Malaria can be prevented by controlling malaria mosquitoes, either by reducing the malaria mosquitoes population or by preventing them from

biting. Mosquito (Vector) control methods include those that; a. Kill adult mosquitoes and reduce the survival rate of Adult mosquito population. b. Protect human from mosquitoes bites c. Reduce or prevent mosquitoes breeding

PREVENTION OF MALARIA

 The two most commonly used methods for killing adult mosquitoes include;
Insecticide treated mosquito nets (ITNs) Indoor residual spraying (IRS)

Methods that prevent mosquitoes biting humans

ITNs Untreated mosquito nets Products for domestic use such as insecticide sprays, coils,vaporising mats and repellents

Methods that inhibit mosquito breeding include

Destruction of larvae through chemical or biological control
Environmental mgt to reduce breeding sources.

A. In insecticidal control of Adult mosquitoes involves: Insecticide treated mosquito nets Distribution and delivery of ITN Information, Education and communication

Chemicals used for treating mosquito nets include.

Permethrin 10% Deltamethrin 1% Deltamethrin 25% Lambda-alhalothrin 25% Cyfluthrin 5% Etofenprox 10% Alpha cypermethrin 10%

 Safety guidelines Checking the insecticidal power of the net. Insecticide Retreatment Annually or twice a year Delivery mechanisms for Retreatment Include Mass treatment campaigns which can provide quick and comprehensive coverage in the community Mobile RX services which may involve market days or door to door agents Fixed Rx services where people are able to take their nets when they wish . Dip it yourself kits for individual next Rx that people can use their homes.

In door residual spraying (IRS)

An insecticide is sprayed on to the inside walls of ceilings Most but not all mosquitoes rest in doors before and after biting This is because Malaria mosquitoes tend to bite when people are asleep. A gambiae and A, arabiensis in Africa have their main biting times between 10pm and 4am. Mosquitoes find it difficult to fly far with a blood meal inside them. As it approximately double their weight.

In door residual spraying (IRS) Contd

In hot dry countries, houses are relatively humid and cool places for mosquitoes spend the day. Some mosquitoes which bite cattle outside come indoors to rest.

 House spraying conditions coverage Species of malaria mosquitoes has to be able to rest indoors for long periods susceptibility of mosquitoes to insecticides used Safe application of insecticide Species targeted for house spraying A.gambiae and A. funestus in tropical and southern Africa A. fluviatilis in indian sub continent A. darlingi in south America A. albimanus in central America and northwestern south America Note;
A. dirus leaves house immediately after blood feeding

Insecticides commonly used for house spraying against malaria mosquitoes include:
Organochlorines (DDT) Organophosphates Malathion Fenitrothion Primiphomethyl Carbamates (Bendiocard) Pyrethroids Deltamethrin Lambda cyhalothrin

Safety applications
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Spraying operations sprayer should wear overalls A cap or hat with a broad or brim to minimize insecticide droplets Rubber gloves Rubber boots Goggles and gauze face masks

3.control of mosquito larvae

Each Anopheles species has a characteristic range of preferred breeding sites

Species Anopheles darlingi Anopheles minimus Anopheles gambiae

Preferred breeding sites slow moving rivers foothill streams and ditches typically small, numerous and shifting such as small Rain tunnels puddles and hoof prints

3.control of mosquito larvae Contd

Species Anopheles umbrosu Anopheles abimanus Preferred breeding sites complete shade typically small, numerous and shifting such as small Rain tunnels puddles and hoof prints wells and water tank

Anopheles stephensi

Five steps in targeting bleeding sites

Identify important malaria vectors Find out the breeding habits of these malaria vectors Locate all potential breeding sites Target the most productive breeding sites Divide the target area into sections and assign responsibility for action.

Methods of attacking breeding sites

Laviciding
Oils Synthetic insecticides Pyrethroids Insect growth regulators Bacterial insecticide Natural products

Methods of attacking breeding sites Contd

Biological control Environmental control
Filling and draining Constructing small dams
Opportunistic interventions

Bioenvironmental Grass cutting myth

Malaria can also be prevented in pregnant women by use of (IPT).