifh tawmfMumatmif avQmufvmMuavonf/
]]rjrifhOD; uefaygif&dk;ay:wufOD;r,fvm;? aeawmhylvmNyD}}
]]wufwmaygh udkwifxGef;&,f? 'DaeEkEkuawmh usef;rma&;twGufawmif
aumif;ygao;w,f}}
uefaygif&dk;ay:odkU rjrifhOD;u a&SUuwufonf/ uRefawmfu aemufrSvdkufonf/
tay:odkUa&mufaomtcg
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]]udkwifxGef;udk wdkifyifp&m&Sdao;w,f}}
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udkoef;NrdKifum; bDatwGif &mZ0if 'kwd,wef; *kPfxl;ESifh atmifNyD;aom
enf;jyq&muav;jzpfonf/
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rMumao;rDu
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q&m0efBuD;wpfOD;xHoGm;NyD;
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xdkq&m0efBuD;
qkdaomaMumifh q&m0efBuD;xHodkU rjrifhOD; olESifh ESpfa,mufwnf; vkdufcJU&ef
ac:aeavonf/
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]]uJ aeprf;ygOD;? aoaocsmcsm ar;yg&apOD;/ jrifhu olUudk enf;enf;rS
rcspfEdkifbl;vm;?

ol[mpmvnf;awmfw,f? oabmoum,vnf; aumif;w,f? jrifhudkvnf;

wu,fcspfw,f}}
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uRefawmfu &,foGrf;aoG;vsuf]]tkd pOf;pm;OD;av? jrifhvnf; Mumawmh [dkif;oGm;vdrfhr,f}}
rjrifhOD;u w[J[J &,fvkdufNyD;aemfu]]rrtkH;wkdU? rrapmwkdU? uRefrwdkUuawmh tysKdBuD;Zmwmudku ygaeNyd;om; xifyg&JU/
ynmawGwwfxm;awmh udk,fhxufynmenf;wJUol vludkvnf; r,lEdkifbl;?
udk,feJUynm&nfwl
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ypnf;Opm&SdwJUvlrS
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ae&awmhrSmyJ}}
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&dk;ygvsufu,fESifh?
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uGif;orkdUz,f?
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[dktpOD;u rjrifhOD;tm;
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cspfoljzpfonf[k
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]]rjrifhOD;rSm cspfol&Sdw,faemf}}
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]]b,folygvdrfhrvJaemf}}

rjrifhOD;u uRefawmfhtm; rsufapmif;xdk;NyD; Munfhaeonf/ a'goygaom

rsufapmif;um;r[kwf? tm;rvkd
tm;r&Edkifaom rsufapmif;omjzpfonf/
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prajymrcsif;
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zGifh[ajymjy&ef
b,fenf;ESifhrQ yg;pyfzGifh r&awmhacs/
uRefawmfu NidrfaeaomaMumifh rjrifhOD; tawmftae& usyf&Smrnfjzpf\/ odkU&mwGif
rjrifhOD;onf
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tar;cdkif;vkdUvkdUajymr,f/
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]]'DtBuHaumif;w,f? jrefjrefvkyfyg&Sif}}
]]pdwfcs? 'DaeUreufyJ oGm;awGUvkdufr,f}}
uRefawmfwkdUESpfa,uf0rf;om&Tifvef;oGm;NyD; wpfa,mufudkwpfa,muf NyKH;NyKH;BuD;
MunfhvdkufMuavonf/
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59
vufeufudkifwdkufyGJtwGuf jyifMuNyD
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uRefawmfaeaom 45vrf;ESifh
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a&mufwwfavonf/
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rwfwwf&yfvsuf
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yufvufukvm;xdkifjzifhxdkifNyD; ykwD;pdyfaeav onf/ twljzpfol wHqdyfxkq&m

udkwifat;um;
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]]wkdUArmtpnf;t&kH;XmecsKyfudk oGm;prf;r,fvdkUq&m}}
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[dkufukwfrSmvnf; t,lcHrIawG
usyfaewmyJwJU}}
]][kwfuJU? 'gaMumifh Oya'jyKvTwfawmfrSm OD;b0if;u wifoGif;wJU oD;pm;ctrIawGudk
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ocifjrBuD;u
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uRefawmfhrSm 'dkifcHpum;
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rcGm/
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'dkifcHar;cGef;xkwfjcif;aMumifh &efukefrSm
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v,fxGefr*Fvmusif;yykHrsm; rif;wdkifyif
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ppfa&;&IH;edrfhaeykHrsm;
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pwmviftaMumif;?
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ajymjy&jcif;twGuf
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txifao;jcif;vnf; rjzpfyg/
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uRefawmfajymorQ
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OD;BuD;\
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uRefawmfh&Gmol&Gmom;rsm;tm; yxrqkH;tBudrf
EdkifiHa&;w&m;a[maejcif; jzpfayonf/
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awGUjrif&aomtcg
uRefawmfhtaronfvnf; auseyfae[ef&Sdonf/ om;twGuf *kPf,lae[ef&Sdonf/
xdkpum;0dkif; uRefawmfpum;rajymaomtcg &Gmol&Gmom;rsm;u
uRefawmhftaztaMumif;udkajymMuonf/
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xnfh0ifykH ponfwkdUudk
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jiif;ckHMuykHtxd
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romtdrfrSm
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t&nftcsif;rsm;udk
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rsOf;aMumif;ay:rSm&Sdaom udprsm;udkvnf;
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abmufajymwwf\/
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tazhtm;
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yGifhvif;jywfom;onf[k
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aiGay;aiG,l?
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ajymMu\/ ,ck
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&,fp&majymykH &,fp&mjzpfykH
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ocFsKdif;um;
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uRefawmfwkdU&Gmom;rsm;onf
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refusnf;yif
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o&P*kHwif&m
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b,foljyKpkxm;onfudkum;
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odEdkifygonf/ taMumif;rSm
rsm;aomtm;jzifh uRefawmfwkdU jrefrmrsm;onf romydkU oGm;&onfhtcsdefuvJG
ocFsKdif;udk

