GSM

GSM/GPRS Radio Network Planning

Optimisation
Senario: Which type of handover (level or quality) is triggered at time moment t1 when four last measurement results are -97, -95, -9 and -97 for the level and !, 7, " and ! for the quality and the averaging window is for level and 1 for quality# $andover thresholds are -95 for level (p% & 1, n% & 1) and for quality (p% & ', n% & ) and quality handover has higher priority than level handover( ) level samples are averaged *y using averaging window of four( ) +verage of four level samples is ,-95 d-m and only one average is needed to trigger the level handover (p%&1, n%&1)( Solution: level handover is triggered. quality samples are not averaged (averaging window is one) and quality handover is triggered if three samples (p% & ') e%ceed the threshold four inside a last four samples (n% & )( /uality handover is 012 triggered *ecause only two samples (" and 7) e%ceed the threshold and thus p% & ' never happens. Result: level handover is triggered, *ecause average is 3 495d-m and quality is not triggered at all. Senario: Which cell is selected as a serving cell in the 5678 mode when the received level from the 9!! 9$: cell is 4;! d-m and from 1;!! 9$: cell 4;7d-m and cell<eselect1ffset & 1!d-, temporary1ffset & =!d- and penalty2ime & " !s are set for the 1;!!9$: cell( 9inumum access levels for *oth cells are -1!! d-m( Solution C1 and C2 criteria are used! Cell selection and reselection 9> operates in two modes? idle mode and dedicated mode( 5n the idle mode, 9> monitors the *roadcast channels in order to @hear@ if it is *eing paged( 5t also measures other -2>sA -BB$ carrier and decides whether it should camp on another cell( 2his is called cell reselection and the reselection algorithm used in C>9 is detailed in D<eference? 'CEE 2> !5(!;? " 5dle mode tasFsG( 5n dedicated mode (i(e( during a call), changing cell is called a handover ($1)( Cell selection Bell selection is performed immediately after 9> is switched on( 5f 9> is located in the same cell it in which it was previously was switched off, the >59 card should have the local -BB$ frequency stored in memory and 9> should find networF quite e%peditiously( 5f 9> has moved to another cell since it was turned off, it enters a cell selection procedure, which we shall sFip here( 2he process where*y the mo*ile searches for a suita*le cell, this is referred to as HB1I or HB'1I in the C>9 system and H>I in the J92> system( 2he selected cell is then identified as the Hcamped-onI cell(

Cell reselection P ase 1: Bell reselection is performed as 9> traverses through a networF in idle mode( 9> continuously Feeps list of the si% strongest -BB$ carriers( Krom the radio propagation point of view it is desira*le that 9> camps to a cell with the lowest path loss( 2he most favora*le cell is indicated *y the so called B1 parameter for a 9> of phase 1, or *y B= for a 9> of phase = capa*ilities( 2he parameter B= is essentially an improved version of B1( B1 is evaluated separately for each cell and it is defined according to the criterion D<eference? 'CEE 2> !5(!;? "( Briteria for cell selection and reselectionG When camped on a cell, the mo*ile shall regularly search for a *etter cell according to the cell reselection criteria( 5f a *etter cell is found, that cell is selected( 2his process is identified as the HB=I or HB'=I in the C>9 system and H<I in the J92> system( C1 is a cell selection algorithm employed in C>9 and CE<>( 2he algorithm uses the power received from cells plus additional parameters in order to assess the cell that will provide the *est radio connection for the 9> (9o*ile >tation)( C2 is the C>9 cell reselection algorithm( 1nce the 9> (9o*ile >tation) has camped onto a cell it will continue to assess the surrounding cells to ensure it is monitoring the cell that will offer the *est radio connection( +s the user moves the camped on cell may *ecome unsuita*le( 2his situation will generate a cell reselection( C!1 is a criteria *ased algorithm used as part of the CE<> cell reselection process( 5t is used to assess if prospective cells qualify as reselection candidates prior to applying the B'= CE<> cell reselection algorithm( C!2 is the CE<> cell reselection algorithm( 1nce the 9> (9o*ile >tation) has camped onto a cell it will continue to assess the surrounding cells to ensure it is monitoring the cell that will offer the *est radio connection( +s the user moves the camped on cell may *ecome unsuita*le( 2his situation will generate a cell reselection( " at is Camp On: +fter conducting the cell selection process a 9> (9o*ile >tation) or J8 (Jser 8quipment) will camp onto the cell that offers the *est perceived radio connection with the networF( B1 & (+4ma%(-,!)) &LLL 8/J+2510 1 where + & <eceived average level 4 <MN+BB8>>N950 (in d-m) - & 9>N2MEW<N9+MNBB$ 4 E (in d-m)( 2he received average level (+ON<M78O) is found *y averaging <M78O samples over a period of ' to 5 seconds D>->95G( <MN+BB8>>N950 is a cell dependent parameter dictating the minimum allowed <M78O for an 9> to access that cell( 9>N2MEW<N9+MNBB$ is the ma%imum 2M power an 9> may use when accessing the system (using <+B$)( E is the ma%imum <K output power of the 9>, usually ''d-m for a handheld C>99!! and '!d-m for a handheld C>91;!! 9>( 1ften the latter term in B1 equals ! and equation (1) can *e simplified toP B1 & + & +ON<M78O 4 <MN+BB8>>N950 &LLL 8/J+2510 = Kor e%ample, if the minimum allowed level to gain access to a cell is 41!!d-m and the received average level at the cellIs -BB$ frequency is Q;! d-m, 9> calculates B1 as Q=!

for that particular cell( 9> camps to the cell with the highest B1 value( 2here is an e%ception to the standard procedure descri*ed a*ove( When 9> evaluates B1 values for cells *elonging to a different 7ocation +rea (7+), it su*tracts a parameter called B877N<8>878B2N$R>28<8>5> from the B1 value, which means that those cells are given a negative offset( 2he reason for this is that changing 7+ requires a 7ocation Jpdate (7J) procedure that consumes networF signaling capacity( 2hus, *y assigning a negative offset to B1, unnecessary 7Js caused *y slow fading can *e reduced( 9> receives information of the cell dependent B877N<8>878B2N$R>28<8>5> values through -BB$( P ase 2: Bell reselection criterion B= is defined as B= & B1 Q B877N<8>878B2N1KK>82 4 289E1<+<RN1KK>82 &LLL 8/J+2510 ' when timer 2 3 E80+72RN2598 and B= & B1 Q B877N<8>878B2N1KK>82 &LLL 8/J+2510 otherwise( 2he timer 2 is started separately for each cell in the list of the si% strongest cells immediately after it is placed on the list( 2his is illustrated in the following picture( 9> camps in the cell with the highest B= value( 2he criterion B= is applied in hierarchical cell structures to Feep fast moving 9> in an upper layer and slow moving 9> in micro cells( 5t is assumed that a fast moving 9> passes through the micro cell *efore E80+72RN2598 is reached( 2his efficiently prevents unnecessary 7Js and thus saves networF signaling capacity( +s in the case of B1, 9> receives the B= parameter information through -BB$( + parameter called B877N<8>878B2NE+<+9N506 informs 9> a*out which reselection criterion (B1 or B=) is used in the cell( 5t is *roadcast on the -BB$( B= criteria has two alternatives depending on the value of penalty time( Eenalty time is set " ! and thus B= & B1 4 cell<eselect1ffset B1 is used for 9!!9$: cell and B1 & 4;! 4 (41!!) & =!d-( B= is used for 1;!!9$: cell and B1 & 4;7 4 (41!!) & 1'd&L B= & 1' 4 1! & ' d&L =! (9!!9$:) L ' (1;!!9$:) &L 9!!9$: cell is selected. Senario: What could *e done in order to prefer 1;!!9$: cell# Solution: in order to prefer 1;!!9$: cell the B= criteria B= & B1 Q cell<eselect1ffset, should *e used. penalty time can *e set 3 " ! and temporary1ffset & ! d- for 1;!!9$: cell(