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bkHtqifhryg?
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tazhtm; rauseyf?
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qifjcifrdonf/
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uRefawmfwkdUom;trd
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jrifawGUcJU&aom
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tazwkdUonf
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r[kwfygavm/ ]rdef;r[lonf
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MoZmwdur
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wGef;vSefz,f&Sm;&rnfrod?
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tazonfbmaMumifh
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cHpm;rd[efwlonf/
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tdyfaysmfaewkef;
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vkyfauR;jyKpkcJUonf/
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taetxdkifrSm
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tazum;
aus;Zl;&Sifwu,frSefayonf/

uRefawmfonf tazhaus;Zl;awGudkck tkwf*lka&SUrSmrS aumif;aumif;

oabmaygufawmhonf/ raocifu
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arG;wkHUarG;vSnhf
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vIdif;vkH;rsm;onf &ifwGif;rSm
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cGifhjyKxm;vkdufygonf/
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onftwdkif;aeygap/
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xef;yifay:rS Muufwla&G;onf *D;ceJ jrnfvkdufonf/
b,ftyifay:uae jrnfonfrod/ csKd;uloHum; om,mat;jrvS\//
64
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xdkUaMumifh uRefawmfwkdUtdrfrSm vltxGuft0if enf;oGm;avNyD/
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taronf uRefawmfhtm; ,k,onf? nSmwmonf? axmufxm;onf/ tazrJUaom
om;jzpfvkdUtxl;,k,nSmwm axmufxm;[efwlonf/
uRefawmfuvnf;tarhtm;,k,onf?
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nSmwmaxmufxm;ayonf/
taronf uRefawmfhtm; avmuwGifwG,fwmp&mwpfckwnf;tjzpfjzifh
ydkvdkUcspfvmykHay:\/
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tumtuG,ftrJUqkH;aom
rdef;rom;tjzpfjzifh oem;pdwfydkvm\/

tazuG,fvGefNyD;aemuf tarESifh uRefawmhMum;0,f topfjzpfaom qufqHa&;ESifh

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ydkrdkjrifhrm;aom
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em;pGifh&if;
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bmwm0efrQ
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ai;MunfhNyD;
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odkUjzifh rD;zdkawGjyifMuavonf/ wu,fawmh nvkH;ayguf rD;&IdUzdkU xif;acG&onfrSm

vG,fulonfr[kwfay/ tawmfMumrS NyD;avonf/ rD;zdkrsm;jyifqifNyD;csdefwGif

arSmifvmavNyD/
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rD;zdkrSm
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rMumcP armhMunhfMuonf/
av,mOfysHoHudk em;pGifhMuonf/
av,mOfysHum; rvm/
uRefawmfwdkUrSm vufzuf&nftdk;? vufzufajcmuf? trJajcmuf? qDESifh qm;rsm;
ygvmcJUavonf/
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rypfcJU&wmemwmyJ}}
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uRefawmfonf MuufoD;awG jzef;ceJ xoGm;avonf/ apmapmu
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pkrdMujyefaomtcg uHxdkufwGif
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MuufudknSyfESifhnSyfNyD;
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,ckxd av,mOfysHum; rvm/ av,mOfysHESihfwlaom ykpOf;rQrvm/

av,mOfysHoHESihfwlaom
eus,faumiftoHudkrQ rMum;&/
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uRefawmfwkdUtdyf&ykHudk
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vG,ftdwfrsm;udk
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rD;zdkausmay;NyD;
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wGifoHo,0ifvm\/ wkdUtvkyfu
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'DvdkeJUwlw,f?
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tJ'Dtcsufjywmudk jrifNyD;rS
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vufeufcsay;r,f/
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'kuygyJAsm
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vkyfvmcJUonfr[kwf/
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uRefawmfwkdUonf jzpfovdkyif tvHav;ck vkyfMu&avonf/ "m;rESifhyifydwfpudk

jzwfMu&\/
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tajctaeysufrnf/
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vufeufcsay;rnfh
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pdwfysuf\/
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uRefawmfu vufavQmhvdkuf&\/

]]uJ wpfnawmh xyfapmifhMuygOD;Asm? tm;vkH; okH;napmifhvdkUrS rvm&if

&yfvdkufMuwmaygh[kwfvm;?
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&Gmom;awGu
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uRefawmfwkdUvdk
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ae&mpvkH; uRefawmhfvdkyif
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udkcifarmifuav;?

wdkif;cspf udkodef;az polwkdUrSm xdkXmecJG\ acgif;aqmifrsm;jzpfavonf/ xdktcsdefwGif

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rsufckH;arG;rSm
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0dkif;aeMuavawmh\/
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uRefawmfuajymp&m&SdwmawG tawmfajymNyD; tawmfarmoGm;aomtcg
uRefawmfajymjyonfh
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urmhta&;wGif
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wpfzuf?
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touftpdwfavmuf&SdOD;rnf/
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73
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(NyD;ygNyD/)
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